Contact lens materials--an overview.

Contact lens materials--an overview.


Contact lens center thickness.

Contact lens center thickness.


Symptomatology.

Symptomatology.


Corneal insult and staining--hard lenses.


Flare.

Flare.


Blinking and corneal lens wear.

Blinking and corneal lens wear.


Spectacle blur.

Spectacle blur.


Biomicroscopy for contact lens practice.


Corneal curvature: patterns of change after wearing contact lenses.


Long term effects of wearing hard lenses.


Poor visual acuity, hard and soft lenses.


Arcuate staining.

Arcuate staining.


Spherical aberration problems.

Spherical aberration problems.


Contact lens inspection.

Contact lens inspection.


Patient indoctrination.

Patient indoctrination.


Contact lens practice management.

Contact lens practice management.


Contact lens solutions.

Contact lens solutions.


The use of assistants in contact lens practice.


Contact lenses and aphakia.

Contact lenses and aphakia.


Further developments in keratoconus.

Further developments in keratoconus.


Orthokeratology.

Orthokeratology.


Contact lens use for sports.

Contact lens use for sports.


Hypnosis in contact lens fitting.

Hypnosis in contact lens fitting.


Optometric technicians.

Optometric technicians.


A case study.

A case study.


Dimensional stability of contact lenses--update 1976.


The "eyeglass" profession.

The "eyeglass" profession.


A retrospective analysis of the systolic BP/IOP ratio in glaucoma screening. It has been postulated that the BP/IOP ratio is more predictive of glaucoma than is tonometry alone. An analysis of clinical data from 128 glaucoma patients and 115 normals yields a sensitivity of 80%. Specificity of 86% and relative risk ratio of 22 for this screening test. Evidence of the existence of a dose-response relationship is also found.


Optometry and genetic counseling: the first lines of defense against blindness. Genetic diseases may be present at birth or may be manifested later in life. The best preventative measure for either type is early referral of the affected family for genetic counseling. Since several genetic disorders include ocular complications either primarily or secondarily, optometrists are likely to encounter some of these disorders. If the family is unaware of the hereditary pattern, they should be referred to a geneticist to be advised of the risk rates for having future children affected. A partial listing of the counseling centers throughout the United States is provided.


Suggested criteria for vision classification on the AAMD adaptive behavior scale. The AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale for Children and Adults is an instrument designed to assess the degree to which an individual has adapted to his environment. While one item of the scale refers to vision, no criteria have been established to indicate degree of vision impairment on such a scale. Such criteria are suggested including a supplement which describes other visual functions. A method of assessing visual acuity in non-verbal or uncooperative patients is given.


Vision anomalies of Indian school children: the Lame Deer study. The occurrence of vision anomalies among American Indian school children is measured for an entire school population, according to grade (pre-kindergarten through 12). The anomalies are identified, classified in three major groups (myopes, astigmats, all other), and each group is compared to Caucasian school children. Some conclusions and recommendations are made concerning the vision care needs of Amerind school children.


Rationalizing the delivery of eye care--part II. The provision of eye care within the previously described regional model requires that resources be distributed in a rational manner. In a levels of care approach those eye care services that would meet most of the people's needs most of the time would be provided at the primary level, on an ambulatory basis. At the secondary level those more specialized services such as glaucoma surgery would be provided, usually at the community hospital setting. At the tertiary level those superspecialized services requiring the resources of a major medical center would be provided. Such a system of eye care would require changes in the role and responsibility of both optometrists and ophthalmologists.


Clinical manifestations of visual information processing: part II.


A rational approach to license drivers using bioptic telescopes. A great deal of interest and controversy has arisen about the ability of persons with reduced vision driving with bioptic telescopes. This article is the author's approach to the public. The author has been fitting drivers with bioptic lenses for approximately ten years.


Marathon running and vision.

Marathon running and vision. Sixteen optometric tests were administered to 29 athletes prior to and following their running the 1974 26-mile B.A.A. Boston Marathon. The tests included amplitude of accommodation, near point of convergence, stereopsis, depth perception, near phorias, ACA, near ductions, peripheral fields, and suppression. It appears that the systemic fatigue did not significantly affect the test values and it is reasonable to assume similar findings for other forms of athletics. While few optometrists' or ophthalmologists' patients are marathon runners, this study's findings may be extrapolatable to more common conditions.


The $10,000 fee--almost.

The $10,000 fee--almost.


Classification of visual performance.

Classification of visual performance.


A changing role for optometry.

A changing role for optometry.


The eye that wouldn't quit.

The eye that wouldn't quit.


Advertising of prices for eyeglasses.

Advertising of prices for eyeglasses.


Photochromics and occupational safety.

Photochromics and occupational safety.


The measurement of systemic arterial blood pressure. The measurement of blood pressure, sphygmomanometry, can provide much significant information for the optometrist's evaluation of his patient's ocular and related systemic conditions when the principles involved are understood and skill in its measurement is achieved. This paper will discuss the procedural details of blood pressure measurement.


Diagnosis: a word misused.

Diagnosis: a word misused.


The effect of aging on the impact resistance of heat tempered lenses. Stock sperocylindrical lenses (125) with approximately 2.2-mm center thickness were bevel-edged to 48-mm size in the S-10 standard military lens shape. One time each, 25 lenses were drop balled directly after heat treatment; 25 after 3 months;25 after 6 months; 25 after 9 months; and the final 25 after 1 year. Comparing these samples against each other showed no statistical difference in breakage. All the surviving lenses were then drop balled repeatedly until broken or 25 impacts had been made. After 25 hits, 76.8% of the lenses did not break. There was no statistical difference in breakage when these results were compared with 125 heat-treated lenses of similar specifications that were drop balled for 25 trials, if not broken sooner, just after routine heat-treatment processing. Lenses of approximately 3.0-mm center thickness, with other aspects the same, were also treated. The effect of drop balling nonheat-tempered lenses of dimensions similar to the aged lenses was studied; the first drop had a casualty rate of 75%, and no lens survived more than 8 impacts.


The role of edge failures in impact testing of ophthalmic lenses. The role of edge mode failures in drop ball testing of ophthalmic lenses was investigated. The relative effects of lens shape and type of edging operation were determined by comparing the impact performance of groups of lenses. Strain gages were mounted on the edges of several lenses to determine the applied tensile stresses. The results were reviewed in the context of the flaw distribution theory. As expected, more breadage was observed for those edging processes which introduce more severe flaws and for those lens shapes for which higher edge stresses were measured. It was also observed that the search theory of impact testing is applicable for edge flaws as well as for surface flaws (a lens sustains many impacts before it fractures; the ball is searching for a weak spot on the lens).


A model study of facial injury caused by impact while wearing an ophthalmic frame. Damage to facial tissue caused by an ophthalmic frame when there is impact to the face was studied by means of a paraffin-covered mannequin head. Under mild conditions of impact it was easily observed that metal frames and metal components do more tissue damage than is done by a zylframe. A series of the commonly dispensed frames was compared for facial injury potential caused by impact to the face.


Rationalizing the delivery of health care--part III. Attempts to regionalize and rationalize the delivery of personal health services and eye care services in particular are beset with social, political and economic problems. A review of past attempts in this direction points out some of the difficulties. Recent legislative and professional developments provide clues as to the likelihood that the delivery of eye care will be rationalized in the future.


A study of applicants to colleges of optometry in the U.S. A statistical summary of numbers of applicants and applications to U.S. colleges of optometry, dentistry, and medicine is presented for the six academic years, 1969-70 through 1974-75. Attention is drawn to changes during the five-year interval in numbers of (a) professional schools, (b) total applicants, (c) total applications, (d) applicants accepted, (e) applicants per acceptance, (f) percent of applicants accepted, and (g) applications per individual. Absolute numbers are listed in tabular form and, to facilitate interdisciplinary comparison, in relative numbers in a series of figures. Concerns raised by the trends revealed are outlined.


Paraoptometric education and training in the United States Air Force. The authors describe military optometry clinic personnel problems prior to 1971 which led to the creation of the Air Force Optometry Specialist/Technician career field. The optometry Specialist, whose civilian counterpart is the optometric assistant/technician, receives a highly intensive 9 week resident course at the USAF School of Health Care Sciences. Additional mandatory training is received on the job and by a career development course specifically designed for the Optometry Specialist. An optional 2-year program is also offered through the Community College of the Air Force.


Future of optometric education: a student view. With the growth of optometry and the advent of a national health insurance plan, the practice of optometry will change. As it does, so too must optometric education. This paper outlines a student's views on how admissions, curricula, new schools, and board certification must change if optometry is to fill a primary health care role.


Inspecting the integrity of hydrophilic lenses. Inspection of the surface quality of hydrophilic lenses is important. Methods of inspection and illustrations of common defects are illustrated.


The intermodality relationship of auditory and vision perception. A review of the literature reemphasizes the importance of the intermodality relationship of auditory and vision perception in assisting children learning to read. Following a description of the neuro-pathways, hemispheric dominance theories and the developmental sequences, suggestions are provided for the application of the knowledge about auditory and vision perception in the prevention of the ever increasing number of children experiencing learning disabilities.


Low vision case report.

Low vision case report.


Training with a post-surgical exotrope.

Training with a post-surgical exotrope.


A defection from psychiatry to family practice?


How to start a CME program in your hospital or medical society.


Nominative evaluation in a residency training program.


High resolution observation of biological specimens by an incoherent illumination method.


Special diets and the School Meals Service in Norfolk.


Electron microscopic studies on membrane system of Staphylococcus aureus by means of thin sectioning and freeze-replica techniques.


Isolation and ultrastructural characterization of fine spirals (spirosomes) from Lactobacillus brevis.


Electron microscope studies of the vegetative cellular life cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardi dangeard in synchronous culture. IV. Mitochondria in dividing cells.


Fine structure of bacterial cell envelope studied by ultracryotomy.


Continuing medical education fact sheet.


