Speed and age: multiple rates of age decline. There is frequent reference in the literature on aging and performance to the "slowing with age phenomenon". If there truly is one "slowing with age" phenomenon, then all activities requiring speeded performance should decline with age at approximately the same rate. This report compares relative rates of age decline in several speeded physical activities ranging from simple reaction time to long distance running events. The activities differ in the rate of slowing with those requiring a greater muscular involvement or more stamina exhibiting the steepest declines. It is concluded that when one refers to slowing with age it is necessary to be quite specific about the activity to which one is referring because different activities decline at different rates.


Attrition in a longitudinal study of an aged population. This report focuses upon attrition in longitudinal studies of older persons using a Florida survey as an illustration. In 1959 interviews were completed with a probability sample (N = 2544) of older noninstutionalized residents (age 65+) of a retirement community. Data were collected on health status, health practices, social factors, and activities. Nine years later a follow-up study of the same sample was undertaken. In this report 1959 data for 2497 of these persons are analyzed by results of the 1968 effort (reinterviewed, lost to follow-up, or deceased). About one third of this highly migratory sample could not be located in 1968; death certificates were located for another one third; and the remaining one third was reinterviewed. Social characteristics, housing arrangements, activities, and chronic conditions of the three subpopulations are compared. Persons reinterviewed were found to differ from dropouts in age, sex, type of dwelling unit, activity patterns, and prevalence of chronic conditions. No significant differences were found in educational level, household composition, usual occupation, and retirement status (when controlled for sex).


Thresholds of food odors in the elderly. Thresholds for nine food odors were found for two groups of subjects, young and elderly. Dravniek's dynamic triangle olfactometer, which employs the forced-choice, triangle principle and controls for guessing was used. Elderly subjects were found to have a considerably reduced sensitivity to these odors compared with young subjects.


Relationship between central and autonomic nervous system activity: correlates of psychomotor performance in elderly men. The relationship between heart rate deceleration (HRD) and the contingent negative variation (CNV) was evaluated in 12 healthy, elderly men during performance of a signaled reaction time task. While amplitude of the CNV and HRD did parallel RT, CNV alone was found to be predictive of individual differences in speed of response indicating that phasic concordance of these physiological responses is probably not an important factor in age changes in RT. The results indicate the probable importance of central physiological indices such as the CNV over peripheral events such as HRD in the evaluation of RT performance in elderly individuals.


Ethanol preference in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice at three ages and eight ethanol concentrations. Eight ethanol concentrations (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%) were used. A reduction in ethanol preference with increasing age was seen in the C57BL/6 mice, but not in the BALB/c animals. For C57BL/6 mice the largest difference in ethanol preference occurred between the 10% and 18% ethanol solutions. It was found that the ethanol preference of the 14-16 mo. C57BL/6 mice was similar to the 7-9 mo. old C57BL/6 mice at the first 5 concentrations. For the remaining concentrations the 14-16 mo. mice more closely resembled the 22-24 mo. mice in ethanol preference. The results of this study suggested that increased age does not simply result in a reduction in ethanol preference, but is a function of the genotype and concentration of the ethanol solution.


The relationship of task reinforcement to personal loss themes revealed in earliest memories of elderly subjects. Institutionalization of the aged has been viewed as an environmental stressor, producing covert negative affect which is manifest as personal loss themes in the individual's earliest memories. It was hypothesized that reinforcement given for a cognitive task would produce a positive emotional response in the individual and result in decreased personal loss feelings. Subjects were 64 elderly persons (aged 65-88); half of each sex, half nursing home and half community residents, half receiving reinforcement and half receiving none. Subjects' earliest memories were scored for personal loss themes. Significant findings were that among subjects who were reinforced, those in the community had higher loss scores than those in the nursing home; there was no difference in loss scores between community and nursing residents who had not been reinforced. Among community subjects, those who were reinforced had significantly higher loss scores than those who were not; the opposite tendency was observed in nursing home subjects.


Misuse of analysis of covariance in aging research revisited. Storandt and Hudson's treatment of the issue of which general linear model technique is preferable to use when age effects are confounded is misleading. Contrary to their position that hierarchical ANOVA or step-wise multiple regression is superior to ANCOVA, it is demonstrated, using hypothetical data, that identical amounts of variance can be explained by ANCOVA relative to hierarchical ANOVA and multiple regression. Multiple regression is recommended as the most appropriate technique for a variety of pragmatic reasons concerning calculation of significance tests, the distinction between gross and net effects, and the choice of the metric used in measurement.


Monetary incentive, age, and cognition.

Monetary incentive, age, and cognition. Results from studies of cohort differences suggest that older and younger volunteers may differ in aspects other than age. In this study subjects, who had or had not been promised $10.00 payment for their participation, were compared on certain personality and intelligence factors. No differences between incentive conditions were observed for 2466 potential subjects on willingness to participate, nor for 591 subjects eventually tested on their scores on the Primary Mental Abilities Test, the Test of Behavioral Rigidity and Cattell's 16 PF. However, differences by incentive condition were observed on the intercorrelation matrices for women on Form B of the 16 PF. Results of these analyses suggest that, with few exceptions, supplying a monetary incentive to induce subjects to participate in a study does not significantly alter the characteristics of a volunteer sample with regard to age or sex.


Aging effects on hypothalamic dopamine and norepinephrine content in the male rat. Hypothalamic content of dopamine and norepinephrine was measured in young (4 mo) and aged (24-26 mo) male rats by aluminum oxide adsorption and microfluorescence. Hypothalamic content of both dopamine and norepinephrine was significantly less in aged than in the young groups. Average dopamine content of the young and aged groups was 32.5 +/- 9.3 and 15.6 +/- 2.5 ng/hypothalamus, respectively. Norepinephrine content averaged 47.6 +/- 10.7 and 22.8 +/- 1.8 ng/hypothalamus in the young and aged groups. These data suggested that alterations in hypothalamic catecholamine function contribute to changes in endocrine control mechanisms during aging.


Trithiozine (ISF 2001): gastric antisecretory effects and treatment of peptic ulcer.


Metabolism of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in rats.


Radiopaque contrast media. XLI-Isolation and identification of the metabolites of iopronic acid in the rat.


Radiopaque contrast media. XLII-Metabolism of iopronic acid in human.


Radiopaque contrast media. XL- Isolation and identification of the metabolites of iopronic acid in the urine and bile of the dog.


Experimental EEG study on central effects of propranolol.


The effect of compression force on the characteristics of coated acetylsalicyclic acid tablets.


Dissolution and enzymatic hydrolysis of chloramphenicol palmitic and stearic esters.


The functional capacity of the isolated perfused rat liver in relation to the colloidal-osmotic composition of the perfusion medium.


O- and N-alkylation with "Meerwein's reagent": the unusual behaviour of two lactams. Usually tertiary oxonium salts are excellent O-alkylating agents of lactams; in some cases indiscriminate O- and N-alkylations have been described. In this paper the particular behaviour towards Meerwein's reagent of two isomers with a lactamic structure is pointed out: in one case the usual O-alkylation occurs, in the other N-alkylation is the only reaction that takes place.


Structure-activity relationship for antitumor thiosemicarbazones. The in vitro antitumore activity of a series of thiosemicarbazones was studied by means of the Free-Wilson method. Both lipophilic and electronic effects are shown to play an important role.


Derivatives of 2H,3H-benzimidazo(1,2-b)oxazole. The Authors report the synthesis and chemical properties of a number of derivatives of 2H,3H-benzimidazo(1,2-b)oxazole. These substances were prepared in order to investigate their pharmacological activity.


Antimycotic activity in vitro and in vivo of a new hydrosoluble polyene antibiotic. The in vitro and in vivo activity of a new water soluble polyene antibiotic, anmed SPA-S-222, has been studied on numerous Candida and Cryptococcus species. The in vitro tests were carried out in comparison with nystatin and amphotericin B whose antimycotic properties are already well known. The inhibition of "germination" of various strains of Candida albicans was also investigated. The results show that SPA-S-222 has greater antimycotic activity than nystatin or amphotericin B. Tests on the protection afforded by SPA-S-222 in Swiss albino mice infected with C, albicans were satisfactory as regards both the total protective dose and the partial protective dose (P.D. 50%).


Biological activities of a new specific stimulant of histamine H2 receptors. Compound N-methyl-2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)ethylamine (5-methyl-N-methylhistamine) was submitted to a thorough pharmacological examination and was found to be a potent stimulant of H2 receptors, devoid of any appreciable effect on H1 receptors. Because of its high degree of specificity it therefore seems to represent an interesting drug to be used in clinical gastric secretory tests and an useful tool for the study of histamine H2 receptors.


Monitoring emergency nutrition programmes in India.


Nutrition education at the village level.


Benin: nutritional considerations on trace elements in the diet. The increasing use of the atomic absorption technique makes it possible to study man's trace-element requirements with a very accurate methodology. Some of these elements are present in the daily diet in minute quantities of micrograms which are, however, indispensable for the proper functioning of the body. But apart from such trace quantities present in conditions which are not affected by abnormal environmental concentration, there may be situations in which trace-element levels in foods and diets reach very high values. If very high, the levels may expose a population to the risk of toxicity; on the other hand, they may lead to wrong interpretations of trace-element requirements because they may lead the nutritionist to regard some high values as normal levels and therefore appropriate for meeting man's requirements. Inversely, they may also induce the nutritionist to regard lower values as unsatisfactory. Therefore, since these environmental factors, which are not always identifiable, can induce erroneous judgements due to overestimation of the requirements, it would seem appropriate, if figures on the total supplies of the diet are to be used, to refer to the tabled values of the individual foods of the diet, rather than to analyses of the whole diet ready for consumption. In fact, an abnormally high or low value of a trace element of any single food of a food composition table would have little influence on the calculation of the total supply of the diet, whereas the use of values obtained from meals which have been exposed to contamination during technological processes(e.g., through the cooking water of foods or cooking utensils) may result in overestimation. However, the analysis of global diets seems to be the method of choice in toxicological research, because in this type of investigations the basic elements of an evaluation often derive indeed from abnormal conditions identified at consumer level. Regarding the importance of copper and iron in haematopoiesis, the following hypotheses can be put forward: (a) In the haematopoietic phenomena occurring in intrauterine life, copper seems to play a role equal to that of iron, and perhaps even more important. (b) This role does not seem to be an autonomous one, but is mediated by availability of serum globulin to the child. In other words, this hypothesis relates the problem more generally to the protein nutrition of mother and foetus...


