Use of endogenous triglycerides to support gluconeogenesis in the perfused isolated rat liver. The carbon balances in isolated perfused rat liver during gluconeogenesis from L-alanine and sodium L-lactate indicate that assuming the substrate unaccounted for were fully oxidized the energy yielded was not sufficient to support the observed rates of glucose synthesis. This observation indicates that endogenous substrates must also be oxidized. The possibility that endogenous fatty acid oxidation was the source of the energy needed to support glucose synthesis was investigated by measuring the rate of 14CO2 formation from tracer quantities of added [U-14C] palmitate. Short pulses of L-alanine or sodium L-lactate infusion produced an increased rate of 14CO2 production paralleled by increases in oxygen uptake indicating that more endogenous fuel is being mobilized. That the rate of 14CO2 output is an expression of fatty acid mobilization was supported by experiments demonstrating that the addition of octanoate to dilute the fatty acid pool produced an immediate fall in the rate of 14CO2 output. On the other hand, the administration of glucose produced no changes in oxygen uptake or 14CO2 output. However, lactate even in the presence of glucose induced a rise in 14CO2 production which occurred in parallel with the enhancement in oxygen uptake. It is concluded that mobilization of hepatic endogenous fatty acid is a metabolic event intimately associated with enhancement of gluconeogenesis. Consequently the control of the different steps of this process may indirectly control gluconeogenesis.


The effect of capsaïcin on temperature regulation of the rat. 1. Subcutaneous injection of capsaïcin (6-11 mg, or 21-66 mg cumulative), permanently reduced the capacity of rats to withstand a hot environment, as described by Jancsó-Gábor et al. (1970). 2. The treated rats thermoregulatory behaviour was not different from that of control rats, both in hot and cold environments. 3. Saliva secretion was decreased in a hot environment, and the weight of the submaxillary glands was reduced in capsaïcinized rats. 4. It is concluded that hyperthermia present in treated rats when subjected to a warm environment is not due to a disruption of sensu stricto temperature regulation, but rather to a decreased salivary secretion. Whether this decrease has a central or a peripheral origin is not known.


The influence of chloride on the ouabain-sensitive membrane potential and conductance of crayfish giant axons. 1. Resting potential and current-voltage relation were measured in crayfish giant axons bathed in chloride-free and sodium-free solutions with and without ouabain. 2. Chloride-free solution caused a transient depolarization but did not alter the steady-state membrane potential. Utilizing isethionate as an anion substitute, the membrane resistance increased 12.5%. 3. In the absence of extracellular chloride, ouabain (0.5-1 mM) depolarized the axon 6-7 mV. The shape of the current-voltage relation did not change but the curve was shifted along the current axis. 4. These results indicate that ouabain inhibits a steady-state hyperpolarizing electrogenic pump current of approximately 3 muA/cm2. 5. Extracellular sodium removal from axons equilibrated in chloride-free solutions transiently hyperpolarized the membrane 6-7 mV without a change in membrane resistance. The transient hyperpolarization was ouabain and temperature sensitive. The steady-state potential reached in sodium-free and chloride-free solution was not ouabain sensitive. Temperature sensitivity of the steady-state membrane potential was greatly reduced. 6. The transient hyperpolarization produced by extracellular sodium removal was metabolically driven and may present the expression of a sodium efflux transport current of 7.0-7.5 muA/cm2. 7. Using electrophysiologically measured parameters, sodium and potassium conductance, influx and efflux currents and the coupling ratio for sodium/potassium transport are calculated from a modification of the conductance equation. 8. The sodium/potassium transport coupling ratio for steady-state conditions was estimated at 5:3 (1.67:1).


The influence of cardioactive steroids, metabolic inhibitors, temperature and sodium on membrane conductance and potential of crayfish giant axons. 1. The resting membrane potential and the current-voltage relation were measured in crayfish giant axons before and after treatment with cardioactive steroids, metabolic inhibitors, extracellular sodium depletion and low temperature. 2. The membrane resistance of axons treated with cardioactive steroids, metabolic inhibitors, and low extracellular sodium was reduced by 30-53% depending on the treatment. Low temperature also caused a decrease in the membrane resistance of the axon but the decrease was limited to potentials around the resting membrane potential. The temperature response of sodium depleted or ouabain treated axons was an increase in resistance at all points along the current-voltage relation. 3. All inhibitors and low temperature caused a depolarization of the membrane potential. Ouabain and strophanthidin were the most effective, reducing the membrane potential by an average of 9.6 mV in 10-20 min. Low sodium did not cause a depolarization but consistently reduced the membrane resistance by an average of 30%. 4. The data suggest that there is an interaction between the activity of the ouabain-sensitive transport system and resting membrane resistance in the crayfish axon.


