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Part 1: Part 1
Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: Introduction to the constituent parts of Parliament
1.1 Parliament is composed of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Collectively they form the legislature and as distinct constituent parts of the constitution exercise func... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: History of representation in England
1.2 The word ‘parliament’ is first used in England in the thirteenth century to describe an enlarged meeting of the King's council, attended by barons, bishops and prominent royal servants, called together to at... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: History of representation in Scotland
1.3 The pattern of development in Scotland before 1707 was rather different. Parliaments—originally called colloquia —emerged (as they did in England) in the middle of the thirteenth century, as more formal leg... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: The Sovereign
1.4 The Crown is hereditary, subject, however, to special limitations by Parliament; and the King or Queen has always enjoyed, by prescription, custom and law, the chief place in Parliament and the sole executive power. The right of s... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: Prerogative in connection with Parliament
1.5 The prerogatives of the Crown, in connection with the legislature, are of paramount importance. The legal existence of Parliament results from the exercise of royal prerogative (see para 8.2 ). As ‘supr... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: Limitations of prerogative
1.6 Many changes have been effected at different times in the legal succession to the Crown (a notable example are those that occurred at the Revolution of 1688–89). The power of Parliament over the Crown is distinctly af... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: Medieval and early modern representation: England and Wales
1.7 The number of Members admitted to the House of Commons has varied considerably at different periods. In the early fifteenth century there were nominally over 250 Members of the Commons... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: Modern representation: Great Britain and the United Kingdom
1.8 Forty-five Members from Scotland sat in the Parliament of Great Britain after the Union of 1707, and 100 from Ireland following the Union of 1801 which created the Parliament of the Un... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: England and Wales
1.9 From 1673 to 1832 there were 513 Members in England and Wales. Following the English Reform Act (the Representation of the People Act 1832) the number was reduced from 513 to 500. The number of knights of the shire was increas... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: Scotland
1.10 The number of Members for Scotland was increased by the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832 from 45 to 53, 30 of whom were commissioners of shires, and 23 commissioners of burghs. Further changes were made by the Represen... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: Ireland and Northern Ireland
1.11 By the Irish Reform Act (the Representation of the People (Ireland) Act 1832) the number of Representatives for Ireland in the British Parliament was increased from 100 to 105. The Government of Ireland Act 1920 re... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: The House of Lords
1.12 The Lords Spiritual and Temporal sit together and jointly constitute the House of Lords. 1 As Members of the House they enjoy the same rights and privileges. 2 |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: Lords Spiritual
1.13 The Lords Spiritual are the archbishops and bishops of the Church of England having seats in Parliament by ancient usage and by statute. 1 In 1847, on the creation of the bishopric of Manchester, it was enacted that the number ... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: Lords Temporal
1.14 The Lords Temporal 1 may be divided into three categories. The first category comprises those hereditary peers excepted from the general provision in the House of Lords Act 1999, s 1, that holders of hereditary peerages should n... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: By-elections
1.15 Under Standing Order No 9, any vacancy arising as a result of the death, expulsion or resignation of one of the 90 hereditary peers elected under the House of Lords Act 1999 must be filled by means of a by-election. By-elections a... |
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Chapter 1: The constituent parts of Parliament
Section: Peers of Ireland
1.16 By virtue of the Act of Union of 1800 the Peers of Ireland elected 28 of their number to sit in the House of Lords as representatives. Elections were, however, discontinued after 1922. In 1966 the House agreed to a report of t... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: The electorate
2.1 The persons entitled to vote at a parliamentary election in any constituency are those registered in the register of parliamentary electors for that constituency, who are not subject to any legal incapacity to vote, are either Commonwealth citizens (as de... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Disqualification of electors
2.2 Certain categories of people are disqualified from voting at a parliamentary election. These are: peers with seats in the House of Lords, 1 aliens, persons under 18 years of age, convicted persons during the period of their detention in a pe... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Constituencies
2.3 The Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986, s 1 1 provides that for parliamentary elections, there shall be the county and borough constituencies, each returning a single Member, which are described in Orders in Council made under that Act. The same Act pr... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Registration of electors