Freeze-drying technique for small biological materials using a modified freeze-etching device.


Are too many surgeons being produced in this country?


Rectangular arrays of intramembranous particles at the zonula adherens in the guinea pig organ of Corti.


Freeze-etching observation on the nucleus of HeLa-S3 cell infected with adenovirus type 12.


Bartley v. Kremens: a step backward?

Bartley v. Kremens: a step backward?


Quality assurance.

Quality assurance.


The practicing family physician as a teacher and learner in a family practice residency.


All marriages are not in heaven made: the joining of quality assurance and utilization review.


Freedom in medical education.

Freedom in medical education.


The primary physician: bagels and lox for breakfast?


A position statement of the Association for Hospital Medical Education.


A program to evaluate intensive psychiatric hospital treatment.


The adolescent treatment assessment project: lessons learned in process.


Funding and planning a comprehensive mental health delivery system.


The EMI CT 1010 brain scanner. Technical aspects.


[Anterior choroidal artery. I. Anatomic and radiographic study].


Competence-based reregistration: a changing role for continuing medical education.


[Anterior choroidal artery. II. Pathologic states (tumors)].


Normal appearances of brain scans produced by computerized axial tomography.


Embolization with iodine 131-marked Spongel. Technique, indications and results.


The EMI body scanner. An interim clinical evaluation.


Computerized axial tomography.

Computerized axial tomography.


The value of the new EMI diagnostic display console.


The role of computerised axial tomography (EMI scanning) in the diagnosis and management of cranio-cerebral trauma.


A topographic study of CT scan of brain tumours.


Computerised axial tomography in non-tumourous conditions.


Aspects and evolution of cerebrovascular accidents.


The future of computerised axial tomography.


Acta Scanner and neuroradiology.

Acta Scanner and neuroradiology.


Central nervous system antigen (NS-5) and its presence during murine ontogenesis. An antiserum raised by immunization of C3H.SW/Sn mice with cerebellum from 4-day-old C57BL/6J mice recognizes a cell surface component(s) [NS-5] present in different degrees on various parts of the mouse central nervous system. When analyzed by an antiserum- and complement-mediated cell cytotoxicity test and by the ability of various tissuesto absorb anti-NS-5 antiserum activity, the antigen(s) was detectable on cerebellum, retina, olfactory bulb, cortex, basal ganglia, and medulla but not on nonneural tissues with the exception of mature spermatozoa and 4-day-old kidney. The antigen(s) detected by the anti-NS-5 antiserum was found in similar quantities on young and adult rat and mouse cerebellum; however, it was not detectable on any of 16 clonal cell lines derived from the rat central nervous system. During preimplantation stages of murine development, the antigen could be detected on all cells of (2-4)-cell and (8-16)-cell stages and on the trophoblastic cells of blastocysts by indirect immunofluorescence, Embryos on day 9 of gestation, the earliest tested after implantation, expressed the antigen(s), but expression was restricted to the nervous system.


The gating currents of sodium channels: pore-population-size effects. Sodium-channel behavior has been modeled in order to determine the answer to the following question: How large must a population of "on-off" sodium pores be before the inherently random behavior of the individual channels becomes smoothed to yield the expected gating current-conductance relationships which would be predicted from an infinite pore array? Results of this analysis show that for the "opening" situation, an excellent fit was obtained whenever more than about 10 pores were considered. Significant discrepancies were observed in the "closing" situation, however, for pore arrays of 50 or less. Marked hysteresis is apparent in the behavior of small port populations.


Comparison of the structural and chemical composition of giant T-even phage heads. A study has been made of the structure of the capsids of T4D giant phage produced from mutants in gene 23 and temperature-sensitive mutants in gene 24, and T4D and T2L giant phage formed by the addition of L-canavanine followed by an Larginine chase in the growth medium. All the giant phage capsids have been shown to be built according to the same geometrical architecture. This consists of a near-hexagonal surface net, lattice constant 129.5 A, folded into a left-handed T = 13 prolate icosahedron elongated along one of its fivefold symmetry axes. Their only apparent difference from wild-type T-even phage capsids is their abnormally elongated tubular part. A comparison of the capsomere morphologies and protein compositions of the giant phage capsids showed that all T4D giants are identical but differ from T2L: The T4D capsomere has a complex (6 + 6 + 1)-type morphology, whereas the T2L has a simple 6-type. T2L phage, however, lack two capsid proteins, "soc" and "hoc", present in T4D. The difference in capsomere morphology can therefore be related to the difference in the protein compositions of these two phage. Possible differences between the initiation and means of length regulation of giant phage heads and the aberrant polyheads are discussed.


Effects of RNase and RNA on in vitro aster assembly. RNase alters the in vitro assembly of spindle asters in homogenates of meiotically dividing surf clam (Spisula solidissima) oocytes. Some effects of RNase, such as reduced astral fiber length, appear nonenzymatic and probably result from RNase binding to tubulin. However, RNase-induced changes in the microtubule organizing center are also observed. Since other polycations can mimic RNase effects, the existence of an RNA component of the spindle organizing center remains uncertain. Effects of RNase and other polycations on astral fiber length can be prevented and reversed by the RNase inhibitor, polyguanylic acid. Polyguanylic acid can also augment astral fiber length in the absence of added RNase or other polycations. Augmentation by polyguanylic acid is favored by high ionic strength, and can be duplicated by polyuridylic acid and, with less efficiency, by polyadenylic acid. Polycytidylic acid and unfractionated yeast RNA, however, are unable to augment aster assembly. Polyguanylic acid can also augment the length of astral fibers on complete spindles isolated under polymerizing conditions. These results demonstrate that specific polyribonucleotides can alter spindle assembly in vitro. The presence of an inhibitor of microtubule assembly in Spisula oocytes, which can be inactivated by specific RNAs, is suggested.


Morphologic characteristics of the thymus in 70 cases of myasthenia.


Effect of ethanol application during pregnancy on the electron microscopic image of a newborn brain.


Effect of overnutrition and undernutrition on cellularity of rat epididymal fat pad.


Influence of gamma radiation on the solubility of collagen-derived membranes.


Gastric secretory response to ligation of pancreatic ducts, pancreatitis, pancreatic fistula and pancreatectomy in dogs.


The effect of certain parasympathomimetic and parasympatholytic drugs on the gamma-aminobutyric acid content in the cerebral hemispheres of mice.


Influence of diphtheria toxin on free fatty acid mobilization and pressor responses to catecholamines.


Interactions of chloramphenicol with certain spasmogens on vas deferens of guinea pig.


Acute experimental pancreatitis treated with glucagon Histological study (part I).


New approach, facts and hypothesis on B virus hepatitis epidemiology and pathogenesis.


Clinical and immunomorphological evaluation of pathological changes in the liver in collagenoses.


Advances in colonoscopy.

Advances in colonoscopy.


The auto-brewery syndrome--the repeated attacks of alcoholic intoxication due to the overgrowth of Candida (albicans) in the gastrointestinal tract.


Common bile duct cysts.

Common bile duct cysts.


Normalizing effect of prednisone on excessive hydroxyprolinuria in active systemic lupus erythematosus.


Clinical experiences with birth control in Poland.


Factors responsible for under-utilisation of primary health centre--a community survey in three states of India.


Imparting of health education in the out-patient department of a metropolitan city hospital as viewed by the consumers.


State of the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system in rabbits with anaphylactic shock. The hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system of rabbits with anaphylactic shock was investigated by morphometric and histochemical methods. The volumes of the perikarya were increased and the dimensions of the nuclei and nuclei of the neurosecretory cells were reduced, and the content of neurosecretory substance throughout the neurosecretory system was increased. In rabbits dying from shock the volumes of the nuclei and nuclei were reduced by a lesser degree, the dimensions of the perikarya were changed, and the content of neurosecretory substance in the posterior lobe of the pituitary was reduced. In animals surviving shock the synthesis of neurohormones by the neurosecretory cells was thus sharply stimulated, but liberation of neurohormones from the posterior lobe was inhibited. In aminals dying from shock hormone formation in the neurosecretory cells was stimulated to a lesser degree, but the processes of liberation of neurohormones from the posterior lobe of the pituitary were probably intensified.


Submicroscopic localization of H3-noradrenaline in the hypothalamus. The submicroscopic localization of H3-noradrenaline in the periventricular region of the anterior hypothalamus of the rat was investigated. It was shown that the largest concentration of the label is detected in the neuroglia of the subependymal layers, where the label is detected above the terminals of the axons with two types of vesicles and along the path of the axons above the microtubules. More rarely the label is encountered above the terminals with one type of synaptic vesicle and above cells of the neurosecretory type, similar in ultrastructure to cells of the arcuate nucleus. In the ependymal layer the label is localized above the cells and intercellular spaces. The results of the work are discussed in connection with the modern data on the fluorescence of the catecholamines of the hypothalamus.


Effect of catecholaminergic drugs on epileptogenic properties of the caudate nucleus. Drugs stimulating catecholaminergic transmission (dopa, apomorphine, amphetamine, and their combination with disulfiram) weakened the epileptogenic properties of the caudate nucleus in freely moving rats. Under the influence of these drugs the cortical electroencephalographic response to single stimulation of the nucleus was shortened in animals receiving subconbulsant doses of leptazol and the intensity of the spike-wave rhythm bound with repeated caudate stimuli was reduced. Conversely, inhibitors of catecholaminergic transmission (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, alpha-methyltyrosine, and disulfiram) potentiated the epileptogenic effects of the caudate nucleus.