Role of keratinases in dermatophytosis. IV. Reactivities of sera from guinea pigs with heat-inactivated keratinase II. Complement-fixing antibodies to the heat-inactivated keratinase II of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum were detectable in sera from approximately 40% of the Hartley strain guinea pigs previously infected with this dermatophyte. However, no precipitating antibodies to the heat-inactivated keratinase II were detectable in these sera. Guinea pigs immunized with the heat-inactivated keratinase II had both complement-fixing and precipitating antibodies to the keratinase II. Circulating antibodies in sera from both the infected and the immunized guinea pigs also reacted with the active keratinase II but did not inhibit its proteolytic activity.


Treatment of vitiligo with oral corticosteroids. 17 patients with generalized vitiligo and 5 patients with localized vitiligo were treated with oral corticosteroids. Six patients with generalized vitiligo showed over 75% repigmentation in at least one of the patches. Two patients with generalized vitiligo and 1 patient with localized vitiligo showed a partial repigmentation of 25-75%, while 5 patients with generalized vitiligo and 1 patient with localized vitiligo showed a minimal repigmentation of less than 25%. Four patients with generalized vitiligo and 3 patients with localized vitiligo failed to respond. Repigmentation became evident within 4 weeks in most cases, and in general was more markedly noted in exposed areas.


Pyoderma gangrenosum with Koebner effect and Mondor's disease in the same patient.


Lymphangioma circumscriptum of the tongue. A case is reported of severe transient macroglossia after biopsy from the tongue in a 13-year-old boy who has had intermittent macroglossia since the age of 1 year as a result of extensive lymphangioma circumscriptum of the tongue. The acute lesions appear to result from haemorrhage into the lymphatic spaces following rupture of blood vessels in connective tissue septa and possibly secondary infection.


Generalized granuloma anulare in a 15-month-old infant. A Japanese girl aged 15 months had an eruption of 3 months' duration on the face, trunk, and extremities except for the palms and soles. The lesions were infiltrated papules varying from 2 to 3 mm in diameter. Blood eosinophilia of 5% was demonstrated. Skin biopsy specimen revealed a necrobiotic palisading granuloma in the corium. All lesions began to subside after 1 weeks' administration of oral corticosteroid and completely involuted in 2 months. A possible etiologic role of insect bites was considered.


Diffuse biphasic amyloidosis.

Diffuse biphasic amyloidosis.


Onset of the vasoconstrictor effect of diflucortolone valerate, betamethasone valerate, and fluocinolone acetonide ointments applied for varying periods under occlusive dressings. Evaluation of cutaneous vasoconstriction after applications of varying duration of topical corticoids on the flexor surfaces of the forearms of 20 patients with intact skin shows a significantly faster blanching effect with diflucortolone valerate ointment than with fluocinolone acetonide and betamethasone valerate ointments. Furthermore, the test shows that even for a highly active preparation, such as the diflucortolone valerate ointment, an application time of less than 3 h only exceptionally leads to vasoconstriction in the healthy skin.


Reproduction and human welfare: a challenge to research.


The epidemiology of hyperlipoproteinemia in a Rumanian general population sample. Study of 7,085 cases. Using a two stages screening method the prevalence in the general population of hyperlipoproteinemias (HLP), separated in the five types proposed by Fredrickson, Levy and Lees, and adopted by WHO has been studied. The study included 7,085 subjects of both sexes, aged 25-65 years, representing 84,52 % of a population taken at random within a district of Bucarest. HLP was found in 1,013 cases, i.e. 14,29 % of the investigated population. 48.37 % were men and 51.63 % women. The prevalence of HLP was lowest in the first decace of age studied (25-35 years) and highest in the last two decades (45-65 years). Overweight was more frequently encountered in these patients (64.46 %) than in the total population (32.3 %). Of the 1,013 cases with HLP, 42.35 % (6.05 % of the total population) were of type IV, 27.05 % (3.86 % of the total population) of type II-b, 22.80 % (3.26 % of the total population) of type II-a, 4.74 % (0.67 % of the total population) of the type III and 3.06 % (0.43 % of the total population) of the type V. 22.70 % of the HLP patients were considered primary familial HLP, 66.54 % primary non-familial HLP and 10.76 % secondary HLP; IN 109 secondary HLP, the most frequently encountered disease was diabetes mellitus (42.20 %), followed by hypothyroidism (24.77 %), alcoholism (12.84 %), obstructive liver diseases (9.17 %), pancreatitis (5.50 %), nephrotic syndrome (2.75 %) and treatment with estrogens and steroids (2.75 %).


Hypoglycaemia induced by adrenal gland neoplasia (Anderson's syndrome) : report of a case. A patient with hypoglycaemia associated with an adrenal neoplasia (Anderson's syndrome) is reported. Endocrinological investigation showed increased secretion of cortisol and catecholamines as well as an increased urinary steroid excretion along with profound inhibition of both basal and stimulated insulin secretion. During IVGTT, Conard's coefficient was reduced. The hyperglycemic response to glucagon injection was blunted, suggesting that liver glycogen stores were decreased or unavailable.


Cell-mediated immunity in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Investigations were performed in 6 cases of epidermodysplasia verruciformis and 2 healthy family members. Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was studied by measuring response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), percentrages of E- and EAC-rosette-forming lymphocytes, bacterial skin tests, and allergic reactions to dinitrochloro-benzene (DNCB). Impairment of CMI was manifested by reduction in the percentage of E rosettes, and lowered response to PHA, and- to a lesser degree- to Con A. The immune response to DNCB sensitization was invariably negative. Impairment of CMI was greater in cases of long duration and with extensive lesions. The cases of similar duration and extent of lesions, which never showed tendency to tumor formation, were not different in CMI in comparison with cases with numerous tumors. Only in cases with very advanced tumors CMI was impaired parallel to the gravity of the patient's general condition.


Vitamin B 12 and folic acid serum levels in diabetics under various therapeutic regimens. The aim of the present study was to reconsider the problem of the haematological consequences of biguanide treatment by evaluating serum vitamin B 12 and folic acid levels as well as classical haematological parameters in 30 diabetics treated by metformin. For purpose of comparison, similar evaluations were done in diabetics treated with insulin (27 patients) or sulfonylureas (13 patients). Results indicated that mean serum levels of vitamin B 12 were significantly lower in patients receiving metformin than in both other groups. In the metformin-treated group, five patients had serum levels of vitamin B 12 below 270 pg/ml and five had borderline values. No difference was found in the mean serum folic acid levels between the three groups. Similarly, there were no differences in the red blood cell counts, volumes or haemoglogin concentrations nor in the mean values of serum iron and lacticodeshydrogenase levels between the three groups. Since the haematologic and neurologic complications of vitamin B 12 deficiency may only appear after the deficiency had existed for 10-15 years, the lack of haematological alteration may be explained by the fact that the vitamin B 12 deficiency was not present for a sufficient period of time. We conclude that it may be wise to monitor the haematological values as well as vitamin B 12 levels at regular intervals in diabetic patients treated with metformin so that B 12 hypovitaminosis and its complications can be prevented.


Assessment of pregnancy testing for population programmes.


Intrauterine progesterone-releasing contraceptive systems.


Peripheral progesterone levels in pregnant and non-pregnant heifers following use of HCG.


Predication of the effect of carcinostatic agents on tumor-bearing host by the sensitivity test using acid phosphatase activity in vitro. For the purpose of predicting the effect of carcinostatic agents on tumor-bearing host in vitro, a sensitivity test of a drug in tumor bearers was developed. This test is based on the change in the specific activity of acid phosphatase of individual tumor and liver tissue, and the difference in them was used as an indicator of effectiveness. The value was called the "effective value." The present papar is concerned with the relationship between the effective value and effectiveness of the agents in rodents and man. The results showed that the effective value became higher with increasing concentration of Mitomycin-C incubated with tumor and liver tissues. The survival time of Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice, which were given Mitomycin-C intraperitoneally, was longer and increase in the dose of Mitomycin-C. In ascitic or subcutaneous form of Ehrlich carcinoma, AH-130, and Yoshida sarcoma, the effective value was parallel with the survival time of or the inhibition of tumor growth in tumor-bearing animals treated with Mitomycin-C. In 25 patients with gastric carcinoma treated with Mitomycin-C, the postoperative survival time was more closely correlated with the effective value calculated by the titers of both tumor and liver than the value of tumor alone.


Interaction of antitumor agents including carboquone in sarcoma-180 system. Combination effect of antitumor agents including carboquone was evaluated on the concept of pharmacological synergism and not therapeutic synergism in ascites sarcoma-180 system. Combinations of carboquone plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and Methotrexate in simultaneous administration and carboquone plus doxorubicin in alternate one provided synergism. Combination effect of agents was affected by the schedule of drug administration. Toxicity of carboquone in combination with many antitumor agents, generally, decreased in simultaneous administration. Approved agents in combination with carboquone in simultaneous administration were Mitomycin-C, daunorubicin, Actinomycin-d, vinblastine, vincristine, Ancytabine, and 6-mercaptopurine. Those in alternate administration were Actinomycin-D and vinblastine.


