Hemoglobins of the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). II. Polymorphism; electrophoretic and chromatographic observations. Eighty-five adult opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) were examined for variation of hemaglobin by means of electrophoresis and column chromatography. A single hemoglobin was found in 83 animals while two hemoglobins were observed in two animals. The results of the chromatography studies suggested that the polymorphism was due to primary sequence differences in the alpha chain. Attempts to confirm this result by hybridization with human or canine hemoglobins were unsuccessful. The polymorphism was found not to be due to size differences and further investigation into its genetic basis was suggested.


Semen volume and sperm concentration in the ferret (Mustela putorius). Semen was obtained from 40 of 62 attempted electro-ejaculations of nine anesthetized male ferrets. The ejaculations were performed using a bi-polar rectal electrode and an electrical stimulus of about 4 V and 0.35 mA applied for approximately 4 seconds and repeated at 10-second intervals. The mean number of stimuli required to obtain an ejaculation was 12.3. The spermatozoa concentration per mm3 ranged from 0.07 x 10(6) to 1.98 x 10(6) with a mean of 0.62 x 10(6). The mean number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was 16.35 x 10(6) and the mean volume of semen per ejaculate was 0.026 ml.


Changes in anticoagulation in dogs assayed by three methods. As a preliminary to a membrane oxygenator study, a study was made of clotting indices in dogs and their intercorrelation and relationship to human data. The most useful criterion for monitoring coagulation in experimental extracorporeal systems was sought. Linear regression and correlation analysis indicated that activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) predicted whole blood clotting time with a correlation of 0.77 (p less than 0.01). Changes in the APTT with time after heparinization were similar to those previously reported in man, making the animal model an acceptable one for use in developing extracorporeal systems such as the membrane oxygenator. When blood activated recalcification time (BART), APTT, and whole blood clotting time (WBCT) assays were compared on the basis of applicability to studies of extracorporeal support, the APTT and the BART assays proved superior to the WBCT assay due to their reduced variability and increased speed of determination. The variability of the BART assay was the lowest, and its sensitivity was the same as the APTT assay. The principal drawback to the BART assay was not experienced in this study; that is, its dependence on adequate platelet levels which are unpredictable in extracorporeal systems.


Comparison of hemagglutination inhibition pregnancy tests in the chimpanzee and the orangutan. A hemagglutination inhibition pregnancy test (Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test), based on antiserum to the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone was evaluated for use in the chimpanzee and orangutan. The test was shown to give earlier indication of pregnancy in both species that two sensitive tests currently available for use in man (the Pregnosticon Accusphere Test and the UCG-Test). A comparison of sensitivity to chimpanzee chorionic gonadotropin was performed. The Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test was 10 and 15 times as sensitive as the UCG-Test and the Pregnostican Accusphere Test respectively.


A device for the cutaneous exteriorization of chronic intravascular catheters. A device has been designed which permits the cutaneous exteriorization of chronically implanted intravascular catheters. From one to three catheters may be exteriorized for withdrawing blood samples or for connecting to a pressure transducer. The device is uniquely suited for studying animals in a conscious and unrestrained state such as during exercise.


Exteriorized carotid-jugular shunt for hemodialysis of the goat. A surgical technique was developed for the establishment of a permanent exteriorized artificial shunt between a carotid artery and a jugular vein of a goat. The shunt allowed continuous hemodialysis with an artificial kidney for hours or a prosthetic unit for days and intermittent experimental use of the animal for months.


Particulate matter induced periorbital abscess in gnotobiotic athymic nu/nu (nude) mice.


A simple technique for kidney perfusion in the mouse.


Effect of overnight fasting of young rats on water consumption, body weight, blood sampling, and blood composition.


Eroticism in infancy and childhood.

Eroticism in infancy and childhood.


Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in rabbits successfully treated with a polyvinyl iodine solution.


The home situation and the homosexual.

The home situation and the homosexual.


Three cases of genital self-surgery and their relationship to transexualism.


Vasectomy: its effect upon marital stability. 50 couples were studied as to whether vasectomy had any effect on marital stability, communication, and sexual satisfaction.  The procedure of the study is described and all results are tabulated.  Demographic data on the couples indicate a general trend toward the mid-20s in terms of couples making the decision in favor of vasectomy.  The couples seemed to have a stable marital history and to have made the decision earlier in marriage than was previously the case.  The average number of children among the couples was 2.  An average increase in coital frequency resulted from the vasectomy.  Improved stabilization of the marriage and improved sexual satisfaction also resulted.  Little change was noted in marital communication, understanding, and affection as a result of the vasectomy.


Status inconsistency effects on sexual liberalness.


Comparative psychiatric status of male applicants for sexual reassignment surgery jejunoileal bypass surgery, and psychiatric outpatient treatment.


Sex therapy in Australia.

Sex therapy in Australia.


Some paediatric liver diseases encountered in Singapore.


Clinical features in children of infection caused by the influenza A2 variant A/Victoria/3/75.


Early diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis.

Early diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis.


Hydrocephalus in infancy.

Hydrocephalus in infancy.


Changing patterns of paediatric diseases in Singapore.


Byssinosis and airway responses due to exposure to textile dust.


Effect of low concentrations of sulfur dioxide on respiratory function in man.


Carboxyhemoglobin levels in fire fighters.


Reaction following allergen inhalation via mouth and via tracheal tube on dogs.


Lung volumes in healthy boys and girls, 6 - 15 years of age.


Obstruction of small airways in patients after acute myocardial infarction.


Brief guide to office counseling: marihuana and sex.


Omental torsion.

Omental torsion.


Acoustic study of /i,u/ in the Spanish diphthong.


Pronominal usage, cohesion and explicitness in working-class speech: towards an evaluative technique.


A normative study of children's listening rate preferences.


The effect of mandibular nerve block upon the speech of four-year-old boys.


Frequency and availability in the encoding of spontaneous speech.


The relationship between self-rating of expressed inclusion and speaking time.


The duration of intervocalic stops in Ceylon Tamil.


Facilitating the disappearance of perceptual error to the Poggendorff illusion.


Elicited imitation and production of language by severely subnormal children.


Language and play: a study of the relationship between functions and structures in the language of five year old children.


The alkaloids of Strychnos dolichothyrsa. In the stem bark of Strychnos dolichothyrsa Gilg ex Onochie et Hepper (Loganiaceae) the following alkaloids were found: bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine, bisnor-C-curarine, bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine N-oxide and bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine di-N-oxide. Tentatively, two alkaloids were identified as bisnor-C-alkaloid D and 18-deoxy Wieland-Gumlich aldehyde. Bisnor-dihydrotoxiferine seems to give dichlorometho compounds and N-oxides easily, analogous with strychnine and brucine.


Thebaine in tissue culture of Papaver bracteatum Lindl, population Arya II.


An exploratory multi-level attempt to investigate intrapersonal and interpersonal patterns of 20 Athenian families. The present study is an attempt to explore patterns of family relationships in the context of milieu specific value and role assumptions and to capture the trends in relation to social change. Information collected includes intrapsychic as well as interpersonal material elicited by a combination of tools administered individually and conjointly. The revealed patterns -- extreme emphasis on the future achievement of the child as a shared family goal, the mother's central role which was shown to inhibit constructive processes, the distant marital relationship, and scapegoating of the child because of denied marital difficulties -- are shown to create conflict and tension in all members and render cooperation and decision-making difficult. It is attempted to interpret the above-mentioned patterns in the light of traditional value and role assumptions. The analysis seems to indicate that the adherence to the dysfunctional patterns appears to serve the function of preserving stability of the family in a period of transition.


The relationship between marital status and mental illness. The relationship between marital status and mental illness was investigated in a relatively new psychiatric hospital in the Mid-Western State of Nigeria. The results showed a different pattern from what has been reported from other studies. In this study, it was found that single persons had the largest number of referrals, followed closely by married persons. The widowed and divorced had a relatively small number of referrals. There were more male than female patients and there were also sex and age variations in the type of mental disorders. The explanation for this could be related to the social structure of the population, and the legal and social definitions of the concepts of marriage and divorce. It was not possible, because of lack of relevant population data, to compare the hospital rates with those in the population at large. Future work along this line and for over a longer period is suggested.


A quest for purpose in psychic research. Metapsychiatry is a term born of necessity to designate the important but hitherto unclassified interface between psychiatry and mysticism. By "mysticism" the author means phenomena experienced by the senses but not explainable by the intellect. Examples of such phenomena are dreams, ESP, faith healing and so forth. The author believes that such phenomena were endowed by nature as life preserving functions. Thus, precognition is a sort of psychic radar, warning an individual of impending danger; dreams are a safety valve for potentially psycholytic repressions; and faith is an important element in the healing process. Such phenomena are probably a primitive acquisition, latent in all of us. They should not be treated merely as divine manifestations requiring no further explanations. Scientists must seek rational answers, and physicians should seriously consider using gifted, reputable psychics as paramedical aides.


Antineoplastic agents. 42. The butterfly, Prioneris thestylis. Isoguanine (2) was found to be an antineoplastic constituent of Prioneris thestylis Dbldy. wings. Three other purine components of the butterfly wings were identified as hypoxanthine (3), uric acid (4) and xanthine (5). Isolation of urocanic acid (6) from the same wing material represented the first detection of this interesting histidine derivative in an arthropod.


Anthropological perspectives on population growth. Rapid population growth affects many different system levels simultaneously: the individual, the family, the community, the nation-state and the world. What may appear to be an optimal population level for one system, given certain value premises, may not be optimal for another. Anthropologists can contribute to an understanding of rapid growth by generating an appreciation for the complexity of the phenomenon, and by providing representation for a range of cultural viewpoints. This may help to reduce the risk we now run of committing all of mankind to a singular path which may prove to be an evolutionary dead end.


