\begin{table}[t]
\centering
\caption{Per-component operational intensity for a Llama-3.1-8B decoder layer on H100 (bf16, TP=1). Ridge = 295 FLOP/byte. C = compute-bound, BW = memory-bandwidth-bound. Capacity-bound arises at 8K+ contexts when KV cache exceeds HBM.}
\label{tab:per-component-oi}
\small
\begin{tabular}{lrrrrr}
\toprule
Component & Wt (MB) & OI (C=1) & OI (C=80) & Bound (C=1) & Bound (C=80) \\
\midrule
RMS & \textemdash & 1 & 1 & BW & BW \\
Q & 34 & 410 & 1950 & C & C \\
K & 8 & 315 & 803 & C & C \\
V & 8 & 315 & 803 & C & C \\
RoPE & \textemdash & 1 & 1 & BW & BW \\
Attn & \textemdash & 64 & 64 & BW & BW \\
O & 34 & 410 & 1950 & C & C \\
RMS & \textemdash & 1 & 1 & BW & BW \\
Gate & 117 & 441 & 2956 & C & C \\
Up & 117 & 441 & 2956 & C & C \\
SiLU & \textemdash & 1 & 1 & BW & BW \\
Gate×Up & \textemdash & 0 & 0 & BW & BW \\
Down & 117 & 441 & 2956 & C & C \\
\midrule
\textbf{Layer total} & 436 & 330 & 878 & C & C \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\vspace{3pt}
{\footnotesize KV capacity thresholds: 8K tok $\rightarrow$ C$\ge$57; 32K tok $\rightarrow$ C$\ge$14; 128K tok $\rightarrow$ C$\ge$3.}
\end{table}