An effect of change in patient status on marital interaction. In the treatment of couples and families, even more so than of individuals, therapists invariably are forced to face the problem of assessment of change in the marital or family "system." The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in marital interaction for a special population, that is, in which one member of each married pair had been, but was no longer, a hospitalized psychiatric patient. The primary question we addressed was whether changes in marital interaction could be amply detected and whether these changes could be attributed to the particular role shift that had occurred in one spouse--from "patient" to "nonpatient." Utilizing a technique called Interaction Testing, which the senior authors devised in 1960, we found that such alterations in marital interaction do indeed arise when one member of the couple moves out of a patient role and that our instrument is useful in elucidating the nature of such effects. In addition, it can be expected that a study of this kind will be of theoretical and methodological value in dealing with the general issues of problem-solving interaction in couples and families. The clinical aspect of the study may also be expected to stimulate useful thinking regarding family theapy in hospital settings, patient management, and aftercare.


The dynamics of owning and disowning: psychoanalytic and family perspectives. The dynamics of owning and disowning one's inner life have both intrapsychic and transactional or interpersonal dimensions. Freud opened new vistas on our inner world using psycoanalysis as a tool. Although not unaware of the effects of family members upon each other, Freud's rejection of the seduction theory of neurosis in 1897 fatefully influenced the future course of psychoanalysis, placing the primary focus on intrapsychic relations. Until today, it has remained the task-perhaps the principal one--of psychoanalytic theorists to do justice to the interpersonal and family realm that Freud neglected, without sacrificing the enormous insights we owe to Freud. Three conditions for successful inner ownership are described: a capacity for self-object differentiation; tolerance of ambivalence; and a sense of physical integrity, of having a cohesive, nuclear ego. The pathology of inner ownership is related to a pathology of interpersonal ownership as transacted on the family level. One form of such relational pathology--parental overowning, as revealed primarily in families with schizophrenic members--is discussed, with a case example.


Family photographs: in treatment and training. The universal appeal of nostalgia and reminiscence makes photographs a natural instrument for studying the impact of the past upon the present. This paper explores photography as a medium for facilitating reminiscence to discover individual roles, interpersonal relationships, and family dynamics. A method is described for using family photographs in treatment and training of clinicians at a Family Therapy Clinic.


The family-school interview: an eco-structural approach. This paper describes the family-school interview, and intervention with a child, family, and school, taking into account the dynamics of each system in that ecological context and the structural interrelationships of these systems relative to the problem presented by the child.


"Enmeshment" and "fusion".

"Enmeshment" and "fusion". The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.


Case studies in the family treatment of drug abuse. This article, with case illustrations, attempts to demonstrate that drug-abuse behavior can be understood more clearly in the light of family loyalties and unresolved family crises than from the perspective that drug abusers are social deviates.1 Drug abuse is viewed as symptomatic, as a signal that both drug abuser and his or her family are having difficulty in getting past a particular stage in the natural unfolding life cycle of a family. Treatment of drug abuse is seen primarily as helping the family to become "unstuck," thereby freeing the individual's and family's energy for the task of self-development and growth rather than expending it to maintain rigid patterns of interaction in an attempt to prevent change.


Temporal patterning in the family.

Temporal patterning in the family. The authors propose that time be considered as a variable in family process. Previous theory and research on human temporal patterning and experience are reviewed, and empirical generalizations from an initial pilot study concerned with marital and family members' orientation to "morningness" and "nightness" are presented. Further implications from this work-in-progress are delineated.


Family systems model in organizational consultation: vignettes of consultation to a day-care center. "Bowen Theory," 1adapted to organizational dynamics, is presented as a framework for understanding the dysfunctional behavior of individuals in the context of a particular organization.


Observations on two natural amnesias.

Observations on two natural amnesias. The role of interpersonal sequences in determining amnesias has not been as explored as the role of intrapsychic conflict. This paper examines two natural amnesias, emphasizing their function as part of the process of sequencing phenomena.


Lack of acknowledgment in the family Rorschachs of families with a child at risk for schizophrenia. Lack of acknowledgment, a characteristic of the direct interactions of families of schizophrenics, was found also to characterize the Family Rorschach interactions of families whose disturbed, non-psychotic adolescents were assessed at high risk for schizophrenia on the basis of parental communication deviance. The same high-risk families had unbalanced interaction patterns as reflected in three measures of family structure.


A typology of family social environments. A sample of 100 families measured on ten dimensions of their social environments was subjected to cluster analysis to develop an empirically based taxonomy of families. Six distinctive clusters of families were indentified: Expression-Oriented, Structure-Oriented, Independence-Oriented, Achievement-Oriented, Moral/Religious-Oriented and Conflict-Oriented. The clusters showed systematic differences in background characteristics such as size, ethnic minority composition, drinking patterns, and family disturbance and incongruence. Some evidence that certain clusters of families are composed of different sub-clusters was presented. An empirically derived taxonomy of the social environments of families may help to understand how different family environments are linked to different family outcomes.


Designed experience: a multiple, goal-directed training program in family therapy. A family-therapy training program, one of three main branches of the "Boston model," is described in detail. Salient features of the program include planned integration of a multiplicity of experiential and cognitive learning modes; grounding in a unified, theoretical framework that is neither eclectic nor limited to a single school of thought; focus on nonpathological process in families; and systematic structuring in terms of specific, articulated, training objectives. The goal-directed design process by which training units are developed is explained.


Depression and marital interaction.

Depression and marital interaction. A family-systems model of depression is presented and discussed. In this model, the intrapsychic concept of cognitive schema and the interpersonal concepts of social stimulation and social reingorcement are integrated within a systems-theory perspective. The effects of positive and negative feedback are delineated, and a concept of depression-triggering and depression-maintaining feedback loops is described. A clinical illustration is utilized to exemplify the theoretical model.


An integrated treatment program for psychogenic pain. The family characteristics associated with the presence of recurrent abdominal pain are identified. The involvement on the pediatrician and the effects of this involvement on the patient, family, and perpetuation of the symptoms are described. A successful therapeutic program combining behavior modification and family therapy is elaborated. Changes in the structure and functioning of the family are vital to the outcome of therapy and the prevention of recurrence of symptoms.


Social networks, support, and coping: an exploratory study. This paper reports a study that investigated the areas of stress, support, and coping, using the structural model of the social network. The social network model is borrowed from sociology and anthropology and is used to describe and quantify not only an individual's immediate family but also all of those with whom the individual has regular contact. By comparing the networks of a sample of "normal" and schizophrenic males, it was possible to identify differences in their relationships to their social networks, in the make-up of the networks themselves, and in the coping styles and recent histories of the subjects. The results suggest, first, that the network model can be used to investigate the larger social system with which individuals interact and, second, that it may be a valuable approach to the expansion of family research.


The use of teaching stories in conjoint family therapy. Two general factors have been singled out as being held in common by all types of psychotherapy: an educational, rational factor (often called "content") and a factor operative in the relationship between the therapist and his patient (often called "process"). In the field of family therapy, the non-educational aspects of intervention are sometimes presented in the form of "therapeutic, paradoxical communications" (Haley, Bateson, Jackson, Weakland) or the 'therapy of the absurd" (Whitaker, Malone). In the present paper, I wish to present a form of therapeutic communication, the teaching story, that embodies a unique mixture of both the educational and the paradox, or absurd.


The consultation-demonstration interview. In recent years the consultation-demonstration interview, in which a family is interviewed before a workshop, has become increasingly prevalent. While this method of presenting the therapist's style of interviewing can be an exciting and valuable learning experience, it can also lead to a sense of boredom and disappointment. In some instances, the experience can be traumatic, especially for the family and the guest therapist. Common pitfalls in the organization and planning of the interview are explored, and a number of specific recommendations are made for attempting to maximize the potential in this interview process. Written to both the planner and the leader of the workshop in family therapy, this paper is based on the author's personal experience.


"Nonlabeled" family interaction: prelimiary report on a prospective study. This paper is a preliminary report on the first year of a two-year exploratory, prospective study of psychiatrically "nonlabeled" families. The project studies families from a nonpathology-oriented point of view. It focuses primarily on whole-family interaction as it progresses through time. Because of limited funds, only two families are being studied in this exploratory phase. Nevertheless, the work touches on many issues of a general nature that may be of interest of other researchers. Each family has been interviewed once a month for the past year. The paper outlines: procedural matters, including selection criteria and recruitment; data collection, including interviews, rating scales, and "clinical" discussions; processing of data; preliminary findings, including quantitative and qualitative aspects; and problem areas, including methodological and ethical aspects.


The determination of disopyramide in blood plasma and urine.


Cellular electrophysiologic changes induced by disopyramide phosphate in normal infarcted hearts.


The effect of disopyramide on in vivo measurement of monophasic action potential in canine heart muscle.


The effects of disopyramide on the human heart: an electrophysiological study.


Circulatory effects of intravenous disopyramide in heart failure.


Haemodynamics of intravenous disopyramide.


The pharmacokinetics of disopyramide following myocardial infarction with special reference to oral and intravenous dose regimens.


Correlation of disopyramide pharmacokinetics with efficacy in ventricular tachyarrhythmia.


The excretion of D-glucaric acid in the urine of human volunteers following the administration of disopyramide.


Anti-arrhythmic therapy: present views and future prospects.


Some aspects of the clinical pharmacology of intravenous disopyramide after myocardial infarction.


The pharmacology of disopyramide.

The pharmacology of disopyramide.


Acute termination of cardiac arrhythmias with intravenous disopyramide.


The use of disopyramide in the treatment of arrhythmias in ambulatory patients.