School psychological emergency interventions proposal for guidelines based on recent Israeli experience. The Yom Kippur War and its stressful aftermath created a number of special psychological effects in Israeli schools. During that period mental health and counseling services were available and made use of in the educational system. Extensive experiences permit an attempt to delineate guidelines for future school psychological emergency interventions. These guidelines rest on the supposition that the planning and delivery of professional emergency interventions resemble those governing routine mental health services in a number of crucial aspects. Firstly, the need for an educated anticipation of problems, their kinds, their ecology and other characteristics. Schematically, three categories of emergency reactions could be expected in schools: shock and grief, and other acute disturbances; fear and its psychological concomitants; confusion, perplexity, and their attitudinal accompaniments. It is noted that the stressful event can also generate positive effects. Secondly, the necessity for a preliminary, on the spot, assessment of psychological affliction in any specific emergency case. Such examination should be done against the background of the total emergency situation (locally and country-wide), as well as the chronic characteristics of the particular school or system. Third, the requirement for deliberate planning of the intervention program. In this phase, judgements have to be made about the recipients of the aid, the methods of help and the levels at which professional services will be extended. Fourth, the consideration of important clinical and community psychological principles during the execution of the program.


Short-term intervention: a model of emergency services for times of crisis. This paper approaches 'crisis' in system terms. The analysis is applied broadly to organization and community systems, as well as to personality and small-group systems. Based primarily on current developments in Israel, it is written from the viewpoint of a community social worker. Using public health theory, the author develops a model of three distinct types of social service systems: Restorative (traditional), Curative (crisis-intervention in the literature of therapy), and Preventive. He goes on to elaborate both the general characteristics of these service systems and the particular emergency-oriented contribution each can make in times of community-wide crisis.


Cultural perspectives on the range of human behavior. Traditional societies provide a homogeneous world view for everyone, encouraging people to work towards specific objectives. Lack of flexibility in the culturally defined ways of reaching these objectives creates considerable distress for individuals. In rapidly changing urban settings, unlimited modalities create the anxieties which in turn lead people to search for security in unsuitable patterns of belief and behavior. Others tolerate uncertainty better if the culture assisted them in developing skills for becoming involved in short term immediate objectives without having to mortgage the present for a vague future. In our own society recent reorientation towards a traditional type fatalism and a de-emphasis on the Puritan work ethic reflects a marked value shift which may stultify many, much as it fosters increased individualization among others.


Alcoholism as a political problem in Chile. Chile has a very serious alcohol problem. 20% of the population over 15 years of age are problem drinkers, - 15% are excessive drinkers, and 5% are alcoholics. Excessive drinking, particularly inebriety, is considered to be the core of the alcohol problem. During Allende's government, there was an increasing concern for the national patterns of drinking. Workers began to become conscious that drinking seriously limited social and political participation. And patterns of alcohol abuse among men predict stimulated conservative attitudes in women. This paper discusses the concept of alcoholism as a disease, considering that alcohol addiction is a part of a wider problem, alcohol culture, which, in the context of the situation in Chile in 1972, had to be seen ideologically as opposed to the revolutionary process.


Space, territory and psychiatry.

Space, territory and psychiatry. Space and territory have been the hidden dimensions of human and other animal life. Beginning with studies reported in animals, and incorporating the few formal studies and several informal observations of man, this paper explains the importance of mastering the unwritten rules of space and territory which differ with individual cultures in relation to the behavioral aberrations possibly resulting from the disrupted territoriality of modern urban life.


A medical model vs. a normative approach: the place of values in community psychiatry. Based on a series of consultations with the staff in a mental hospital, which followed staff-patient meetings, the point of view taken derives from Scheff's 'social system' model, according to which psychiatric symptoms are considered as labelled violations of social norms, and mental illness is considered as a social role. It was found that in a somewhat cyclical succession, patient deviance was followed by the staff's spontaneous moral indignation. But thanks to the intervention of a medical idelogy, this was channelled and transformed into an impersonal, value free, non-judgemental reaction. It seems that as a first step towards humanizing their relationships with patients, the staff must be prepared to engage in a clarification and definition of their moral convictions. A major therapeutic goal should be to help de-moralized people, called mental patients, to acquire a new sense of morality and self-responsibility.


Priorities in paediatrics.

Priorities in paediatrics.


The obstetrician's dilemma.

The obstetrician's dilemma.


Prognosis in early rheumatoid arthritis.


Perinatal implications of the respiratory distress syndrome. Major advances in the prevention and treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) have occurred. Since 1970 there has been a fall in the mortality rate but not in the incidence. Persistence of the disorder could be partly accounted for by the increasing practice of elective delivery in normal pregnancies. In 1974 and 1975, 28 (25%) of babies with RDS were delivered this way and six died. The major problem appeared to be mistaken gestational age.


Post-infarction cardiac rupture.

Post-infarction cardiac rupture. Three allied conditions are described in this paper: (i) haemopericardium with cardiac rupture (5 cases); (ii) haemopericardium without rupture (2 cases); (iii) pseudoaneurysm (1 case). In the first 2 of these, the significant features were clinical deterioration with shock 3 or more days after infarction, recurrent cardiac pain, cardiac tamponade, and immediate or later ineffectiveness of counterpulsation. An additional feature in the second group was the development of haemopericardium after heparin therapy. In the third group, infarction followed by left ventricular failure and progressive cardiac enlargement was the significant feature. An apical systolic murmur was not present, as a false sac had not been formed. Ante-mortem diagnosis depends upon an appreciation of these features. Without it successful surgery is impossible. There were 4 survivors in this group of 8 patients.


Diverticular disease of the colon and megacolon. Incidence in a psychiatric centre compared with a teaching hospital. A five-year survey of hospital admissions at a modern mental hospital reveals a rarity in the incidence of diverticular disease of the colon and its complications and a greatly increased frequency of idiopathic megacolon and its complications compared with patients admitted to a general hospital.


Smoking in nurses.

Smoking in nurses. An anonymous questionnaire requesting information on smoking habits was administered to 220 randomly chosen trainee and registered nurses (159 females and 61 males). There was no significant difference between the proportion of male nurses (55-7%) and the proportion of males (45-0%) in the Australian sample who smoked. However, the 52-2% of female nurses smoking was significantly greater than the 29-0% reported for the Australian female population. There was some indication that the increased smoking in female nurses reflected a response to stress. Further analysis showed that nursing personnel were giving up smoking at the same rate as the general Australian sample.


A functional assessment of total knee replacement in the arthritic patient. The aims of knee replacement are to provide freedom from pain and a return to a resonable level of function. A survey was undertaken to determine the functional advantages of knee replacement and problems that may still be encountered by the patient. The results of the survey highlighted certain advantages and problem areas. It also pointed out the seemingly greater functional value of the knee replacement in those patients who had no problems in other joints.


Angiomatous osteolysis of the skull vault. A case is reported of angiomatous osteolysis of the calvarium. This condition normally affects long bones and there is only one previous report in literature of massive osteolysis of the skull. The clinical, radiological and pathological implications of this condition are considered.


Common problems in paediatric anaesthesia.


The medical undergraduate programme at McMaster University: learning epidemiology and biostatistics in an integrated curriculum. The medical undergraduate programme at McMaster University is a three-year integrated course in which major emphasis is placed upon self-directed, problem-based learning. Group tutorials are the major meeting place for students, and there are very few formal lectures. In this paper we describe the curriculum in broad outline and the way in which epidemiology and biostatistics have been incorporated into it in the past seven years.


Nocturnal enuresis.

Nocturnal enuresis.


Transfusion therapy of thrombocytopania.


The management of hand injuries.

The management of hand injuries.


Pernicious anaemia, duodenal ulcer and the gastric mucosa.


Position statement on alcohol.

Position statement on alcohol.


White sponges and surgical wound illumination. A study has been made of the effect of glare in the surgeon's field of vision from reflected light associated with white surgical sponges. Reflected light increases by as much as 226% with the use of white sponges. Standardized measurements indicate that this glare reduces visual acuity, darkens colour interpretation and fatigues the surgeon. A suggested solution is to slightly darken the colour of surgical sponges.


Residual disability after industrial hand injuries. A review of 218 patients. The case records of 218 patients with residual hand disability were reviewed. Sixty-six per cent had significant stiffness of the digital joints (metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal); 25% had amputation of part or whole of the digit; 33% of these had troublesome neuromata; 7% had residual numbness; 25% had more than one operation on their injured hand. The average age of the patients was 44 years. The average time off work was 10 weeks. The average experience in the job before injury was six years.


Reducing hospital readmission rates among schizophrenics. Most schizophrenics become in-patients in State mental hospitals, and most improve on neuroleptic medication and are rapidly discharged. The majority require long-term medication; the single most important factor in maintaining remission. This paper describes a mirror-image study using patients as their own controls, and demonstrates the highly significant differences in hospitalization before and after the administration of a depot phenothiazine. It highlights the need for vigorous and determined out-patient follow-up. It is suggested that the costs of an adequately staffed clinic are still small when compared with the costs of hospitalization. Subgroups of poor drug-responders, sex differences, variations in side effects and frequency of administration of the depot drug require further evaluation.


Urinary sodium, potassium and creatinine excretion in hypertensive and normotensive Australians. Studies were made in urine obtained from people attending for routine measurement of blood pressure in a screening programme. Subjects with diastolic blood pressure between 95 and 109 mm Hg excreted significantly more sodium than the group with diastolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg. Urine volumes, potassium excretion and creatinine excretion did not differ significantly between the groups.


Antibody to parietal cells in patients with duodenal ulcer, and relationship to pernicious anaemia. Of 160 patients with pernicious anaemia, none had current duodenal ulceration, whereas in a random population of similar age and sex distribution some 5% would be expected to have a duodenal ulcer. Parietal-cell antibody was detected in serum from 8 of 169 men (4-7%) and from 2 to 31 women (6-4%) with duodenal ulceration. None of the 200 duodenal ulcer patients had antibody to intrinsic factor. The prevalence of these antibodies in duodenal ulcer patients was not significantly different from that in control subjects of similar age and sex distribution. The decreased prevalance of duodenal ulcer in pernicious anaemia patients implies that pernicious anaemia must be less prevalent in duodenal ulcer patients than in a random population; but it appears that this cannot be attributed to an absence of gastric autoimmunity in patients with duodenal ulcer. To resolve this disrepancy, we suggest that pernicious anaemia is determined not only by autoimmune reactions, but also by independent genetic and environmental factors which influence the state of the gastric mucosa.