2.4 The Representation of the People Act 1983 requires that registers of parliamentary electors are maintained by electoral registration officers in Great Britain and by the Chief Electoral Officer for Northern Ireland. 1 In Great Britain, electoral... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Electoral registration officers
2.5 In England the council of every district and London borough, and in Wales every county or county borough, is required to appoint one of its officers to be electoral registration officer, to maintain the electoral register for any constitu... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Postal and proxy voting
2.6 An elector votes in person unless shown in the absent voters list for the election as entitled to vote by post or by proxy. 1 Eligibility for an absent vote is determined in accordance with the Representation of the People Act 2000, sch 4 (under ... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: The electoral timetable and holding of elections
2.7 Elections of Members of the House of Commons are held by returning officers in obedience to the Queen's writ out of Chancery. The statutory provisions which determine who are the returning officers for England and Wales, ... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Re-election of the Speaker at a general election
2.8 When a general election is called, if the Speaker wishes to remain a Member of the House of Commons, he or she must stand in the election. The Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000, s 22, requires candidat... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Recall of MPs
2.9 Most by-elections occur through the sitting member dying or becoming disqualified (for which see Chapter 3). A by-election may also be triggered through the Recall of MPs Act 2015. This provides that a recall petition is triggered if any of three condition... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Election campaigns
2.10 The law on election campaigns is comprehensively set out in Part II of the Representation of the People Act 1983 as amended by the Representation of the People Act 1985, the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 and the Political Part... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: New writs
2.11 Whenever vacancies occur in the House of Commons after the original issue of writs for a new Parliament by the Crown, writs are issued out of Chancery by a warrant from the Speaker, which is issued, when the House is sitting, in pursuance of an order of the H... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Vacancies of seats during a session
2.12 When the House is sitting, and the death of a Member, or other cause of vacancy, is known, the Speaker may be ordered by the House, upon a motion made by any Member, to issue a warrant to the Clerk of the Crown for a new writ for the... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Period for presenting election petitions
2.13 Under the Representation of the People Act 1983, s 122, a parliamentary election petition has to be presented within 21 days after the writ has been returned to the Clerk of the Crown. If the petition questions the election or r... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Vacancy by peerage
2.14 Succession to an hereditary peerage no longer disqualifies from membership of the House of Commons, although election to one of the places in the House of Lords reserved for hereditary peers would do so. 1 The seat of a Member who is created a life p... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Supersedeas to writs
2.15 If doubts should arise concerning the fact of the vacancy, the order for a new writ should be deferred until the House may be in possession of more certain information; and if, after the issue of a writ, it should be discovered that the House had a... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Provisions of the Recess Elections Act 1975
2.16 The Recess Elections Act 1975 makes provision in certain circumstances for issuing writs when seats become vacant during recesses. The circumstances are: a Member's death or accession to the peerage, either during the recess ... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Appointment of Members to issue writs
2.17 At the beginning of each Parliament, the Speaker is required by the Recess Elections Act 1975 to appoint a certain number of Members, not exceeding seven and not fewer than three, to exercise the powers of the Speaker in reference ... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Manner of issue of writs
2.18 For any place in Great Britain, the Speaker's warrant is directed to the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery: and for any place in Northern Ireland, to the Clerk of the Crown in Northern Ireland. On the receipt of the Speaker's warrant, the writ is ... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Return of writs
2.19 Since the passage of the Electoral Administration Act 2006, s 22, it is no longer possible for a Member to be returned for two places. Previously, at the commencement of each session, the House agreed to resolutions dealing with the case of Members who ... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Correction of error in return to writ
2.20 If any error should appear in the return to a writ, such as a mistake in the name of the Member returned, 1 or in the date of the return, 2 or in the description of the constituency, 3 evidence is given of the nature of the error, ... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Failure to make return to writ
2.21 If no return be made to a writ in due course, the Clerk of the Crown is ordered to attend and explain the omission; if it should appear that the returning officer, or any other person, has been concerned in the delay, he will be summoned ... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Procedure under the Representation of the People Act 1983
2.22 By the Representation of the People Act 1983, Part III, 1 the trial of controverted elections is entrusted to judges selected by rota from the judiciary in the appropriate part of the United Kingdom. 2 Petitions... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Proceedings of the House in matters of election