Some features of the medium surrounding the mechano- and electroreceptors of the acousticolateral system of the ray Raja clavata. The degree of binding of K ions has been investigated and the contents of free Ca ions and of glycosaminoglycans have been determined in the medium surrounding the mechano- and electroreceptors of the acousticolateral system of the ray Raja clavata; in addition, electrical phenomena in solutions of K hyaluronate in solutions of the media investigated have been studied. A comparison of the results of electrometric and chemical analysis has shown that the proportions of bound K ions as percentages of the total amounts of these ions are 36.4 in the endolymphatic jelly, 39.6 in the ampullar jelly, and 21.9 in the liquid of the lateral canals. The amount of Ca ions in the media investigated is 3.6-4.4 meq/liter and is close to the concentration of these ions in sea water--3.4 meq/liter. In the endolymphatic jelly the amount of glycosaminoglycans is 0.30+/-0.022% of the wet weight, in the liquid of the lateral canals 0.21+/-0.026%, and in the jelly of the ampullae of Lorenzini 2.79+/-0.28%. Some characteristics of the "displacement potentials" of solutions of K hyaluronate and solutions of the jelly of the ampullae of Lorenzini have been determined, and some hypotheses have been put forward on the possible role of these potentials in the activity of the ampullar formations of the systems of organs of the lateral line.


The need for an animal model of chronic pain.


Functional organization of sleep states in normal and brain-damaged infants. A polygraphic investigation was made of daytime sleep in healthy infants with analysis of the EEG, oculogram, muscle tone, fluctuations in skin resistance, respiration, ECG, rheoencephalogram, and rheogram of the leg. Infants with cerebral palsy of perinatal genesis were investigated by the same method. The results showed that in early infancy it is possible to distinguish the basic stages of slow sleep and the stage of fast sleep, although the electroencephalographic experssion of these stages in infants has special features of its own. The age dynamics of the polygraphic picture of sleep shows that the electroencephalographic, autonomic, and motor components of sleep, although clearly coordinated in the various stages, have at the same time considerable autonomy. This is confirmed by the results obtained by analysis of the cerebral pathology. The need for adequate assessment of this complex function in order to elucidate the physiological nature of sleep is emphasized.


Multiplication of the late slow component of the evoked potential to light during chlorpromazine administration. In experiments on unanesthetized rabbits with electrodes permanently implanted into various brain formations the effect of chlorpromazine was studied on the phenomenon of multiplication of the late slow component of the evoked potential to flashes of light applied at a frequency of 1 Hz, some of which were given simultaneously with electric shocks to the hind limb. Chlorpromazine was found to reduce the multiplication of the slow component to flashes applied without electric shocks and to facilitate the reduplication of this component to flashes applied along with the nociceptive stimulation. In the discussion of the results a role of adrenergic structures is postulated in the formation of the defensive action acceptor, one of the most important and crucial mechanisms of the functional system.


Mechanism of visual perception of movement. We here present a logical mathematical model for the visual perception of movement in man; it is based on the treatment of signals in the retina in relation to time and distance and on the statistical theory of the separation of signal from noise in the visual system. It shows good agreement with experimental results and has made it possible to determine the comparative level of internal noise of the visual system, the mean rate of spread of excitation from the photoreceptors along the surface of the retina, and many other characteristics.


Local oedema and general excitation of cutaneous sensory receptors produced by electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve in the rat.


Inhibition of visceral pain by electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter. Numerous recent studies demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter (PGM) can result in powerful analgesia to pain of somatic origin. In the present study, we have developed a visceral pain test employing intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline which yields a writhing response in the adult rat more reliably than other pain-producing substances. With this test we show that writhing as well as the response to radiant heat (tail flick test) are completely inhibited in all animals with PGM electrode placements.


Activity of the neurons of the medial region of the septum of the rabbit brain in early ontogenesis. In rabbits aged from seven days to two and a half months the activity of individual cells of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (NDB) and of the medial nuclei of the septum (MNS) of the brain and the EEG of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) - the CA2-CA3 zones - have been recorded simultaneously. It has been found that the specific (burst) activity of the neurons of the septum appears first on the 8th-11th day of the background of the action of eserine. The distinct bimodal nature of the histograms of the interimpulse intervals characteristic of the burst sequence of distribution of the potentials appears only from an age of 14 days. The deficient nature of impulse-formation of the NDB and of the MNS is acquired at about the 20th day of life. A parallel evolution of the impulse activity of the cells of the medial region of the septum and the synchronized activity of the hippocampus in ontogenesis is traced. The formation of the theta activity correlates with an increase in frequency of the burst activity of the neurons of the septum connected with an increase in the mean frequency of impulse formation of the cells, the concentration of the impulses into a packet, and the growth of the regularity of the burst discharges with age.


The spectrum of the calling signals, phonotaxis, and the auditory system in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. In behavioral experiments with a Y labyrinth it was shown that phonotaxis in the female crickets in respect to the calling signals (CS) of the males depends on the spectrum of the signal. The necessary and sufficient condition for development of normal phonotaxis is the preservation of the first, low-frequenct (LF) component of the spectrum (5kHz). Signals with a time pattern identical to that of a CS but with a spectrum containing only the high-frequency (HF) component (12.5 kHz) do not evoke phonotaxis. HF signals in the frequency-range 10-40 kHz evoke negative phonotaxis in females under conditions of "tethered flight". In the auditory system of the crickets, beginning with the tympanal organ, there is a clear separation of the elements effecting LF and HF signals. Two types of ascending interneurons transmitting acoustic information from the primary auditory center to the brain are described in detail. The first is connected primarily with LF receptors and transmits clearly all the time-dependent characteristics of the CS most important for recognition. The second apparently participates in the production of negative phonotaxis. It is connected primarily with HF receptors, has considerable after-effect and also raises sensitivity to sounds of low intensity, emphasizes the initial moment in the effect of a stimulus, and "habituates" rapidly to repeated stimulations.


Effect of a unilateral cortical lesion on the monoamine content in the cat brain. The serotonin and noradrenalin content in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon was investigated spectrofluorometrically in 12 cats on the 5th-6th day after the production of a pathological focus in the region of the occipital cortex. Diffuse changes of brain activity were recorded on the EEG at this period: spike-like waves and slow waves of increased amplitude. A considerable increase in the serotonin concentration was observed in the cortex, with the effect predominant in the region immediately adjacent to the pathological focus. A tendency for the serotonin level to fall was observed in the hypothalamus and mesencephalon. The noradrenalin concentration in these brain structures showed no significant change. The role of serotoninergic structures of the brain in the mechanisms responsible for restoring the functional state of the brain after experimental injury is discussed.


Responses of intradental nerves to chemical and osmotic stimulation of dentine in the cat. Recordings have been made of the neural responses evoked by stimulation of dentine with solutions of NaCl, NH4Cl and dextrose. Stimulation of the outer dentine produced no response. From the inner dentine, a smaller number of impulses were recorded with solutions of NaCl than with corresponding concentrations of NH4Cl, but a much larger number than with solutions of dextrose. The discharge evoked by a solution increased in mean frequency and decreased in latency as the thickness of dentine was reduced. The responses suggest that the receptors were in the innermost dentine or the pulp and that they were excited by changes in extracellular fluid composition rather than by osmotic effects. The properties of the receptors appear to be different from those involved in pain from dentine in man.


Nociceptor-driven dorsal horn neurones in the lumbar spinal cord of the cat.


Functional characteristics of stretch receptors of flight apparatus of cockroach Periplaneta americana. The functional characteristics of the stretch receptors of the wing joints of Periplaneta americana were examined and the possible functional role of these receptors in the maintenance of a stable rhythm of flight is discussed. The stretch receptors of the wing joints are of the phasic-tonic type, with slow and incomplete adaptation by the receptors which discharge upon movement of the wing upward. The nature of the impulse response of a receptor depends both on the angle and the rate of movement of the wing membrane. The arrangement of a hypothetical pacemaker of the insect's wing beats is discussed in detail.


Illness behaviour syndromes associated with intractable pain. One hundred patients, referred for the management of intractable pain, completed a 52-item Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ). Responses were scored on 7 scales: general hypochondriasis, disease conviction, psychological versus somatic perception of illness, affective inhibition, affective disturbance, denial, and irritability. IBQ scale profiles were subjected to numerical analysis and 6 taxonomic clusters were identified. Patients in groups 1-3 were characterized by a relatively non-neurotic, reality-oriented attitude to illness, as indicated by low scores on the first three scales. Patients in groups 4-6 manifested greater evidence of 'abnormal illness behaviour', and presented syndromes resembling 'hysteria', 'conversion reaction', and 'hypothchondriasis' respectively.


Neural pathway of penetration of vitamin B1 into the central nervous system.


Words of chronic pain.

Words of chronic pain. An analysis of the language of pain complaints, employing categories of descriptors, was used to determine if chronic pain of either psychiatric of organic origin might be depicted in terms specific for the disease. The complaints of 128 patients with chronic pain were studied for characteristic patterns. Patients with pain of organic etiology used sensory-thermal (e.g., hot, burning) words more frequently than those with pain of psychiatric origin. Female patients with pain attributed to anxiety used sensor-temporal words (e.g., throbbing) more frequently than those with other psychiatric diagnoses. There was also a statistically significant preponderance of pain on the left when the groups of patients with physical and psychological illness were combined.


Differential effect of morphine on trigeminal nucleus versus reticular aversive stimulation: independence of negative effects from stimulation parameters. Electrodes were implanted in mesencephalic, pontine, and bulbar reticular formation, and in spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract of rats. Central and peripheral aversive response thresholds  were studied under normal conditions and with morphine. Peripherally elicited aversive reactions were assessed with tail-flick, hot-plate, and footshock responses. Centrally elicited aversive reaction thresholds were in all cases based on unconditioned behavioral distress signs (non-stereotyped, escape-like movements, vocalization, freezing, excretion, etc.) and confirmed in some cases with avoidance learning. Morphine (10 mg/kg) elevated the unconditioned aversive reaction threshold for brain stimulation in the trigeminal complex and for peripheral aversive stimulation, but failed to affect the thresholds for reticular brain stimulation. The failure to affect reticular thresholds was independent of stimulation frequency. Thresholds for 5 and 200 Hz sinusoidal stimulation were both unaffected as were previously reported thresholds with 333 Hz pulsatile stimulation. Trigeminal nucleus and tract stimulation were affected in similar degrees. The data were discussed as supporting descending inhibitory models of opiate analgesia.