Accuracy of diagnosis of cancer among autopsy cases: JNIH--ABCC population for Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The accuracy of death certificate diagnoses of cancer in the fixed population of about 100,000 samples in Hiroshima and Nagasaki was determined for the period 1961 approximately 1970 by comparison with autopsy findings. In general, when the death certificate listed cancer as a cause of death it was found at autopsy in a high proportion of cases. However, cancer was not always reported on death certificates, indicating that cancer occurs more frequently than recorded by official mortality statistics. Older persons, persons who die at home, and persons with certain cancers are more likely not to have cancer named on their death certificates. It is estimated that in the 10,749 deaths occurring at home or in hospital, there were 32% more deaths due to cancer than certified on death certificates (3,095 vs. 2,345) and for persons aged 70 or more dying at home it is estimated there were 55% more stomach cancer (269 estimated vs. 174 listed) and 244% more lung cancer (141 estimated vs. 41 listed) than were certified on death certificates. The death certificate is not a good source of information for cancer of the cervix because many cases of this disease reported on death certificates as cancer of the uterus. This practice needs to be taken into account in the use of mortality data for cervical cancer in Japan.


Methylguanidine content in food.

Methylguanidine content in food. A combination of column chromatography using microcrystalline cellulose and ion-exchange resin, paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and gas chromatogrraphy-mass spectometry was used to determine the content of methylguanidine in various meats of fish and animals, and their processed products. All the samples of fresh fish meat and beef analyzed contained trace amounts (0.2 approximately 0.9 ppm) of methylguanidine. Various types of dried or canned fish also contained trace amounts, while most of the "Bushi-rui," a highly processed dried meat of bonito, mackerel, or sardine contained 21 to 106 ppm of the compound. Two brands of peptone made by digesting meat probably with pepsin and trypsin also contained 12 and 70 ppm of methylguanidine, respectively. Samples of ham, sausage, salami sausage, powdered skim-milk, and a few others did not contain any detectable amount (less than 0.2 ppm).


Antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated cytolysis in a murine syngeneic tumor system. Peritoneal immune macrophages from C3H mice immunized against syngeneic MM46 ascites tumor cells specifically lysed these tumor cells in the presence of immune sera in vitro. An active factor(s) essential for macrophage-mediated cytolysis was purified nonspecifically by gel filtration and then three types of ion-exchange column chromatography. One factor was a specific antibody belonging to the IgG2 a subclass. Neither immune macrophages nor the syngeneic antitumor antibody alone had a cytolytic action on the target cells. Thus, we named the reaction antibody-dependent immune macrophage-mediated cytolysis. The immune macrophages apparently destroyed the sensitized tumor cells in vitro by a nonphagocytic form of cell-contact and this type of cytolysis was independent of a complement. No evidence was obtained for a soluble cytotoxic factor released on interaction of immune macrophages with sensitized tumor cells. Living immune macrophages were essential for the cytolytic action and their activity depended on contractile microfilaments and protein synthesis as revealed by studies with specific inhibitors.


Differentiation of host-mediated antitumor agents from mitotic posons by the antitumor foot-pad reaction in Ehrlich carcinoma-ddY mouse system. The effect of antitumor agents (lentinan, PS-K, Mitomycin-C, 6-mercaptopurine, etc.) on the antitumor delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DHR) measured by the foot-pad test was compared with their effect on tumor growth in ddY mice with Ehrlich tumor. These agents all inhibited growth of Ehrlich carcinoma. Lentianan and PS-K enhanced the antitumor DHR, but Mitomycin-C and 6-mercaptopurine did not. By plotting the effect of agents on the anti-tumor DHR against these effects on tumor weight, host-mediated antitumor agents could be differentiated from mitotic poisons. Attempts to distinguish these two types of agents by the same method using a syngeneic tumor system were unsuccessful.


Blastoid transformation of human lymphocytes cultured with protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, PS-K, in vitro. The protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, PS-K, isolated from a mushroom, Coriolus versicolor, was found to stimulate human lymphocytes and induce them into blastogenesis in vitro. This stimulatory effect seemed to be nonspecific since lymphocytes from cord blood of newborn babies were also stimulated by PS-K. The highest lymphocyte blastogenesis by PS-K was observed after 5 days in culture.


Micrometastasis in resected lungs of lung cancer patients. In order to find causes for recurrence and/or metastasis after removal of human lung cancer, microscopic metastasis was examined histologically in the seemly unaffected areas of the lung in primary lung cancer patients. In 55 of 116 cases (47%), microscopic metastases were found in the areas of the lung which looked normal. These micrometastases were localized in 22 cases and disseminated in 33 cases. The sites where tumor cells were growing were identified in lung tissue as blood vessels, lymphatics, and aerial spaces, although it was difficult to identify a few cases. The incidence of microscopic metastases was significantly lower in the lungs of the group in which the diameter of a tumor was less than 3 cm, than those in which the diameter was more than 3 cm. In addition there was a significant decrease in the rate of microscopic spreads in the specimens without lymph node involvement as compared to those with lymph node involvement. The rate of postoperative recurrence and/or metastases was significantly high in the cases with micrometastasis compared to those without, suggesting that most of the microscopic spreads would become distinct tumors if unresected.


Antitumor activity of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil in a variety of experimental tumors. Antitumor activity of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil against various tumors was examined. Therapeutic ratio (ILSmax/ILS30) in L-1210 system was 4.5 by oral administration, while those of 5-fluorouracil and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil were 1.9 and 1.0, respectively. Therapeutic ratio of the compound in C-1498 system was 11, while those of 5-fluorouracil and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil were 3.3 and 2.5, respectively. 1-Hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluurouracil was also active against solid and ascites tumors by oral administration. It was markedly active against Nakahara-Fukuoka sarcoma, adenocarcinoma=755, and ascites sarcoma-180, and moderately active against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. This compound had a wider tumor spectrum than 5-fluorouracil and 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil by oral administration.


Possible important rŏle of urinary N-methyl-N(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine in the induction of bladder tumors in rats by N-methyl-N-dodecylnitrosamine.


Further studies on the isozyme patterns of branched-chain amino acid transminase in cultured rat hepatocytes. Among several lines of cultured rat hepatocytes examined, one line, IAR-22, contained enzyme III as well as enzyme I of the isozymes of branched-chain amino acid transaminase (EC 2.6.1.42) and this cell line was tumorigenic. None of the cell lines tested contained enzyme II (EC 2.6.1.6) or tyrosine transaminase (EC 2.6.1.5) and addition of dexamethasone did not induce these transaminases. The PC-1 line, containing only enzyme I and having a high percentage of diploid cells, showed deviation of its chromosomal number and tumorigenicity, but no change in its isozyme pattern when transformed with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Therefore, judging from expression of isozymes of the transaminase, this transformed cell line retained moderate differentiation.


Effect of enterohepatic circulation on bile production in regenerating liver. In an investigation of the role of portal blood flow in bile production and of changes in the enterohepatic circulation of bile in the regenerating liver, various branches of the portal vein were ligated in dogs, bile was collected from the liver lobes supplied by ligated and by nonligated portal branches, and the composition of the bile was analyzed. 1. Bile flow and bilirubin excretion from the ligated, atrophic liver lobes decreased with a disappearance of glycine-conjugated bile acids, but bilirubin excretion and especially bile flow increased greatly without any changes in bile acids composition in the nonligated, regenerating liver lobes as the portal blood flow to them per liver weight increased. 2. Infusion of gallbladder bile into the terminal ileum stimulated bile secretion in the nonligated lobes in the postoperative period, but not in the ligated lobes except immediately after the ligation of the portal vein branches supplying two-thirds of the liver. These findings indicate that bile secretion by the ligated lobes could be stimulated via the hepatic artery and the nonligated lobes might be via both the portal vein and the hepatic artery after the infusion during early postoperative period.


Studies on the functional disturbances of the papillary region using a pressure sensor. Investigation of the duodenal papilla and the bile duct by EPCG is essential to diagnose the organic and functional disturbances of the papillary region. We have developed a pressure sensor based on a semi-conductor in order to obtain a more objective observation of pathological conditions in the papillary region. Using a duodenofiberscope, the pressure sensor was placed on the tip of canula, and it was inserted into the papilla and measured the movements of the papillary region. The pressure sensor method was carried out in 18 normal subjects and 69 patients with various diseases. As the result of analysis of wave forms in normal subjects, regular wave form patterns were obtained. In about 71% of cases with biliary diseases irregular wave forms were observed. Irregular wave form patterns were also observed 40% of cases with cholecystolithiasis, while irregular patterns were revealed in 86% cases with choledocholithiasis. The pressure sensor method during for duodenofiberscopy is important diagnostic procedure for the determination of functional disturbances in the papillary region.


Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. I. Studies on sialic acid-free glycoproteins-improved competitive binding assay of desialylated glycoprotein by rat liver plasma membrane. An improved method for quantitation of desialylated glycoproteins was developed. The assay was carried out in non-saturating condition other than saturating condition which has been used by the other authors. In the present method a lower radioactivity in the assay solution can be used. Standard curves obtained by adding an increasing amount of desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein to the assay solution made it possible to measure desialylated glycoproteins equivalent to 5-200 ng of desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein used for the assay could be prepared in large scale by hydrolysis with 0.1 N-H2SO4.


Serum glycoproteins in the liver diseases. II. Radioimmunoassay of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. A radioimmunoassay for human alpha1-acid glycoprotein has been developed. 97.8% of 125I-alpha1-acid glycoprotein prepared for the assay were immunoprecipitable with specific anti-sera against the protein. alpha1-acid glycoprotein concentration in sera from normal adults was found to range between 70 and 114 mg/100 ml, with a mean of 93. Fulminant hepatitis, liver cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis with sublobular necrosis caused a significant lowering of alpha1-acid glycoprotein concentration. Sera obtained from patients with acute hepatitis in convalescence, chronic inactive hepatitis or primary biliary cirrhosis gave normal concentration of the glycoprotein.


Gastric carcinoma combined with distant gastric ulcer. The cases of the gastric carcinoma combined with distant benign gastric ulcer were 90 of 1257, 7.1%, and the carcinomas were frequently found in the lesser curvature of the antrum and the combined gastric ulcers frequently in the lesser curvature and posterior wall of the corpus. Average age in the combined cases was 58.8 which was older about 7 years than that in the cases of the gastric ulcer. The cases, in which the ulceration in the gastric ulcer was same or deeper than that in the gastric carcinoma, occupied about 70% of these combined cases. It should be considered that the malignant transformation does not always occur in the preceding ulcerative lesion. However, the intestinal metaplasia was usually severe, and so the well-differentiated carcinomas were twice frequent to the low-differentiated ones. The repeated regeneration of the epithelial cells associated with the erosive or ulcerative change may be of some relation to the carcinogenesis, because the intestinal metaplasia appears usually associated with the repeated defect and repair of the propria mucosae.