Amikacin (BBK8) in infections due to gram-negative organisms in children over the age of one month. Thirty children over the age of one month were treated with amikacin (BBK8), a new aminoglycoside derived from kanamycin A, with three intramuscular dosage schedules. Each group consisted of ten patients. The first received 7-5 mg/kg/12 hours, the second 7-5 mg/kg/24 hours and the third, 3-75 mg/kg/12 hours. The infections and the bacteria were similar in all three groups: pyelonephritis, abscesses of soft tissues, infected wounds, septicaemia, superinfected empyema, gastro-enteritis, chronic otitis media; the bacteria were E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Salmonella. A were sensitive by the Kirby-Bauer method, although two were resistant by dilution in Petri dish. Of the thirty patients, twenty four (80%) were cured. The schedule of 3-75 mg/kg/12 hours was as effective as the schedule of 7-5 mg/kg/12 hours for infections such as pyelonephritis, superficial abscesses, contaminated wounds, gastro-enteritis and sepsis. The cases with infections localized in rather unaccessible sites required double the dose and strict drainage and cleanliness. Plasma levels with the administration of 3-75 mg/kg fluctuated between 8-3 and 12-6 mcg/ml; with 7-5 mg/kg they fluctuated between 8-6 and 13-1. The minimum inhibitory level (MIL) for the majority of the bacteria was 1-25 mcg/ml. No toxic reactions were observed.


Anti-arrhythmic and haemodynamic effects of intravenous and oral disopyramide in patients with ventricular arrhythmia.


Methenamine hippurate ('Hiprex') in the treatment of chronic urinary tract infections: a trial in a geriatric hospital. Fifty-two patients, all of whom were more than 66 years-old and who were hospitalized for periods in excess of two years were treated for chronic urinary tract infection. All patients received a course of antibiotic treatment for seven to ten days and were then put onto treatment with methenamine hippurate 1 g twice daily for six months. Of the original fifty-two patients, twelve did not complete the six month course. During the six month period with "Hiprex' there were far fewer re-infections than in the previous six months during which time they had received intermittent antibiotic therapy and other long-term treatment. There were no adverse reactions and bacterial resistance did not occur.


A profile for trimipramine.

A profile for trimipramine. A series of sixty-one patients with depressive symptoms were treated with trimipramine in single nightly dosages. Analysis of the data indicated that a favourable outcome was likely to be associated with the following features: absence of gastro-intestinal complaints; absence of hypochondriasis; a level of anxiety not more than the average for psychiatric patients; absence of situational palpitation; possession of a stable work record; and possession of a family history positive for psychiatric disorder. These features are not claimed to be specific to treatment with trimipramine. Age, sex, out-patient/in-patient status and the over-all degree of depression were not found to be relevant. Trimipramine was associated with a favourable outcome in 64% of all cases treated, and in 73% of primarily depressive conditions.


The addition of Visken to methyldopa therapy in hypertension: a multicentre study. Forty-one patients completed the study where Visken was added to the treatment regimen of patients whose blood pressures were poorly controlled on methyldopa or who were experiencing side-effects with methyldopa. Supine blood pressure was reduced from 177/108 mm Hg before Visken therapy to 159/96 mm Hg after twelve weeks of taking Visken. The dose of methyldopa was reduced from a mean 921 mg at the start to 445 mg at the end. Fourteen patients were able to stop methyldopa therapy. The number of side-effects reported was reduced as the study continued and fifteen patients commented that they felt better on Visken. Nine patients did not complete the trial, three of these because of side-effects, viz insomnia, lethargy and sleep disturbances.


Cases of overdosage with viloxazine hydrochloride (Vivalan). Twelve cases of viloxazine overdosage are reported. All patients recovered without sequelae and no ECG abnormalities were observed. Gastric lavage was performed in most cases and was probably beneficial. As viloxazine is rapidly absorbed (Bayliss & Case 1975, Case & Reeves 1975) lavage should be carried out as soon as possible after the tablets are taken. Since the drug is almost exclusively excreted in the urine, it is suggested that forced diuresis be carried out to reduce blood levels as quickly as possible.


Treatment with methenamine hippurate in the patient with a catheter. Methenamine hippurate, 1 g twice daily, was given for four months to twenty-two elderly female subjects with an indwelling catheter. The incidence of catheter blockage was significantly reduced when compared with the control period of similar duration, although bacteriuria persisted throughout treatment. The incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection also decreased during treatment with methenamine hippurate.


Treatment of skin and soft tissue infections with cefadroxil, a new oral cephalosporin. Oral cefadroxil in doses of 0-6-1-8 g per day given on twice or three times daily schedules was effective in the treatment of thirty-six patients with infections such as abscesses, carbuncles, cellulitis, furunculosis and impetigo. Staphylococcus aureus strains and beta-haemolytic streptococci, alone or in combination, were cultured from lesions before treatment. In vitro studies with test discs showed that all the organisms were sensitive to cefadroxil, but twenty-three of twenty-nine S aureus strains and one of the seven streptococci strains were resistant to penicillin G. Pre- and post-treatment laboratory tests of renal, hepatic and haematopoietic functions produced no evidence of drug toxicity. The cefadroxil dosage effective in this study is lower than that recommended for currently available oral cephalosporins, which must be given on a four times daily schedule.


Effectiveness of two new cephalosporins, cephazolin and cephapirin, administered intermittently in acute and chronic osteomyelitis in children. Ten patients were treated, most of pre-school age, with acute osteomyelitis, produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, having evolved for approximately one week, with sodium cephazolin at doses of 60 mg/kg/day intramuscularly in two daily injections for the first seven days and then in a single dose every twenty-four hours for four to seven weeks. Nine of ten patients were asymptomatic six months after this treatment. The patient who manifested chronic signs at the end of six weeks of therapy continued to be treated with three weekly injections of the same drug at an equal dose until the completion of six months, at the end of which he was asymptomatic. Ten patients with chronic osteomyelitis having evolved for two months to five years, due to penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, were treated with cephapirin at the dose of 30 mg/kg in one daily injection intramuscularly for three to four weeks and then the same dose on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays until the completion of six months. Eight patients who required it were sequestrectomized. Seven of the ten patients improve and remained asymptomatic for the same period of observation. The three patients who did not show marked clinical improvement did exhibit an appreciable radiological recovery. We have presented these regimens of treatment with a view of encouraging research into the intermittent administration of bactericidal antibiotics for pyogenic infections; in spite of the good results, we do not dare to recommend them in daily practice.


The effect of forewarning on the occurrence of side-effects and discontinuance of medication in patients on dothiepin. Dothiepin was prescribed for 100 depressed out-patients alternately allocated to one of two groups. Patients in Group A were forewarned about side-effects and patients in Group B were not forewarned. None of the patients had previously received dothiepin. After two weeks the patients were questioned regarding side-effects and continuance with medication. Eighty-nine patients were included in the final analysis. The results failed to confirm the hypotheses that forewarning patients of side-effects causes a greater number of patients to complain of such effects, or that where patients experience side-effects, forewarning is associated with any less frequent discontinuance of therapy. Compared with a previous study with amitriptyline, the results of this study are much closer to statistical significance. This may be due to the lower overall incidence of side-effects with dothiepin and calls for further work with a larger sample of patients.


A clinical trial of temazepam, a sleep inducer, in hospital patients. Temazepam, a common metabolite of diazepam and oxazepam, was evaluated as a sleep inducer. A dose of 20 mg, in a Scherer capsule formulation, was compared with 200 mg of amylobarbitone sodium in a between-patients, randomized study. Patient and staff assessments were used. No statistically significant difference as to onset of sleep, duration or quality of sleep or morning drowsiness was found using the patients' assessments. The staff recorded significantly less daytime dozing and morning hangover in patients receiving temazepam. Side-effects were mild and confined mainly to drowsiness on awakening. Two patients, both on amylobarbitone sodium, withdrew from the study because of increasing confusion.


Neonatal jaundice--a comparison between intravenous oxytocin and oral prostaglandin E2. The total serum bilirubin levels at two and occasionally five days after birth were studied in 162 infants whose mothers received either intravenous oxytocin or oral Prostaglandin te2 during labour, and the results were compared with those obtained in forty-two control patients. Following labour of spontaneous onset, whether the mother received intravenous oxytocin or oral Prostaglandin E2, neonatal total serum bilirubin levels were not different from those in controls. After induction by amniotomy and an active agent, higher mean total serum bilirubin levels were found in infants whose mothers received intravenous oxytocin than in those given oral prostaglandin E2; a significant rise in the total serum bilirubin level appeared to occur when mothers received a total of more than 12,000 milliunits of oxytocin or more than 4,000 milliunits per kg birthweight of the infant.


Micro-encapsulated aspirin (Levius) compared with aloxiprin (Palaprin Forte) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized crossover trial of micro-encapsulated aspirin (Levius) and aloxiprin (Palaprin Forte) was carried out on thirty-three hospital outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both preparations improved the clincial status of the patients. The difference in response to the two preparations was not significant, except for effect on functional status where the micro-encapsulated aspirin was found to be significantly better at the 5% level. Apart from six complaints of constipation with aloxiprin compared with only one with Levius, the side-effects were similar. The trial has shown that Levius can be conveniently given in divided doses thrice daily without loss of efficacy.


Cysteamine, L-methionine and D-penicillamine in paracetamol poisoning.


The use of methionine for acute paracetamol poisoning.


A comparative clinical evaluation of a new topical steroid 'halcinonide' and hydrocortisone in steroid-responsive dermatoses. Fifty patients with symmetrical, bilateral lesions of psoriasis, eczematous dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, or neurodermatitis participated in a double-blind paired comparison study in which 0-1% halcinonide (in a cream formulation containing also neomycin and nystatin) was applied to the lesions on one side of the body and 1% hydrocortisone cream to those on the opposite side for two to three weeks. The number of excellent responses to therapy showed the halcinonide combination to be significantly superior (p less than 0-01) to the control cream in all diagnostic categories if considered collectively, and in psoriasis if the responses were grouped according to diagnosis. No adverse reactions occurred during the trial.


A controlled trial of cysteamine in the treatment of acute paracetamol poisoning.


The use of cysteamine and dimercaprol.

The use of cysteamine and dimercaprol.


Modification of paracetamol hepatotoxicity by anti-oxidants.


Fatal drug overdosage.

Fatal drug overdosage.


Paracetamol, alpha-mercaptopropionyl glycine and some observations on the toxicity of protective agents.