Human pulmonary dirofilariasis associated with pleural effusion. Tuberculosis, untreated pneumonia and other chest infections were excluded as possible causes of histological features observed in patient who had been discovered in a chest X-ray survey. Pleural effusion was eventually attributed to a dirofilarial granuloma found in a small pulmonary artery.


Enuresis--an approach to the established problem.


Enuresis.

Enuresis.


The management of nocturnal enuresis.

The management of nocturnal enuresis.


The Medical Register of South Australia for 1976. An analysis of the Register of Medical Practitioners and specialists of South Australia for 1976 shows that South Australia has a more favourable doctor-population ratio than other parts of Australia, although some specialities and rural areas are undersupplied. With the planned increase in the output of doctors, the State may soon be saturated and some adjustments may have to be made in the numbers of students accepted and/or the distribution of graduates.


Diagnosis of giardiasis.

Diagnosis of giardiasis.


Spironolactone and acute moutain sickness.


Manslaughter by heat stroke. Medical comment.


Manslaughter by heat stroke. A note on the trial.


A case of manslaughter by heat-stroke.

A case of manslaughter by heat-stroke. In the course of his treatment by a herbalist who had undertaken to cure his disability, a mildly spastic retarded four-year-old child was immersed in a heap of fermenting horse manure for 40 minutes. He was unconscious when removed and died two days later despite intensive care in a children's hospital. When medical aid was sought a false history was given and the true nature of the child's illness, heat stroke, was not determined until after death. The herbalist was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.


The Brisbane floods, January 1974: their impact on health. In the 12 months following the Brisbane flood of 1974, 234 flooded families (695 persons) and 163 non-flooded families (507 persons) were interviewed to ascertain changes in health status. We found that the number of visits to general practitioners, hospitals and specialists were all significantly increased for flooded persons in the year following the flood. Persistent psychological symptoms, which included irritability, nervous tension and depressed mood, predominated in those seeking medical care, and the consumption of sleeping tablets and psychotropic drugs rose. Increased psychological symptoms were significantly more common in female than in male flood victims and significantly more common in both sexes than increased physical complaints. There was no increase in mortality after the flood. The incidence of psychiatric symptoms was directly related to dissatisfaction with help received.


Principles of the role of general practitioner obstetricians and specialists in obstetric care.


Freshwater drowning and near-drowning accidents involving children: a five-year total population study. A large total population study of childhood fresh water immersion accidents is reported. The study was undertaken in the City of Brisbane over the five-year period 1971 to 1975 inclusive, and 111 fresh water immersion accidents involving children were studied and analysed. The childhood fresh water immersion accident rate, including drowning and near-drownings, of 10-43 per year per 100,000 at risk (fatality rate of 5-17) is the highest reported. If an unsupervised child gets into difficulties in fresh water and loses consciousness he has a 50% chance of dying. The immersion accident rate has doubled over the last six years. Age-specific immersion accident rates have been calculated, and have revealed that, in the toddler group (12 months to 23 months), the fresh water immersion accident rate is 50-01 per 100,000 (fatality rate of 22-55). Rates for drowning and near-drowning accidents after a fresh water immersion, by site, age and outcome (survival versus fatality), are also presented for the first time. Swimming pools produce 6-20 immersion accidents per year per 100,000 children at risk, and the domestic family bath tub produces 1-78. Possible factors explaining the high incidence are discussed, and comparisons of drowning rates from other centres are made.


Cystinuria.

Cystinuria.


Attitude change: be reasonable, do it my way. Governing most of medical practice are our attitudes towards people, policies, and procedures. This article considers attitude components and models of attitude change. Some consequences are discussed as a conceptual survival kit for hospital staff, in the hope that as we become more aware of how we form attitudes, we will be less inhibitory to healthy change.


Problems for small group discussion: the "slices of cake" question.


Carbon dioxide-dependent Staphylococcus aureus.


Thrombosis--perspective on a major side effect of oral contraceptives. Michael Briggs (Journal, August 28, 1976) has claimed that the author, who previously published a review of thrombosis and oral contraceptives (Journal, May 2, 1976), subsequently discovered that the evidence for such an association is not  ''completely watertight.''  The author replies that he was well aware of this at the time of publication of the review and justifies his especial criticism of a Puerto Rican study finding no thrombosis-pill association by reviewing the manner  in which the data were gathered.


Oral hypoglycaemic agents--dangers and contraindications.


The sensitivity of urinary pathogens seen in a private pathological practice.


ECG telephone transmission for monitoring pacemakers and cardiac arrhythmias. A network of ECG telephone transmission has been established which uses simple and inexpensive equipment, and which is aimed particularly at arrhythmia monitoring. Hospitals in areas remote from major medical centers are able to transmit to the Toronto General Hospital for expert advice. 400 patients in their homes may transmit to any of these hospitals for monitoring of pacemaker function or intermittent cardiac arrhythmia. Any patients in the Toronto General Hospital not admitted for a cardiac problem may be monitored via telephone by the expert nurses in the coronary care unit if a cardiac arrhythmia should arise. Equipment for the system has been carefully designed to minimize cost and to make it simple to use, particularly for the old or infirm patients in their homes. Transmissions between hospitals meet American Heart Association specifications for ECG recording. Transmissions of arrhythmias from patients' homes are carried out with a reduced low-frequency response. Expert cardiologists find both transmissions acceptable for their particular purpose. Standards should be set for simple, economic transmission systems as well as for those meeting the most stringent criteria.


The plasma scalpel.

The plasma scalpel. The plasma scalpel simultaneously cuts tissue and cauterizes blood vessels measuring 3 mm in diameter with a small, hot (3000 C) gas jet. In animal studies, the amount of hemorrhage has been shown to be less with the plasma scalpel than with steel or electrosurgical scalpels, and incisions have healed without complications. Amount of damaged tissue is limited. Human trials are under way, and the device shows promise as a clinical tool.


Improving the efficiency of a tubular membrane oxygenator. The development of a tubular membrane oxygenator is described. Fine silicone rubber tubes are inserted into a large silicone rubber tube and sealed. Oxygen is blown through the fine tubes, blood flows through the large tube, and the gases are exchanged through the wall of the fine tubes. The efficiency of the device is improved by increasing the gas pressure, which is followed by bubble formation in the blood, and which is therefore unacceptable. By arranging the inside tubes in a wavy pattern and by repeatedly stretching them the efficiency is increased without side effects.


The relation between audition and vision in the human newborn. Four studies were conducted to investigate the relation between audition and vision in the human newborn. In all four studies visual activity was recorded with infrared corneal-reflection technqiues in 1- to 4-day-old infants. Study 1 concerned the effects of sound at midline on scanning in darkness and in a lit but formless field. In the dark compared to light, newborns maintained better eye control, centralized fixations, scanned with smaller eye movements, scanned less dispersely, and were wider-eyed. In a blank field, sound caused newborns to maintain better eye control, centralize fixations, scan with small eye movements, constrain fixations, and be wider-eyed than in silence. Sound had little effect on scanning in the dark beyond constraining fixations. Study 2 concerned the effects of sound at midline on scanning vertical and horizontal edges. Visual activity was different for the two visual stimuli. While viewing a vertical rather than a horizontal edge, newborns maintained better eye control and fixated closer to the position of the vertical edge. Newborns crossed the position of the horizontal edge when that edge was present. Sound affected scanning in general, centralizing fixations for newborns not already looking centrally, but sound did not affect the frequency of edge crossing. Study 3 concerned the effects of laterally presented sound on scanning spatially consonant or dissonant vertical bars. The major finding was that infants were sensitive to the spatial property of sound. Infants shifted fixations first toward and then gradually away from sound. Study 4 was an attempt to determine whether there is an effort constraint on the simultaneous functioning of auditory and visual systems. The effects of two differentially salient sounds on scanning two differentially salient visual stimuli were examined. Although the results appeared to support the idea of an effort constraint, the data were accounted for parsimoniously in terms of the spatial influence of sound of scanning. The data on visual activity were discussed in terms of the presence of inherent information-acquisition routines in the newborn. It was concluded that sound influences visual epistemic behavior even at birth.


Acid-soluble purine and pyrimidine derivatives in cow's milk produced on normal feed and almost protein-free-feed with urea as the main nitrogen source. In two groups of Ayrshire cows (group I normal feeding with protein, group II got mostly urea as N-source), the TCA-soluble purine and pyrimidine derivatives of the milk were determined quantitatively. The O.D. [U/I] at pH 7-5 and 260 nm was higher in group II than in group I. The difference in N-nutrition of the animals has no influence on the composition of the purine and pyrimidine fractions investigated, especially with regard to orotic acid, uric acid, and CMP. At early stages of lactation the contents of CMP and uric acid were relatively high, but decreased with longer time of lactation. In opposition to this the orotic acid content increased in the same period. These tendencies could be registered in both groups. Besides CMP, uric acid, and orotic acid the minor nucleotides, NAD, AMP, GMP, UMP and others have been determined quantitatively. Their maximum has been found at the beginning of the lactation period and, in general, their contents were higher in group II than in group I.


Pharmacologic aspects of pentamidine.