The application of caerulein to cholangiography. Caerulein was applied to oral cholecystography and the opacity of the common bile duct was evaluated at intervals. To 127 subjects whose gallbladder had been visualized by cholecystography was administered caerulein by intramuscular route in a dose of 0.2 mug per kg of body weight. As a result: 1. The visualization of the common bile duct reached its maximum 15 minutes after administration of caerulein (52% of the subjects); in total, 62.2% of the subjects responded to this cholecystography. 2. The visualization by caerulein was superior to that by the yolk both in its rate and intensity. 3. The cholangiogram taken after administration of caerulein was preferably available for diagnosis of bile duct lesions. Caerulein used for a pretreatment of drip infusion cholangiography (DIC) remarkably improved the picture in 3 of the 10 subjects in whom DIC alone had failed to show the bile duct. Thus, the application of caerulein to cholangiography facilitated diagnosis of bile duct lesions.


Sibling cases of chronic recurrent hepatocerebral disease with hypercitrullinemia. Two sibling cases with chronic recurrent hepato-cerebral syndrome which correspond to the nutritional form of hepato-cerebral disease entitled by Shikata et al. and the data of plasma free aminoacids analyses of these cases were reported. The one case is 27 years old male and the other case is 36 years old female. Their parents were cousins. Both cases have had unbalanced diet, especially liked legumes unusually. Their main symptom was recurrent disturbance of conciousness and convulsive seizures. Slight abnormality of liver function test and hyperammonemia were demonstrated. Electroencephalogram showed the pattern of triphasic wave. Coeliac angiography did not revealed a portal-systemic shunt. Hepatic biopsy specimen revealed liver fibrosis with fatty change in the one case and mild fatty change in the other case. Analyses of plasma free aminoacids showed particurally high level of citrulline in both cases. From the results of plasma free aminoacids analyses, it is considered that pathogenesis of these patients is congenital hereditary urea cycle disorders.


Basic studies on cholesterol solubilization in bile salt solution. Previous studies on cholesterol solubilization by bile salts have often shown inconsistencies. To obtain basic informations on this problem, cholesterol solubilization in the aqueous solution of several bile salts have been reexamined. Kinetic studies revealed that not only the rate but also the magnitude of solubilization depended on the amount of excess cholesterol and the concentration of bile salt. An appropriate proportion of added cholesterol to bile salt was evaluated as 1:5-10 (w/w), corresponding to about 200% excess amount to approximate supposed solubility. The solubilization equilibrium was rather difficult to fix and must be checked by the procedure used. A linear relation was obtained between the quantity of solubilized cholesterol and the concentration of bile salt. The slope of the straight line was designated k. As the solubilizing power could be given by the ratio of the solubilizate to the solubilizer, it was expressed numerically by k value as well as graphically by the molar ratio of cholesterol to bile salt as ordinate and the molar concentration of bile salt as abscissa in which the above relation was hyperbolic, k being as asymptote. k values obtained for cholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate and equimolar cholate-deoxycholate mixture were 3.72 X 10(-2), 6.79 X 10(-2), 8.10 X 10(-2) and 6.55 X 10(-2) respectively.


Studies on intestinal malabsorption in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreozymin-secretin test (PS test) and intestinal absorption tests were performed in 21 patients with chronic calcific pancreatitis and 32 patients with chronic noncalcific pancreatitis to evaluate exocrine functions of the pancreas. And the following results were confirmed. (1) Fecal fat excretion increased in 33% of chronic pancreatitis (47% of calcific pancreatitis and 25% of noncalcific pancreatitis). Serum carotene leves showed significantly low levels in 44% of chronic pancreatitis (67% of calcific pancreatitis and 27% of noncalcific pancreatitis). (2) D-xylose tolerance test was abnormally low in only 6% of chronic pancreatitis, but Schilling test was evaluated abnormally low in 29% of chronic pancreatitis (50% of calcific pancreatitis and 11% of noncalcific pancreatitis). (3) Fecal fat excretion increased in cases of severe exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas with decreased amylase output and decreased maximum bicarbonate concentration in PS test. (4) Correlation of fecal fat excretion to maximum bicarbonate concentration was statistically significant, but those to amylase output or volume of pancreatic juice were not significant. (5) Antacid drugs combined with pancreatic extracts seems to be indispensable in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis as far as malabsorption in chronic pancreatitis is concerned.


A case of malignant reticulosis with chronic hepatitis.


Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to LSD on brain maturation.


Antagonism of glutamate and acetylcholine excitation of rat cerebral cortical neurones by diphenylhydantoin.


Depression of drug metabolism in liver microsomes after treating rats with unsaturated fatty acids.


Effect of stress on newborn hypothalamic phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase.


Effect of intraluminal oxygen on experimental ischaemia of the intestine. The small bowel of 44 rats has been made ischaemic for 120 minutes by occluding the superior mesenteric artery. Gaseous oxygen was introduced into the small bowel lumen of 18 of the rats, and gaseous nitrogen into the bowel lumen of a further eight, 30 minutes after the start of the ischaemia. The mortality rate of the control group of 18 rats was 89%, significantly higher than the 39% mortality of the oxygen-treated rats (p less than 0-005). None of the eight rats treated with intraluminal nitrogen survived. Histological changes caused by ischaemia were much reduced in the intestine of the oxygen treated rats. It is suggested that intraluminal oxygen might be useful additional form of therapy for the treatment of the partially ischaemic bowel that may be retained after the resection of definitely non-viable ischaemic bowel at initial laparotomy.


Evidence for the mixing of residue in the human gut. Mixing the residue in the gut has been studied in 24 normal subjects using five different types of radio-opaque pellets. By giving single doses of different pellets to the subjects on three successive days and measuring their appearances in the stool by radiographs evidence of mixing was found in 83% of studies. Mean transit time (MTT) of markers through the gut was measured from the single dose studies (MTT-S) and also by giving the pellets to subjects continuously with each meal (MTT-C). By comparing MTT-C with MTT-S evidence was found for a mixing pool with exponential decay. The turnover time of this pool was estimated as about 30% of the total MTT.


Effect of motilin on the lower oesophageal sphincter. The effect of motilin on lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) pressure has been studied in unanesthetised specially trained dogs using an infusion manometric technique. Motilin produced significant rises in resting pressure and contractions of the LES after doses ranging from 0-009 mug/kg to 0-05 mug/kg. Doses greater than 0-05 mug/kg resulted in repetitive high amplitude contractions. Atropine 30 mug/kg completely abolished the effect of the lower doses of motilin. Higher doses of motilin in atropinised dogs still caused a small rise in baseline pressure and contractile activity still appeared. Hexamethonium 2 mg/kg resulted in both a diminished rise in LES pressure and the disappearance of contractions after motilin. Hexamethonium and atropine together completely abolished the LES response to motilin. We conclude that motilin increases LES pressure by acting on preganglionic cholinergic neurones to release acetylcholine which excites other cholinergic neurones supplying the circular muscle of the LES.


Pancreatitis--a retrospective study.

Pancreatitis--a retrospective study. A retrospective study has been made of all adult patients admitted to Manchester Royal Infirmary with exocrine pancreatic disease between 1968 and 1974, in order to define the factors which influence the variable mortality and morbidity rates in published accounts of patients with acute pancreatitis. The most plausible explanation is that some series with low mortality rates include a variable number of patients with relapsing acute pancreatitis and acute exacerbations of chronic pancreatitis. Both these pathological entities have a negligible mortality and morbidity rate compared with single attacks of acute pancreatitis. The difficulties encountered by the clinician in determining the prognosis of acute pancreatitis at the time of admission to hospital are discussed. Attention is drawn to the differing role of alcohol as an aetiological factor in relapsing chronic pancreatitis and acute pancreatitis.


Responses of the competent and incompetent lower oesophageal sphincter to pentagastrin and abdominal compression. Responses of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) to pentagastrin, given by continuous intravenous infusion in doses ranging between 0 and 9 mug/kg/h, and to external abdominal compression were measured by infused catheters in healthy subjects and in a group of patients with reflux oesophagitis. In separate experiments, pressures were measured both by sensors stationary within the LOS, and by repeated continuous withdrawals of sensors from stomach to distal oesophagus. In normal subjects, doses of pentagastrin within the physiological range (0.9 mug/kg/h) produced modest but statistically significant increases in LOS pressure. By comparison, sphincteric responses in patients with oesophagitis were small and a dose of 4-5 mug/kg/h was the lowest that produced a significant increase in LOS pressure. During abdominal compression increases in LOS pressure did not significantly exceed increases in intragastric pressure in either patients or normal subjects. This was so at all doses of pentagastrin that were tested. Hence, there was no evidence of synergism between the effects of pentagastrin and abdominal compression upon the LOS. We infer from our findings that gastrin does play a modest role in the physiological regulation of human LOS tone. Relative insensitivity of the incompetent LOS to pentagastrin represents, we believe, sphincteric muscle failure. Our results are not consistent with the hypothesis that LOS incompetence is due to loss or impairment of an adaptive response of the LOS to alterations in intra-abdominal pressure.


Suppression of giardiasis during the intestinal phase of trichinosis in the mouse. The interaction of the intestinal phases of Giardia muris and Trichinella spiralis was investigated in Swiss albino mice. Intraoesophageal inoculation of G. muris cysts seven days before, or seven days after, similar inoculation of T. spiralis larvae resulted in significant reduction in the numbers of Giardia trophozoites in small bowel and Giardia cysts in stools. This effect was not observed when G. muris cysts were administered after resolution of the intestinal phase of trichinosis. Giardiasis had no effect on trichinosis as assessed by numbers of adult worms in small bowel and larvae in skeletal muscles. Studies of small bowel morphology showed that the intestinal phase of trichinosis was associated with increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria, a significant increase in Paneth cells in crypts, and a marked reduction in the villus:crypt ratio of jejunum. These observations suggest that the intestinal phase of trichinosis induced environmental changes in small bowel, perhaps related to inflammation, which resulted in suppression of proliferation of Giardia trophozoites.