Disopyramide in patients with ventricular premature beats: an experimental model and preliminary results.


Why paracetamol?

Why paracetamol?


Isolation and identification of paracetamol metabolites. A comparison has been made of the urinary metabolites of volunteers who had taken therapeutic doses of paracetamol with those of persons who had taken an overdose in an attempt to highlight the metabolic changes associated with massive doses. The main technique for examining urine samples was two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. Other chromatographic techniques were used for the isolation and purification of metabolites. The urinary metabolites after a therapeutic dose of paracetamol were identified as free paracetamol, paracetamol sulphate, 3-hydroxy-paracetamol-3-sulphate, 3-methoxy-paracetamol sulphate, paracetamol glucuronide, 3-methoxy-paracetamol glucuronide, paracetamol 3-cysteine conjugate and paracetamol 3-mercapturate. The same metabolites were also present in urine following overdosage but the proportions were quite different. There was particularly a big increase in the relative amounts of cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates excreted. No new metabolites were found. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed in relation to the metabolism and toxicology of paracetamol.


Packaging: can it help to reduce the incidence of poisoning?


Self-poisoning and suicide due to paracetamol.


Metabolism of paracetamol after therapeutic and hepatotoxic doses in man.


Phenacetin and paracetamol.

Phenacetin and paracetamol.


The paracetamol test-kit in practice.

The paracetamol test-kit in practice.


The development of a blood paracetamol estimation kit.


The transient distribution of allele frequencies under mutation pressure.


A theoretical approach to the management of paracetamol overdosage. Possible ways of treating paracetamol hepatotoxicity are briefly reviewed. This toxicity appears to be due to an oxidation metabolite which is normally detoxified by conjugation with glutathione, but when in excess, as in paracetamol overdosage, binds covalently to hepatic proteins to cause liver necrosis. Depletion of hepatic glutathione may also lead to other contributory disorders of cellular metabolism. Physical methods of preventing this would appear to be of little value, and treatments are being developed which aim to lessen the production of the toxic metabolite, antagonize its attachment to hepatic tissue or to combat this toxicity via basic cellular mechanisms. At this moment the most effective substances appear to be glutathione precursors and other compounds which interfere with oxidation of paracetamol.


Distribution of crossing-over in mouse chromosomes.


Inheritance of Scottish-type resistance to warfarin in the Norway rat.


Hitch-hiking effect - counter reply.

Hitch-hiking effect - counter reply.


RP4 fertility variants in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.


The future status of the aged.

The future status of the aged.


Designing with the elderly. A user needs survey for housing low-income senior citizens.


Membership in different types of voluntary associations and psychological well-being.


Portrayal of the elderly in prescription drug advertising. A pilot study.


Treating the aged with psychotropic drugs.


Project V-strap. An evaluative study of workshops training the aged for community service.


Observations of food acceptance by elderly women.


M*A*S*H. A program of social interaction between institutionalized aged and adult mentally retarded persons.


Impact of a friendly visiting program on attitudes of college students toward the aged.


Improving elderly clients' attitudes through photography.


A previous incarnation of disengagement theory. An historical note.


Alleviation of hospital cleaning problems.


The patient's right to live or die.

The patient's right to live or die.


Changing patterns of child health.

Changing patterns of child health.


Delivery unit equipment.

Delivery unit equipment.


The National Association for the Welfare of Children in Hospital.


Fetal monitoring.

Fetal monitoring.


CSSD services for specialised obstetrics.


Baby care in the '70s.

Baby care in the '70s.


Special care baby units.

Special care baby units.


New hope for heart sufferers.

New hope for heart sufferers.


Mechanised cleaning.

Mechanised cleaning.


Wessex RHA--report of the Regional Ambulance Officer.


Patient administration.

Patient administration.


Testing a chair for violent patients.

Testing a chair for violent patients.


A fresh look at frozen foods.

A fresh look at frozen foods.


Current developments in health planning (Scotland).


Locating staff.

Locating staff.


Thoughts on progress.

Thoughts on progress.


Preventing cross-infection.

Preventing cross-infection.


The case of the porcelain gallbladder.

The case of the porcelain gallbladder.


In both Venezuela and Peru, 'simplified medicine' is goal.


Medical discipline: everybody's business.


Food for thought.

Food for thought.


Cancer of the esophagus: the case for irradiation.


Portugal's doctors accept revolution and prosper.


Training black MDs.

Training black MDs.


Biologic energy crisis.

Biologic energy crisis.


Immunotherapeutic approaches to skin cancer. Topical application of a relatively low concentration of one or more agents to which the patient has previously been sensitized can mobilize cell-mediated immune systems at the site of neoplastic or premalignant lesions. Such treatment has proved to be effective against both primary and metastatic skin lesions. It is also suggested that dermatologic experience may provide a model for other cancer immunotherapies.


A hot wind from the North.

A hot wind from the North.


Thrombocytopenia and cancer chemotherapy.


The organisation of a paediatric unit.

The organisation of a paediatric unit.


Influenza: the vaccines.

Influenza: the vaccines. The extreme antigenic lability of the influenza A viruses accounts for the less-than-ideal immune responses to them. With a possible swine flu pandemic in the offing, the "vaccine strategy" required is critical, particularly as the medical and public health communities in the United States embark on the first systematic attempt in history to blunt preemptively the impact of a pandemic.


How basic is basic science.

How basic is basic science.


Recognition and management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Since alcoholism is not only widespread but often cryptic, the index of suspicion for the withdrawal syndrome in an unfamiliar patient should be high, particularly since failure to diagnose it is common and can eventuate fatally. Yet the signs and symptoms are consistent. A staged approach to the diagnosis is outlined and principles are given for the use of sedation and other therapeutic measures.


The case of the pulmonary mycetoma.

The case of the pulmonary mycetoma.


Alcohol in toxic congestive cardiomyopathy. Though ethyl alcohol is known to be one of the exogenous toxins that can directly damage the myocardium, nonalcoholic additives to alcoholic beverages (as well as poor nutrition or viral infection) may also play a role in cardiomyopathy. The authors note the interesting fact that, unlike the liver, the heart does not contain an alcohol dehydrogenase and thus lacks a possible protective mechanism against alcohol's toxicity.


Childhood immunizations.

Childhood immunizations.


The 'excellence' deception in medicine.

The 'excellence' deception in medicine.


Arjo baby bath.

Arjo baby bath.


Influenza: the disease and its complications. Among the complications (fortunately relatively few), pneumonias are by far the most common, with about one half resulting from pneumococcal invasion. In the acutely ill, multiple antibiotic therapy may have to be initiated pending definitive etiologic diagnosis. Also, in epidemic or pre-epidemic situations, special measures are advocated for hospitals, since influenza so rapidly becomes the dominant nosocominal infection.


Insulin resistance in obesity.

Insulin resistance in obesity. The insulin resistance seen in obesity, which is characterized by elevated basal levels of insulin and an exaggerated insulin response to such stimuli as glucose ingestion, was thought to be related to another common characteristic of obesity--enlargement of the fat cell. Now, recent studies suggest that the enlarged fat cell is not the major source of insulin insensitivity in obesity and may, in fact, be the victim of the insulin-resistant state.


The case of the ulcerated colon.

The case of the ulcerated colon.


A 'supreme court' for science?

A 'supreme court' for science?


The crazy, hairy, naked ape.

The crazy, hairy, naked ape.


The management of obesity.

The management of obesity.


Will the real Abraham Flexner please rise up.


Rational management of peptic ulcer disease. If the goal of treatment is healing of the ulcer, then success is usually achieved - repeatedly. In order to avoid recurring episodes, it is essential that both the physician and the patient learn to regard the ulcer as the result of a chronic disease process. This means that management becomes a lifelong undertaking, with antacids and meals used according to schedules that keep gastric pH above ulcerogenic levels.


Common complaints of the elderly.

Common complaints of the elderly.


The case of the echo-free cyst.

The case of the echo-free cyst.


Early warning.

Early warning.


Clinical engineering in the hospital.

Clinical engineering in the hospital.


Middle ear disease in children.

Middle ear disease in children.


Simultaneous occurrence of leprosy and pulmonary tuberculosis.


Surgical management of the elderly.

Surgical management of the elderly.


Stevens-Johnson syndrome due to sulfuno (sulfamoxole).


Adenylate cyclase of mycobacteria.

Adenylate cyclase of mycobacteria.


Fibrolipoma of the bronchus.

Fibrolipoma of the bronchus.


Recurrent spontaneous bilateral pneumothoraces.


Present day management of pulmonary tuberculosis.


Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) induced syndrome of lupus erythematosus.


Fate of abacillary pulmonary tuberculosis cases.


Rifampicin--ethambutol in retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.


Giant intrathoracic fibroma.

Giant intrathoracic fibroma.


Cluster patterns of liver deposits in lung cancer.


Simple lung function studies in silicosis amongst stone-cutters.


Ocular toxicity with ethambutol in tuberculosis patients.


Cutaneous reactions to isoniazid.

Cutaneous reactions to isoniazid.


A note on incidence of gestational estrus in buffaloes and cattle.


A method of processing to infer and achieve the required number of motile spermatozoa post thaw, per dose of frozen semen.


Protein content in the semen of Nali and Corriedale breeds of rams.


Studies on reproduction in camels (Camelus dromedarius). VII. The acid and the alkaline phosphatase activities of the seminal plasma.


Effect of light on reproductive organs of prebueral male rats.


Effect of off-season breeding on frequency of calving and calf mortality.


A note on the effect of cooling rate, temperature of storage and packing material on the livability of ram spermatozoa.


Sperm akinesia in a Hallikar bull.

Sperm akinesia in a Hallikar bull.


Effect of season on the occurrence of oestrus and fertility in different breeds of sheep under semi-arid conditions.


Influence of puberty and egg formation upon concentration of glycogen and total solids in the ovary and fallopian tube in WLH birds.


Clinical statistical observations on in-patients at neuropsychiatric clinic of Hiroshima University Hospital in the last 15 years (1959-1973).