Modulation of shock-elicited pain by acupuncture and suggestion. An experimental investigation of acupuncture's analgesic potency, separated from suggestion effects, is described, in which judgments of shock-elicited pain of the forearm were recorded along two separate scales: intensity and aversiveness. Data from experimental subjects, who received electrical acupunctural stimulation through surface electrodes located over acupuncture points and were given explicit counter-suggestions of sensitization, were compared to those obtained from control subjects, who received such stimulation over incorrect loci and were given explicit suggestions of analgesia. No alterations in the perception of pain intensity, either by acupunctural stimulation or suggestion, could be detected at any time during the experiment, but stimulation of the correct points produced a significant analgesic reduction in aversiveness which was specific to the arm so stimulated, overcame the counter-suggestion of sensitization, and persisted after stimulation was discontinued. No significant reductions were recorded from control subjects. These findings are interpreted in light of other experimental acupuncture research, and of the demonstrated mode of action of analgesics of proven efficacy.


Radioimmunoassay for measurement of fibrinogen.


Results of 19 years experience with sacral rhizotomy for perineal and perianal cancer pain.


Histidine active transport system in rabbit erythrocytes.


Two point discrimination and ageing.

Two point discrimination and ageing.


Relation between mast cells and serum zinc levels.


Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in human platelets and its secretion.


Systemic lupus erythematosus with renovascular hypertension accompanied by thrombosis of renal artery and renal vein (case report).


Secondary myeloid metaplasma in a case of IgD myeloma.


A preparation of field bean (Vicia faba L.) cotyledons as a substitute for dried skim-milk in calf feeding [proceedings].


Ascorbic acid saturation levels in young and old guinea-pigs [proceedings].


Orange-peel flavonoids and the growth and ascorbic acid status of hypovitaminotic C guinea-pigs [proceedings].


The role of ascorbic acid in allergic reactions [proceedings].


The influence of dietary ascorbic acid on the concentration of mercury in guinea-pig tissues [proceedings].


Insulin secretion in young and adult offspring of rats given diets of varying protein and sucrose content during pregnancy and lactation [proceedings].


Dietary protein and energy as determinants of foetal growth in the rat [proceedings].


Are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids necessary in the human diet? [proceedings].


The possible nature of the hypocholesterolaemic action of a mould (Fusarium) [proceedings].


Measurement of liver protein turnover in genetically obese mice using DL-[2-3H]glutamic acid [proceedings].


Lipolytic and lipogenic activities of adipose tissue during spontaneous fat depletion and repletion [proceedings].


The absorption and distribution of 59Fe in chicks with acute Salmonella gallinarum infection [proceedings].


The role of biotin in the stress-induced death of chickens exhibiting fatty liver and kidney syndrome [proceedings].


Estimation of heat loss from human subjects at four experimental temperatures, using a direct calorimeter and heat-flow meters [proceedings].


The effect of dietary sucrose on the metabolism of pentobarbitone [proceedings].


Fat mobilization during exercise following dietary and exercise-induced changes in muscle glycogen [proceedings].


Time of glucose syrup ingestion to alleviate initial exercise hypoglycaemia [proceedings].


Role of glucocorticoid in the enzyme overshoot response to starvation-refeeding [proceedings].


The effect of ethanol on resting metabolic rate [proceedings].


The fermentation of polyalcohols by rumen microbes in vitro [proceedings].


Pyridoxine deficiency in severe liver disease [proceedings].


Altered morphology and pathways of DNA synthesis in small intestinal epithelium in dietary folate deficiency [proceedings].


Determination of methionine in the seeds of legumes [proceedings].


Variations in serum chemistry in normal subjects without changes in diet [proceedings].


Influence of dieldrin on the production and characteristics of the egg and utilization of calcium and phosphorus in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) [proceedings].


Anthropometry in a Sudanese village; changes after 7 years [proceedings].


The effect of dietary carbohydrate on the utilization of protein by the growing pig [proceedings].


The oxidation in vivo of uniformly and carboxyl-14C-labelled methionine by young pigs [proceedings].


The influence of banana supplemented diet on gastric ulcers in mice.


Sterols in cerebrospinal fluid during nitrosourea chemotherapy of human brain tumors.


Pharmacokinetic studies of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) in several animal species.


Effect of a new synthetic prostaglandin on acid gastric secretion of different laboratory animals.


Isolation of a hyaluronate pool from the chondroitin sulfate peptide pool of calf rib cartilage. Effect of puromycin and SeO4(2-) on pool labeling with 3H-glucosamine.


Cytology of human early implantation.

Cytology of human early implantation.


How does the copper intrauterine device work?


Puberty.

Puberty.


Burns caused by monitoring equipment during anaesthesia. Hazards of monitoring during anaesthesia are burns, cardiac arrest or ventricular fibrillation, electric shock and false alarms caused by interference with the traces. The causative and contributory factors and the measures for the prevention of burns are discussed.


The action of phosphocreatine and fructose 1,6-diphosphate on blood in vitro. Blood in vitro has been used to evaluate the effects of phosphocreatine and fructose 1,6-diphosphate on the adenylate cycle. These compounds, following different metabolic pathways, increased the ATP concentration, phosphocreatine through a direct action on the adenylic phosphate cycle and fructose 1,6-diphosphate mainly by it glycolytic effect.


Biochemical changes in extracorporeal circulation in patients. The effect of priming extracorporeal perfusion pumps with 50% and 80% diluted homologous blood on the serum electrolytes, acid-base status and plasma osmolality has been investigated in 103 patients undergoing open-heart surgery for congenital and acquired heart disease. The value in prognosis of plasma osmolality is discussed.


Diagnosis of brain death.

Diagnosis of brain death.


Coronary heart disease.

Coronary heart disease.


To the question of the geographic distribution of pterygium.


New drug for the treatment of trachoma (clinical trial report).


Artificial circulation for resuscitation after prolonged clinical death caused by hypoxia. The dynamics of dying and the subsequent recovery of the main vital functions such as cardiac performance, respiration and unconditioned reflexes were investigated in 24 dogs resuscitated by Bryukhonenko's method of artificial circulation after 13-15 min clinical death caused by asphyxia. Application of artificial circulation during asystole required a gradual increase for 2-3 min in the volume of perfusion to optimum levels, since too rapid an increase of blood flow resulted in secondary ventricular fibrillation. In conditions of resuscitation with high volumes of extracorporeal perfusion (exceeding 100 ml kg-1 min-1), fast return of vital functions, their subsequent normalization, and relatively smooth recovery, can be achieved. Decreasing the rate of blood flow to 60-80 ml kg-1 min-1 delays the recovery of vital functions of the resuscitated organism. Severe post-resuscitation disease develops with a fatal outcome. Resuscitation with flows of 40 ml kg-1 min-1 or less is ineffective. We concluded that successful resuscitation after clinical death caused by asphyxia was possible only when the blood flow was 1.2-1.5 times higher than the normal cardiac output.


Disappearance of trachoma in Bulgaria.

Disappearance of trachoma in Bulgaria.


Plasma volume expansion after infusion of 5%, 20% and 25% albumin solutions in patients. Fifty grams of albumin were infused into patients in the immediate post-operative period as either 5, 20 or 25% solutions. With all three solutions the increase in plasma volume was 500 ml or 11 ml/g of retained albumin, which is less than the normal water-binding capacity of albumin found in studies in vitro and in some clinical studies. This might be explained by a blocking of the water-binding capacity of the albumin or by the action of other unknown mechanisms, when albumin is given in an amount exceeding the losses. The expansion of the plasma volume did not depend on the concentration of the solutions given but only on the amount of albumin given and the deficit in plasma volume. Since albumin is a good plasma expander and a drug with a few secondary effects it is recommended in the treatment of shock. We prefer the 5% solution, which contains an electrolyte solution and is more easily infused, because of its low viscosity.


Tropical endemic limboconjunctivitis.

Tropical endemic limboconjunctivitis.


Ultrastructural study of trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis.


Testing the economic theory of fertility with cross-sectional and change data.


Childlessness, health, and marital satisfaction.


Use of recall data in survey research on human sexual behavior.


Characteristics of voluntarily and involuntarily childless wives. Using data from the 1965 U.S. National Fertility Study, white childless wives 30-54 years old were categorized as voluntarily, involuntarily, or temporarily childless.  These 3 groups were then compared along many demographic, socioeconomic, marital, and religious lines.  It was found that voluntarily and involuntarily childless wives were similar across most characteristics and both groups were different from the temporarily childless women.  This last group is considerably younger than either of the other 2 groups;  this fact may account for the differences between this and the other 2 groups.  Other literature on childlessness is cited and compared.  The difficulties with categorization of childless wives are discussed.  Before it is generally concluded that differences do not exist between voluntarily and involuntarily childless wives, it will be necessary to study data from younger women who benefited from the "new fertility regime" of recent years.


Sex of children and ultimate family size by time and class.


Dysgenic trend in intelligence: comment on Cattell's "differential fertility and normal selection for IQ: some required conditions in their investigation".


Prevalence of divorce among parents of children with cystic fibrosis and other chronic diseases.


Measuring mortality trends and differentials.


Sex differentials in morbidity and mortality in the United States.


Emotional disturbance in unplanned versus planned children. In 2 studies, 2 samples of planned and unplanned children (mean ages, 13.45 and 13.27), matched for education and divided into middle and lower class, were compared for emotional disturbances.  Also, in the 2nd study, mothers were compared for neuroticism and attitudes to the child, and family size was determined.  The comparisons were made on the basis of personality inventories completed by the children, questionnaires completed by their teachers, and personality and attitude surveys taken by their mothers.  Hypotheses were: 1) unplanned children would be significantly more emotionally disturbed than planned ones (confirmed), 2) mothers of unplanned children would be significantly more neurotic and rejecting than mothers of planned ones (not confirmed), 3) unplanned children would belong to significantly larger families (confirmed).  Unplanned children scored higher for emotional disturbance, particularly the lower class children;  it is suggested that the greater the adversity of circumstance of the family, the more negative the effects of unplanned status will be on emotional adjustment.