Galactose elimination capacity as a prognostic index in patients with fulminant liver failure. In 25 patients with fulminant hepatic failure the prognostic value of a quantitative liver function test, the galactose elimination capacity, was assessed and comapred with routine liver function tests and clinical features. The galactose elimination capacity was significantly higher (P less than 0-05) in the five patients who survived than in the 20 patients who died. None of the other liver function tests, was significantly different. The values of the galactose elimination capacity overlapped considerably between survivors and non-survivors, but all patients with a galactose elimination capacity below 12-8 mumol galactose/min and kg body weight died. The disease among most patients who died having a galactose elimination capacity greater than 13 mumol ran a subacute course. It is suggested that quantitative liver function tests be included when new treatments of fulminant hepatic failure are investigated.


Idiopathic bile acid catharsis.

Idiopathic bile acid catharsis. In the course of extensive routine screening for bile acid malabsorption a few patients were detected in whom chronic diarrhoea was apparently induced by excess bile acid loss which was neither associated with demonstrable conventional ileopathy nor with any other disorder allied to diarrhoea. In three patients subjected to scrutiny the results obtained were in harmony with a concept of idiopathic bile acid catharsis. Ingestion of cholestyramine was followed by immediate relief, but the diarrhoea recurred whenever this treatment was withdrawn. It it suggested that idiopathic bile acid catharsis should be suspected in patients with unexplained chronic diarrhoea and especially in those with a diagnosis of irritable colon with diarrhoea.


Intravenous administration of diazepam in patients with chronic liver disease. The EEG response and drug kinetics after intravenous infusion of diazepam at 1-0 mg/min until nystagmus, dysarthria, and moderate sedation developed, has been investigated in five normal subjects and 17 patients with chronic liver disease. Diazepam induced adequate premedication with a similar clinical response in all subjects with no adverse reactions. Maximal response was during or within five minutes of infusion. The dose of diazepam required in liver chronic disease was 17-9 +/- 1-4 mg (M +/- SEM) compared with 27 +/- 5-4 mg in controls (p less than 0-01). Dose correlated significantly with serum albumin (p less than  0-05). Baseline mean dominant frequency (MDF) and slow wave index (SWI) significantly correlated with albumin (p less than 0-01). After diazepam, the MDF decreased and SWI increased. The change was greatest at the time of maximal clinical response. It was greater in liverdisease and was greatest in patients with previous hepaticencephalopathy. In spite of reduced dose requirements in liver disease, there was no significant difference in plasma concentration at the end of drug infusion...


Patchiness and duodenal-jejunal variation of the mucosal abnormality in coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. The incidence and degree of patchiness of mucosal abnormality in both coeliac disease (CD) and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is documented. As judged by both stereomicroscopy and subjective histology, patchiness occurred frequently in both CDand DH patients. In most cases the difference of abnormality was of only one grade, but in approximately 25% as assessed by stereomicroscopy and 10% as assessed by histology the difference was of two or more grades. In control subjects with normal small bowel mucosa the variation of the mucosal appearance between the duodenum and proximal jejunum was studied. Contrary to popular belief, no significant difference of villous and crypt measurements or of apparent villous "bridging" and "branching" between these two sites was found, if only well-orientated sections were studied. The stereomicroscopic appearances were also similar at these two sites, although villi tended to be broader in the duodenal biopsies. The duodenal-jejunal variation was also studied in CD and DH patients and although by both stereomicroscopy and subjective histology the appearances were similar in most patients, in approximately 33% the duodenal abnormality was the most severe and, surprisingly, the jejunal abnormality was more severe in approximately 15%. It is concluded that multiple, precisely located biopsies of both the duodenum and proximal jejunum are invaluable in the investigation of small bowel disease and in assessing response to treatment.


Potential difference across the normal and the abnormal gastric mucosa in man. The mucosal potential difference in the body of the stomach was measured in 18 patients with gastric ulcers, five with gastritis, and three with pernicious anaemia. The results were compared with those of 12 normal volunteers. Significantly lower than normal levels were found in the groups of patients with gastric ulcers and gastritis. The patients with pernicious anaemia had even lower potential differences. In an additional 25 subjects, measurements were made in the duodenal bulb and at five sites in the stomach under direct vision at endoscopy. Biopsies were taken from each site for histology. Subjects with gastritis at the high lesser curve had a significantly lower potential difference at that site than those without gastritis. In the latter group, the potential difference at the high lesser curve was as low as in the antrum, and invariably lower than at the high greater curve.


Predictive value of perioperative gastric acid tests. Preoperative acid studies and early postoperative insulin tests in 275 patients undergoing various forms of vagotomy have been related to recurrent ulceration. Follow-up time has been from two to nine years, mean 4-3 years. Recurrence is directly related to basal acidity in both tests but is not related to stimulated acid levels preoperatively. In the insulin tests higher levels of acidity after insulin are associated with a higher incidence of recurrence. When positive, Hollander's and multiple criteria are both associated with a higher recurrence rate.


Antifactor Xa activity measured with amidolytic methods. Methods for the assay of antifactor Xa activity in the presence and absence of heparin are described. Diluted plasma is incubated with bovine, activated factor X (Xa) in stage I, and remaining Xa is measured with the chromogene substrate Bz-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA in stage II. In the presence of heparin, the inactivation is completed in 30 sec, and this method measures total Xa-inactivating capacity in diluted plasma (Method I). In a clincal material, this capacity showed a strong positive correlation (r=0.85) to the thrombin-inactivating capacity of diluted heparinized plasma (heparin cofactor activity) and apparently reflects antithrombin III (At-III) concentration. In the absence of heparin, the inactivation of factor xa occurs slowly. With an incubation of 5 min, about 25% of Xa is inactivated, and this assay reflects initial inactivation of Xa (Method II). With this method, a positive, but less strong correlation to the thrombin-inactivating capacity was found (r=0.58), indicating that inhibitors different from At-III accounts for a minor part of the initial inactivation. Determinations in plasma, in which At-III was removed by immunoadsorption, indicated that At-III accounts for about 80% of the initial inactivation. The results of the assays are not significantly influenced by varying concentrations of fibrinogen, fibrinogen degradation products or heparin in the test plasma.


Evaluation of hypercoagulability in septic abortion. Soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) were determined in patients with septic abortion (body temperatures of more than 39 degree C and/or chills without apparent signs of endotoxic shock), with infected abortion, with non-infected abortion and with normal pregnancies. Quantitative gel filtration (4% agarose) of beta-alanine precipitated plasma samples yielded the relative (percent of total fibrinogen content) and absolute (mg/100 ml plasma) amount of SFMC. The relative (5.5+/-1.4%, mean+/-SD) and absolute (21.5+/-8.6 mg/100 ml) amount of SFMC was significantly increased in patients with septic abortion compared to patients with normal pregnancies or non-infected abortion (p less than 0.001). Patients with infected abortion (p less than 0.001). Patients with infected abortion already revealed increased levels of SFMC (4.3+/-1.2%, 14.2+/-6.8 mg/100 ml) though their platelet count was still unaltered (infected abortion: 221+/-47 X 10(3) platelets/mm3; septic abortion; 99+/-36 X 10(3) platelets/mm3). The use of heparin in patients with septic abortion resulted in a decrease in SFMC. Chain characterization of SFMC frequently revealed a slight degradation of the alpha-chains probably due to fibrinolytic activity in vivo; gamma-gamma dimers representing intermolecular covalent bindings were not observed. The findings are in agreement with our former assumption that patients with septic abortion have a pronounced state of hypercoagulability. The effect of septic abortion on plasma levels of soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) was studied by quantitative gel filtration (4% agarose) of beta-alanine precipitated plasma samples.  Pregnant patients and those with infected or noninfected abortions were also studied.  The relative and absolute amounts of SFMC were significantly (p less than .001) increased in cases of septic abortion compared with cases of normal pregnancy or uninfected abortion.  Patients with infected abortion showed increased absolute and relative levels of SFMC, though not to the extent of septic abortion cases.  However, unlike septic abortion cases, platelet count was not reduced.  When heparin was used in septic abortion cases, SFMC decreased.  A slight degradation of the alpha-chains of SFMC probably due to in vivo fibrinolytic activity was observed.  The findings confirm that patients with septic abortion have a marked degree of hypercoagulability.


Coagulation defect in experimental trypanosomial infection. Some coagulation parameters have been studied in animals experimentally infected with trypanosomial organisms (T. brucei or T. congolense). The partial thromboplastin time test with kaolin was regularly abnormally prolonged in all animals during infection. Although results of some coagulation factors in the intrinsic pathway cannot be used to explain this finding, it is suggested that the partial thromboplastin time test can be used as a test to monitor infection and recovery from this organism.


A technique for the evaluation of platelet-collagen adhesiveness in vitro. A method for the evaluation in vitro of platelet-collagen adhesiveness has been developed. This method is based on counting platelets both before and after their contact with an insoluble collagen (IC) suspension. The results are expressed as adhesiveness index (AI). A number of variables which could influence the test has been evaluated and standardized in a way suitable for the routinary use of the technique described.


Distribution and variation of fibrinolytic activity in the walls of human arteries and veins. A systematic study on the location and intensity of the fibrinolytic activity in more than 500 samples of human arteries and veins from 50 routine necropsies and 35 blood vessel biopsies was performed. Data were obtained for an overall comparison of the fibrinolytic activity along and across the walls of human blood vessels by the use of a standardized fibrin slide technique. Arteries generally showed little or no fibrinolytic activity in the intima and media but strong activity in the adventitia. Veins showed a comparable strong fibrinolytic activity in the external layer of loose connective tissue. Fibrinolytic activity in the venous intima, media and adventitia was generally weaker but varied greatly according to position in the body. Veins situated in the lower parts of the body had less fibrinolytic activity than the veins at the upper levels. Fibrinolytic activity was found to be related to the endothelium of the vasa vasorum and/or of the main lumen of the vascular wall. Increased fibrinolytic activity was observed in arteries and veins in cases of sudden death, vasogenic shock, cerebral hemorrhage and cirrhosis. Decreased fibrinolytic activity was encountered in blood vessels in cases of endotoxin shock, hyaline membrane disease and a case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.