Primary clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina. A case report.


Effect of carbohydrates on growth inhibition by D-mannosamine of glucosamine-requiring mutant cells of Chinese hamster lung cells.


Observations on spontaneous tumors in Wistar Furth strain rats.


Parallel variation of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of man.


The Millis report and the real world.

The Millis report and the real world.


Sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes of atomic bomb survivors and of normal individuals exposed to radiation and chemical agents.


Preoperative consultation.

Preoperative consultation.


Nurse-pharmacist teams screen for hypertension.


Need for retrievable record of what prescriber tells patient about a drug.


DEA official explains stand on computerization of prescription records.


Achieving patient cooperation in the treatment of hypertension.


The malpractice crisis today: II. Medical-legal implications of prescribing.


Some current problems in therapy.

Some current problems in therapy.


Malpractice: impact in California.

Malpractice: impact in California.


HSA'S.

HSA'S.


All you ever wanted to know about PL 93-641.


The pharmacist's responsibility to determine limitations on prescribing.


Organizing and managing for change in the health environment.


Academic clinical pharmacology: a forecast for 1985.


Facing the inevitable: the physician's supportive role in the death of a child.


Public standards for drugs: reflections on their use by the professions and industry.


Reorganizing the FDA: Editorial Board comments.


The differences in costs to hospitals and prices to patients for pharmaceutical products and services.


A survey of pharmaceutical services to skilled nursing facilities.


The neglect of the tease.

The neglect of the tease.


Pharmacist improvement of patient compliance.


Drug regulatory problems in smaller countries.


One institution's rules for investigational drugs.


FDA urged to establish "provisional approval" system for new drugs.


Self-treatment with antibiotics.

Self-treatment with antibiotics.


A system for the delivery of radiopharmaceutical services.


Radiopharmacy: the challenge of an emerging specialty.


Quality radiopharmaceuticals: a goal within reach.


An efficient radiopharmaceutical record-keeping system.


Physician-pharmacist conflict over drug therapy: a pharmacy policy statement.


Hazards of radioisotope storage: severe damage caused by two equipment failures.


FDA problems with medications in the marketplace: II.


Pharmacy service in a 106-bed hospital.

Pharmacy service in a 106-bed hospital.


The interpretation of standards.

The interpretation of standards.


A form and procedure to streamline intravenous piggyback production.


Job satisfaction: a review.

Job satisfaction: a review.


Medication error reports.

Medication error reports.


The pharmacist as part of a rehabilitation team.


Comparison of methods and costs of preparing intravenous piggyback solutions.


Curriculum development model for a coordinated undergraduate program in dietetics within a health science center.


Allied health education: who is responsible? Who is to pay?


The utilization of the family in the rehabilitation of the chronically ill patient: some new perspectives for the allied health professional.


Lifelong education: one health-care institution's approach.


A statewide cooperative approach to health manpower planning.


Student selection: logic or lottery.

Student selection: logic or lottery.


An interdisciplinary approach to the education of health professional students.


Health systems agencies: implications and prospects for the allied health professions.


Interpersonal skills development in health professions education.


Lifelong learning: a systematic approach to continuing education for schools of allied health.


Four characteristics for regional continuing education in medical allied health.


Transference and countertransference: implications for health care systems discontinuity.


Measuring the costs of clinical education in departments utilizing allied health professionals.


Core curriculum revisited.

Core curriculum revisited.


Tumor conference "8: squamous-cell carcinoma of the ear with regional metastases.


Removal of a hairy nevus on the buttocks.


Capsule dermatopathology: metastatic carcinoma from the breast vs. fibrosing (morphea-like) basal-cell carcinoma.


Focus on melanoma: the therapeutic dilemma of lentigo maligna (Hutchinson's freckle).


Diagnostic problems related to lesions under and around fingernails.


Technique of biopsy of nails.

Technique of biopsy of nails.


Fingertip injuries and a plea for the nail. Wounds involving the nail bed should be covered immediately by an autograft, a homograft or a heterograft to prevent dystrophy and loss of sensation. The author's technique in performing such grafts is described.


Biopsy of the proximal nail fold in collagen diseases. A research procedure used to study proximal rail folds in connective tissue diseases is described. The technique is simple and one that is suitable and agreeable to patients. It affords study of tissue from the proximal nail fold in three different ways, namely, light microscopy with histochemistry, electron microscopy, and direct immunofluorescence.


Ungual prostheses.

Ungual prostheses. Adhesives and surgical techniques are of limited value in the fixation of ungual prostheses. A finger-cover prosthesis that allows excellent fixation and good cosmetic result is described.


The surgical treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. Surgical removal of the gland-bearing skin of the axillae as a reasonable management of axillary hyperhidrosis is described. The principle, according to the techniques of Skoog, is to peel back, not excise, the hairy zone of the axillary skin and to resect all the hyperfunctioning glandular layer on the deeper face of the dermis without damaging the dermal vascularization.


Replacement of scalp hair by attachment to suture implants. A series of 1426 hair implants were performed by the author over a period of five years. Complications which were encountered are elaborated on in this article. The method is, nevertheless, an acceptable procedure.


A new disposable punch for use in hair transplantation.


Nutrition labelling in the United States of America.


Dietitians of the future. 2: from the hospital to the community.


Nutrition survey of an old people's home in a London borough.


Dietitians of the future. 3: thoughts of a science graduate.


Problems presented by components of drug vehicles.


Teeth, fluorine, and human nutrition.

Teeth, fluorine, and human nutrition.


The moonstone: more about selenium.

The moonstone: more about selenium.


Psychological and social considerations in breast feeding.


The practical management and establishment of breast feeding.


Difficulties and discouragements encountered by mothers.


Breast feeding as seen in general medical practice.


Promoting breast feeding in Glasgow: 1. In the hospital.


Ileocystoplasty.

Ileocystoplasty.


Promoting breast feeding in Glasgow: 2. In the community.


The HMO and the private psychiatric hospital.


Influence of funding on course of treatment: The fortuitous result of endsetting.


The contribution of the health visitor.

The contribution of the health visitor.


The lay organisations: 2. The Nursing Mothers' Association of Australia.


The value of inversion radiography (invertography) in the assessment of anorectal malformation.


The lay organisations: 1. The Breastfeeding Promotion Group of the National Childbirth Trust.


Tuberculosis of spine (caries spine)

Tuberculosis of spine (caries spine)


Consumers and PL 93-641.

Consumers and PL 93-641.


Trans-cultural psychiatry: a statistical study of psychiatric treatment in India and the United States.


Informed consent in the care of psychiatric patients.


Studies on pulmonary complications due to cardiopulmonary bypass. I. Role of two traumatic blood elements in the lung of the dog with cardiopulmonary bypass.


Studies on pulmonary complications due to cardiopulmonary bypass. II. Pulmonary changes after cardiopulmonary bypass in dogs.


Chronic arsenical poisoning due to environmental pollution. Seven cases among inhabitants near an abandoned mine.


Diagnostic significance of the evoked electrical responses in  neurological diseases. I. Somatosensory evoked responses.


Diagnostic significance of the evoked electrical responses in neurological diseases. II. Orbicularis oculi reflex.


Renal cell carcinoma with high level of serum alkaline phosphatase containing variant isoenzyme.


A new mobile image intensifier and operating table to facilitate surgery.


Study of some epidemiological changes in some areas under leprosy control programme in Maharashtra.


Carrier state in leprosy.

Carrier state in leprosy.


Childhood leprosy--study of prevalence rates and clinical aspects through surveys in Bombay. This paper summarises the experience gained through extensive surveys of school children carried out in Greater Bombay over the past five years. The strikingly high proportion of children of 6 to 14 years age group suffering from leprosy attending the Acworth Leprosy Hospital and its peripheral clinic prompted these surveys. While surveys of 10% of child population attending randomly selected municipal schools revealed a general prevalence rate of 3 per 1000, there existed pockets of endemicity of the order of 10.8 per 1000, in some schools situated in the northern suburbs of the city. Even private schools catering to the not-so-poor sections of the community showed prevalence rates of over 6 per 1000, confirming the hyperendemicity of leprosy in Bombay city, with no socioeconomic or age group immune from exposure. Clinical observations of 1265 leprosy cases identified in the course of the above surveys covering a total population of nearly 1.8 lakhs of school children are presented. 24.7% of the cases had either the potential to develop into progressive forms of leprosy in view of the multiplicity of lesions or were already in an advanced stage of the disease. Polyneuritic leprosy together with intermediate and lepromatous types representing 5.8% of all cases (24 cases were confirmed to be smear positive) belonged to the groups posing therapeutic as well as public health problems. Analysis of 953 cases with single lesions revealed greater frequency of distribution (58.4%) of patches in parts of the body which are generally covered. It is striking that 26.4% of the solitary lesions was found in the gluteal regions and thighs, emphasising the need for thorough examinations of these parts during surveys.


Inactivation and relapse in bacterio-negative cases of leprosy under sulphone therapy: a 4 1/2 years follow-up. Bacterio-negative leprosy cases become inactive in a short period under regular and adequate DDS treatment and this period is shorter in females. The progress is uneventful and is not influenced by factors like age, extent of disease, deformity status etc. The risk of relapse in bacterio-negative leprosy cases is not high though it increases with passing of time. The risk of relapse tends to be higher in cases with extensive disease.


An evaluation of the self administration of DDS in Gudiyatham Taluk. This study using the dapsone/creatinine (D/C) ratio was undertaken to find out how many of the patients attending the Village Clinics were actually taking the DDS tablets. The Urine D/C ratio was estimated in 35 patients who were receiving a supervised daily dosage of either 50 or 100 mgs of DDS. The D/C ratio was also estimated in 100 out patients who were on either 50 or 100 mgs of dapsone. It was determined that 72% of this group had taken DDS in the previous 24 hours. It was also seen that the 55 patients who were receiving 100 mgs of DDS had taken 79.3% of their dapsone dosage, and the 45 patients receiving 50 mgs of DDS had taken 96% of their dosage.


The pharmacological aspects and the therapeutic effects of clofazimine.