Pharmacologic aspects of pentamidine. Pentamidine is an aromatic diamidino compound synthesized originally for the therapy of trypanosomiasis. The pharmacologic effects of pentamidine vary, depending on its route of administration. In animals, the dominant effects have been a precipitous, transitory drop in blood pressure after injection and renal toxicity following repeated administration. To avoid the possibility of immediate toxic reactions associated with iv administration, we now usually give the drug im to humans. Further interest in pentamidine has been stimulated by its usefulness in the treatment of interstitial pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii. In some patients receiving antineoplastic or immunosuppressive therapy who have superimposed P. carinii pneumonia, pentamidine may cause serious renal toxicity. Distribution and excretion studies in animals indicate pentamidine is deposited in tissues, with the greatest concentration in the kidneys, and gradually eliminated over a prolonged period. The mechanism of action of pentamidine against P. carinii or the means whereby fixation in tissues and subsequent toxicity occur have not been elucidated. Recent investigations to help clarify these points indicate that pentamidine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase in all tissues studied both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, pentamidine interacts and forms water-insoluble products with specific nucleotides and nucleic acids.


Postural hypotension in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Etiopathology. Postural changes in blood pressure were recorded in all 391 patients suffering from Parkinson's syndrome over a period of six years. Intraarterial blood pressure studies were carried out in those with significant postural hypotension. Histological examination of the entire central nervous system and the sympathetic ganglia was performed in six patients suffering from idiopathic Parksinson's disease. Five of the six patients had Lewy bodies in the sympathetic ganglia. Loss of nerve cells was noted in the sympathetic ganglia in those patients that demonstrated postural hypotension. The severity of the lesions in the ganglia correlated with the severity of postural hypotension in idiopathic Parkinson's disease, One case of Shy-Drager syndrome was similarly studied to demonstrate the differences in spinal cord and sympathetic ganglia lesions in the two conditions.


Dynamic studies of growth hormone and prolactin secretion in the female rat. Blood samples were removed via chronic intra-atrial cannulae every 15 min in female rats during the estrous cycle, the last week of pregnancy, parturition and suckling. Growth hormone (GH) secretion during the estrous cycle is characterized by episodic release, occurring approximately once hourly. The surges in GH increase during the last 3-4 days of gestation, and rise to high levels during delivery and with suckling. Prolactin (PRL) shows minimal fluctuations during the estrous cycle, except for a prominent pulsatile surge during proestrus. PRL rises 4-6 h prior to parturition and declines during delivery. These studies provide a basis for further studies on the dynamics of GH and PRL secretion in the female rat.


Changes in the nuclear volume of rat hypothalamic neurons in old age. Nuclear volumes (NV) of neurons in the preoptic are (POA), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SC), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SO), anterior hypothalamic area (AHA), arcuate nucleus (ARN), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) and lateral mammillary nucleus (ML) were measured in 3.5- to 5-month-old female and male rats and in old female and male rats over 22 months of age. Young adult female rats had larger NV than males in the neurons of all measured areas except for the SC during estrus and the ARN. NV of the hypothalamic neurons of female rats decreased in old age in all measured areas except for the VMN of rats exhibiting prolonged vaginal cornification (PVC). Old male rats showed decreased NV only in the neurons of the SC, SO and ML. The extent of NV decrease of the hypothalamic neurons was not similar in different areas. The sexual difference in neuronal NV in most of the areas disappeared in old age. Only the POA of rats with PVC and the ML of old female rats had larger NV than those of old male rats.


Effect of sulpiride on plasma prolactin in rats. I.v. injection of sulpiride (S; 0.5-20 mug/100 g b.w.) caused a significant and dose-related increase in plasma prolactin (Prl) levels in urethane-anesthetized rats, with peak values occuring 10 min after the injection. L-dopa administration (2 mg/100 g b.w., i.v.) significantly blunted plasma Prl response to S(1 mug/100 g b.w., i.v.). S injection (1 mug/rat) into a lateral ventricle also raised plasma Prl significantly. Hypothalamic destruction resulted in a prominent increase of basal plasma Prl, which increased further following the injection of S. These results suggest that S stimulates Prl secretion by its possible direct action on the anterior pituitary.


Vasopressin and oxytocin content of microdissected hypothalamic areas in rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus. Vasopressin was virtually absent from 5 microdissected hypothalamic areas and from the posterior pituitary glands of homozygous Brattleboro rats. The oxytocin concentration was normal in all these areas except for the arcuate nucleus, where it was absent. These results support the concept that Brattleboro rats have a specific defect in biosynthesis of vasopressin. The significance of the absence of oxytocin from the arcuate nucleus in these rats remains to be determined.


Hypothalamic region and pathways responsible for adrenocortical response to surgical stress in rats. Surgical stress produced no increase in the plasma corticosterone level in rats with complete deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). 30 min after surgical stress, the adrenocortical response depended on the integrity of a well-circumscribed region of the hypothalamus: the lateral-basal region of the retroachiasmatic area (RCAL) that lies not more than 0.5 mm caudally from the optic chiasma and is about 0.2 mm high. One week after transsection of this region, surgical stress produced no elevation of plasma corticosterone; the effect of the operation was independent of whether various combinations of other regions and pathways to the MBH were left intact. In contrast, high plasma corticosterone levels were found after surgical stress with all kinds of hypothalamic deafferentation when the basal region of the RCAL was not transected. The possible origin of neuronal fibres running through the RCAL is discussed.


Model of exchange barrier and respiratory surface area in the lung of the tortoise (Testudo graeca) and its practical application.


Histochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and succinic dehydrogenase activities in the epidermis of the freshwater teleost, Amphipnous cuchia (Hamilton) (Symbranchiformes, Pisces).


Lipids of human and equine smegma.

Lipids of human and equine smegma. The lipids of human and equine smegma pools were saponified and the total fatty acids submitted to temperature programmed gas chromatography (GC) analysis. In contrast to the human products, the horse smegma fatty acids contained very low odd saturated as well as olefinic branched chain acid contents. The cyclopropane fatty acid, 9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid, occurred in smegma sampled from men over 35 years of age but could not be detected in the pool from persons of 17-20 years of age nor in any of the equine mixtures. The alcoholic fraction from horse smegma contained about 85% sterol, the remainder constituting alcohols of C12 to C28 and of which 43.5% were branched chain components. The corresponding product from human smegma was primarily sterol. Squalene comprised the main hydrocarbon present in smegma of either species.


The ultrastructure of a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the human tuba uterina. A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the human oviduct was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. Cells contained abundant mitochondria, bound and free ribosomes, prominent Golgi's bodies and aggregates of membrane-bound dense bodies. The small glandular lumina with numerous microvilli were generally devoid of cilia and contained secretory material. The neoplasm was ultrastructurally similar to poorly differentiated ovarian serous carcinomas.


Metamorphic changes in Anuran muscles following thyroxine treatment.


Development and growth of the tooth germs of rats.


Regeneration of olfactory bioplar neurons in the normal olfactory epithelium of the adult bat.


Survival data from a multiphasic mobile cancer detection unit. Individuals with early cancer rarely have symptoms, through it is at this state that the best prognosis can be afforded. 22 out of 5,232-patients screened in a Mobile Cancer Detection Unit (MCDU) received cancer diagnosis (exclusive of skin cancer). These patients have enjoyed much greater survival than expected. For instance, only three have died versus and expected 7.5. Calculations show that if all cancer patients in the United States had a similar increase in survival, then the lives of at least 120,000-persons could be extended each year. These limited data must be interpreted cautiously. Nevertheless, they do hold promise since only a few percentage points increase in survival when measured against the full impact of the cancer problem will show significant patient benefit.


Electron microscopic study on the newt parathyroid gland after administration of agents affecting autonomic nerves.


Immunization of mice and calves against Salmonella dublin with attenuated live and inactivated vaccines. Previous findings, viz. that mice can be successfully immunized against infection with Salmonella dublin with either live or inactivated vaccine, were confirmed. Immunity lasted for at least 12 weeks in mice which had been immunized with inactivated alum-precipitated vaccine. The immunogenicity of inactivated vaccine gradually decreased on storage at 4 degrees C, but this was only detectable if a single injection was used for immunization: 2 injections virtually eliminated this phenomenon. The immunogenicity of live vaccine in mice was not enhanced by levamizole or the simultaneous injection of inactivated organisms. Both live and inactivated vaccines provided immunity in calves. A single injection of lyophilized vaccine, prepared from live rough Salmonella dublin strain (HB 1/17),protected 3 out of 6 calves, while 2 injections of a formalin-inactivated, alum-precipated vaccine, containing 1% packed cells of S. dublin strain 2652 V, protected 5 out of 6 calves against intraduodenal challenge with 2 x 10(9), S. dublin strain 2652 V. Two calves which had been immunized with an inactivated oil adjuvant vaccine were also solidly immune to this challenge. Serum antibody response in calves was poor when measured by the tube agglutination and the haemagglutination tests. Similarly, the sera had only marginal protective values when tested by means of a passive protection test in mice. Antibody titres alone are not a valid measure therefore, for the immune status of immunized animals.


The isolation of Mycoplasms synoviae from chickens with infectious synovitis and air-sacculitis in the Republic of South Africa. Mycoplasma synoviae was isolated from the trachea of chickens showing either typical infectious synovitis lesions or air-sacculitis. M. synoviae was identified by means of the direct plate fluorescent antibody technique and its growth-dependence on nicotine-amide-adenine dinucleotide. This is the first documented report on the isolation and identification of M. synoviae in the Republic of South Africa.


Pharmacokinetic studies in the chemotherapy of neuroblastoma using the C1300 murine system. The transplantable C1300 murine neuroblastoma has been characterized biochemically and an in vivo model for the screening of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of neuroblastoma developed. Subcutaneous inoculation of A/J mice with 10)6) C1300 cells results in predictable tumor growth and animal death in 25 +/- 4 days. Tumor growth is Gompertzian, correlates with increases in tumor RNA and DNA content and with the rate of tumor DNA synthesis as measured by [3H] thymidine incorporation. The model proposed is based on the degree to which various therapeutic options are able to inhibit tumor DNA synthesis, and these observations have been confirmed autoradiographically. A single course of either cyclophosphamide (25, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg), BCNU (2, 7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg) or cytosine arabinoside (15, 30, 60, 90 mg/kg) resulted in dose-related inhibition of tumor DNA synthesis. The maximum decline in DNA synthesis that was produced by the highest dose of each agent was by 81%, 77% and 68% of untreated tumor values respectively. Adriamycin, however, even at lethal levels (10 mg/kg), did not elicit significant inhibition of tumor DNA synthesis. Radiotherapy (200 R, 500 R or 1000 R) also produced graded inhibition of tumor DNA synthesis. This model is potentially useful for the preclinical screening of therapuetic options in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Thus, single agent therapy, combination chemotherapy and combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be rapidly evaluated for possible clinical use.