Treatment of thrombosis by sequential therapy with ancrod followed by streptokinase. Clinical pharmacology and rheology. The effects of sequential therapy with ancrod followed by streptokinase are reported in a series of patients with thrombotic disease. Measurements have been made in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and whole blood and plasma viscosity. Intravenous infusion of ancrod resulted in a significant reduction in plasma fibrinogen which was associated with highly significant reduction in both plasma and whole blood viscosity. Sequential therapy with streptokinase resulted in a gradual rise in fibrinogen and a slight but significant rise in whole blood and plasma viscosity. All patients showed clinical improvement and no haemorrhagic complications resulted.


First record of bacillary rickettsia-like organisms in European tick Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer). Bacillary rickettsia-like organisms (BRLO) were found in the tick Dermacentor marginatus. They are gram-negative and differ from common bacteria and reckettsiae both in the cultivation conditions and morphology. BRLO are non-pathogenic for ticks and guinea pigs. In our studies they were isolated on half-engorged females of D. marginatus, on which they are still maintained.


Observations on the development of Rhabdochona phoxini Moravec, 1968 (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae). The life-cycle of the nematode Rhabdochona phoxini, an intestinal parasite of the fish Phoxinus phoxinus, has been studied experimentally. The mayfly nymphs, Habrophlebia lauta Eaton and H. fusca (Curtis) were found to serve as experimental intermediate hosts. After the eggs of R. phoxini have been swallowed by the mayfly nymph, the toothed first-stage larvae of this parasite are released and penetrate through the intestinal wall into t-e body cavity of the mayfly. Before reaching the infective third stage, the larvae moult twice in the body of the invertebrate host (2 to 16 and20 to 36 days after infection at water temperatures of 13--15 degrees C). However, the development of the encysted infective larvae does not cease in the intermediate host and the larvae may undergo one more moult. One of two moults then occur in the intestine of the definitive host (Phoxinus phoxinus) (depending on the fact whether it was infected with third- or fourth-stage larvae) before the larvae attain the maturity. The development of R. phoxini in the definitive host lasts about two months.


Morphological determination of the age of Cysticercus bovis in very young calves with cysticercosis. Characteristics and measurements are given for early developmental stages of Cysticercus bovis. The data emerging from our study indicate that the age of a one to two month-old larva from a spontaneous infection can reliably be determined in histological sections. On these grounds we have been able to determine that the cysticercus infection in the two calves (aged 21 and 27 days respectively) had been acquired prenatally.


On the regularities of distribution of Hypoderma bovis De Geer larvae parasitizing cattle herds in different parts of the range of this warble fly. The type and parameters of the distribution of the second and third instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis in cattle herds in Czechoslovakia (54 herds, 7233 head), Mongolia (20 herds, 1809 head) and the USSR (48 herds, 4978 head) were studied. A statistical analysis showed a) that in the majority of cases negative binomial distribution serves as a model of the distribution of larvae with sufficient reliability; b) that the regularity of dependence of the distribution exponent k of the negative binomial distribution on the incidence of infestation remains constant in different parts of the range of this warble fly. The latter fact indicates that the regulatory systems limiting the population numbers of this warble fly are associated with host-parasite relationships and do not depend on a complex of conditions specific for various natural zones. In order to understand the regulatory processes in parasite populations it is necessary to study equally the regulatory mechanisms operating primarily on  the level of specimens as well as the regulatory systems operating on the level of populations.


Influence of microclimate on the life cycle of the common tick Ixodes ricinus (L.) in thermophilic oak forest. Under conditions of the South Moravian thermophilic oak forest (Valtice near Breclav), the life cycle of the common tick Ixodes ricinus was studied by continuous recording of main elements of microclimate (temperature and humidity) in three different biotopes: forest, margin of the forest and meadow. Simultaneously conditions and the process of tick hibernation were studied in four soil layers (surface, depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm). Observations made in the winter and vegetation periods were assessed by mathematical-statistical tests. Results obtained in the forest biotope and at its margin are presented in this paper; results from the meadow biotope will be published separately.


Some contemporary aspects of natural focality and epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis.


A biofeedback study of postural sway.

A biofeedback study of postural sway. An experiment was performed to control postural sway under auditory and visual feedback signals using a new apparatus. The subjects of 52 healthy high school girls were divided into 13 small groups. Each small group had four subjects who were assigned to one of the following four groups; 1) visual feedback group, 2) auditory feedback group, 3) auditory and visual feedback group, and 4) control group. Comparisons were made as to the duration of the green lamp being on, which indicated sway stayed around the initial central gravity. The results showed that auditory and visual feedback groups had a significant increase in the duration as compared to other three groups. With regard to the changes in the areas of postural sway, the largest increase was seen in the auditory and visual group. While the three feedback groups showed downward curves, the control group showed an upward one. Thus it is suggested that postural sway can be voluntarily controlled by a combination of an auditury feedback procedure and a visual feedback procedure, but not be either of them independently.


Juvenile polyneuropathy due to vitamin B1 deficiency-clinical observations and pathogenetic analysis of 24 cases.


Effects of electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra on responses of lateral geniculate body neurons to light. Effects of electrical stimulation of substantia nigra on responses of the lateral geniculate neurons to light were studied. Responses of the neurons to flash were enhanced or inhibited by conditioning stimulation of the substantia nigra. Enhancement of firing by nigral stimulation more often occurred in neurons excited primarily by flash, but inhibition was more commonly observed in those which showed a primary neuronal silence after light.


Acute and short-term toxicity studies on erythrosine BS in rodents.


Short-term toxicity of erythrosine BS in pigs.


Studies on the absorption, distribution and excretion of citral in the rat and mouse.


Influence of dietary nitrate on nitrite content of human saliva: possible relevance to in vivo formation of N-nitroso compounds.


The effect of nitrate intake on nitrite formation in human saliva.


Some effects of dietary citric acid in small animals.


Tannic acid: acute hepatotoxicity following administration by feeding tube.


Mycotoxicosis produced in mice by cultural products of an isolate of Aspergillus ochraceus.


Histochemical and biochemical studies of chemically induced acute kidney damage in the rat.


2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin elimination in the rat: first order or zero order?


Comparative metabolism of dieldrin in the rat (CFE) and in two strains of mouse (CF1 and LACG).


Pharmacokinetics: first order or zero order.


A dental care model for the United States with comparative data.


Rural health care research: past accomplishments and future challenges.


Accountability: a critical dimension in health care. The intent of this paper has been to present the notion that the public's demands for accountability present health professionals with unprecedented opportunities. Good health is the bedrock upon which social progress, personal attainment, and individual happiness are built. If health professionals are personally accountable and if they work cooperatively, they can transform the energy now expended in lamenting about crises of confidence, crises of control, and crises of performance into positive action directed toward improving the nation's health. Their rewards will indeed be great.


Health care from a behavioral-ecological viewpoint. While the intended thrust of this paper has been to elicidate the tremendous potential of the behavioral-ecological perspective for health care research and application, the intent has not been to underplay the important role of the biological sciences in the same venture. However, it is my contention that a behavioral-ecological approach to the study of health care has been widely neglected in health care functions and research. In terms of conventional research designs and terminology, the behavioral-ecological research implications can be summarized as follows: a behavioral-ecological perspective of health care research suggests research that is experimental rather than correlational-descriptive; that focuses, because of its naturalistic thrust, on external validity more than internal validity; that incorporates as independent design variables the environmental context in which health behaviors occur; and that allows single-subject as well as multiple-group designs as research strategy. Finally, in terms of dependent variables, the research design requires a clear identification of the observable characteristics of the target health behaviors under consideration. In summary, health research geared toward professional goals appears to profit significantly from an ecological-behavioral approach which provides a model of high explication, specificity, and objectivity for knowledge generation and immediate application.


Conflict and conflict resolutions: theories and processes relevant to the health profession.


Predictive nursing: the baby and parents. Predictive nursing as a health care strategy is not entirely new. What is new and emerging are means of sharpening our assessments of the events and conditions that support health, as well as specific models engaging the individual in assessing and altering or maintaining his position on the health continuum. This study has been shared with the readers to provide an encouraging direction toward new modes of health care delivery. We believe it is the most encouraging strategy for assisting families in promoting optimal health of infants from a very early point in the infant's life. The assessment techniques discussed in this paper relate to methods of identifying individual behavior patterns of newborn infants, behavioral interaction patterns of parents and infants during the early months and years of life, and the parents' perception of the infant. All of these measures are now being tested by the Nursing Child Assessment Project staff and will result in a systematic format of screening and assessing infants and families "at risk". With current knowledge, astoundingly correct predictions about cognitive development and achievement at school age of groups of children can be made with information about the mother's levels of education and the events of the perinatal periods. The measures discussed in this article concerning the infants' behavior, parent-child interaction, and the parents' perception of the child are factors which will go beyond our present ability to identify potential problems early. Predictive nursing of the infant and young child is our eventual goal. This means going a step beyond the current level of practice by beginning to systematically identify the proneness of individuals to good or bad health outcomes--specifically, the proneness of children to have developmental delays or problems--and to then provide a meaningful type of intervention before the developmental problem occurs.


Towards conceptualization of transcultural health care systems: concepts and a model.


