---
license: other
pretty_name: FlyAOC
task_categories:
  - text-generation
  - question-answering
  - text-retrieval
language:
  - en
tags:
  - biology
  - drosophila
  - genetics
  - scientific-literature
  - ontology-curation
  - benchmark
size_categories:
  - 10K<n<100K
---

# FlyAOC: Agentic Ontology Curation Benchmark

FlyAOC is a benchmark for evaluating AI agents on end-to-end ontology curation from scientific literature. Given a *Drosophila melanogaster* gene symbol, systems search a corpus of full-text papers and produce structured annotations for gene function, expression, and synonyms.

This anonymous review package contains the benchmark inputs and labels, not model prediction dumps.

## Files

| File | Description |
|---|---|
| `corpus.jsonl` | 16,898 full-text PMC-OA articles converted from BioC JSON. |
| `pmc_license_manifest.jsonl` | Per-record provenance and license metadata extracted from the BioC-PMC source files. |
| `benchmark.jsonl` | The 100 benchmark genes, with FlyBase IDs, symbols, Gene Snapshot summaries, PMCID retrieval sets, and canonical verified labels for all three tasks. |
| `ground_truth_hidden.jsonl` | Hidden-term benchmark variant labels. |
| `hidden_go_terms.json` | The GO terms hidden for the specificity-gap setting. |
| `ontologies/go-basic.obo` | Gene Ontology source used for Task 1 term lookup and semantic evaluation. |
| `ontologies/fly_anatomy.obo` | FlyBase anatomy ontology source used for Task 2 anatomy lookup and semantic evaluation. |
| `ontologies/fly_development.obo` | FlyBase developmental stage ontology source used for Task 2 stage lookup and semantic evaluation. |
| `croissant.json` | Croissant metadata with core and minimal Responsible AI fields. |

## Data Schema

Each `corpus.jsonl` record contains:

- `pmcid`: PubMed Central identifier.
- `title`: article title.
- `abstract`: article abstract.
- `sections`: mapping from section type to paragraphs, using section keys such as `INTRO`, `METHODS`, `RESULTS`, `DISCUSS`, and `CONCL`.

Each `benchmark.jsonl` record contains one gene:

- `gene_id`, `gene_symbol`, `summary`, `pmcids`
- `task1_function`: Gene Ontology annotations with GO ID, qualifier, aspect, evidence reference, and corpus-grounding fields.
- `task2_expression`: expression annotations with anatomy/stage ontology IDs, assay metadata, evidence reference, and corpus-grounding fields.
- `task3_synonyms`: full-name and symbol synonyms with corpus-grounding fields.

## Intended Use

FlyAOC is intended for evaluating systems that retrieve and synthesize structured biological annotations from a large literature corpus. The primary use case is benchmark evaluation of curation agents under controlled retrieval budgets. The dataset is not intended to train production biomedical systems without additional validation by domain experts.

## Provenance and Annotation

The literature corpus was retrieved from the PubMed Central Open Access subset via the BioC-PMC API. Benchmark labels are derived from FlyBase release FB2025_04 and then annotated with corpus-grounding labels that indicate whether the supporting source is present in the provided corpus. The included ontology files define the controlled vocabularies used by the benchmark tools and semantic evaluation. The hidden-term variant removes selected GO terms from ontology search to test whether systems can describe missing concepts when no suitable ontology term is available.

## License and Access

This package has mixed provenance and should not be treated as having a single blanket license.

- Literature records come from the PubMed Central Open Access subset. Article licenses vary by paper; see `pmc_license_manifest.jsonl` for per-record license metadata.
- FlyBase-derived benchmark labels and FlyBase ontology files are based on FlyBase data released under CC-BY 4.0.
- Gene Ontology files are released under CC-BY 4.0.
- Users are responsible for following the terms associated with each source record. Users with stricter licensing requirements may use the PMCID manifest to re-fetch source articles from PMC directly.

## Responsible AI Notes

### Limitations

The benchmark covers 100 well-studied *Drosophila* genes and open-access literature available through PMC-OA. It does not represent all genes, all organisms, non-English literature, paywalled papers, unpublished curation evidence, or all valid biological annotations.

### Biases

The corpus reflects publication and open-access biases in the scientific record. Well-studied genes, English-language publications, and journals indexed in PMC-OA are overrepresented. FlyBase labels reflect expert curation priorities and may lag newer literature.

### Sensitive Information

The dataset contains scientific articles and biological database annotations. It is not designed to contain human-subject records, demographic attributes, or private personal information. Some source articles may include author names, affiliations, and acknowledgments as part of the public scholarly record.

### Social Impact

The benchmark may help improve tools that assist biological database curation and scientific literature review. Misuse risks include over-trusting automated annotations or deploying systems without expert review. FlyAOC should be used as an evaluation resource, not as a substitute for professional biological curation.

### Synthetic Data

The corpus and benchmark labels are not synthetic. Model-generated predictions are not included in this dataset package.

## Loading

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

corpus = load_dataset("json", data_files="corpus.jsonl")["train"]
benchmark = load_dataset("json", data_files="benchmark.jsonl")["train"]
```

For review, the intended hosted dataset path is:

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

corpus = load_dataset("anonymous-042/flyaoc", data_files="corpus.jsonl")["train"]
benchmark = load_dataset("anonymous-042/flyaoc", data_files="benchmark.jsonl")["train"]
```