Husband-wife age differentials in Shiraz, Iran.


Assortative marriage for specific cognitive abilities in Korea.


Ethnic differentials in neonatal and postneonatal mortality: a birth cohort analysis by a binary variable multiple regression method.


Asynchronous DNA replication and asymmetrical chromosome loss in Chinese hamster-mouse somatic cell hybrids. A number of parameters were measured in a series of 12 hybrid cell clones from Chinese hamster and mouse cells to test the hypothesis that asymmetrical chromosome loss may result from asynchrony in the replication of the two parental sets of chromosomes. All clones tended to lose telocentric (mouse) chromosomes with culture time, irrespective of the starting ratio of parental chromosomes, and in all clones, biarmed (hamster) chromosomes appeared to complete DNA replication slightly earlier than telocentrics. However, no quantitative correlation could be established between the degree of asynchrony in chromosome DNA replication and the extent of chromosome loss. It appeared that telocentric chromosomes were lost more readily from those clones which started with a high hamster-to-mouse chromosome ratio.


A study of the membership of the National Organization for Non-Parents. A total of 420 questionnaires were sent to a random sample of the national members of a voluntary organization formed to challenge societal pressures to have children and to provide support to those choosing to remain childless.  80% (334) returned completed questionnaires.  Results showed that members of the National Organization for Non-Parents (NON) were largely married (69% married and never divorced, 6% married and divorced, 16% single, the rest in other categories).  The mean age of the sample was 31 years, the median 29 years with 44% aged 25-29.  The sample was almost entirely Caucasian, disproportionately concentrated in higher education and income categories, and 49% reported they were either athiest or agnostic.  Respondents were asked when they decided not to have children.  The decision was made anywhere from age 10 to age 32 with a mean of 22.5.  Females were more likely to have decided at an earlier age.  5 reasons were listed as ''very important'' for not having children:  ''having children reduces your ability to do what you want when you want to do it,'' ''caring for a child is a heavy responsibility,'' ''having children intrudes on the  relationship with your spouse,'' ''spouse does not want children,'' and ''having children is financially expensive.''  About 2/3 reported pressures to have children with the media, friends, and co-workers most often named as the leading  source.  Parents and other relatives were reported as a source of pressure by only 13%.


Cytogenetically marked clones in human fibroblasts cultured from normal subjects. Clones of cytogenetically abnormal cells have been recognized in fibroblasts cultured from normal human adult skin. No such clones have been observed in human embryo skin fibroblasts cultured in the same way. Although the culture conditions may have played some part in the emergence of these clones, it is possible that the abnormal cells from which the clones were derived were present in vivo.


A conceptual model for the identification, organization, and measure of influence of fertility policies and programs. The fertility program of any government is the procedural action intended to effect the government fertility policy.  There may also be unintended results of any fertility program.  A conceptual model was designed to measure the effect of governmental action on fertility and to identify sociocultural factors that have the greatest influence on fertility.  The model uses sociocultural variables as intervening variables between fertility programs and changes in actual fertility.  The structural variables considered by the model are characteristics of the pattern of social order;  the cultural variables consist of shared values and norms.  Fertility trend analysis is effected by polynomial regression formulae.  Puerto Rican data from 1946 to 1970 were used to test the proposed model.  Analysis of the data indicated that emigration between 1940-1962 had little effect on national fertility.  Governmental family planning programs, beginning in 1946, contributed to a sharp decline in fertility.  It is recommended that the model be used with data from other countries to assess the effects of their family planning programs.


Reactivation of chick erythrocyte nuclei in heterokaryons with temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster cells. Chinese hamster cell line K12 is temperature-sensitive for the initiation of DNA synthesis. K12 cells synchronized by serum deprivation were collected in early G1(G0). Heterokaryons were formed by fusing chick erythrocytes with serum-starved K12 cells through the use of UV-irradiated Sendai virus. At the permissive temperature (36.5 degrees C), erythrocyte nuclei in heterokaryons enlarged, the chromatin dispersed, and erythrocyte nuclei synthesized DNA at about the same time as the K12 nuclei. At the restrictive temperature (41 degrees C), erythrocyte nuclei enlarged, but neither erythrocyte nor K12 nuclei initiated DNA synthesis. When erythrocyte nuclei were fused with Wg-1A cells, the wild-type parent for ts K12 cells, both kinds of nuclei synthesized DNA at 36.5 degrees C and 41 degrees C. Activation of erythrocyte nuclei was inefficient in heterokaryons incubated in low-serum medium. The results indicate that serum factors and a cellular function defined by the K12 mutation are required for activation of chick erythrocyte nuclear DNA synthesis.


Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells after treatment with UV and x-irradiation. The isolation of ten conditionally lethal temperature-sensitive mutants of the Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-Kl, pro-) by the BUdR-visible light selection procedure described. Treatment with radiation at doses known to cause single gene mutation in mammalian cells increases the mutation frequency by a factor of at least 14. These mutants will grow with normal plating efficiency at 34.5 degrees but will not grow at 39.5 degrees. Complementation analysis by two independent methods indicates that all mutants are recessive and allows the assignment of the mutants to six genetically independent complementation groups. Reversion analysis indicates that the TS-mutants are stable, spontaneous revertants arising at a frequency of less than 10(-6). Preliminary chromosome analysis revealed no systematic chromasomal abnormality in the mutants. Mitotic accumulation is used to study the generation time of the parental cells and representative mutants at 34.5 degrees and 39.5 degrees. The uses of these mutants for genetic analysis of mammalian cells in culture is discussed.


Nucleotide analysis of DNA and RNA in cells with thymidine totally replaced by bromodeoxyuridine. The nucleotide composition of nuclear DNA has been determined in a cell line (HAB) that has grown for 275 generations with complete substitution of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for thymidine in nuclear DNA. Within 50 generations there is a approximately 3% decrease in the G content and an equivalent increase in the BrdU content of DNA, relative to the unsubstituted parent cell line. However, these alterations do not continue to accumulate when the cells are grown for up to 275 generations with fully substituted DNA, suggesting that they are not brought about by BrdU-induced base transitions due to mispairing. RNA transcription has been examined both in vivo and in vitro to determine whether or not BrdU substitution in DNA results in large-scale transcriptional errors. The nucleotide composition of 18S and 28S rRNA from cells 0, 60%, and 100% substituted with BrdU does not significantly differ. Further, when DNA from these cells is transcribed in vitro with E. coli RNA polymerase, there is no evidence for altered incorporation of nucleotides into RNA made from the substituted templates.


Improved techniques for the induction of mammalian cell hybridization by polyethylene glycol. Modifications in the techniques for the induction of mammalian somatic cell hybridization by polyethylene glycol (PEG) have led to procedures that are rapid, simple, and effective. The basic improvements, for both monolayer and suspension fusions, are a short exposure to PEG and a rapid dilution of PEG following treatment. There is a marked effect of PEG concentration on cell hybridization, and there seem to be inherent differences between cells in terms of the extent of cell fusion induced by PEG.


Expression of human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase in Chinese hamster cells treated with isolated human chromosomes. Chinese hamster cells deficient for the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) were incubated with isolated human metaphase chromosomes and 21 colonies were isolated in HAT medium. Three different types of cell lines were established from these clones. First, 4 cell lines had 10-30% of normal Chinese hamster HPRT activity with the same electrophoretic mobility as human HPRT. This HPRT activity remains detectable during at least 8 weeks of growth of the cells in nonselective medium. Second, 3 cell lines also had human-like HPRT with the same activity as the first type. This HPRT persists only if the cells are grown in HAT medium and disappears during 8 weeks of growth in nonselective medium. Third, other clones survived in HAT medium as well as in medium with 8-azaguanine. These cells had no detectable HPRT activity. Using differential chromosome staining techniques no recognizable human chromosome fragments were found in any of the cell lines.


Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism III. Isolation and characterization of a mutant unable to convert IMP to AMP. The isolation and characterization of a new mutant of Chinese ovary cells (CHO-K1) is described. This mutant, Ade-H, has the following properties: (1) it forms a new genetic complementation group; (2) it specifically requires adenine for growth and will not grow on aminoimidazole carboxamide (AIC) or hypoxanthine; (3) it accumulates IMP; (4) it cannot synthesize adenine nucleotides; (5) its phenotype can be mimicked by treatment of CHO-K1 (the wild type parental strain) with hadacidin, an inhibitor of adenylosuccinate synthetase (E.C.6.3.4.4). Thus, the site of the defect in this mutant is presumed to involve the step in adenylate biosynthesis catalyzed by this enzyme. The usefulness of Ade-H for the study of regulation of purine biosynthesis in mammalian cells is discussed.


Biochemical selection systems for mammalian cells: the essential amino acids. The essential amino acid requirement of cultured mammalian cells can be satisfied by 19 amino acid derivatives. This finding (a) confirms the results of animal nutritional studies and (b) identifies 19 essential amino acid derivatives and should permit the isolation of a new class of auxotrophic mutants. Five naturally occurring auxotrophic markers have been detected in this survey; namely, inability to utilize cystathionine and citrulline in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, inability to metabolize citrulline by HTC+hepatoma cells, and confirmation of Eagle's observation that KB cells can utilize homocystine in place of methionine or cystine and D-cystine in place of L-cystine.


Assignment of the gene for cytoplasmic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase to the region q-24-qter of human chromosome 10. Somatic cell hybrids between thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells and human fibroblasts carrying a translocation of the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 10 to chromosome 17 were studied for the expression of cytoplasmic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. A positive correlation between the expression of human cytoplasmic glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and the presence of the distal third of the long arm of chromosome 10 was established.