Studies on schistosomiasis. 8. The influence of age on the susceptibility of sheep to infestation with Schistosoma mattheei. Twenty-eight Dorper wethers, allocated according to age into 4 groups of 7 animals each, and 1 group of 7 Merino wethers, were compared for susceptibility to Schistosoma mattheei infestation. The group mean ages of the Dorper sheep varied from 5-61 months and their live mass from 25-66 kg, while the Merinos were 8 months old and had a mean mass of 19 kg. Despite the marked differences in the age and live mass of the Dorper sheep and the inclusion of 2 breeds in the experiment, no statistically significant differences were found in cercariae which failed to penetrate the sheep the mean percentage development of cercariae to adult worms, worm distribution in the mesenteric and gastric radicles of the portal vein and the pulmonary arterial system, and worms not removed by perfusion. Significant differences between groups (5% significance level) were found, however, in the number of worms recovered from the hepatic portal system, and in the worm sex ratio. On 3 occasions the total number of eggs excreted per female schistosome in the mesentery per 24 hours differed significantly between groups, but each time a different group or groups of sheep were responsible for the variation which was probably due, therefore, not to the age or breed of the sheep, but to daily variations in individuals. Highly significant differences occurred in the infectivity of the 6 cercarial pools used for infestation in spite of standardized collection and handling of the cercariae. Possible reasons for this are discussed and a solution suggested. Frequent egg counts (5 per sheep per week) were done during the first 25 days of patency, until the sheep were slaughtered. Schistosome ova were detected in the faeces of only 1/18 sheep examined on Day +43 after infestation, and 3/17 on Day +44, whereafter this increased rapidly to 15/34 on Day +45, 25/33 on Day +46, etc. A highly significant correlation was found between the total worm egg excretion in the faeces of the sheep per day and the numbers of female schistosomes in the mesentery, especially shortly after the onset of egg production.


Observations on the transmission, immunology, clinical signs and chemotherapy of dourine (Trypanosoma equiperdum infection) in horses, with special reference to cerebro-spinal fluid. This paper is a record of observations on the transmission and clinical signs of dourine in naturally infected cases of known duration, and of temporal and quantitative aspects of the immune response in blood and cerebro-spinal fluid. Included in the record are observations on the presence of Trypanosoma equiperdum parasites in these body fluids and methods for their detection. There is evidence that the occurrence of nervous symptoms and lesions in infected horses is associated with the presence of Trypanosoma equiperdum parasites in cerebro-spinal fluid. The suitability of cerebro-spinal fluid as an environment for the parasite and its relationship with nervous manifestations of the disease are discussed. Observations support the previously reported lesions of peripheral polyneuritis and suggest a possible correltation between the consitstent position of the nervous lesions and the drainage of cerebro-spinal fluid containing the parasite. Chemotherapy with an experimental drug MSbE was used with varying results in 4 horses at different stages of infection.


Maldronksiekte in cattle: a neuronopathy caused by Solanum kwebense N.E. Br. A neurological disease of cattle (maldronksiekte), occurring in a localized area of the Northern Transvaal, was experimentally reproduced by feeding Solanum kwebense plants to cattle. The disease is characterized by temporary loss of balance and transient epileptiform seizures precipitated by a variety of stimuli, such as exercise, handling (dipping, loading, etc) and fright. When not disturbed, most affected animals appear to be completely normal. The most conspicuous histopathological lesion is a neuronopathy manifested by vacuolar degeneration and eventual necrosis of neurones, particularly of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. An atrophy of the cerebellar cortex is seen grossly. The history, clinical signs and experimental reproduction of the disease, as well as the pathology of 4 experimental and 18 natural cases, are described.


Cerebral babesiosis in a new-born calf.

Cerebral babesiosis in a new-born calf. A case of intra-uterine transmission of Babesia bovis is reported. The calf was born normally but showed signs of intravascular haemolysis and nervous involvement 24 h after birth. It died shortly afterwards from cerebral babesiosis. The dam was not clinically affected.


The cardiac conduction system in sudden infant death syndrome: a report on three cases. The cardiac conduction systems in three cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were compared with those in children dying from known causes. Foci of inflammatory cells and areas of necrosis were found in SIDS. Lymphocytes and eosinophils were counted in the adjacent myocardium and significantly larger numbers were present in SIDS. These parhological changes in the conduction systems may be capable of producing cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death.


Mycobacterium fortuitum spinal infection: case report. Acute paraplegia followed a vertebral infection with Mycobacterium fortuitum. There was a satisfactory response to surgery and antibiotics. No predisposing factors for this primary bone infection could be found.


Diagnosis: hairy cell leukemia.

Diagnosis: hairy cell leukemia.


Routine freezing of red blood cells for transfusion in Western Australia. Experience with preservation of red cells for transfusion since 1971 has shown that refrigeration with liquid nitrogen is simple and reliable. It allows the use of a concentration of glycerol (20%) which can reasonably be removed by batch-washing if automated washing is not possible. It is possible to transport cells frozen in liquid nitrogen over long distances. This appears the method of choice for preserving rare blood, and once adopted for this purpose it is logical to use it for storage of red cells for other patients. Red cells so stored are similar in many respects to fresh cells, and more than 600 units have been transfused since 1971 without any adverse reaction.


Antibody detection and identification in a hospital blood bank. A six-year serological survey has demonstrated that an average of 2.2% per annum of individuals requiring compatibility testing possessed antibodies de novo and that the frequency for individuals forming antibodies following transfusion is 4.1%. The increased detection rate from 1.5% (1969) to 4.1% (1971-5) was almost entirely due to the sensitivity of the two-stage papain technique; a total of 124 antibodies were detected only in this test. Three of these enzyme-active antibodies were found to be the cause of mild haemolytic transfusion reactions. Since 60% of the listed 332 alloantibodies were Rh-specific, the transfusion of appropriately Rh phenotyped blood is strongly recommended.


Cerebrospinal fluid fructose-biphosphate aldolase (aldolase) activity in infectious diseases of the central nervous system. Aldolase levels were estimated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with infectious diseases of the central nervous system. A significant rise was found in bacterial and cryptococcal meningitis but the investigation failed to elucidate the source and clinical significance of the elevated activity.


Hereditary elliptical stomatocytosis: a case report. The case described demonstrates the development of elliptical stomatocytosis in a neonate and the appearance of elliptical stomatocytes in her mother whose blood film, before delivery, showed elliptocytosis. Further investigations on both individuals indicated a mild haemolytic anaemia. To our knowledge this is the second reported case of elliptical stomatocytosis.


The detection of myoglobin in urine and its application to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. An indirect haemaglutination method was developed for the immunochemical detection of myoglobin in human urine. Myoglobin was found in the urine of 84% of 44 patients with acute myocardial infarction. In contrast, it was detected in the urine of 2.7% of 147 control subjects and in none of a control group of 15 patients who had received intramuscular injections. In patients with myocardial infarction, myoglobin was detected in most but not all urine specimens collected between 10 and 50 hours after the onset of chest pain. The results suggest that the detection of myoglobin in urine may be a valuable addition to present tests for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.


Bone marrow metastases in disseminated alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: case report with ultrastructural study and review. A case of desseminated alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in an 18-year-old male with leuco-erythroblastic anaemia is described. Numerous bizarre malignant cells, including frequent multinucleated giant cells, were seen in bone marrow aspirates, and osteolytic lesions appeared late in the clinical course. The primary site of the neoplasm remained undertermined during life and also at necropsy, which revealed minute pulmonary metastases and extensive lymph nodal, pleural and skeletal deposits. The diagnosis was confirmed on necropsy tissue by ultrastructural examination which demonstrated numerous thin (5 nm) and thick (15 nm) intracytoplasmic filaments in tumour cells, sometimes organized in bundles; scattered dense Z-band-like bodies, and rod-shaped structures were also seen. The fine structure of the rhabdomyosarcoma in the present case is compared with previous ultrastructural studies. Elongated, thick intracytoplasmic filaments whose diameter corresponds to that of myosin myofilaments are strong evidence for rhabdomyoblastic differentiation and are considered to be the sine qua non of a positive electron microscopic diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. Orgaized bundles of filaments and Z-band-like dense bodies are usually present, and rod-shaped structures are found infrequently, but none of these are necessary for the ultrastructural diagnosis.


Preliminary considerations on the identity of first and second-type alveolar cells in the human lung.


End stage renal failure with syndrome of "malignant" hypertension in scleroderma. Report of a case treated by bilateral nephrectomy.


Management of thyroid disease: with particular reference to thyroid nodules. A host of expensive thyroid tests and operations could be avoided if aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules were more widely accepted by American physicians. The procedure is both an accurate diagnostic tool and an effective treatment of many thyroid nodules.


Introduction: hip and leg problems in children.


Congenital hip dislocation: before and after walking age. Residual morbidity from congenital dislocation of the hip is for the most part preventable. Prevention is possible, however, only by establishing the diagnosis early and undertaking treatment which leads to stable reduction and avoids complications. To attain these goals, hip examination whould be a routine part of all newborn care. When dislocation is found in a newborn and early treatment initiated, the anatomic abnormalities are minimal, the dislocation is rasily reduced, and the treatment is simple. When diagnosis and treatment are delayed, the soft-tissue and bony abnormalities  become established and therapy becomes more complicated.


Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease affects children, mostly boys, in the age range of 3 to 12 years. Severity and duration are quite variable. Catterall's classification of disease according to degree of femoral head involvement is of real prognostic value. Other factors of prognostic importance are loss of motion, metaphyseal cysts, subluxation and extrusion, and involvement of the epiphyseal plate, all of which are associated with poor results. Patients with Catterall group I involvement require no specific treatment as long as motion is normal. For patients under 6 years of age with group II involvement, specific efforts to contain the femoral head do not appear to bb indicated. In all other patients, maximum effort should be made to achieve containment of the femoral head and maintain full range of motion. Surgery has been used for reconstruction and as an alternative method of containment.


Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: long-term results.


Anteversion of the femur.

Anteversion of the femur.


Rotational problems of the lower extremity. Rotational abnormalities in the lower extremities are common in the growing child, but they seldom represent any serious handicap in adult life. When confronted with such a problem, the physician should carefully rule out any underlying pathologic abnormality and should approach the problem in a step-wise fashion. The component parts of the lower extremity should be examined carefully and individually to assess their role in the rotational problem.  The usual causes of internal rotation problems, or toeing in, are metatarsus adductus, internal tibial torsion, and femoral anteversion. External rotation problems are infrequent and pose fewer problems. These include calcaneovalgus, external rotation of the tibia, and external rotatory contractures of the lower extremity. The natural history of these conditions favors improvement with time. However, some patients may require conservative treatment, such as stretching and splints. Rarely, a patient may require surgical intervention.


Menstrual problems of the adolescent.

Menstrual problems of the adolescent. Pubertal changes occur at a constant rate and in a particular sequence; deviations are indicative of possible menstrual problems. Such problems include precocious puberty, amenorrhea, menstrual irregularity, cramps, and premenstrual tension. Of those patients with menstrual irregularity, 10% to 15% will have chronic conditions requiring lifelong treatment.


Causes of sexual dysfunction.

Causes of sexual dysfunction. Sexual problems can be classified as related to (1) desire, (2) arousal and penetration, (3) orgasm, and (4) subjective assessment. The usual cause of sexual dysfunction is psychosocial, eg, past conditioning, inadequate communication and cooperation between sexual partners. Possible organic or psychiatric causes should be ruled out, however.


Vitamin preparations: proper use in medical practice. The prescription of vitamin preparations as dietary supplements should be limited to specific instances of need and should be accompanied by appropriate measures to correct poor diets. Similarly, specific vitamins in therapeutic amounts should be prescribed only in the presence of vitamin deficiencies or increased requirements.


The general internist: an academic viewpoint. The general internist is more than a physician possessing the sum of knowledge of the medical subspecialities. He or she must have distinct personal attributes and management skills as well as the traditional diagnostic and treatment capabilities.


Traumatic injuries: office treatment of eye injury. 1. Injury due to foreign materials. Patients with eye injuries caused by foreign materials are often seen by the primary physician. The causative agents may be foreign objects, noxious liquids or vapors, ultraviolet irradiation, or contact lenses. Injuries caused by foreign bodies that do not penetrate the outer coats of the eye can be treated by the nonspecialist; the intraocular presence of an object requires prompt referral to an ophthalmologist. Ultraviolet light irradiation and contact lenses worn for a prolonged period cause a great deal of pain to the eye but injury is not serious and the eye heals well. Injury from chemicals may be moderate or severe; if pain and functional impairment persist after copious irrigation of the eye with sterile saline solution, the patient should be referred to an ophthalmologist.


Community medicine. Triage-a new look at an old French concept. Triage involves making judgments as to type and extent of injury. It is begun at the scene of any injury or whenever a patient enters into a health care system. Subsequently, each patient is reevaluated at different stages of care. In recent years a number of mathematical models have been developed to describe patients with multiple injuries, to evaluate emergency care, and to predict the outcome of trauma. While these grading indexes clearly are not flawless, they are helpful tools in determining priority of care.


Straight back syndrome.

Straight back syndrome.


Immunization practice: some important guidelines. The right of patients (parents) to know, in detail, the risks inherent in immunization procedures is an important issue. There is legal precedent for holding a physician or drug manufacturer liable for hazards inherent in immunizing materials even if no negligence is involved.


The spectrum of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The state of differentiation of the lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a factor that appears to correlate with the presence and severity of clinical manifestations of the disease and with the incidence of complications. Among drug regimens proposed to date, the most efficacious in poorly differentiated disease appear to be the three- and four-drug combinations.


Response of laying hens to a low salt diet. Two experiments were conducted with commercial Leghorn-type hens in advance state of production (16 months of age) to determine response to a 16% protein, corn-soy diet with no added salt. There was an immediate and significant decline in feed consumption. Body weight decreased significantly. After 14 days, there were no ova in the rapidly maturing stage. The ovary may have been reduced in size but apparently was not regressed. Egg specific gravity was significantly reduced but egg weight was unaffected. Egg production dropped to 0% in 17-21 days. On the return of 0.25% salt to the diet, recovery as measured by production rate was initiated immediately with production reaching 79% in 16 days compared to a pre-experimental production of 68%.


A cephalic influence on gastric motility upon seeing food in domestic turkeys (Melagris gallopavo), great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Strain gage transducers were permanently implanted on the muscular stomachs of 13 turkeys, 3 great-horned owls and 2 red-tailed hawks to monitor gastric motility before, during and after eating. Following fasting, the sight of food resulted in significant increases in gastric contractile activity in all three species. Gastric motility further increased when the birds were allowed to eat. In raptors, however, a brief interruption in gastric motility occurred immediately after eating. This is apparently analogous to receptive relaxation which occurs in the stomach of mammals.


Variable rachitogenic effects of grain and alleviation by extraction or supplementation with vitamin D, fat and antibiotics. Three experiments were conducted using day-old broiler type chicks to determine the effect of different cereal grains on vitamin D3 utilization and to investigate the effects of rye, corn, wheat and triticale as the cereal grain component of the diets on the development of a rachitic condition in chicks. Rye was submitted to acid treatment and water extraction in an attempt to destroy or isolate the rachitogenic factor. Results showed that with chicks fed a diet containing 200 I.U. of vitamin D3 with corn as the grain, mineralization of their bones was normal. Growth and bone ash were depressed when rye replaced corn in the diet. These effects were partially reversed when either fat or procaine penicillin was added to the diet, and comppletely prevented with a high level of vitamin D3 (2,000 I.U./kg.). In another experiment, triticale depressed bone ash even though it did not affect body growth to the same extent as rye. Our results indicate that the factor responsible for the rachitogenic condition of rye-fed chicks can be removed by water extraction of this grain or partially destroyed by acid autoclaved treatment. A combination of acid autoclaved treatment and penicillin supplementation prevented the depression in bone ash.


The use of bile salts to improve absorption of tallow in chicks, one to three weeks of age. Apparent fat absorption was 39.6 and 68.2% in chicks 4-7 and 14-19 days of age, respectively, fed purified-type diets with 8.2% tallow (TLW). Cholic acid (C.A.), chenodesoxycholic acid (Ch.A.) and taurocholate, sodium salt (T.A.) at .025 and .05% increased significantly the apparent absorption of fat by 8.4 percentage units in chicks 4-7 days of age, and as much as 10 percentage units in chicks 14-19 days of age. No significant increase in metabolized energy of diets was detected. C.A. was fed to S.C.W.L. hens at graded levels up to .2% in corn-soy diets containing either 4 or 8% TLW or hydrogenated soybean oil. No improvement in fat absorption or M.E. was detected in these hens which absorbed 86-89% of the fat. The data indicate that bile salts appear to be effective in improving the absorption of saturated-type fats only in young chicks whose absorptive mechanism for fat is not fully developed.


Fertility of frozen chicken semen after intravaginal and intrauterine inseminations using various concentrations and equilibration times of dimethylsulfoxide and a range of freezing and thawing rates. The use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotective agent for freezing chicken semen was examined with respect to intravaginal (I.V.) and intrauterine(I.U.) inseminations. Semen diluted in DMSO was subjected to various freeze rates, equilibration times and thawing rates. Various concentrations of DMSO were examined as was the effect of diluting DMSO with phosphate buffer and Lake's solution. There was no significant (p greater than 0.05) effect of rate of freeze (ranging from 1.3 degrees C to 7.2 degrees C. per min) on fertility. However, rapid thawing in an ice bath resulted in a longer (p less than 0.05) duration of fertility than thawing at 1 degree C. per min., but had no effect on percent fertility during duration or percent hens fertile. Equilibration time and concentration of DMSO had no significant (p greater than 0.05) effects on fertility. There was no interaction between insemination route and Lake's solution vs. phosphate buffer with respect to duration of fertility. It was concluded that intrauterine (I.U.) insemination resulted in superior fertility to intravaginal (I.V.) inseminations with semen frozen in DMSO.


Calcium balance in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 1, Influence of sex and diethylstilbestrol. Young adult male and laying female quail, fed with a diet containing 2.64% Ca and 0.70% P, were used to study nutritive utilization, corporal calcium retention and endogenous excretion, calcemia, laying and properties of the egg (including the shell structure), mineralization of the femur bone, as well as the influence of diethylstilbestrol upon these parameters. The coefficient of nutritive utilization (C.N.U.) in the female was high and logically superior to that of the male, while the corporal retention was quite similar for both sexes. Most of the Ca absorbed (81.8%) and not excreted in urine, went to the egg and only 18.2% remained in the body. The diethylstilbestrol caused a big reduction of the C.N.U. in the female, but not in the male, parallel to an inhibition of laying, and an increase of corporal retention of used calcium. In both sexes the calcemia surprisingly increased, and the calcium level of the femur bone was higher, and even though the cortical osseous zone was slightly wider, the effect of treatment was noticeable, particularly in the medular tissue, which incremented in the female and appeared in the male. When quail were fed a calcium-restricted diet, the endogenous excretion of this mineral was small in the case of the female and significantly smaller in the male. This situation suppressed egg laying and resulted in a clearly decreased bone mineralization. The ingestion of diethylstilbestrol before feeding a diet poor in calcium provoked an increase of the endogenous excretion of calcium in both female and male quail.