Pain and itch in leprosy.

Pain and itch in leprosy.


An open trial with clofazimine in the management of recurrent lepra reaction using thalidomide as a control drug.


Experiences with clofazimine therapy in leprosy.


Experience with the combination of clofazimine (Lamprene) and long-term steroid therapy in the treatment of leprosy. A study was undertaken in 14 patients and 20 controls to find out if Lamprene can prevent a flare-up of the infection with Myco. leprae in patients who are on long-term steroid therapy on account of persistent reaction or neuritis. All patients were lepromatus (LL). The average duration of treatment was 21 months for the patients on Lamprene combined with steroids and 22 months for the patients on Lamprene only. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the reduction of either the MI (morphological index) or BI (bacteriological index). It appears that long-term steroids therapy has no adverse effect on the bacteriological decline in lepromatous patients provided that they are treated with Lamprene at the same time.


Experiences in treatment of histoid cases with clofazimine.


Clinical trial with clofazimine in leprosy. This paper summarises our clinical experience with clofazimine in the treatment of 25 cases of reactive states of lepromatous and borderline leprosy and 7 lepromatous patients not responding to dapsone. Corticosteroids, which had to be given for the control of reactions, could be withdrawn and daspone therapy reintroduced during the period of administration of clofazimine. A schedule for the management of moderately severe reactions is recommended. The results of clofazimine treatment were also equally impressive in the group of patients, possibly harbouring dapsone resistant bacilli (in view of their lack of improvement in spite of administration of dapsone under controlled conditions). Clinical regression was associated with a fall in the mean levels of morphological index from 6.8 to 0.5. The need to realise the real indications of this highly useful drug in the treatment of leprosy is stressed.


Side effects of clofazimine therapy.

Side effects of clofazimine therapy. 84 patients of leprosy including 15 female patients were treated with Clofzimine on a predetermined dosage regimen. 76 of these were cases of recurrent lepra reaction; 4 cases of proven DDS resistance, 3 of these being complicated by lepra reaction; and 4 were cases of reactional state in Borderline leprosy near the lepromatous end of the spectrum. The common side effect in all cases consisted of red and dark skin pigmentation of varying intensity occuring within 10 weeks of the commencement of therapy. The intensity of the colour was proportionate to the density of the infiltration. Ichthyosis occurred in 66.6% of cases. While the pigmentation was accepted by the patients in general, 10% of the patients considered ichthyosis as stigmatising. While side effects like anorexia, diarrhoea, enlargement of lymph glands and liver, corneal xerosis and loss of weight were self correcting, severe gastrointestinal manifestation, i.e. severe abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea were observed in 9 patients, 5 of whom were females. Mortality was high in the females. On an incidental finding the Isonizair reduced the severity of the manifestations, it was supplemented in 10 cases on Clofazimine therapy and was found to minimise the side effects and the pigmentation due to Clofazimine. Hydration therapy for the ichthyosis and instillation of normal saline and liquid paraffin for corneal xerosis were found to be very useful.


Quantitative estimation of clofazimine in tissue. The histological examination and the chemical estimation of clofazimine in the organs removed at autopsy of a patient receiving the drug indicated the accumulation of the drug in the organs of the reticulo-endothelial system and those having a large number of macrophages. The clofazimine levels in the skin from patients receiving the drug and those in whom the drug had been stopped for different periods of time were compared. The skin levels of clofazimine bore a direct relationship to the size of the granuloma. A slow elimination of the drug from the tissues was indicated by the presence of traces of the skin tissue even 1-2 years after stopping the drug. The clinical implication of these findings are discussed.


Development of plantar ulcers in 3 groups of patients with plantar anaesthesia.


A study of management of post-operative complications in intrinsic replacement of hand operations in leprosy through physiotherapeutic method.


Surgical management of acute trunk nerve neuritis in leprosy.


An analysis of causes of injuries in workers with leprosy and suggestions for preventive measures. A study of 20 workers undergoing social and vocational rehabilitation and of 30 patients receiving treatment in Ulcer Ward reveals bio-social data and endeavours to uncover the causes of injuries to anaesthetic areas. Suggestions are put forward for prevention of injuries which often lead to ulcers and these suggestions are examined in the light of short trials of various methods.


A preliminary clinical trial of rifampicin in leprosy. A single dose of 1500 mg. of rifampicin failed to make the lepromatous leprosy patients non-infective by using mouse foot-pad technique. It is essential to extend the trial further.


Clinical recognition and therapeutic confirmation of sulphone resistant leprosy patients.


National Leprosy Control Programme--a critical assessment.


Morphological index in untreated cases of leprosy.


Ways and means of proper implementation of National Leprosy Control Programme.


Importance of systematic school survey in urban leprosy control.


Health education in rural area.

Health education in rural area.


Assessment of leprosy control work of the Santhal Pahadia Seva Mandal, Deoghar.


Case detection through school surveys in Greater Bombay. Of the 55,502 students examined 214 were found to be suffering from leprosy, the case-detection rate being 3.9 per 1000. Age of the students showed no relation to the occurrence of leprosy. Sex of the student was significant. Leprosy was more common among the male students. Leprosy rate amongst Tamil and Urdu speaking students was significanlty more than amongst Marathi and other language groups. 98% of cases were tuberculoid, 2% cases intermediate and nil lepromatous. 4% of cases were bacteriologically positive. Over 99% of cases were without deformity 86% of cases were in early stages. In a significant number of leprosy cases the single lesion (presumably initial lesion) was on the covered parts of the body.


Rehabilitation of leprosy patients--a realistic approach.


Role of health educator in leprosy control.


The field problems of leprosy workers.

The field problems of leprosy workers.


Field problems of leprosy workers in India.


Study on defaulters in the treatment of leprosy.


Integrated surveys as a tool for early case detection in leprosy control programme. A project for total leprosy case detection particularly early leprosy cases was undertaken in Wardha District which has a rural population of about 6 lacs in 905 villages, through an integrated survey with the help of all health workers like Leprosy Technicians, Sanitary Inspectors, Co-ordinators, Malaria Workers, Smallpox Vaccinators and Auxillary Nurse Midwives. The training given to the Non Leprosy Health Worker was for a period of 3 days making them just fit to suspect all leprosy cases. The final diagnosis was to be made by the fully trained Leprosy Technicians. The surveys were conducted in batches of 3 to 4 workers. Surveys were conducted for 4 weeks at a stretch and working for 5 days every week. Every year two such integrated surveys were conducted. From November 1973 to December 1975, four such surveys were undertaken. During the other period, Leprosy Technicians were conducting the normal surveys. It was found that through these integrated survey it is possible to undertake the survey of all the villages once in two years and the case detection rate at the end of the 4th survey was found to be 85.5% of the estimated cases in the rural areas. Normally, it would have taken about 5 years to complete the survey of all the villages by the Leprosy Technicians alone, and the case detection rate could not have been more than 70 to 75%. Through this programme, Leprosy patients in every early stages have been detected. The paper discusses the methods, planning and the results obtained.


Molecular weight variation among bacterial flagellins. The molecular weights of flagellins from 29 bacterial strains from 11 genera were investigated using the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The molecular weights range from 28,600 for Bacillus sphaericus to 63,200 for one strain of Escherichia coli. Variation in molecular weight was observed not only between genera but also between different species of a genus and different strains of a species.


Constituents of West African medicinal plants. XVI. Griffonin and Grriffonilide, novel constituents of Griffonia simplicifolia.


The cytotoxic flavonoids of Lychnophora affinis.


Purification and location of the major glycoprotein of vaccinia virus. A glycoprotein component of vaccinia virus was extracted with a non-ionic detergent NP-40 (Nonidet P-40) and purified by gel chromatography. The single antigen extracted by the detergent had a molecular weight estimated between 100,000 and 200,000 daltons. This glycoprotein was found to contain less than 1% hexosamine which would correspond to 5--10 sugar residues per molecule. Antibodies produced against this glycoprotein were able to neutralize vaccinia virus. Using immunoelectron microscopy, this molecule was found to be located in the outer layer of the virion. These results further suggest that this protein called complex E (for external) is a surface component of vaccinia virus.


Rutaceous constituents. Part 7. The total synthesis of 11-Hydroxynoracronycine, a constituent of Atalantia ceylanica and a metabolite of acronycine in the guinea pig.


Topological features of membranes from Staphylococcus aureus and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Topological and ultrastructural features of membranes from walled and wall-less bacterial cells were compared by examining membranes from Staphylococcus aureus and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Osmotic lysis of protoplasts of S. aureus or cells of A. laidlawii produced membrane vesicles or large membrane fragments, but alumina grinding or sonication of these protoplasts or cells produced much smaller particles whose morphologic origin was difficult to determine. Disrupted membranes from either organism were covered with ribosomes from 15 to 30 nm diameter adhering almost exclusively to the inside of the vesicles or fragments. Membranes were similar in thickness and possessed 5--6 nm globular knobs which were not on stalks, not highly ordered, and easily differentiated from the negative-stained background. Although the globular knobs were regularly visible on membrane sheets from S. aureus, they were seen on A. laidlawii membrane vesicles only rarely unless the membrane vesicles were treated with 0.01% saponin or 90% (v/v) cold acetone, which extracted lipids and glycolipids from the membrane vesicles. Membrane vesicles from lysed cells of A. laidlawii showed a widespread distribution of circular pits about 10 nm deep and at least 20-30 nm across, not seen in lysed protoplast membranes of S. aureus.


Thalidine, a new isopavine alkaloid from Thalictrum dioicum.


On the relationship between the activity of acetylation, growth of experimental tumors and efficacy of their suppression by hydrazine sulphate. The growth of experimental tumors was found to involve an intensification of acetylation of sulphadimidine. Inhibition of carcinosarcoma Walker-256 by 88% and sarcoma-180 by 36% on treatment with 60 mg/kg body weight of hydrazine sulphate was followed by decreases in the rate of acetylation of 39.4 and 29.4%, respectively. When treatment failed to suppress tumor growth (sarcoma-45), acetylation level showed no decrease. The results point to a correlation between growth of tumors and their inhibition on the one hand and the level of acetylation on the other.


