{
  "@context": {
    "@language": "en",
    "@vocab": "https://schema.org/",
    "cr": "http://mlcommons.org/croissant/",
    "sc": "https://schema.org/",
    "dct": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/",
    "data": {
      "@id": "cr:data",
      "@type": "@json"
    },
    "dataType": {
      "@id": "cr:dataType",
      "@type": "@vocab"
    },
    "extract": "cr:extract",
    "field": "cr:field",
    "fileObject": "cr:fileObject",
    "fileProperty": "cr:fileProperty",
    "column": "cr:column",
    "recordSet": "cr:recordSet",
    "source": "cr:source",
    "subField": "cr:subField",
    "references": "cr:references",
    "repeated": "cr:repeated",
    "examples": {
      "@id": "cr:examples",
      "@type": "@json"
    },
    "conformsTo": "dct:conformsTo"
  },
  "@type": "sc:Dataset",
  "conformsTo": "http://mlcommons.org/croissant/1.0",
  "citeAs": "Klagge, Kevin D. legal-empirics. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22247377",
  "name": "disputed_terms_national",
  "description": "One row per (term, decision) pair: a word or phrase a court quoted as the disputed language in a decision containing an ambiguity holding, across the state appellate courts of all 50 states and DC. Terms are extracted from the whole opinion by cue-anchored quotation ('the term \"X\"', '\"X\" as used in'), classified into functional drafting categories, and linked to the holding by three graded levels of evidence.",
  "url": "https://stepuplaw.com/research/disputed-terms-national/",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "version": "2026-09-02",
  "keywords": [
    "contract interpretation",
    "ambiguity",
    "corpus linguistics",
    "legal drafting",
    "empirical legal studies",
    "state courts"
  ],
  "creator": {
    "@type": "sc:Person",
    "name": "Kevin D. Klagge",
    "sameAs": "https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1385-8498"
  },
  "distribution": [
    {
      "@type": "cr:FileObject",
      "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv",
      "name": "disputed-terms-national.csv",
      "description": "The dataset as a single UTF-8 CSV with a header row.",
      "contentUrl": "https://stepuplaw.com/research/disputed-terms-national/disputed-terms-national.csv",
      "encodingFormat": "text/csv",
      "sha256": "41794102c0d5c052b40fda0c7779415be95d43a61d08bbbe5462fb66269b11bd"
    }
  ],
  "recordSet": [
    {
      "@type": "cr:RecordSet",
      "@id": "rows",
      "name": "rows",
      "description": "Disputed Contract and Instrument Terms in US State Appellate Courts",
      "field": [
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "rows/term",
          "name": "term",
          "description": "the disputed language, lowercased and normalised, as the court quoted it",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "term"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "rows/category",
          "name": "category",
          "description": "functional drafting class: nexus, degree, temporal, scope, modal, role, succession, property, event, conduct, condition, mental, uncategorised",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "category"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "rows/source",
          "name": "source",
          "description": "the instrument the words sit in: testamentary, deed, insurance, contract, statute, constitution, uncertain",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "source"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "rows/posture",
          "name": "posture",
          "description": "found | rejected | alleged | uncertain -- whether the court held the language ambiguous",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "posture"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "rows/link",
          "name": "link",
          "description": "direct | proximate | inferred -- strength of the link between this term and the holding; inferred rows must not be pooled with the other two",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "link"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "rows/oid",
          "name": "oid",
          "description": "CourtListener opinion id",
          "dataType": "sc:Integer",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "oid"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "rows/cid",
          "name": "cid",
          "description": "CourtListener cluster id",
          "dataType": "sc:Integer",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "cid"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "rows/court",
          "name": "court",
          "description": "CourtListener court id",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "court"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "rows/state",
          "name": "state",
          "description": "two-letter state postal code",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "state"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "rows/year",
          "name": "year",
          "description": "year the decision was filed",
          "dataType": "sc:Integer",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "year"
            }
          }
        },
        {
          "@type": "cr:Field",
          "@id": "rows/statement",
          "name": "statement",
          "description": "the row written as one self-contained English sentence, so it can be retrieved, quoted and checked on its own",
          "dataType": "sc:Text",
          "source": {
            "fileObject": {
              "@id": "disputed-terms-national.csv"
            },
            "extract": {
              "column": "statement"
            }
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}