Observations of a health and healing system in a Papago community. The Papago people in the Tohono village have a repertoire of culturally stylized patterns of behavior to help them maintain their health. The use of foods and ceremonies for preventing illness and maintaning health are emphasized in the styles of the people as well as the concept of taking care of self and others. Comfort and discomfort, fatigue, aches, thirst, hunger, and sadness are daily experiences of the people. Laughter, crying, "taking care of self and others", walking slowly, eating beans and tortillas, maintaining calm thoughts, and so on, are all culturally defined patterns for coping with alterations in feeling. When professional healers are needed, they will be consulted according to how helpful people perceive these healers to be by their sensitive attitudes and actions. The medicine man, nurses, medicine ladies, the ladies-who-pray, physicians, and St. Francis are perceived to be members of the health care team for the Papago people. The meaningful patterning of culturally defined behavior must be understood within the context of the Papago cultural system. As illustrated by the Tohono, "taking care of self and others" is highly valued, but it is only meaningful as we understand the rules of the Papago society, particularly the religious and kinship systems. These systems tell us that family members are important in taking care of themselves and others. Thus, the description in this paper of culturally patterned health practices with their rituals, ceremonies, and ways to help maintain health and heal the sick help the reader to understand the importance of health and healing behaviors within a designated cultural context. In this study, it is the Papago community and their specialty life ways of maintaining health and preventing illnesses.


Of wine and bottles, old and new: an anthropological perspective on the "new" family physician.


Gaining awareness of cultural difference: a case example.


Cognitive analysis and decision-making in medical emergencies.


Oestradiol receptors in non-neoplastic gynaecomastic tissue of phenotypic males. Cytoplasmic oestradiol receptors have been reported in breast tumor tissue but not in the uninvolved tissue from the same patients. Since gynaecomastic tissue is highly predisposed to neoplastic transformation, such receptors were looked for in this tissue from 13 phenotypic males of whom 6 had Klinefelter's syndrome. High affinity saturable binding (Kd approximately 10(-10) M) of 3H-oestradiol-17 beta was found in the breast tissue from 12 of these patients by gel elution and dextran-coated charcoal techniques. The concentration of binding sites were found to range from 16 to 359 fmol/mg cytosol protein. Previous studies by the present authors showing steroid aromatising capacity and the present finding of specific oestradiol receptors in a 'high-risk tissue' in the absence of any histologically detectable neoplasms might be relevant in elucidating the natural history of breast cancer in such individuals.


Radioimmunoassay for non-suppressible insulin-like activity. By immunizing rabbits--tolerant against the bulk of normal human serum proteins--with highly purified non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S), an antiserum was obtained which made possible the development of a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Its sensitivity is about 30 pg NSILA-S per tube or 150 pg NSILA-S/ml. The specificity exceeds that of the bioassay used for comparison which is based in the stimulation by NSILA-S of 125IUDR incorporation into chicken fibroblasts in culture. The radioimmunoassay is sufficiently sensitive and specific to allow direct NSILA-S measurement in serum or plasma samples of humans and experimental animals. In human plasma samples NSILA-S levels, carrying between less than 0.15 and 25 ng/ml , were found to have an average of about 4 ng/ml. In rats higher levels were observed with a mean of 7.7 ng/ml in 4-week-old animals, increasing to about 60 ng/ml in 6-month-old rats. In fasting rats the NSILA-S plasma level is reduced. In acid-treated samples of plasma considerably higher NSILA-S amounts are found.


Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function in hypothyroidism. The quantitative nitroblue-tetrazolium test demonstrated that polymorphonuclear leucocytes from patients with hypothyroidism reduced the dye less well than leucocytes from euthyroid persons. The ability of these cells to ingest and kill staphylococci were unimpaired. The abnormality of the nitroblue-tetrazolium test in hypothyroid patients was corrected after their treatment with thyroxine.


Failure of cyprohepatdine to inhibit vasopressin-stimulated cortisol release in a patient with Cushing's disease. A case of a 21-year-old woman with Cushing's disease due to a pituitary tumor is described. The patient was treated with cyprohepatadine for 4 weeks immediately following pituitary alpha-particle irradiation. A standard vasopressin test to measure ACTH-mediated cortisol release was performed four times: prior to pituitary irradiation, after irradiation, after 4 weeks of cyproheptadine therapy, and off cyproheptadine for 2 weeks. Cyproheptadine failed to modify vasopressin-stimulated cortisol release in the patient described. This study suggests that cyproheptadine, which has previously been shown to decrease ACTH secretion, probably acts principally at the hypothalamic, rather than at the pituitary level.


Neuraminic acid derivatives newly discovered in humans: N-acetyl-9-O-L-lactoylneuraminic acid, N,9-O-Diacetylneuraminic acid and N-acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid. The free and glycosidically bound acylneuraminic acids from human serum and saliva and the free acylneuraminic acids from human urine have been characterized by thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Acylneuraminic acid mixtures obtained from serum and saliva contain mainly N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetyl-9-O-L-lactoylneuraminic acid, whereas small amounts of N,9-O-diacetylneuraminic acid are also present. No free N,O-diacylneuraminic acids could be detected in the urine samples. None of the investigated fluids contained N-glycoloylneuraminic acid. The unsaturated N-acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid is usually a component of the free acylneuraminic acid fractions of serum, saliva and urine. The body fluids of a patient with sialuria contain the same O-acylated and unsaturated N-acetyl neuraminic acid derivatives as mentioned above, but the total amounts of free acylneuraminic acids in these materials are significantly higher than found for normal persons.


Studies on the kynurenine adminotransferase activity in rat liver and kidney. The kynurenine aminotransferase activity of supernatant and mitochondrial fractions obtained from rat liver and kidney was studied with L-kynurenine and L-3-hydroxykynurenine as substrates. A substrate inhibition with L-kynurenine at concentrations higher than 6-7mM was observed with all four enzyme preparations. This did not happen with L-3-hydroxykynurenine as a substrate. Moreover, the liver mitochondrial enzyme shows a Km for pyridoxal phosphate 2-4 times smaller than the other preparations when assayed with L-3-hydroxykynurenine as a substrate. Therefore, the accumulation of xanthurenic acid and not of kynurenic acid in B6 deficiency could be related both to this high activity of liver mitochondrial kynurenine aminotransferase with L-3-hydroxykynurenine, even at small concentrations of B6, and to substrate inhibition observed with L-kynurenine and not with L-3-hydroxykynurenine.


Haemocyanins in spiders, III. Chemical and physical properties of the proteins in Dugesiella and Cupiennius blood. The haemolymph of the tarantulas, Dugesiella (Eurypelma) californica and Dugesiella (Eurypelma) helluo contains high molecular weight haemocyanin (80-82% of total blood proteins) and a second protein not related to haemocyanin (18-20%). In the Lycosid spider, Cupiennius salei, haemocyanin (75% of total blood protein) occurs in two states of association. The haemocyanins were isolated by ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, isoelectric focusing, or preparative gel electrophoresis. Their sedimentation constants are 36.7 S (both tarantulas), 23.4 S and 15.9 S (Cupiennius). After alkaline dissociation, polypeptides sedimenting at 5.8 S (D. californica) and 4.7 S (Cupiennius) were obtained. The molecular weight of the intact functional subunit is (by sedimentation equilibrium) 70 300 (D. californica) and 69 900 (Cupiennius). Copper analysis results in closely similar values. By sodium dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis, molecular weights of 71 000 (D. californica), 72 000 (Cupiennius) and 74 000 (D. helluo) were obtained. Denaturation with various agents did not lead to smaller polypeptides. The amino acid composition of the haemocyanins was determined (Table 1). The amino end group is blocked. The haemocyanins contain 1.2-1.5% of neutral carbohydrates and 0.3-0.5% of glucosamine (possibly acetylated). The neutral carbohydrates were identified with glucose, mannose, fucose, and arabinose, glucose being the dominant species. Neuraminic acid was not detected. The haemocyanins of the three species cannot be distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties, while there is a significant difference in amino acid composition between tarantula and Cupiennius haemocyanins. The second, non-respiratory protein isolated from spider blood sediments with 16.1 S (Dugesiella) or 15.9 S (Cupiennius). Its isoelectric point is at pH 5.5 It is stable in weakly alkaline solutions but can be denatured to yield polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 95 000 and 110 000. The amino acid composition is reported. As in the haemocyanins, the N-terminus is blocked. The carbohydrate content is 0.9%, glucose being the only sugar identified.


Hydrophobic agaroses: basis for a model of multivalent effector-receptor interactions. An increase in the density of butyl residues bound to Sepharose 4B leads to an enhancement of the affinity of these gels for phosphorylase b in the presence of 1.1M ammonium sulfate. A Hill coefficient of 2.9 indicates that a minimum of ca. 3 binding sites is involved in the positive cooperative adsorption of this enzyme. Binding studies of phosphorylase b on butyl-Sepharose of a specific degree of substitution demonstrate that the affinity of the gel for this ligand decreases as a function of fractional saturation. A Hill coefficient of 0.44 indicates negative cooperativity as a result of multivalent binding. From these observations a multivalent, mobile receptor model is derived which can explain such characteristics of effector-receptor interactions as: positive and negative cooperativity, high binding constants and low dissociation rate constants. The application of this model to experiments taken from the literature on the binding of the multivalent effectors concanavalin A and cholera toxin to fat cells shows that the postulated mode of interactions is probably realized in nature.


Snake venom toxins. The amino acid sequence of three toxins (CM-2e, CM-4a and CM-) from Naja haje annulifera (Egyptian cobra) venom. Three toxins (CM-2e, CM-4a and CM-7) were purified from the venom of Naja haje annulifera by gel filtration on Sephadex and by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. They comprise 60 amino acid residues and are cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequences of the three toxins have been elucidated. The toxicities, the serological properties, the sequences and the invariant amino acid residues of toxin CM-2e, CM-4a and CM-7 resemble the corresponding properties of the cytotoxin group.