Differential staining of interspecific chromosomes in somatic cell hybrids by alkaline Giemsa stain. Staining of chromosome preparations of Chinese hamster-human hybrid cells and mouse-chimpanzee hybrids with alkaline Giemsa has yielded color differentiation of the interspecific chromosomes. Bicolor chromosomes, indicating apparent translocations also are observed for each of these hybrids. The specific color differences observed provide a rapid means of recognizing and aiding in the identification of the interspecific chromosomes and apparent translocations in these somatic cell hybrids.


Expression of transformation in cell hybrids. I. Isolation and application of density-inhibited Balb/3T3 cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and resistant to ouabain. A cell line, THO2, was isolated from Balb/3T3 clone A31 after sequential nitrosoguanidine treatments and selection for resistance to 6-thioguanine and ouabain. THO2 retains the properties of density-dependent inhibition of growth and serum dependence of DNA synthesis characteristic of 3T3. The codominant expression of ouabain resistance and inability of THO2 to utilize exogenous hypoxanthine in the presence of aminopterin allows isolation of somatic cell hybrids involving THO2 and any ouabain-sensitive, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-positive cell line. Hybrid clones derived from THO2 and SV40-transformed cells show dominant expression of the transformed phenotype with respect to multilayered arrangement of cells and ability to synthesize DNA in 1% calf-serum medium.


Human diploid fibroblast mutants with altered RNA polymerase II. Clones resistant to the cytotoxic action of alpha-amanitin have been isolated from a strain of fetal human lung diploid fibroblasts. Resistant clones were recovered at a frequencey of 5 X 10(-8) after single-step selections following mutagenesis with the mutagen ethyl methane sulfonate. Following propagation in drug-free medium, the clones retained the selected phenotype and in both growth and plating experiments showed a 10-50-fold higher resistance than wild-type cells to the cytotoxicity of 0.25 microgram/ml alpha-amanitin. The alpha-amanitin sensitivity of RNA polymerase II purified from the mutant cells suggests the presence of two forms of the enzyme, one similar to that found in wild-type cells and a second form with increased resistance to alpha-amanitin inhibition. These results are consistent with previous evidence that alpha-amanitin resistance behaves as a codominant marker in mammalian cells.


Isolation of mutants lacking branched-chain amino acid transaminase. Variants of the Chinese hamster ovary cell have been isolated which can no longer grow when valine, leucine, or isoleucine is replaced in the culture medium by its respective alpha-keto acid: alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, or alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid. These variants lack branched-chain amino acid transaminase activity. Evidence is presented indicating these variants to be single gene mutants. Genetic evidence is also presented confirming previous biochemical evidence that a single enzyme carries out transaminase functions on valine, leucine, and isoleucine. The branched-chain transaminase-deficient (trans-) mutants can be reverted to wild-type behavior by treatment with mutagenic agents. These mutants promise to be useful in exploring regulatory mechanisms in biochemical, genetic, and cancer research.


Isolation and partial characterization of three methotrexate-resistant phenotypes from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Three mechanisms for resistance to methotrexate (Mtx) have been identified in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells selected from resistance to this drug. First-step selections produce cells with either an apparent structural alteration in the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (class I), or a decreased permeability to the drug (class II). Mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate increases the proportion of Mtx-resistant cells 5-10-fold. Second-step selections to higher resistance using class I resistant cells as parents results in cells with an increased activity of the reductase enzyme (class III) with no apparent further qualitative alterations in the enzyme. All three classes of resistant cells retain their Mtx-resistant phenotype when cultured under nonselectivve conditions.


Polyethylene glycol-induced mammalian cell hybridization: effect of polyethylene glycol molecular weight and concentration. The effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular weight and concentration on mammalian cell hybridization were studied. The peak hybridization-inducing activity with all grades of PEG from 400-6000 was found to occur in the concentration range of 50-55%. However, changes in concentration were seen to have different quantitative effects with different grades of PEG. For monolayer fusions, PEG 1000 at 50% seems to be the optimal combination of PEG molecular weight and concentration, in terms of both efficiency of hybridization and relative insensitivity to dilution effects.


Medical staff wins in bylaws dispute.

Medical staff wins in bylaws dispute.


Dimethyl sulfoxide enhances polyethylene glycol-mediated somatic cell fusion. The efficiency of fusion of human diploid cells by polyethylene glycol was greatly enhanced by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide. The extent of fusion was directly proportional to the concentrations of both of these compounds. At all except the highest concentrations, cell loss was moderate to minimal and perturbation of cell cycle function as measured by [3H] thymidine labeling indices and mitotic indices was minimal in the surviving cells. This technique is potentially useful for heterokaryon studies as well as for the isolation of hybrids of mammalian somatic cells.


Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Italy: report of the first clinical case. Previous studies on the clinical features of meningoencephalitis in Italy did not help to indicate the nature of the causative agents. On the other hand during the past decade nine arboviruses were isolated in Italy, some of which are yet to prove pathogenic for man. A systematic study was carried out in cooperation between the Department of Neurology of the University of Florence and the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Rome), in order to understand a possible role of arboviruses as etiologic agents of meningoencephalitis in Italy; in this preliminary communication the first clinical case of Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) virus infection is described.


CT decision: to buy or not to buy?

CT decision: to buy or not to buy?


New AHA indexes to put prices in perspective.


Hospital workers get six-month pay freeze following strike and binding arbitration.


Bylaws by law: a look at the St. John's decision.


What is the attorney's duty in a medical malpractice case?


Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism. IV. Isolation of a mutant which accumulates adenylosuccinic acid and succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide. The production, isolation, and characterization of a new complementation group (Ade-I) of adenine-requiring mutant of Chinese hamster cells (CHO-K1) is described. This mutant accumulates two intermediates of purine biosynthesis, both of which contain an aspartate moiety. One of these is shown to be adenylosuccinic acid (AMPS) by chromatographic analysis, while evidence is presented that strongly suggests the other intermediate is succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (SAICAR). Thus, Ade-I is most likely lacking the activity of the enzyme adenylosuccinase (EC 4.3.2.2). The use of this and similar mutants for the analysis of regulation of purine biosynthesis in mammalian cells is discussed.


A physician recruitment plan that works.


The strike that nobody won.

The strike that nobody won.


Multihospital systems: the older they get, the better they run.


Continuing education a must, trustees say.


Contamination formed around a very narrow electron beam. Specimen contamination in the electron microscope is studied in an attempt to clarify the processes involved in contamination deposition. A very narrow electron beam has been used to make small peaks of contamination on the surface of a thin carbon film. These peaks have been imaged and the rates of growth of the height, diameter and volume determined. It is concluded that a portion of the contamination can be related to the interaction of the electron beam with the adsorbed surface layer. Surface migration of adsorbed material is indicated as the supply mechanism. Significant deposition of material in regions not exposed to the beam is reported for the first time. A method for determining the thickness of thin amorphous carbon film in the range of a hundred to a few thousand Angströms is described.


Stereoscopy techniques for the electron microscope.


Electronmicroscopic mass determination using photographic isodensity techniques. Using Agfacontour, Kodalith, or similar films, it is possible to convert an electron micrograph into a map of regions of equal photographic density (isodensitites) by simple copying procedures. If images of polystyrene spheres  and a calibrated density wedge are included in the copies, it is possible to quantitatively calibrate the isodensities in terms of mass per unit area of the specimen. In this way, electronmicroscopic mass determination may be accomplished without the need of densitometers or other photometric equipment.


Direct phase determination for quasi-kinematical electron diffraction intensity data from organic microcrystals. Direct phasing techniques using cosine estimates for three-phase and four-phase structure invariants in space group P1 are applied to zonal hk0 electron diffraction intensity data from an orthorhombic paraffin and a cephalin. Ab initio use of these kinematical phases is shown to derive the correct structures of the methylene subcell packings for these compounds in agreement with earlier determinations from Patterson maps.


Computer experiments for tilted beam dark-field imaging. Simulated high resolution tilted beam dark-field electron micrographs for the conventional transmission microscope were obtained by performing wave optical calculations with a high speed computer. Various organometallic molecules and point defects in crystals were studied to assess whether the image structures resembled the orginal object in terms of atom positions and atom correlations for a variety of microscope conditions. For the organometallic molecules close agreement was found between actual experimental micrographs and calculated images for specific combinations of microscope parameters. The images of point defects indicate that it should be possible to identify these structures based upon image size and intensity which in turn are highly dependent on the strain field surrounding the defect.


Quantitative tensile-tilting stages for the high voltage electron microscope. This paper describes a soft and a hard tensile stage for the high voltage electron microscope. Both stages can be combined with a top entry double tilting stage. The devices are driven by thermal expansion elements operating against water cooled parts. The drive mechanism shows smooth action with a relatively low response time and good long-time stability. The stages are equipped with strain gauge bridges for force and elongation measurements. The soft stage has a maximum load of 13 g, and a hard one reaches 1.5 kg.


The use of backscattered electrons for imaging purposes in a scanning electron microscope. It is shown that the use of a very large detector for backscattered electrons can provide a signal comparable to that obtained in the secondary emission mode and that the resolution available is also comparable. A technique is described whereby the difference is taken between these two signals, and the use of this difference signal can significantly enhance surface details. It is believed that the use of such a signal should ultimately prove advantageous in increasing resolution.