The effect of cigarette smoke on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P450 content in rat liver and lung microsomes. Levels of activity of the enzyme aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and cytochrome P450 have been estimated in lung and liver of rats exposed to graded doses of cigarette smoke and in human bronchial mucosa of smokers, non-smokers and patients with lung cancer. Exposure of rats to smoke of four cigarettes increased both hepatic and pulmonary aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Exposure to smoke of four cigarettes daily for seven and 14 days did not result in higher aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase levels in the liver than one day's exposure, but in the lung longer exposures caused greater increases in enzyme activity. Injection of benzo(a)pyrene at two dose levels caused a much greater increase in both liver and lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase than smoking. The lower dose maximally stimulated the enzyme in both organs. The changes in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity were accompanied by significant increases in both liver weight and the cytochrome P450 content of liver microsomes but the increase in cytochrome P450 did not parallel those in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Of 40 surgical and autopsy specimens of human lung and tracheal mucosa from smokers, non-smokers and cancer patients, only one was found to have detectable aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. The relationship between aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by cigarette smoke in human tissues and the development of bronchogenic carcinoma in smokers remains unclear.


In vitro inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by heavy metals. Inhibition of mouse hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases (AHH), microsomal mixed-function oxidases was obtained with five bivalent metal chlorides. Concentrations ranged from 10(-6) to 10(-1) m. The enzyme system was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of a trioctanoin solution of 3-methylcholanthrene into C57B1/6J mice 24 hours before the hepatic AHH was measured. Activity was calculated as: ng of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene formed in 20 min at 37 degrees C per mg of protein. Cadmium was the most inhibitory of the metals tested. Zinc inhibited the enzyme system more than iron, manganese, or nickel. At 10(-4) m, ferrous ion slightly stimulated the activity, but at 10(-5) and 10(-3) m, it was inhibitory. Manganese failed to stimulate the enzyme activity as reported by others.


Isolation of 3,6-dimethoxy-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone from Acanthospermum glabratum.


C'3 participation in the rejection of some experimental tumors. The possibility that C'3 participates in tumor rejection was investigated in DBA/2 mice previously immunized against L1210 leukemia and in Swiss mice previously immunized against Ehrlich's adenocarcinoma. In both the cases, animals treated with an appropriate dose of cobra venom factor to produce a C'3 depletion for some days after the tumor challenge, developed the neoplasia and had a mortality rate analogous to that of non-immunized animals. Studies on the peritoneal washing cells obtained at different times after the challenge revealed that in C'3 depleted immunized mice IgM are present on lymphocytes, macrophages and tumor cells, as in the immunized controls, but no contract between the cells and no macrophage phagocytosis were observed and the number of tumor cells increased progressively. These findings indicate that C'3 is critically involved in the rejection of the experimental tumors considered.


The thiamin status of early cancer patients with particular reference to those with breast and bronchial carcinomas. The thiamin status of early bronchial and breast carcinomas has been assessed using "thiamin pyrophosphate" (TPP) stimulating effect of transketolase enzyme activity. The TPP stimulating effect was found to be greater in a high proportion of the cancer patients than in normal subjects, suggesting that these patients may be at risk of thiamin deficiency. The urinary excretory level of thiamin was high in the cancer patients; it is, therefore, unlikely that the biochemical deficiency of the vitamin was due to lack of the vitamin intake. It is, however, possible that the cancer patients were unable to convert thiamin to thiamin pyrophosphate, the active form of the vitamin.


A review of some biologically active compounds isolated from plants as reported in the 1974-1975 literature.


Dihydroxyphysalin B: a new physalin from Physalis minima leaves.


Experimental heterotransplantation of Detroit-6/VA/carcinomatous cells into the eyeball of hypercholesterolemic rabbits.


Enhancement of the antitumor effect of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) by phenylethylbiguanide (phenformin). Phenlethylbiguanide (phenformin) a commonly used antidiabetic medication has been found to enhance the antitumor effect of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) in advanced subcutaneously implanted murine L1210 leukemia. Enhancement required two doses of phenformin given twelve to 18 hours apart, the treatment starting either before or after BCNU administration. With BCNU alone median survival (MS) was 18 days with 5% cures. BCNU plus phenformin, in optimal dose and schedule, gave a MS of 25 days with 29% cures. Th mechanism of action of phenformin is unknown but may involve several established metabolic effects of this drug.


Cactus alkaloids. XXX. N-Methylated tyramines from Trichocereus spachianus. T. candicans, and Espostoa huanucensis.


Generalized osteoblastic bony metastases from medulloblastoma. Osteoblastic bony metastases were observed in a case of medulloblastoma three years after surgery and radiation treatment. There was clinical response to COP therapy (cytoxin, oncovin, prednisone). Radiographic and isotopic bone scan study showed uniform increase in bone density. Serum calcium and phosphorous and acid phosphatase levels were normal. Alkaline phosphatase was elevated and declined with therapy without change in the bone appearance. This suggested an increase in bone deposition activity. However, no increase in calcitonin level was detected either during active disease or following a chemotherapy-induced remission.


Mass fragmentographic identification of O-Methylcorpalline in Pilosocereus guerreronis.


Is illness behavior related to chronicity in patients with intractable pain? One hundred patients, referred for the management of intractable pain, completed a 52-item Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ). Responses were scored on 7 scales: general hypochondriasis, disease conviction, psychological versus somatic perception of illness, affective inhibition, affective disturbance, denial and irritability. IBQ scale profiles were used to study the relationship between chronicity of pain and pattern of illness behaviour reported. Except in the case of one scale, no significant correlation emerged. This overall lack of association between chronicity and illness behaviour remained even when the patient sample was restricted to those 20 patients having substantial organic pathology associated with their pain. These findings suggest that degree of chronicity is unlikely to play a major role in determining the illness behaviour manifested by patients with intractable pain.


Graphic representation of pain.

Graphic representation of pain.


Electrical stimulation of teeth.

Electrical stimulation of teeth. The technical problems of stimulating intact teeth in clinical diagnosis and in pain research are discussed. Bipolar stimulation has no advantage over monopolar stimulation for most applications. A 100 V constant current stimulator is suitable for monopolar stimulation of healthy teeth with a large electrode at about threshold intensity, but, for monopolar stimulation up to 150 micronA and for bipolar stimulation, very much higher voltages are required and no suitable instrument is available. Circuits are given for isolated 100 V and 1kV constant current stimulators.


Diverse sensory functions with an almost totally divided spinal cord. A case of spinal cord transection with preservation of part of one anterolateral quadrant.


Detection and decision factors in pain perception in young and elderly men. The effect of age on ability to discriminate between levels of electrical stimulation of tooth pulp and willingness to report shocks as painful was evaluated using the Sensory Decision Theory. While threshold did not increase with age for tooth pulp stimulation as is often observed for thermal pain thresholds, a significant age deficit in ability to discriminate between suprathreshold shocks was observed. Significant changes with age in willingness to report the electrical shocks as painful were also observed. These results indicate that changes with age in pain perception are complex, involving not only possible discrimination deficits but also changes in bias for and against labeling noxious events as painful. These findings stress the need for within individual comparisons of laboratory techniques for evoking acute pain experiences where variables such as age are under consideration.


Release of platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine by plasma taken from patients during and between migraine attacks. Experiments were carried out in order to further delineate the pathophysiology of the fall of plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) during a migraine attack. Platelets from normal subjects were incubated with 14C-labelled 5-HT, and the release of 5-HT was measured following exposure of these platelets to plasma taken from migraine patients during an attack or at headache-free intervals. Plasma taken during attacks released significantly more 5-HT. It is concluded that factor(s) exist in the serum during migraine attacks, which can cause 5-HT release from normal platelets. The identification of this factor may be important.


A field survey on ancylostomiasis in school children.


Cord blood values on healthy newborn infant, born at the General Hospital "Dr. Hasan Sadikin", Bandung.


The language of pain: intensity.

The language of pain: intensity. Thirty-nine adjectives which may be used to describe a pain experience were rated on an "intensity" continuum by 93 subjects, and in a second study by an additional 90 subjects. In each study these ratings were intercorrelated and factor-analyzed. The first 6 factors extracted were rotated to a simple structure criterion. The first factor was identified as an "intensity" factor. Examination of the adjectives indicated that intensity relates to "affective-evaluative" adjectives rather than "sensory" ones. The implications of these findings for the language a patient may use to communicate the intensity of a pain are discussed.


Some rare causes of systemic hypertension in children (case report).


First week mortality rate in low - birth - weight infants after phenobarbital treatment.


The result of Schick test among children in Bandung.


Gram-negative infections and antibiotic usage in the Department of child health Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital Jakarta.


Physiotherapy in the treatment of asthmatic children in Bandung.


Cardiac complication due to diphtheria in the Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Banding.


Dengue haemorrhagic fever in Manado, North Sulawesi.


Bladder puncture in newborns--a bacteriological study.


Metastases from single as compared to repeated tumour cell doses. Tumour formation from single or repeated small i.v. tumour cell doses was studied in a syngeneic tumour-host system. Only marginal differences were observed between different dose schedules, once the critical cell dose level was surpassed.


Experimental allergic sialoadenitis. IX. The regional lymph nodes after antigenic challenges of the parotid glands in rats. The regional lymph nodes of the parotid gland of rats were examined histologically. The nodes were removed from untreated animals or rats given instillations of BSA or saline into the parotid duct. Anti-BSA antibodies were assessed in the saliva and serum. Patterns of reactivity of the lymph nodes did not correlate with the presence or absence of salivary and serum antibodies. The occurrence of antibodies in the saliva appears to reflect the activity of immunocytes residing in the parotid gland. The morphological features of the lymph nodes correspond to the overall immunological experience.


