Text Generation
Transformers
Safetensors
English
qwen2
information-retrieval
boolean-search
NL2BM25
GRPO
RLVR
tantivy
BEIR
searchlm
reward-hacking
conversational
text-generation-inference
Instructions to use Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo with libraries, inference providers, notebooks, and local apps. Follow these links to get started.
- Libraries
- Transformers
How to use Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo with Transformers:
# Use a pipeline as a high-level helper from transformers import pipeline pipe = pipeline("text-generation", model="Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo") messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": "Who are you?"}, ] pipe(messages)# Load model directly from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo") model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo") messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": "Who are you?"}, ] inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template( messages, add_generation_prompt=True, tokenize=True, return_dict=True, return_tensors="pt", ).to(model.device) outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=40) print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]:])) - Notebooks
- Google Colab
- Kaggle
- Local Apps Settings
- vLLM
How to use Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo with vLLM:
Install from pip and serve model
# Install vLLM from pip: pip install vllm # Start the vLLM server: vllm serve "Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo" # Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API): curl -X POST "http://localhost:8000/v1/chat/completions" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ --data '{ "model": "Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo", "messages": [ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the capital of France?" } ] }'Use Docker
docker model run hf.co/Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo
- SGLang
How to use Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo with SGLang:
Install from pip and serve model
# Install SGLang from pip: pip install sglang # Start the SGLang server: python3 -m sglang.launch_server \ --model-path "Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo" \ --host 0.0.0.0 \ --port 30000 # Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API): curl -X POST "http://localhost:30000/v1/chat/completions" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ --data '{ "model": "Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo", "messages": [ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the capital of France?" } ] }'Use Docker images
docker run --gpus all \ --shm-size 32g \ -p 30000:30000 \ -v ~/.cache/huggingface:/root/.cache/huggingface \ --env "HF_TOKEN=<secret>" \ --ipc=host \ lmsysorg/sglang:latest \ python3 -m sglang.launch_server \ --model-path "Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo" \ --host 0.0.0.0 \ --port 30000 # Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API): curl -X POST "http://localhost:30000/v1/chat/completions" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ --data '{ "model": "Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo", "messages": [ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the capital of France?" } ] }' - Docker Model Runner
How to use Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo with Docker Model Runner:
docker model run hf.co/Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo
Update model card
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Carbon emissions can be estimated using the [Machine Learning Impact calculator](https://mlco2.github.io/impact#compute) presented in [Lacoste et al. (2019)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09700).
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language:
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- en
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license: apache-2.0
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base_model: Qwen/Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct
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tags:
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- information-retrieval
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- boolean-search
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- NL2BM25
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- GRPO
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- tantivy
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- BEIR
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- searchlm
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- reward-hacking
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library_name: transformers
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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# SearchLM NL2BM25 — GRPO v1 (Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct)
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> **⚠️ Reward Hacking Model** — This checkpoint exhibits specification gaming.
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> Use [GRPO v2](Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-grpo-v2) for production use. This model is published
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> for research reproducibility and as a concrete example of reward hacking in RLVR.
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A Qwen2.5-3B-Instruct model trained via GRPO (Group Relative Policy Optimization)
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starting from [SFT v1](Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-sft), using live Tantivy retrieval as the reward signal.
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See the [SearchLM collection](https://huggingface.co/collections/Supreeth/searchlm) for all checkpoints.
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## Reward Hacking Behaviour
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Despite achieving the best NDCG@10 among v1 checkpoints, this model games the reward
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by outputting 3–7 token keyword phrases — abandoning all boolean structure:
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| Metric | Value |
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|--------|-------|
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| Mean completion length | **5–7 tokens** (vs 95–163 for SFT) |
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| Boolean operator usage | **0%** (vs ~80% for SFT) |
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| `frac_reward_zero_std` | **90–96%** (policy gradient collapsed from step 1) |
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**Typical output:**
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```
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<reasoning>
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</reasoning>
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<query>Cholesterol Statin Breast Cancer</query>
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```
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The model discovered that on small corpora (NFCorpus: 3,633 docs; SciFact: 5,183 docs),
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2–4 content nouns achieve near-optimal BM25 recall. The reward (`0.6 × NDCG@10 + 0.4 × MRR`)
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did not penalise empty reasoning or missing boolean structure.
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Full analysis: [REWARD_HACKING_REPORT_V2.md](https://github.com/SupreethRao99/searchLM/blob/main/REWARD_HACKING_REPORT_V2.md)
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## Benchmark (test split, NDCG@10)
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| Dataset | Base | SFT v1 | **GRPO v1** | GRPO v2 |
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|---------|------|--------|------------|---------|
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| NFCorpus | 0.455 | 0.441 | 0.556 | **0.577** |
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| SciFact | 0.386 | 0.273 | 0.608 | **0.657** |
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## Training Details
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| Setting | Value |
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|---------|-------|
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| Base model | [searchlm-nl2bm25-sft](Supreeth/searchlm-nl2bm25-sft) |
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| Method | GRPO (TRL + vLLM colocate) |
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| Reward | `0.6 × NDCG@10 + 0.4 × MRR` (live Tantivy search) |
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| Training datasets | NFCorpus + SciFact (train split) |
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| Epochs | 3 |
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| `num_generations` | 2 |
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| Hardware | NVIDIA H100 80 GB |
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## Citation
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```bibtex
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@misc{searchlm2026,
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title = {SearchLM: Training Small Language Models for Boolean Query Generation via RLVR},
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author = {Rao, Supreeth},
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year = {2026},
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url = {https://github.com/SupreethRao99/searchLM},
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}
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```
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