The formation and interpretation of defect images from crystalline materials in a scanning transmission electron microscope. The technique of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has been employed usefully in studies of amorphous materials, and the theory of image formation and interpretation in this case has been well developed. Less attention has been given to the practical and theoretical problems associated with the use of STEM for the examination of crystalline materials. In this case the contrast mechanisms are dominated by Bragg diffraction and so they are quite different from those occurring in amorphous substances. In this paper practical techniques for the observation and interpretation of contrast from defects in crystalline materials are discussed. It is shown that whilst images of defects are obtained readily under all typical STEM operating conditions, the form of the image and the information it contains varies with the angle subtended at the specimen by the detector. If this angle is too large significant image modifications relative to the "conventional" transmission electron microscope case may occur and the resolution of the image may degrade. If this angle is too small, then signal to noise considerations make an interpretation of the image difficult. In this paper we indicate how the detector angle may be chosen correctly, and also present techniques for setting up a STEM instrument for imaging a crystalline material containing lattice defects.


Report on EMAG75, a conference on developments in electron microscopy and analysis organised by the Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group of the Institute of Physics at the University of Bristol, UK, on the 8th-11th September 1975.


Very low voltage electron microscopy.

Very low voltage electron microscopy. We conclude that a 150 V scanning microscope with a resolution of 10 A is quite feasible and could have considerable value. It might consist of a field emission source, an electron gun to decelerate the electrons, a condenser lens to produce a parallel beam, a multipole corrector and a short focal length objective lens. Electrons reflected from the specimen surface would pass through a spectrometer whose principal features would be a large collecting power and low (1/200) energy resolution. Finally, we should add that such a microscope presents a considerable challenge and new opportunities for the electron optician in both lens and spectrometer design. We cannot refrain from pointing out that the Scherzer theorem does not necessarily hold for such a lens since the constraints of the theorem do not apply to this case.


The extension of scanning transmission electron microscopy by use of diffraction information. The information contained in the intensity distribution of the convergent beam electron diffraction pattern, produced in the detector plane for each incident beam position in a scanning transmission electron microscope, may be used to enhance the resolution of the microscope or else to decrease the electron irradiation of the specimen involved in deducing information at any particular level of resolution. The structural information concerning the specimen may be obtained, for example by interpretation of the Patterson function using image-seeking methods. The statistical error involved due to the finite number of electrons available may be derived by considering the efficiency of use of the information contained in Patterson function peaks. The most efficient means for using the available information appears to be that based on information theory concepts, which employ the integral over the product of the observed diffraction pattern intensity and the intensity calculated for known or postulated groupings of atoms. The reduction in radiation damage possible by use of this method, relative to that involved in the separate imaging of individual atoms, may be by a factor of approximately n, where n is the number of atoms in the known or postulated group being sought.


Enhancing the power of density modification.


Hydrogen ion neutralization: a new contrast mechanism in the scanning transmission ion microscope.


Computer programs and image analysis.

Computer programs and image analysis.


Use of coincidence techniques to improve the detection limits of electron spectroscopy in STEM. A method of improving the detection limits of microanalysis using electron energy losses due to inner-shell excitation is proposed. This is based on coincidence detection of the energy-loss electrons with another signal which also results from inner-shell excitations, i.e., Auger electrons or characteristic X-rays. It is concluded that there will be a significant improvement in the detection of monolayers on a homogeneous monatomic substrate by using coincidence of energy-loss electrons with Auger electrons.


Contribution of electron energy loss spectroscopy to the development of analytical electron microscopy. The combined use of an electron energy loss spectrometer and an electron microscope provides some chemical information at the nanometer scale. The physics of the interaction processes between the incident electron beam and the thin sample foil is reviewed in terms of energy and momentum transfer. This analysis of the content of an electron energy loss spectrum allows us to establish rules for a satisfactory use of the information and to discuss the detection limits of this newly developed microanalytical technique.


Use of pure carbon specimen holders for analytical electron microscopy of thin sections. The use of a simple specimen holder, made of pure carbon, for analytical electron microscopy of sections of biological material is reported. Interference of the specimen holder with the X-ray spectrum from the specimen is minimized. The contribution of the holder to the continuum spectrum is consistent with theoretical predictions.


High resolution shadowing for electron microscopy by sputter deposition. The sputtering process by an ion beam well collimated and highly accelerated provides a valuable means of high resolution shadowing, replication of a fine object by a combination of pre-shadowing and deposition as well as a preparation of supporting films. High resolution shadowing and films with grains smaller than 1 nm can be obtained by argon ion-sputtering targets of tungsten and tungsten/tantalum alloy. The resolution of carbon replicas pre-shadowed with tungsten/tantalum is determined from the radius of curvature of replicated magnesium oxide crystal corners.


Scanning transmission electron microscopy of thin specimens. The intensity distributions in bright field and dark field images of thin specimens obtained in scanning transmission electron microscopy are evaluated in terms of the phase of object approximation for coherent and partially coherent illumination. Previous treatments, based on a weak phase object approximation are shown to contain unwarranted assumptions in some cases, resulting in predictions of limited validity. The probable errors due to the neglect of higher order terms in power series expansion and in the assumption that the dark-field signal from an annular detector is proportional to the total elastic scattering are evaluated. Questions of optimizing the signal intensity and contrast are examined by considering the detector configuration in relationship to the form of the convergent beam diffraction pattern formed in the detector plane and the implications for the use of diffraction pattern information to enhance the imaging process are considered.


Quantitative electron probe microanalysis of biological thin sections: methods and validity.


Measurement of focus and spherical aberration of an electron microscope objective lens.


Minimization of dose as a criterion for the selection of imaging modes in electron microscopy of amorphous specimens. A fundamental limitation in electron microscopy of organic specimens is radiation damage by the electron beam. To minimize damage it is necessary to have maximum information collection for a given dose. Various modes of operation of conventional and scanning transmission microscopes are compared with respect to their ability to detect small changes in specimen thickness or density with a given signal to noise ratio. Incoherent imaging is assumed, and this is expected to apply to amorphous specimens under a variety of microscope conditions. For either very thin or very thick specimens, the scanning transmission microscope is found to require nearly 10 times less dose than a conventional microscope for the same signal to noise ratio in the image. For specimens of intermediate thickness, scanning and conventional transmission electron microscopes are roughly equivalent.


The study of the adsorption and diffusion of heavy atoms on light element substrates by means of the atomic resolution STEM.


The modification of the electron microscope for special crystallographic applications. The conversion of the transmission electron microscope to a convergent-beam camera and shadow microscope with facilities for experiments using two specimens located in different planes is discussed, with particular reference to older models such as the Elmiskop 1. The conversion requires the removal of the intermediate lens in some microscopes and thus prevents them from operating in their original capacity. The Elmiskop 1 has a wide intermediate lens pole-piece which does not unduly restrict the diffraction angle. The smallest crystal spacing contributing to the convergent-beam diffraction pattern is 0.05 nm.


Influence of detector geometry on image properties of the STEM for thick objects. Plural electron scattering within thick objects broadens and smoothes the intensity distribution in the detector plane of a scanning transmission electron microscope. Detector arrangements have been determined which give maximum contrast and optimum S/N when the object details are large compared to the scanning spot. Asymptotic expressions for the optimum detector angles, specimen resolution, and S/N were obtained which are valid for objects thicker than approximately four elastic mean free path lengths. Exact calculations of the changes in contrast and S/N with thickness fluctuations in amorphous carbon foils were performed for atbitrary foil thicknesses. Elastic and inelastic electron scattering was taken into account.


Radiation damage of proteins in the solid state: changes of amino acid composition in catalase. Catalase has been irradiated with 100 keV electrons under conditions simulating the hazards of electron microscopic imaging. Amino acid analysis reveals a definite pattern of amino acid destruction which is well correlated with the particular chemical structures of amino acid side chains. This pattern appears to be distinctly different from the sensitivity pattern for monoamino acid systems, which fact is ascribed to intramolecular energy transfer and selective attack of liberated radicals.


Genetic leukodystrophies.

Genetic leukodystrophies.


Report of a workshop on analytical electron microscopy held at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, August 3-6, 1976.


Cesarian section and the risk of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage.


Ependymal neoplasms in children.

Ependymal neoplasms in children.


Kearns-Sayre syndrome or ophthalmoplegia-plus? To lump or to split?


Childhood heartburn mimicking neuropsychiatric disease.


Myopathic fibrillation potentials and collateral innervation in the human myopathies.


Eosinophilic polymyositis.

Eosinophilic polymyositis.


Immobilization and muscle atrophy.

Immobilization and muscle atrophy.


Low voltage electron microscopy--how low?


Amyloid polyneuropathy--a plasma cell dyscrasia with abnormal circulating immunoglobulins.


The large apparent metabolic work capacity of the blood-brain barrier.


Central and peripheral nervous system degeneration produced by pure n-hexane.


Elevated antidiuretic hormone levels after cerebrovascular accidents.


Hypothesis for rational therapy in acute stroke.


New, noninvasive test for late-onset acid maltase deficiency: assay of urinary enzyme.


Acid maltase deficiency: reincarnation in cultured muscle fibers of the typical morphological and biochemical defects.


Effect of ammonia on cerebral metabolism of rats with portocaval shunts.


The characterization of human peripheral nerve collagens.


Use of a self-administered questionnaire for detection of TIA in elderly populations--an interim report.


Some determinants of vestibular canal activity in cat and man.


Regulation of intracranial pressure in rat, dog, and man: manometric assessment of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics using a constant-flow perfusion system.


Cortical unit activity during generalized seizures induced by penicillin.


A clinical pharmacology of eterobarb: a gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric study.


Endogenously released adenine derivatives: a possible role in epileptogenesis.


Mesocortical dopamine projections: the septal innervation.


Experimental models of metastases to the nervous system.


Brain tumor chemotherapy: translation of laboratory experiments into clinical trials.


St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) in a middle-class population in Northern Illinois.


Myxedema myopathy and myasthenia.

Myxedema myopathy and myasthenia.


Dendritic changes in the aging human rhinencephalon.


Optic gliomas of multicentric origin with favorable response to radiotherapy.


Chemotherapy of malignant glioma with CCNU alone and CCNU combined with vincristine sulfate and procarbazine hydrochloride.


Charcot joints associated with normal cutaneous sensation.