The responses of chicks to ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium sulphates and to ammonium and potassium carbonates. The responses of chicks of 14 days of age to increasing levels of dietary anions and cations were investigated in two experiments. Major reductions in weight gains per chick and in gain:feed ratios were observed in chicks as levels of dietary sulphate, with ammonium or potassium cations, were increased from 0 through 5 g. per 100 g. diet. Sodium sulphate had a similar but smaller effect. Calcium and magnesium sulphates  increased weight gains and gain:feed ratios at low levels of dietary inclusion. The relative effect of anion and cation were studied in the second experiment. Potassium carbonate  reduced weight gains  and gain:feed ratio to a greater degree than potassium sulphate; however the higher dietary levels of ammonium carbonate had little effect on chick growth responses in contrast to the major reductions obtained in  response to ammonium sulphate. There were no differences between responses of strains of chicks within experiments. None of the salts were lethal at the levels fed.


Behavioral and physiological studies of seizures induced by systemic injection of metrazol in chickens. The influence of systemically administered Metrazol on behavior, electroencephalogram and body temperature has been studied in young and adult chickens. Distinct convulsions were induced by 30--50 mg./kg. Metrazol administered intravenously in adults: they consisted of an initial excited state, a tonic convulsion accompanied with opisthotonos, and finally, convulsive movements. During recovery from these convulsions, three distinct behaviors were observed: violent peck-like movement, watchful state and finally panting behavior. All of the birds receiving higher intravenous doses (60--100 mg./kg.) exhibited vigorous convulsions immediately after injection and death occurred in 100% of the birds receiving these doses. An intraperitoneal injection of 75--100 mg./kg. Metrazol produced typical convulsions in young and adult chickens. At these doses, convulsions consisted of an initial excited state, a tonic convulsion accompanied with opisthotonos, and convulsive movements which involved clonic and tonic phases. The threshold for evoking typical convulsions with intraperitoneal injection ranges between 50 and 60 mg./kg. Metrazol in young chickens. The intravenous threshold doses for evoking high amplitude (1--2 mV.) in the EEG of adult chickens was 60 mg./kg. Metrazol. High intraperitoneal doses of Metrazol(75-100 mg./kg.) produced typical spikes with large amplitude which were synchronous in the two hemispheres in both young and adult chickens. There was a marked increase in body temperature within 10 minutes after injection in all cases of 50 mg./kg. intravenous dose: maximum increase (at 40 min.) was 1.5 degrees C. as compared with controls, however, it decreased rapidly with panting behavior. The highest does (100 mg./kg.) produced a maximum increase in body temperature of 3 degrees C. Discussion of epileptic seizure susceptibility to Metrazol in aves, in the light of phylogenesis, is discussed.


Effect of DDE, DDT and calcium on the performance of adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of DDE, DDT and calcium on performance of quail. The quail received diets containing 0 or 100 p.p.m. of DDE for eight 28-day periods in Exp. 1 and 0, 100 or 300 p.p.m. of DDE or 100 p.p.m of DDT for six periods in Exp. 2. Diets containing either 0.5 or 3% calcium were used with each pesticide level. No differences in egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production, feed consumption, egg weights, female body weights, fertility or hatchability were obtained from DDE or DDT up to 100 p.p.m.  Three hundred p.p.m. of DDE did result in a decrease in female body weights and in fertility on the low calcium diet. Egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production and hatchability were affected by the lower calcium level. Male body weights were adversely affected from 100 p.p.m. or more of DDE. Mortality increased as the level of DDE increased for females, while no effect was observed with DDT. Males appeared more sensitive to 100 p.p.m. of DDE in Exp. 1 and 300 p.p.m of DDE and 100 p.p.m. of DDT in Exp. 2. Livability and growth of chicks from hens receiving rations containing DDE AND DDT were unaffected by maternal treatment. In summary, DDE and DDT were without effect on egg shell quality or most other reproductive factors, but DDE at 300 p.p.m. did exert a detrimental effect on adult body weights, fertility and mortality.


Body temperature and blood chemistry responses in broiler cockerels given a single intravenous injection of Na+ or Ca++ before an acute heating episode. Eight-week-old broiler cockerels were injected intravenously with avian saline containing additional Na+ as NaCl or Ca++ as CaCl2. After the injections half of the chickens were heated at 45 degrees C. and the others were maintained at 24 degrees C. Cloacal body temperatures were determined and blood samples were collected before heat exposure and at 30 minute intervals until the chickens had been heated for 120 minutes. Na+ did not affect body temperature of chickens in the 24 degrees C. environment, but Na+-treated chickens in the 45 degrees C. environment had significantly elevated body temperatures compared to the heated controls. Ca++ caused a significant decrease in body temperature of the non-heated chickens, but it was without effect in heated chickens. Neither Na" nor Ca++ altered the responses of plasma glucose, cholesterol, and calcium during the heating episode. However, Ca++ caused a significant rise in plasma inorganic phosphate in non-heated chickens and prevented the rapid decline in the heated chickens. Na+ caused a significant fall in plasma inorganic phosphate in non-heated chickens, but it did not alter the plasma phosphate response to acute heat stress. The present experimental resultn chickens in a moderate temperature environment, and suggests that Ca++ initially exerts a peripheral rather than a central effect in decreasing the body temperature.


Thy hydrolysis of phytate phosphorus by chicks and laying hens. The chromic oxide balance method was used to determine the amount of natural phytate phosphorus hydrolyzed by chicks and laying hens. Broiler chicks 4 and 9 weeks old and Single Comb White Leghorn hens were fed diets containing corn as the only grain source or diets in which wheat replaced one half of the corn. Feces were collected twice daily during the 7-day test period. The phytate phosphorus recovered in the feces of the 4 and 9 week old chicks and the laying hens fed the diet containing corn was 100, 98, and 92%. When wheat replaced one half of the corn the recovery was 92, 87 and 87%. The phytase activity in wheat was minimal in vivo; whereas, in vitro tests indicated enzyme activity.


Studies on the enteric absorption of selenium in the chick using localized coccidial infections. Studies were conducted to determine the primary loci of gastrointestinal absorption of inorganic selenium in the chick using radiotracer techniques and Eimeria sp. infections of known site specificity for the gastrointestinal tract. Results showed that coccidial infections in the anterior regions of the small intestine reduced selenium absorption and potentiated selenium deficiency among chicks fed critical levels of the mineral. Absorption experiments showed that selenium absorption was greatest in the duodenum and anterior ileum, although selenium was bound at least transiently to tissues in the gizzard and crop. It is concluded from these experiments that dietary inorganic selenium is absorbed primarily in the duodenum and anterior ileum. Factors such as enteric disease which disrupt the integrity of the anterior intestinal mucosa can, therefore, reduce the absorption of selenium and other nutrients absorbed in that region, resulting in a potentiation of nutritional deficiencies.


Effects of 1,3-butanediol and 1,2-propanediol on growth, blood metabolites, and liver glycogen broiler chickens. Control diets, and diets containing 4% 1,3-butanediol (BD), 8% BD, 4% 1,2-propanediol (PD) and 8% PD were offered ad libitum to broilers from 1 to 28 days of age. Body weight gain and feed intake were recorded, and plasma metabolites and liver glycogen were measured. When compared to the control diet, the synthetic compounds depressed (p less than 0.01) growth at the 4% level, but the effect was more pronounced (p less than 0.01) at the  8% level. The test compounds had no effect (p less than 0.05) on the efficiency of feed utilization. Four percent BD elevated (p less than 0.01) plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate concentrations, and the ratio of beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate. The influence was more pronounced at the 8% level; PD did not affect (p greater than or equal to 0.05) ketone body concentrations. Neither BD, nor PD caused changes (p greater than or equal to) in plasma glucose, free fatty acids, cholesterol, or liver glycogen. Results are discussed with reference to feeding these compounds to monogastric and ruminant animals.


Accumulation and depletion of dieldrin in visceral fatty tissue of broilers. White rock chicks were fed a commercial crumbles ration with approximately 1.0 p.p.m. of the active ingreient of technical grade dieldrin added to it. The treated feed was replaced by uncontaminated feed at various times from two to eight weeks of age. Equations were computed to describe the accumulation and depletion of the insecticide in visceral adipose tissue. Accumulations in females were described by polynomial equations with significant quadratic coefficients which indicated that the rate of accumulation leveled off between six and eight weeks. Accumulation rates in males were essentially linear through ten weeks. After removal of dieldrin from the feed, insecticide depletion from fat could be described in both sexes by equations for power curves. Replacement of contaminated feed with uncontaminated feed by two or three weeks of age resulted in concentrations at control or background levels by eight weeks of age. Replacement of contaminated feed with non-contaminated feed at ages later than three weeks did not bring concentrations below those acceptable as non-hazardous for human consumption.


Studies on the daily protein and amino acid needs of broiler breeder hens. Feeding trials were conducted with broiler breeder hens to determine optimum daily intake of protein for maximum performance. Pullets were grown to 24 weeks of age on limited feed intake to maintain the body weight within the limits suggested by the breeder. A controlled-feeding system was used during the laying period with step-wise increase in calorie intakes. In the first study corn-soybean type diets were used to supply 14 to 22 grams of protein/day in 2 gram increments. In the second study daily protein intakes of 14.5 to 24 grams were compared. In addition, diets supplying 14.5 and 16 grams of protein daily were also fed with an additional 200 mg/day of lysine and methionine. The results of these studies suggest that the protein requirement of broiler breeder hens fed corn-soybean meal diets without supplemental amino acids is 20-22 grams per day.


Simplified hypophysectomy technique for young birds. The present work introduces a modified oral approach to the pituitary gland of the immature bird with improved localization and visualization of the organ in situ. The hypophysectomy procedure is based on simplified instrumentation readily available or constructed with materials present in most, if not all, laboratories. The technique has the added advantage of minimal exsanguination, virtually no operative trauma, and allows for a rapid post operative animal recovery.