Plasma cell alterations in ulcerative colitis. An electron microscopic study. Colon biopsies from 37 young patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) were investigated by electron microscopy with special regard to the inflammatory infiltrate of the lamina propria mucosae, which is characterized by lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. There are close topographical relations between plasma cells and other inflammatory cells. In particular, different forms of plasma cells occur, which mainly differ in shape and contents of their rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The different degrees of development and dilatation of the RER express different functional states. The frequent occurrence of Russell bodies, Mott cells and necrobiotic plasma cells is explained as a--at least partial--pathologic alteration of plasma cells in UC. In context with recently published immunohistochemical findings these observations permit the assumption of an imbalance of the local Ig-system in UC.


Aortic endothelial and sub-endothelial lesions in early stages of experimental atherogenesis and in scurvy. The endothelial and sub-endothelial lesions during early stages of experimental atherogenesis and scurvy have been studied by means of scanning EM and transmission EM, making use also of the Con-A reaction. The surface coat modifications were accompanied by formation of vacuoles in the endothelial cells and by sub-endothelial 'oedema', not only in rabbits fed a hypercholesterolic diet but also in scorbutic guinea pigs. The endothelial lesions were sometimes found even before clear modifications of the Con-A surface reactive layer were apparent.


Sensitivity test of salmonella typhosa to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim--sulphamethoxazole.


Note on the ultrastructure of the Guérin T-8 transplantable tumour. The ultrastructure of the Guérin tumour T-8 is described. Although this transplantable tumour has its ancestry in an uterine adenocarcinoma, there is no more evidence of gland formation. Desmosomes, or any other form of cell attachment organelle, were totally absent. The tumour has now a very anaplastic sarcomatous appearance.


[New strain of methylotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas oleovorans--a polysaccharide producer]. A new strain of facultative-methylotrophic bacteria was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas oleovorans. The culture grew on the methanol-containing medium (up to 6%). In addition to methanol, bacterial growth was provided by different organic acids, multicarbon alcohols and carbohydrates. During growth bacteria synthesized extracellular polysaccharide (up to 400 mg/ml). The compound included glucose, galactose and xylose.


Regulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion.


Action of ouabain, oligomycin, and glucagon on cultured heart cells treated with adriamycin.


Relationship between antiinflamatory and antiproteolytic properties of substituted oxothiazolylacetic acids.


Receptor involvement in monoamine control of thermoregulatory mechanisms in adult fowls.


Operations for patients with nodular irradiated thyroids.


Observations on the "in vitro" oxidative N-demethylation of 4-(3, 3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-5-carboxamide (DIC, NSC 45388).


Comparison of cumulative and individual dose-response curves on the rat uterus of neurohypophyseal peptides.


Medical-scientific dilemmas of our third century.


Radiation and thyroid cancer.

Radiation and thyroid cancer.


Radiation to the head, neck and upper thorax of the young, and thyroid neoplasia.


Clinical significance of microsomal enzyme induction.


Thrombo-embolism.

Thrombo-embolism.


Some pharmacological actions of 3-methyl-4-nitro-furoxan.


Sarcoma 180 weight, DNA, and protein increase, depending on ARA-C schedule.


Influence of repeated injections of estradiol during late pregnancy upon enzymes of monoamine metabolism and biosynthesis in the rat.


Influence of thyroidectomy and compensatory treatment with L-thyroxine upon tissue glycogen stores during last part of pregnancy in the rat.


Effect of phosvitin on smooth muscle 'in vitro'.


Steroid hormones, anti-inflammatory steroids and prostaglandins.


Effect of glutathione on the liver and brain metabolism of anoxic rats.


Macromolecular drugs I: long-lasting antilipolytic activity of nicotinic acid bound to a polymer.


A simple raio-enzymatic determination of choline and acetylcholine concentrations.


Pharmacokinetics of Flavoxate in man.

Pharmacokinetics of Flavoxate in man.


Some new dithiolanes as radioprotective agents.


Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by somatostatin and analogs in the rat.


Inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by phenacetin and salicylamide.


Further studies on the differential blockade of pressor responses in the rat.


Effect of intrahypothalamic injection of methylic parathion and metasystox on food and water intake of normal and fasted rats.


Plasma levels of digoxin in patients with atrial fibrillation and indications to the association with beta blockers.


Inhibiting effect of feprazone on "in vitro" human platelet aggregation.


Effect of bendazac and phenylbutazone on polymerization of bovine serum albumin.


Variations of plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels in the rat after administration of saline, chrystalloid and colloid solutions (1).


Antagonistic effect of lithium chloride on l-dopa-induced locomotor activity in rats.


Effect of brain cortex phospholipids on catechol-amine content of mouse brain.


Antagonism of morphine-induced miosis by naloxone and amphetamine in rabbits.


Stimulation bound ingestive behavior: a view from the tail.


Effect of clofibrate on biogenic amine level and turnover.


Dissociation of behavioral inhibition within the fornix system.


Effect of medial septal lesions on conditioned taste aversion in the rat.


Fixed-ratio level pressing by VMH rats: work vs accessibility of sucrose reward.


Role of gastric acid in restraint-induced ulceration in the rat.


Intracerebral implantation of progesterone: re-examination of the brain sites responsible for facilitation of sexual receptivity in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats.


Stimulation in infancy: unique effects of handling.


Involvement of vagal activity in the unconditioned heart-rate responses of restrained rats.


Copulatory behavior in male rats with lesions in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.


Sexual behavior of the naive male mouse as affected by the presence of a male and a female performing mating behavior.


Multidimensional scaling of musks.

Multidimensional scaling of musks.


Adjunctive behavior and smoking induced by a maze solving schedule in humans.


Dependence of polyethylene glycol-induced dipsogenesis on intravascular fluid volume depletion.


Apomorphine-induced restoration of drinking to thirst challenges in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats.


Genetic analysis of schedule induced polydipsia.


Locus coeruleus lesions and learning in the rat.


Use of oral antibiotics in studies of ingestive behavior in rats.


Aftereffects of rewarding lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation and feeding behavior.


The relationship of home cage feeding behavior to acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia in the rat.


An avian experimental environment for the study of social behavior.


Editorial...

Editorial...


The decline and early fall of neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage. Seven years' experience (1965-1972) with neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage at the University of Colorado was reviewed. Pulmonary hemorrhage still occurs frequently as a preterminal event in hyaline membrane disease. As an isolated "pure" entity, however, pulmonary hemorrhage has shown a marked decline. This phenomenon is probably related to advances in neonatal intensive care. The radiographic pattern of "pure" pulmonary hemorrhage in the newborn is most commonly a diffuse alveolar infiltrate. Since pure hemorrhage is now an uncommon entity, the radiologist can reasonably suggest this diagnosis on rare occasions only, in the clinical setting of profound hypoxia.


The esophagus in collagen disease. Radiologic findings. A prospective cineradiographic and manometric study of pharyngeal and esophageal dysfunction was performed in 54 patients with rigidly defined scleroderma, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Cineradiography was inaccurate in pharyngeal dysfunctions specific for polymyositis. Manometry was an accurate but insensitive test. Manometry was also significantly more accurate than cineradiography in identifying patients with smooth muscle dysfunction (scleroderma). Cineradiographic finding of absent esophageal peristalsis accurately identified patients with scleroderma but it identified only a small percentage (33 percent). Cineradiography finding of diminished esophageal peristalsis was found in scleroderma (23 percent), polymyositis, (30 percent), and SLE (11 percent) and has been reported in rheumatoid arthritis. This finding is a non specific finding suggestive of collagen vascular disease rather than specific for scleroderms.


Complete interruption of the aorta in Noonan's syndrome. A patient is presented who lived to age 60 with complete interruption of the aorta associated with Noonan's syndrome. On chest x-ray there were calcified mediastinal masses and bilateral rib notching. Angiography demonstrated complete interruption of the aorta with markedly dilated tortuous intercostal arteries. The roentgenographic studies are correlated with the surgical and pathological findings. Noonan's syndrome is discussed.


Percutaneous cholangiography with the Chiba University needle: a new, safe, and accurate method in the diagnosis of cholestatic syndromes. A modified technique of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography utilizing the Chiba University needle is described. This new technique employs injection of dye through a thin flexible 22 gauge needle with a short bevel while it is slowly withdrawn under a fluoroscopic monitoring. The results of several investigators are reviewed and indicate that failure to visualize the biliary radicals with the Chiba University needle virtually rules out extrahepatic obstruction. It is anticipated that this technique will replace the traditional sheathed needle cholangiography as a diagnostic modality in the evaluation of the jaundiced patient.


Evaluation of intracranial aneurysms by computed tomography. Useful information has been gained by review of eight cases of intracranial aneurysm demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) and correlation with cerebral angiograms. The angiograms demonstrated one or multiple aneurysms, the precise location of the aneurysm, and presence of arterial spasm. The CT scan can delineate the full size of the aneurysm when the sac has been partially obliterated by thrombus, the presence of hematoma, infarction, hydrocephalus, and intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage. These associated features are more difficult to evaluate by angiography alone.


Radiographic evaluation of patency of interposition mesocaval shunts. The technique of side-to-side mesocaval anastomosis with the interposition of a prosthetic graft was described in 1970. We report the result of venographic evaluation of patency of this type of shunt in our patients. Demonstration of an unoccluded graft; resistance to retrograde injection of dye against the blood stream into the superior mesenteric vein; rapid clearing of dye from superior mesenteric vein following injection and "lamellar flow defect" in the vena cava above the site of anastomosis during vena cavogram, were considered criteria of patency of the interposition mesocaval shunt.


Radiologic differential diagnosis. Radiologic pattern: solitary cavity. The differential diagnosis of a left lower lobe cavity in this young patient with a history of productive cough should include hiatal hernia, pulmonary abscess, bronchiectatic cyst and bronchopulmonary sequestration. Hiatal hernia should be ruled out by barium swallow; acute pulmonary abscess by the lack of a history suggestive of a necrotizing pneumonia; bronchiectasis by bronchogram; and intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration should be confirmed by aortography.