2.23 The Representation of the People Act 1983, s 120, provides that no election and no return shall be questioned except by a petition presented in accordance with the Act. This in no way supersedes the jurisdiction of the Ho... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Proceedings of House upon determination of election trials
2.24 All certificates and reports of the election court are communicated to the House by the Speaker, and ordered to be entered in the Journals. 1 It is then the duty of the House, under the Representation of the Pe... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: Corrupt practices in elections
2.25 The Representation of the People Act 1983 sets out various corrupt and illegal practices which may lead to criminal prosecutions. It is the duty of the Director of Public Prosecutions, 1 when informed that an offence under the Act has bee... |
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Chapter 2: Elections
Section: The Electoral Commission
2.26 The Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 established an Electoral Commission, consisting of between five and nine Commissioners appointed by the Queen on an Address by the House of Commons, moved with the agreement of the Speak... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Overview of disqualification of membership
3.1 In this chapter, the legal disqualifications for sitting and voting in either House of Parliament will be considered. Any disqualifications for the Parliament of England were, at the time o... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Aliens
3.2 Aliens are disqualified by statute from membership of the House of Commons. By the Act of Settlement 1700–01, ‘no person born out of the Kingdoms of England, Scotland or Ireland, or the Dominions thereunto belonging … (except... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Persons under 18
3.3 People under 18 years' old are disqualified for election to the House of Commons by the Electoral Administration Act 2006. |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Peers
3.4 Only those peers who are Members of the House of Lords are disqualified from membership of the House of Commons. The House of Lords Act 1999 provided that holders of all hereditary peerages, apart from those excepted under s 2... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: England, Wales and Northern Ireland
3.5 Under s 427 of the Insolvency Act 1986 (inserted by the Enterprise Act 2002, s 266 and amended by the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, sch 20, para 12), a person in respect of whom a ba... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Scotland
3.6 Under the Insolvency Act 1986, s 427, a person against whom sequestration of estate is awarded in Scotland is ineligible as a Member for any constituency. An existing Member is prohibited from sitting and voting in the Hous... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Treason
3.7 The Forfeiture Act 1870 provides that persons convicted of treason are disqualified for election to or sitting or voting in either House till expiry of the sentence or receipt of a pardon. 1 |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Other crimes
3.8 The Representation of the People Act 1981 provides (a) that any person who, in any country and for any offence, is sentenced or ordered to be imprisoned or detained indefinitely or for more than one year, shall be disqu... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Corrupt practices at elections
3.9 The statutory penalties inflicted for corrupt or illegal practices at elections under the Representation of the People Act 1983 may have the effect of disqualification for membership of the House of Co... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Clergy
3.10 Lords Spiritual (ie those archbishops and bishops who are members of the House of Lords) are disqualified from being (or being elected as) a Member of the House of Commons under s 1 of the House of Commons (Removal of Clergy... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Disqualification of certain office-holders
3.11 The House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 replaced the large number of preceding statutory and common law disqualifications by a single flexible code, generally similar in scope to fo... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: The Civil Service
3.12 All persons employed either whole- or part-time in the Civil Service are disqualified; and it is immaterial whether they are serving in an established capacity (House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975, s 1(1)(b... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: The armed forces
3.13 Membership of the regular armed forces of the Crown is a disqualification (House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975, s 1(1)(c)). 1 The armed forces concerned are the Royal Navy, the Royal Marines, the regular arm... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Police
3.14 Persons employed as members of any police force maintained by a police authority within the meaning of the Police Act 1996 (as amended by the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011, sch 16, para 123), by the Scotti... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Members of legislatures outside the Commonwealth
3.15 Members of a legislature of any country or territory outside the Commonwealth (other than the Republic of Ireland) 1 are disqualified for membership of the House of Commons under s 1... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Judicial office
3.16 The holders of the judicial offices 1 specified in the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975, sch 1, Pt I are disqualified for membership (s 1(1)(a)). Judges of the Supreme Court, the High Court, Court of Appea... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Returning officers
3.17 Returning officers in Scotland and electoral registration officers and the chief and deputy chief electoral officer for Northern Ireland are disqualified by the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975. |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Police and Crime Commissioners and elected mayors