Lysine requirement of hens fed diets with corn as the major cereal grain. Two experiments were conducted to determine the lysine requirement of laying hens. Corn was used as the cereal grain, and cottonseed meal, peanut meal, and corn gluten meal supplied supplemental protein. In Experiment 1 a daily lysine intake of 607 mg. per hen per day was adequate for maximum egg production and egg weight. In Experiment 2 basal diets were calculated to contain 2880 M.E. kcal/kg. or 3110 M.E. kcal/kg. The lysine requirement for the lower energy diet was 657 mg. per hen per day and for the higher energy diet was 636 mg. per hen per day. A lysine requirement of 650 mg. per hen per day is recommended.


Selection for increased semen yield in the turkey. Selection was effective in greatly increasing semen yield in the turkey. After five generations of selection semen yield in the selected line was more than double that of the randombred control line from which the semen line was developed. The realized heritability of semen yield was .35 +/- .20. There was no consistent change in sperm concentration or frequency of bent sperm associated with the increased yield. Egg production was increased in the semen line. The increase occurred in the first generation of selection and was maintained throughout the remaining generations of selection. Body weight during the growing period exhibited an initial increase in the semen line but declined to randombred control levels in later generations. There was no consistent change in percent fertility, percent hatchability of fertile eggs or number of poults produced per hen which was associated with the genetic increases in semen yield.


The arginine requirement of the 4-7 week old broiler. Two floor pen studies were conducted to determine the minimum arginine level needed to support maximum weight gain and optimum feed conversion during the 4-7 week period of growth for both males and females. Floor feather counts were used as an additional criteria for determining the arginine requirement. The basal diets were calculated to contain 0.74 and 0.80% arginine based on the analyzed values for corn, corn gluten meal, skimmilk and soybean meal. Regression equations were calculated from the data obtained for the males only. Based on the regression equations, the calculated requirement for maximum weight gain, optimum feed conversion, and floor feathers is 1.09, 1.10, and 1.13% arginine, respectively. When expressed as a function of energy, the requirements would be 0.329, 0.332, and 0.341% arginine per megacalorie of metabolizable energy per kg. of diet, respectively. The differences in rate of gain data for the females were non-significant, indicating the requirement of the females to be less than the males. The female requirement, based on floor feathers, would appear to be 0.98% dietary arginine.


Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake. The effects of the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region (EGR-fluid) on the survival and fertilizing ability of spermatozoa of the drake were examined. Semen was collected from the ductus deferens and divided into three parts; one remained undiluted (control 1) and other two were diluted with EGR-fluid and phosphate buffer (control 2) respectively. The survival of spermatozoa stored in the EGR-fluid was similar to that of controls but many spermatozoa were deformed during storage, the rate of which reached 57% in the samples stored for 24 hours. The fertilizing ability of the fresh (unstored) spermatozoa was not adversely affected by the addition of EGR-fluid but a rather favourable effect of the fluid was recognized. In contrast, when the spermatozoa were stored in vitro, the EGR-fluid exerted an adverse effect on the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa.


Effect of selenium and mercury on gross morphology and histopathology of chick embryos. Gross lesions of selenium toxicity in chick embryos included webbed, fused, and curled toes; cracked, crooked, and shortened beaks and gastroschisis. Mercury injection on day 3 of incubation caused leg defects but older embryos were much less susceptible. Histopathological studies showed that injection of selenium as selenite caused dissociation of hepatic cells, particularly around the central veins. Glomeruli of affected kidneys were enlarged, and in each glomerulus the lumen of the capillary tuft was dilated and the space of Bowman widened. Epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules were detached from the basement membranes. Injection of mercury as chloride resulted in liver pathology in the late dead embryos which included dilated central veins and sinusoids. The cytoplasm of many hepatic cells was vacuolated. Foci of hemorrhages were observed in all liver lobes. In the kidneys, the renal corpuscles showed either shrinkage or enlargement. They seemed to be in the process of degeneration and disintegration. Sclerotic glomeruli were characterized by disappearance of Bowman's space and clumping of the glomerular tuft. Combined treatment with selenium and mercury resulted in liver pathology similar to that observed in mercury toxicity. The hepatic cell dissociation seen in selenium treated embryos was not observed following the combined treatment. In the kidneys the combined treatment resulted in typical lesions of both selenium and mercury toxicity.


Stability of immune potency of tylosin 1-killed, broth-propagated Hemophilus gallinarum bacterin. Immunizing potency of broth-propagated Hemophilus gallinarum (HG)bacterin was compared with tylosin and thimerosal treatment as the HG-inactivation agent and preservative. The immunizing potency of a tylosin-treated HG bacterin was as stable as a thimerosal-treated bacterin after 53 months storage at 2 to 5 degrees C.


Effect of vasoligation on the reproductive organs of immature cockerels of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Fifteen sexually immature, 12-week-old cockerels were unilaterally vasoligated. Eight of these were killed at 4 weeks post-ligation and the remaining 7 at 10 weeks post-ligation. Granulomatous lesions in the ductus deferens were observed in 2 cockerels of the first and in 1 cockerel of the second group. Cysts showing intense granulomatous reactions were present in the epididymis in 1 cockerel of the first group and 4 cockerels of the second group. The seminiferous tubules were not seriously affected. The contralateral organs acted as controls and were grossly and histologically normal.


Anticoccidial action of monensin in turkey poults. Monensin was effective within the range 60-100 p.p.m. in control of coccidiosis in turkey poults in a series of laboratory experiments. Under conditions of heavy infections with Eimeria meleagrimitis and E. adenoides, 100 p.p.m. of monesin was significantly more effective than 60 p.p.m. in protecting weight gains. When light or moderate infections with E. meleagrimitis, E. adenoides and E. gallopavonis were used, there were no significant differences among monesin-medicated treatments. In all instances the monensin-medicated treatments gained significantly more weight than noninfected, nonmedicated controls, when measured at 7 days post-inoculation. Similarly, oocyst, passage was reduced, feed conversion was protected and mortality was controlled in monensin-treated poults.


Assessment of the quantity of biologically available phosphorus in yeast RNA and single-cell protein. Two assays were conducted with chicks fed a phosphorus-deficient crystalline amino acid diet from day 8 to 17 posthatching to evaluate the phosphorus availability of purified torula yeast RNA and single-cell protein (Torula yeast). Tibia bone ash of the chicks was the criterion used in both assays, and regression analysis was used to evaluate bone ash as a function of phosphorus intake. A standard curve was established by feeding graded levels of KH2PO4 in each assay. Weight gain, tibia weight and tibia ash all responded to phosphorus supplementation whether provided by KH2PO4, RNA or single-cell protein. Weight of tibia ash provided the best linear fit when evaluated as a function of phosphorus intake. Availability in both assays estimated using the slope-ratio technique wherein milligrams of available phosphorus per gram of RNA or single-cell protein was calculated. In assay 1 the available phosphorus in RNA was found to be 93.2 mg/. In assay 2 the available phorphorus in single-cell protein was found to be 14.1 mg./g.


Sexual maturity and persistency of lay in the Chukar partridge given stimulatory light at different ages. In two separate trials, age at sexual maturity (lay of 1st egg) and total eggs laid in a 13-week production period were determined for the Chukar partridge given stimulatory light at 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 or 30 weeks. The best responses occurred with hens given stimulatory light when 26 weeks of age or older. More than 85 percent of these hens laid, and production ranged from 15 to 25 eggs per hen. The youngest age at 1st egg was 161 days, required by one hen given stimulatory light at 16 weeks. Many hens given stimulatory light at 24 weeks or younger failed to lay, and egg production was extremely poor in those that did lay. Based on our results, best egg production can be attained when birds are given stimulatory light at 28 weeks, allowed to lay for 13 weeks, then cycled to lay again when 50 weeks of age. Hens of superior laying ability can be detected in the first cycle of lay, thus reducing the time that would be required to identify these same birds if allowed to lay under natural daylight conditions.


Legless--a lethal condition in the domestic fowl. The abnormality resulting in legless condition which appeared in one pedigree mating in the R.I.R. stock is reported. The condition was lethal to the affected embryos between five and seven days of the incubation period. The matings carried out suggested that the condition was not hereditary but since only two males were raised from the original mating it cannot be stated with certainty.


Persistence of semen quality during the reproductive period in two strains of turkeys differing in semen yield. Semen yield, sperm concentration and frequency of bent sperm were measured during the ninth week following stimulatory lighting (in January) and correlated with similar measurements obtained 1-1/2 and 4-1/2 months later in the reproduction period for two strains of medium bodied turkeys differing in semen yield. These correlations, based on measurements made early in the reproductive period, were not large enough so that the male's subsequent performance could accurately be predicted. Strain differences were also apparent in correlation coefficients for semen yield. The correlation coefficients were larger for the strain having the smallest yeild. In general, the significant correlation coefficients between semen yield and sperm concentration were positive and those between semen yield and percent bent sperm and between sperm concentration and percent bent sperm were negative. However, the correlation coefficients tended to be low in magnitude.


Light alterated changes in the embroynic age versus incubation age of White Leghorn embryos. White Leghorn eggs were incubated in the dark or under two 20-Watt cool white flourescent tubes. The embryos were collected and staged according to somite number and other anatomical observations. Embryos from lighted eggs were significantly more advanced in embryonic age within 24 hours than embryos from the dark. By the end of 10 days no further acceleration of development by light was significant.


The association of semen traits and fertility in the turkey. There were no significant correlation coefficients between semen traits (yield, concentration and frequency of bent sperm) measured prior to the first insemination and fertility over a 12-week hatching period when the amount of semen inseminated per female was greater than the minimum (.025 cc.) usually recommended. Although there were some statistically significant correlations between semen measurements made later in the reproduction period and fertility for the entire period, they were very small ranging from -- .29 to +.20.