Liver cell heterogeneity. The distribution of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in the liver lobule of fed and starved rats. Pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities were determined in microdissected freeze-dried liver cells from the periportal and pericentral area of the liver lobule. Pyruvate kinase activity was measured by a microfluorimetric procedure adapted to 20-200 ng tissue dry weight. In livers from fed rats, its activity was twice as high in the central zone as in the periportal cells; starvation reduced this gradient by decreasing central activities. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity was measured by a microradiochemical technique in 100-300 ng tissue dry weight. In livers from fed rats, this enzyme was nearly 3 times more active in the periportal cells than in the central area. Starvation increased this enzyme in both zones with a more pronounced change in the central cells. The results indicate a heterogeneous distribution of enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver lobule. Gluconegenesis seems to be localized preferentially in periportal hepatocytes, whereas the glycolytic enzyme was found to be more active in cells surrounding the pericentral liver cells.


Effects of estrone, estradiol and estriol combined with dihydrotestosterone on mounting and lordosis behavior in castrated male rats.


The effects of the antiestrogen CI-628 on sexual behavior activated by androgen or estrogen in quail.


Androgen dependence of a marking pheromone in rat urine.


Hormonal control of scent marking in the Indian musk shrew, Suncus murinus viridescens (Blyth).


Effects of septal lesions on the courtship behavior of male ring doves (Streptopelia risoria).


Hormonal control of male courtship behavior and female attractivity in the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis).


Adrenal disruption of maternal behavior in the caesarean-sectioned rat.


Effects of ventromedial nucleus lesions on estradiol induced ovulation in the rat.


Hypohaptoglobinemia in rural and urban populations of Bahia state, Brazil.


Sesamoid bones of the hand: relationships to growth, skeletal and sexual development in girls.


Relationships between body size and second metacarpal dimensions in Oaxaca (Mexico) school children 6 to 14 years of age.


The relationship between growth in infancy and growth in adolescence: report of a longitudinal study among urban black adolescents.


Total finger ridge-count and the polygenic hypothesis: a critique.


Paternal age in relation to selected birth defects.


Rural and urban Seminole Indian fertility.


The correlations between anthropobiological and climatic variables in sub-Saharan Africa: revised estimates.


Association between PTC taster status and goitre in a Papua New Guinea population.


Relationship between reproductive fitness and anthropometric dimensions in a Mexican population.


Pediatric overview [editiorial].

Pediatric overview [editiorial].


Drug prescribing for the elderly.

Drug prescribing for the elderly.


The geriatric patient.

The geriatric patient.


In Japan: health care for all and a 'demographic miracle'.


The case of the retained antrum.

The case of the retained antrum.


Embryogenesis of argentaffin cells.

Embryogenesis of argentaffin cells.


CPK isoenzymes in evaluation of myocardial ischemic injury. Enzymatic criteria for diagnosis of myocardial infarction have suffered from a lack of specificity, since enzyme elevations also occur in noncardiac disorders. The MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase has provided a way out of this difficulty. Not only is it specific to injured myocardium but a recently developed plasma assay makes possible both diagnosis and, in many cases, measurement of the extent of damage.


Reconstruction ('undiversion') of the diverted urinary tract. Two operations to permit urinary drainage had been performed in a 2 1/2-year-old boy born with obstructing urethral valves, but infections and other compications were a constant threat, especially since the child had only one functioning kidney. After the anomalous valves were ablated endoscopically, the urinary tract was reconstructed, as shown here, to "undivert" the previously fashioned ileal loop bypass.


Dietary fiber and diverticular disease.

Dietary fiber and diverticular disease. Can the regular consumption of bran and other fibrous foods help in preventing diseases of the colon? Indirect evidence supports the idea, although much remains to be learned. It seems probable that bulkier feces could increase the diameter of the colon and prevent sudden sharp rises in pressure that are believed to be responsible for the formation of diverticula. For most people, fiber is probably harmless and it may do some good.


Our "amber waves of grain".

Our "amber waves of grain".


The case of the bubbly pancreas.

The case of the bubbly pancreas.


The six million dollar man.

The six million dollar man.


Partial hepatectomy for metastatic carcinoma. Three years after colonic resection for a rectal carcinoma, the patient evinced some weight loss and alkaline phosphatase elevation. Detailed workup revealed what appeared to be a solitary, well-defined metastatic lesion of the right hepatic lobe. Since the patient could be considered a good candidate for surgery, and given the grim prognosis of alternative approaches, hepatic lobectomy was carried out, as described here.


GI problems in children: II.

GI problems in children: II. Accurate differentiation of such disorders as intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis and the two types of megacolon must precede attempts at treatment. Gastroesophageal reflux, viral hepatitis, and Reye's syndrome are also discussed.


The krypton thunderbolt.

The krypton thunderbolt.


Blood glucose: how reliable an indicator of brain glucose? It is usually assumed that the concentration of glucose in the brain reflects that in the blood, so that measuring the latter provides an accurate index of the former. However, in two experimental situations analogous to anoxia and salicylate poisoning, brain glucose was found to be dangerously low in the presence of normal or even elevated blood glucose levels, and in these experiments administering glucose prolonged survival.


Training black physicians: the current status.


Health care in Caracas and Lima--oil makes difference..


The case of the cardiophrenic mass.

The case of the cardiophrenic mass.


Whose energy?

Whose energy?


Termination of atrial fibrillation.

Termination of atrial fibrillation.


Middle ear disease in children.

Middle ear disease in children.


Priorities governing the care of the critically ill.


Disorders of the aging GI system.

Disorders of the aging GI system.


A cytotoxic substance in insect cell culture spent media. Spent media from five different insect cell lines when inoculated into Trichoplusia ni (TN-368) cultures produced cytotoxicity resulting in rounding and detachment of cells. The substance in spent medium from the established cellline Carpocapsa pomonella (CP-169) is believed to be a toxin, based on the failure to serially passage the agent, the early appearance of the cytotoxic effect, and the inability to detect microbes by culturing techniques as well as by electron microscopy. The ability to extract the toxic substance from CP-169 cells indicates that it is cell associated. Biophysical and biochemical properties of the CP-169 cytotoxin are presented.


Isolation and physico-chemical characterization of bovine serum and colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses--a comment.


Laser light scattering spectroscopic immunoassay for mouse IgA.


Laser light scattering spectroscopic immunoassay in the agglutination-inhibition mode for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human luteinizing hormone (hLH).


A study on cell mediated immunity to rabies virus: lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro.


Extraction of vaccinia virus and purification of vaccinia elementary body suspension with Mafron 11.


Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of V. cholerae strains isolated in 1974.


Bacteriological study of group D streptococci.


Classification of subjects as slow or rapid inactivators of isoniazid based on the ratio of acetylisoniazid to isoniazid in urine determined by a simple colorimetric method.


Clinical and biochemical evaluation of low protein diet in chronic renal failure in India.


Babies with severe intra-uterine growth retardation-linear physical growth from 0-24 months.


Alteration in the ABH blood group antigens during pregnancy--a preliminary communication.


G-6-PD, PK, GSH levels and GSH stability in some haematological disorders.


The effect of Bengal gram on acid mucopolysaccharide content of aorta in experimental atherosclerosis.


Onion and garlic in experimental cholesterol induced atherosclerosis.


Cirrhosis of the liver in rabbits induced by a high cholesterol diet--an experimental model.


Dosimetry in radioisotope placentography.


Polyethylene glycol in radioimmunoassay of TSH.


Chromosomal and DNA analysis of human lymphoma cases.


Suicidal attempt or accident.

Suicidal attempt or accident.


Small intestinal functions in diabetes mellitus.


Hodgkin's disease-histopathological study of 85 cases.


Peritoneal and haemodialysis in children.


Initial manifestations of septicaemia mimiking rheumatism in children.


A clinico-bacteriological study of meningitis in infancy and childhood.


Volvulus of the small bowel due to ascaris.


Hydrocephalus due to prenatal infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. The results are presented of serological examinations in a total of 4235 subjects including blood donors (341 persons), pregnant women (1784), newborns (833), patients with malignant tumours (248), patients with influenza-like diseases (548), patients with abacterial meningitis (295), infants under one year with hydrocephalus (40), infants under two years with other nervous system diseases (110), mothers of seropositive children with hydrocephalus (12) and mothers of seronegative children with hydrocephalus (24). The investigations revealed 16 cases of serologically confirmed prenatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Immunofluorescent antibody to this virus was detected in the children in most cases at high titers and in their mothers at moderate and low titers. In 14 children hydrocephalus was manifest, one child was suffering from infantile cerebral palsy, and one child from congenital right side blepharoptosis. Foci of chorioretinal degeneration were found in 14 patients. During pregnancy six mothers had an influenza-like illness; the other ten mothers denied any disease associated with fever.


Concentrations of cefazolin in human skeletal muscle. Tissue concentrations of cefazolin were measured in 18 patients undergoing urological operations. Specimens of skeletal muscle and blood were taken simultaneously at predetermined intervals. The concentrations in serum and homogenized skeletal muscle were determined by means of the agar well diffusion method. A comparison of standard curves obtained with phosphate buffer solution and the supernatant of muscle homogenate revealed no substantial binding of cefazolin to the supernatant of muscle homogenate. Because of methodological difficulties in determining the different compartments of a tissue specimen concentrations in tissue were not corrected. Within two hours after a short infusion (25 min.) of 2 g of Cefazolin in muscle tissue a peak concentration of 20 mug/g was reached. A tissue level above 10 mug/g maintained for three hours. This concentration is high enough to inhibit nearly all strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella and a large part of Proteus mirabilis, whereas nearly all gram-positive bacteria are inhibited at a lower concentration.


Viridans streptococci associated with periapical dental abscesses. Viridans streptococci isolated in apparently pure culture from periapical dental abscess have been examined. It has been found that each abscesses is associated with only one type of a given species of Streptococcus. The distribution of types of Strep. mitis found in abscesses differed from the distribution in healthy mouths, but no particular type occurred significantly more often in abscesses than in mouths.


Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of netilmicin. Comparative functional and histological tests were performed in eight groups of ten quinea pigs each, which were administered 50, 75, 100 and 150 mg of netilmicin respecitvely b.i.d. for 29 days, 15 and 25 mg of gentamicin and 50 and 100 mg of amikacin per kg body weight respecitvely b.i.d. and in one control group of ten animals. The tests showed a low degree of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity of netilmicin.