3.18 Members of the House of Commons may stand for election as a Police and Crime Commissioner. However, if they are elected they must resign their seat before taking up the post of Poli... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Bodies of which all members are disqualified
3.19 Part II of sch 1 to the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 contains a list of public bodies all of whose members are disqualified 1 (s 1(1)(f)). Among those are executive and reg... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Other disqualifying offices
3.20 Part III of sch 1 contains a long list of residual offices which disqualify either on the grounds that their holders are appointed by the Crown or that their holding is incompatible with membership of th... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Offices disqualifying for particular constituencies
3.21 Certain offices disqualify for particular constituencies 1 (s 1(2)). Thus the Lord Lieutenant or high sheriff of a county in England or Wales is disqualified for any constituency ... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Chiltern Hundreds and Manor of Northstead
3.22 It is a settled principle of parliamentary law that a Member, after being duly chosen, cannot relinquish his or her seat; 1 and, in order to evade this restriction, a Member who wishes to r... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Effect and disregard of disqualification
3.23 The first subsection of s 6 of the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 declares that if a Member of the House becomes disqualified under any of the provisions of the Act, the seat bec... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Mental disorder
3.24 Mental disorder is no longer grounds for disqualification from the House of Commons. Formerly, the Mental Health Act 1983, s 141, provided a procedure whereby the seat of a Member detained under that Act for more th... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Jurisdiction of the Privy Council in disqualification
3.25 Section 7 of the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 provides that anyone who claims that a person purporting to be a Member of the House is disqualified by the Act or ha... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Limitation on the number of Ministers in the House of Commons
3.26 Under s 2(1) of the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 not more than 95 holders of ministerial offices are entitled to sit and vote in the House of Commons at an... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Amendment of House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975
3.27 Schedule 1 to the Act of 1975, in which the disqualifying offices are listed individually, is subject under s 5(1) of the Act to amendment by Order in Council on resolution by... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Aliens
3.28 The disqualification rules for aliens are the same as for the House of Commons (see para 3.2 ). 1 All Members of the House of Lords are treated as resident, ordinarily resident and domiciled in the United Kingdom for tax pur... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Persons under 21
3.29 Under Standing Order No 2, made on 22 May 1685, no Lord under the age of 21 years shall sit in the House. This disqualification has not arisen since the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999. |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Bankruptcy
3.30 Under the Insolvency Act 1986, ss 426A and 427 as amended by the Enterprise Act 2002, a Member of the House of Lords in respect of whom a bankruptcy 1 restrictions order or a debt relief restrictions order has effect, or... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Treason
3.31 The Forfeiture Act 1870 provides that anyone convicted of treason shall be disqualified for sitting or voting as a Member of the House of Lords until they have either completed their term of imprisonment or received a pardo... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Disqualifying judicial office
3.33 Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, s 137, a Member of the House of Lords who holds a disqualifying judicial office 1 is disqualified for sitting and voting in the House. Such Members are not how... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Mental Health Act 1983
3.34 There was never any statutory provision specifically applying the terms of the Mental Health Act 1983 to Members of the House of Lords, as there was to Members of the House of Commons. Therefore mental disord... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Conviction for a serious offence
3.35 The House of Lords Reform Act 2014 provides for Lords Members convicted of a serious offence to cease to be Members. 1 Section 3 of the Act provides that a Lords Member is convicted of a serious off... |
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Chapter 3: Disqualification for membership of either House
Section: Disqualification by other means
3.36 During the seventeenth century there were two cases in which the House of Lords, acting in its judicial capacity on impeachment, sentenced Lords of Parliament to permanent disqualification from sitti... |
Part 1: Part 1
Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Introduction to Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
4.1 Representation in the House of Commons and membership of the House of Lords have been described in Chapter 1, and the process of elections to the House of Commons in Chapter 2. T... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Attendance of Members
4.2 On ordinary occasions, the attendance of Members in Parliament is not enforced by either House. In the Commons, ensuring attendance has become a function of the party machinery. The Whips of the various parties (see... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Commons
4.3 In the absence of any specific orders to that effect, Members are presumed to be in attendance in Parliament. It is not now considered necessary for a Member to be given leave of absence in the ordinary course of business, but su... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Lords