Age as a determinant in the neurology of subdural hematomas.


Static and progressive neuromuscular disease in a kindred.


Focal lesions of muscle in peripheral vascular disease: their comparison with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.


Myocardial damage and cardiac arrhythmias in cerebral infarction and subarachnoid hemorrhage: correlation with increased systemic catecholamine output.


Sequence of myelination in the human fetus.


Korsakoff syndrome resulting from bilateral fornix lesions.


The effects of osmotic gradients on fluid movement through brain and on choroid plexus secretion in experimental hydrocephalus.


Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.


Morphologic abnormalities in cerebellar biopsies of epileptic patients.


Electrophysiological study of anomalous innervation of intrinsic hand muscles.


Progressive dialysis encephalopathy: clinical EEG, and neuropathologic features.


Involuntary movements of the upper limbs in cervical myelopathy as part of flexion withdrawal.


A growth model for the total weight of the prenatal human brain.


Environmental factors modifying the effect of CCNU on glioma in vitro and in vivo.


Herpesvirus and multiple sclerosis.

Herpesvirus and multiple sclerosis.


The prevalence of epilepsy in a large heterogeneous urban population (The Bronx, New York, January 8, 1975).


Thalamic hemorrhage with speech disorder.


Epileptogenesis in mammalian cortex studied in vitro.


Antimyelin basic protein antibodies and cellular hypersensitivity in multiple sclerosis.


Thymoma with distant metastases.

Thymoma with distant metastases.


Myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid as an indicator of active demyelination.


The diving reflex in infants: a preliminary report.


Changes in ammonia and amino acid metabolism induced by hyperosmolality in vivo and in vitro.


Psychological deficits and recovery of functions after head injury.


Experimental stroke in gerbils: selective vulnerability at the molecular and cellular levels.


Brainstem auditory potentials in clinically diagnosed central pontine myelinolysis.


Quantitative analysis of the ocular motor deficit in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).


Sequential parkinsonism and chorea following "mild" inluenza.


Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: clinical pathological correlates and failure of a drug trial in two patients.


New histochemical technique for the demonstration of adenyl cyclase (AC) in nervous tissue and muscle.


Autosomal dominant striatonigral degeneration: a clinical, pathological, and biochemical study of a new genetic disorder.


Fine structural changes in the cerebellar cortex in kinky hair disease.


Disease nomenclature and classification systems in neurologic practice, research, and education.


X-linked recessive humero-peroneal neuromuscular disease associated with atrial paralysis and sudden death.


Endotoxin encephalopathy.

Endotoxin encephalopathy.


Brain sarcomas.

Brain sarcomas.


Quantitative cinemorphology of the human brain displayed by means of mobile computer graphics.


The swine flu immunization program.

The swine flu immunization program.


Homer G. Phillips: historic training hospital for black physicians may pass from the scene.


Primary care: a definition.

Primary care: a definition.


Study in Watts. Family practice for the inner city: what consumers expect.


Organization for primary care training in the teaching hospital.


Case-finding for chronic illness in a black community.


"If we want GPs, we'll have to admit them to medical school".


O.R. exposure--cancer, miscarriages, and birth defects.


Today's challenges in primary health care.


Respiratory disease in beauticians.

Respiratory disease in beauticians.


New York hospitals get new guidelines for patient research.


Family practice: a need for research.

Family practice: a need for research.


Symposium discusses cardiovascular diseases: emphasis on black community.


Home delivery research today--a review.

Home delivery research today--a review.


Litigation involving DES.

Litigation involving DES. Focus is on the diethylstilbestrol (DES) litigation which has resulted from the 1971 discovery that this synthetic estrogen can cause cancer in the daughters of women who used the drug during pregnancy in an effort to prevent threatened abortion.  Possibly 100 suits are pending at this time in which DES daughters claim injuries.  In most of these vaginal or cervical cancer has appeared -- with or without a hysterectomy having been performed.  Several women died from cancer.  The fact that the use of DES occurred many years ago is the legal hurdle most troublesome to lawyers.  The average women coming to a lawyer's office today has a mother who used some form of DES, perhaps in 1955.  Few drugstores have records today of the prescriptions which they filled 20 years ago.  It has been estimated that over the 1950-1970 period more than 200 different companies manufactured or "tabletized" under their own name DES plus a variety of similar synthetic estrogens promoted for the prevention of threatened abortion.  A further hurdle caused by the passage of time is that even the records of the physicians are frequently lost.  A final problem created by the age of the cases is statute of limitations.  If the actual manufacturer of the DES cannot be identified, this is generally the end of the lawyer's interest in the case.  The chance of the plaintiff winning may be increased if the action against all the manufacturers is a class action.  Most of the pending DES suits are against the manufacturer and not against the doctor.  Thus far no DES case has been tried to completion.  Several have been settled by the manufacturers on the eve of the trial, generally for less than the full sum that a cancer victim would expect to receive.


Seasonal reproductive periodicity and thyroid fluctuations in female Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. Seasonal reproductive rhythmicity and concomitant thyroid fluctuations have been studied in the female Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. The majority of the squirrels enter estrus during March and April when ovarian follicles attain maximum diameter. Ovulation starts in April and continues till June. A large number of degenerating follicles, indicating decline in ovarian functions, is a characteristic feature of the ovary in August. Minimum percent thyroid 131I uptake is recorded during May and June, i.e. at the onset of mating season. In July, which also marked the gestation period in the majority of the squirrels dissected, thyroid activity significantly increases. Gonadal regression begins in August and this is accompanied by corresponding fall in the thyroid 131I uptake. Alterations in thyroid cytoarchitecture during different months of the year are in accordance with the results obtained from radioiodine uptake studies. Fluctuations in thyroid functions during gonadal regression, recrudescence and peak gonadal activity are discussed in the present communication.


Estimation of the Ca2+ binding by microsomal membranes from pig coronary artery using a calcium ion selective electrode. To estimate the Ca2+ binding of microsomal membranes from pig coronary artery a modified potentiometric method was used. With this method it was possible to follow directly changes in the Ca2+ ion activity of the incubation medium down to 10(-8) moles. Compared with the Ca45-filter technique the electrometrically measuring device built up was beside the obvious advantages of a directly indicating method more fast, simple and hightly sensitive.


Folding crystallization of DNA. Circular dichroism studies. CD spectra of DNA monocrystals are extremely different from spectra of psi-DNA or DNA-histone H1 or DNA-polylysine complexes. They are discussed to be dependent on the supramolecular organization of DNA in the condensed form, and they are not in contradiction to the previously proposed seven folding model of DNA in chromatin. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the interpretation of chromatin CD spectra.


ENG and the cervical syndrome. Neck torsion nystagmus.


Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis in the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus). A 19-years-old male Orang-Utan had a brief illness of two weeks with marked dyspnoea. Necropsy revealed diffuse bilateral pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. This is the first account of this pathoanatomical entity in lower primates.


A review of the diets of captive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). It is clear that most zoos feed their gorillas a principally frugivorous diet, while the diets of wild gorilla populations are undoubtedly basically herbivorous. The primary food plant of western and eastern lowland gorillas is Aframomum, and Blancou (1955) even maintains that these plants possess active parasiticidal qualities, but this subscription is not borne out by recent research. However, it is possible that another plant food, combretum, could have some propensities as a deparasitant. Many captive gorillas accept cooked or raw meat in their diets and there is some evidence that feral gorillas may also occasionally consume matter of animal origin.


Pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical education in the People's Republic of China.


Pharmacy students revisited as pharmacists.


Linking career choice to personality types: a preliminary analysis of pharmacy students.


Adaptation of Flanders' interaction analysis to assist in developing communication skills in final-year pharmacy students.


A learning hierarchy for a course in drug analysis.


Evaluation of a continuing education course for temporarily nonpracticing pharmacists.


Demographic study of the relationship of continuing pharmaceutical education to selected attitudinal- and competence-related criteria.


A theoretical model for faculty "peer" evaluation.


A perspective on relevance in pharmaceutical education.


Continuing education as a life-long process.


Lessons for pharmacy: observations and continuing education experiences on a state examining board for nursing home administrators.


The effects in the rabbit, of hepatic coccidiosis on the digestibility of fat and energy.


Swine fever: influence of passive immunity on pig immune response following vaccination with a live virus vaccine (Thiverval strain). The influence of passive immunity on the immune response to swine fever virus (S.F.V.) was investigated in pigs injected with variable amounts of S.F.V. antibodies instead of piglets from immune sows. The passive immunity suppresses the primary serum antibody response normally observed after vaccination with the Thiverval strain of S.F.V. This inhibition is either partial or complete depending on the amount of injected antibodies. Whatsoever the passive immunity intensity, a priming occurred (even in absence of any detectable primary response). This priming was evidenced by the clinical signs and the type of immune response following a virulent challenge. Two vaccination routes were tested: intramuscular and intranasal: 48 pigs were checked and no significant differences established, concerning protective efficiency. Intranasal vaccination induced local antibody production in pharyngeal secretions. Even in the absence of any detectable immunoglobulin transudation from serum to these secretions, local antibody synthesis was completely inhibited in passively immunized animals.


Variations in some plasma metabolites from neoglucogenesis and ketogenesis in pregnant ewes in relation to diet.


Nonmetric multidimensional scaling without disparities and derivatives: a rankcorrelation-orientated approach through L1-approximation.


Spurious correlation, revisited: a new look at the quantitative outcomes of sampling heterogeneous groups and/or at the wrong time.


Dilatation of azygos vein simulating mediastinal tumour.


Hodgkin's disease: an evaluation of staging laparotomy in 82 patients.


Ewing's tumour of rib.

Ewing's tumour of rib.


Pneumothorax as a complication of radiation therapy for primary lung cancer.


A look at bone.

A look at bone.


Uptake, accumulation and loss of 60Co in some species of mycobacteria.


Liver studies with radioisotopes.

Liver studies with radioisotopes.


Open University course on environmental control and public health.