Changes in cell age cohort composition of tumors and normal tissues by radiation and chemotherapy. The cell cycle is now known to be important in normal and tumor tissue and to be altered by a variety of states and therapies. The fact that there is considerable normal variation in cell ages or age cohorts present in both normal and tumor tissues has only recently been widely appreciated. These differ in normal, malignant, young and adult tissues. They are also greatly perturbed by radiation or chemotherapeutic injury. How to combine multi-modality therapy to optimize tumor control using available agents while sparing normal tissues is a problem for the future of cancer therapy and radiation oncology.


The normal axial relationship of the wrist. The normal axial relationship of 360 wrists was measured. The results differ from those previously published in the radiological literature. The difference may be explained by the small series' size or inadequate technical criteria used in previous studies.


The radiologic hypertensive evaluation.

The radiologic hypertensive evaluation.


The masquerading effect of Paget's disease. The record and roentgen findings in a patient with Paget's disease with coexisting multiple myeloma have been presented. Their rare or even unique association is recorded to refresh ones recollection that patients with Paget's disease may be host to a second disease, which if recognized, may be of inestimable profit to the medical care and comfort of the patient.


Neoplastic involvement of terminal digits masquerading clinically as benign disease. Two patients with primary and four with metastatic distal phalangeal lesions in whom a wrong diagnosis of benign disease was initially made are presented with a brief review of the literature and a discussion of the clinico-radiographic features. Primary phalangeal lesions may be either epidermoid carcinoma or malignant melanoma are are often confused with paronychia, while most metastatic lesions are due to pulmonary or breast cancer and simulate a felon clinically. Primary nail bed lesions are characterized radiographically by external cortical erosions; metastatic lesions tend to show a diffuse demineralization and extensive destruction of the whole digit.


Kaposi's sarcoma in bone: a case report with unusual radiographic findings and an abnormal radioisotope scan. The authors present a case report of Kaposi's sarcoma involving the bones of the forearm, wrist, and hand. Typical features of rarefaction, osteoporosis, cysts, and cortical erosions were present. Rarely seen changes of a bubbly expansion of the lesions and periosteal reaction were also present. This is the first radioisotope bone scan reported in Kaposi's sarcoma to the author's knowledge. The literature about osseous manifestations of Kaposi's sarcoma is reviewed.


An argument for epinephrine renal arteriography in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Two cases are presented where the diagnosis would have been missed or would have been very difficult with selective angiography only; the use of the epinephrine technique made these renal cell carcinomas obvious. The authors feel that epinephrine should be used in the presence of all renal masses to exclude or confirm the presence of renal cell carcinoma if this is not already obvious by selective arteriography alone.


Theoretical considerations in the use of contrast media for computed cranial tomography. The impressive results obtained by the use of iodinated contrast media, particularly when administered by drip infusion technique, led us to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the method. An originally non-invasive examination has progressively evolved into a quasiinvasive examination in the majority of cases, and our results appear to justify such a trend.


A coxsackievirus type A24 epidemic of acute conjunctivitis. The 1975 epidemic of acute conjunctivitis was caused by the return of S.E.C. 1970 virus (CA24). The clinical manifestations of cases seen in the recent epidemic were similar to those seen during the 1970 epidemic caused by S.E.C. 1970 virus (CA24) and the 1971 epidemic caused by S.E.C. 1971 virus (entero-virus type 70). In our opinion, both the S.E.C. 1970 VIRUS (CA24) and S.E.C. 1971 virus (enterovirus type 70) are equally important causes of epidemics of acute conjunctivitis more commonly known as the  "Acute Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis". Although these two enteroviruses affect mainly the eye, apart from conjunctival secretions, they could be transmitted in respiratory droplets and faeces. The authors would prefer to retain the term "Picornavirus Epidemic Conjunctivitis" to denote infection by S.E.C. 1970 virus (CA24) and S.E.C. 1971 virus (enterovirus type 70).


Acquired toxoplasmosis in Malaysia.

Acquired toxoplasmosis in Malaysia. Two cases of acquired toxoplasmosis in asymptomatic Malaysian patients are described. In both instances the diagnosis was first made on the finding of the Piringer-Kuchinka reaction in excised lymph nodes from these patients and serological studies further confirmed the presence of hihg toxoplasmic antibody titres. The characteristic histological features of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis are discussed. Diagnosis and management of the disease are briefly reviewed with emphasis that the importance of diagnosing this disease goes beyond the establishment of a mostly self-limiting, clinically unimportant protozoan infection.


A study of the noise hazard in selected industries in the Philippines. A study was made to evaluate the noise hazard in certain industries of the country. Evaluation was made by measuring the noise levels at the work sites of different establishments and the hearing acuity of workers in the textile mill and the steel plant. It was found that noise levels were quite high varying from 86 to 119 decibels. Most of the energies of noise were centered in the middle and high frequencies denoting potential danger to the hearing apparatus. Audiometric results revealed hearing losses for workers exposed to excessive noise even when corrected for age. This suggests that the hearing defects were noise-induced. As a consequence of the results it is necessary for the industries surveyed to institute hearing conservation programs to protect the health and welfare of the workers.


Acarine ectoparasites of small mammals in Jakarta, Indonesia.


Immunological means of separating third-stage larvae of Ancylostoma tubaeforme and A. caninum.


Serum vitamin B12 level in pregnancy.

Serum vitamin B12 level in pregnancy.


Echinocephalus uncinatus in Pentapodus setosus (threadfin bream), a marine fish caught from the Gulf of Thailand.


Growth and localization of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the molluscan host, Achatina fulica. The development of the rat lung worm  Angiostrongylus cantonensis within the giant African snail Achatina fulica is reported. In this host, ingested first stage larvae penetrate the intestinal wall into the hemocoel and migrate to the mantle where they undergo two molts and become third stage larvae within 24 days. The mantle, harboring 85% of the total number recovered is the major location of infective larvae. The kidney contains about 11% but few larvae are found in the remaining visceral organs. Host response consists of encapsulation; destruction by means of phagocytosis was not observed.


Experimental attempts to induce ocular infection in cats with subperiodic Brugia malayi. In an attempt to determine whether the finding of human ocular lesions due to B. malayi was due to the site of entry of the infective larvae, cats were infected via ocular instillation, subconjunctival inoculation, subcutaneous inoculation around and infective mosquito bites over the eyes. Although no conjunctival lesion was seen patent infections were produced via ocular instillation, subconjunctival and subcutaneous inoculation of infective larvae. Adult worms were also recovered from periorbital tissues. Adult worms were localized mainly in the lymphatic system of the head and neck regions of the cat. The results show that the conjunctival lesions seen in humans could be due to the site of bite of the mosquito and thus the entry of the infective larvae.


The freshwater snail lymnaea rubiginosa as an experimental host of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis: a preliminary report. Preliminary studies have shown that Lymnaea rubiginosa, a common fresh-water snail in Peninsular Malaysia, which is easily colonized and reared in the laboratory, is a capable experimental intermediate host for Angiostrongylus malaysiensis. Overall 73% of the snails tested became infected following 6 hours exposure to infective rat faeces. Higher infection rates, up to 100%, and heavier worm loads, occurred among the larger sized snails. Snail attrition was low except when very heavy worm loads were acquired.


The bandicoot rat, a new host record for Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Indonesia. A survey for Angiostrongylus cantonensis in possible definitive and intermediate hosts was conducted in Ancol, Jakarta. Adult worms were found in 43% of bandicoot rats, Bandicota indica setifera, in 14% of Rattus rattus diardii and 36% of the Achatina fulica were infected with larval forms of the parasite. The finding of the parasite in the bandicoot rat constitutes a new host record for Indonesia.


Morphology of Ancylostoma buckleyi Le Roux and Biocca, 1957 in dogs from Cairns, North Queensland, Australia. Ancylostoma buckleyi was found in dogs in Cairns, North Queensland, Australia. Worms were small, whitish, males 10.25-10.89 mm in length; females 12.65-14.96 mm in length. The buccal capsule was funnel shaped. There were three pairs of ventral teeth and two pairs of dorso-lateral teeth. Spicules were simple and equal, 0.71-0.73 mm in length. Gubernaculum was shaped like a cricket bat, the widest part in the posterior half. The bursa was well developed, the ratio between posterolateral-mediolateral to mediolateral-externolateral was 1:1. The inner branches of the dorsal rays were partially fused. Tail of the femaleworm was 0.22-0.23 mm in length and conical.


Schistosomiasis japonica in field rats in Leyte, Philippines. Approximately 73% of wild caught field rats were found infected with schistosomiasis japonica as revealed by the finding of eggs in liver sections; 49% of rats showed eggs in histological sections of the large intestine and about 13% showed eggs in their stools. Male rats appear to have higher schistosomiasis infection rate then female rats and that rats caught from endemic areas with smooth or normal looking livers do not necessarily mean that they are not infected with schistosomiasis. Examination for miracidia using only 2-3 pellets of field rat's stool by Faust-Meleney egg hatching technique revealed that 58% of them were positive with a mean of 5 miracidia per rat. A slightly lower hatchability rate was observed among laboratory infected white rats. Our figures on hatchability of Schistosoma ova are higher than those obtained by Pesigan and his co-workers probably because we used freshly collected rat faeces.


Control of Culex pipiens fatigans(W) by the larvivorous fish Poecillia reticulata and by removal of debris from the breeding habitat. Twice weekly removal of floating debris from two polluted ponds in Bangkok resulted in 75% reduction of immature populations of C.p. fatigans for seven weeks. Subsequent introduction of the guppy Poecilia reticulata at 10 fish per m2 further reduced the aquatic population to 2% of the pretreatment level during 12 weeks. When debris removal was discontinued, partial recovery of the larval density was observed. When fish were introduced in a plot without prior debris removal, there was no reduction of the mosquito population, and when only part of the debris was removed from one plot, the reduction was immediate.


Epidemic appearance of a new influenza strain in Asia. An outbreak of influenza associated with increased absenteeism among school-age children occurred during May and June 1975 in Tapei, Taiwan. The virus strain has recently been shown to be antigenically similar to A/Victoria/3/75 which is now active in other areas of the Pacific.