4.4 Members ‘are to attend the sittings of the House’ or, if they cannot do so because of temporary circumstances, obtain leave of absence. A Member who has no reasonable expectation of returning as an active Member at some point in th... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Party machinery
4.5 Many matters within the House of Commons, in particular the arrangement and conduct of business, are arranged on the basis of a clear-cut division between Government and Opposition. The normal condition for this arrangeme... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: The Official Opposition
4.6 The importance of the Opposition in the system of parliamentary government has long received practical recognition in the procedure of Parliament. Even before the first Reform Act, the phrase ‘His Majesty's Opposi... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Leader of the House of Commons
4.7 The member of the Government who is primarily responsible for the arrangement of government business in the House of Commons is known as the Leader of the House. The Leader manages the arrangement of busine... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Constitution and financing of party machinery
4.8 Inside the House of Commons each party organisation is presided over by Members of the House and staffed by subordinate officials who are not Members. The officers, or Whips, of the party in ... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Duties of Whips
4.9 The efficient and smooth running of the parliamentary machine depends largely upon the Whips. By far the most important duties devolve upon the Government Chief Whip. The Chief Whip is responsible for mapping out the time... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Payment of Members
4.10 A salary was first paid to Members in their role as Members in 1911. 1 The payment to Members was held to be salary or income within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Acts. 2 An income payments order under the Insolvency ... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Conditions of payment
4.11 The salary of a Member becomes payable when they take the oath or make the affirmation required by law, 1 and begins on the day following that on which the poll was held. 2 (See para 8.28 on facilities for a Member... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Members' expenses
4.12 In addition to a salary, a Member may claim certain additional expenses. A Member who has not taken the oath or made the affirmation may nonetheless claim these expenses. 1 Until the establishment of IPSA , these were ... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Working from two locations
4.13 Accommodation costs : the accommodation costs budget is designed to meet costs incurred by Members as a result of working from two permanent locations. They are not payable to Members who are London Area Membe... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Office support
4.14 Office costs : all Members are eligible to claim for office costs, whether or not they rent actual office premises. Members can claim for the costs of more than one office provided that they stay within budget. For London... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Other support
4.15 Travel and subsistence costs : claims may be made for the costs of travel and travel-related subsistence incurred by Members or others in support of their parliamentary functions. Miscellaneous costs and financial assistan... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: House of Commons Members' Fund
4.16 The House of Commons Members' Fund Act 1939, as amended by subsequent Acts of 1948, 1957, 1962, 1981, 1984, 1991 and 2016, provides for grants to past Members and their widows/widowers and children, ‘havin... |
Part 1: Part 1
Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Parliamentary Contributory Pension Fund
4.17 In its current form, 1 the Parliamentary Contributory Pension Fund (PCPF) is a statutory defined benefit pension scheme that comprises the MPs' pension scheme and the Ministers' pension scheme. Si... |
Part 1: Part 1
Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: Association of Former Members of Parliament
4.18 The Association of Former Members was established in 2001 with the objectives of facilitating and encouraging social contacts between former Members of both Houses and maintaining links with t... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: The Speaker of the House of Commons
4.19 The Speaker of the House of Commons is the representative of the House itself in its powers, proceedings and dignity. The Speaker's rank is defined by the Order in Council of 30 May 1919, in which it ... |
Part 1: Part 1
Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: In relation to the Queen
4.20 As stated elsewhere, the Speaker is elected by the House itself, but that election is subject to the approbation of the Queen (see para 8.20 ). At the same time as that submission for approval, the Speaker petit... |
Part 1: Part 1
Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: In relation to the Lords
4.21 The chief function of the Speaker in relation to the House of Lords is to consider bills brought from that House and Lords amendments to Commons bills to see whether they infringe the financial privileges of the... |
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Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: In relation to outside authorities
4.22 The Speaker communicates the resolutions of the House to those to whom they are directed, and conveys its thanks and expresses its censure, its reprimands, and its admonitions. The Speaker issues warra... |
Part 1: Part 1
Chapter 4: Members and Elected Officers of Parliament
Section: The Speaker as presiding Officer of the House of Commons
4.23 The chief characteristics attaching to the office of Speaker in the House of Commons are authority and impartiality. As the symbol of the powers and privileges of the House, the R... |
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