Oxygen transport capacity of the capillary blood within the carotid body. Local deltaPo2 deltat in the carotid body after perfusion stop depends on the oxygen consumption of the tissue and the apparent O2 solubility coefficient alpha of the blood. Oxygen consumption of the carotid body tissue can be determined by measuring the local deltaPo2 deltat with Po2 needle electrodes after Krebs-Henseleit perfusion. Assuming the same deltaPo2 deltat for the blood-perfused carotid body the actual Po2 decrease can be used to estimate the hemoglobin content of the tissue. The influence of hemoglobin is described by the factor alpha/alpha. Control values measured in the Krebs-Henseleit-perfused carotid body yielded values of alpha/alpha = 0.8-3. In a series of 11 blood-perfused carotid body preparations with 105 perfusion stops the quotient alpha/alpha changed with arterial Po2. At Po2 values higher than 100 Torr alpha/alpha was between 0.8 and 2. This value thus was in the same range as the control values. Below 100 Torr higher values up to 11 were observed. Since a blood-perfused tissue (15 g% Hb) would have an alpha/alpha of about 128, we conclude that the carotid body is mainly perfused by plasma, and that with decreasing arterial Po2 more red cells flowed through the carotid body.


A time- and voltage-dependent potassium current in the rabbit sinoatrial node cell. Voltage clamp experiments were conducted in the rabbit sinoatrial node (S-A node) using the double microelectrode technique. When the membrane was repolarized to the resting potential after depolarizing test pulses, the outward current slowly decayed to the steady level (outward current tail). The magnitude of the outward current tail was a sigmoid function of the amplitude of the preceding depolarization. The degree of activation of this current varied from 0 at about -50 mV to 1 at about +20 mV. The time course of the current change was a simple exponential and was independent of the preceding depolarization. The reciprocal time constant appeared to be a U-shaped function of the membrane potential with a minimum value of about 3s-1 at -40 mV. The instantaneous current voltage relation was an inward-going rectifier, but showed no detectable negative slope. The reversal potential, obtained between 10 and 50 mM [K]o, decreased with a slope of 58 mV for a 10-fold increase in [K]o. These findings indicate that the outward current tail in the S-A node cell is attributable to a single component of K current (pacemaker current component). The pacemaker current component is mainly responsible for the slow diastolic depolarization.


Lactate oxidation by skeletal muscle during sustained contraction in vivo. Estimation of lactate oxidation in vivo was carried out by a tracer technique in the muscles of the lower hindleg of the dog during tetani of different duration. The fractional (%) rate of lactate oxidation increased markedly, compared with that of the resting muscle, after the first 2 min of stimulation. Lactate oxidation afforded a large contribution to the total oxygen consumption. Fatigue appeared to play a role in limiting lactate oxidation in the later phase of sustained contraction.


Simple and stable techniques for recording slow-wave sleep. 1. A combination technique of a telemetric system and a Walter-type analyzer have been used in the rat to allow on-line display of the sleep-waking cycle of a freely-moving animal on three consecutive days. 2. The characteristics of slow-wave sleep can be analyzed completely by this technique. 3. Telemetric recording of the integrated slow wave is a good method that allows faster and accurate scoring of slow waves to measure the length of sleep in freely-moving animals.


Referencing procedure for location of lumbosacral alpha-motoneurons. This report presents a simple referencing procedure to facilitate microelectrode positioning within a desired motor nucleus in the cat spinal cord. The procedure is used in conjunction with the conventional technique of interpreting microelectrode position in the ventral gray column on the basis of the relative amplitude of antidromically or orthodromically evoked field potentials from select motor nuclei. The procedure optimizes the use of a single surface anatomical landmark such that the nuclei can be quantitatively referenced both horizontally and sagitally.


The effect of heart rate on the membrane responsiveness of rabbit atrial muscle. The maximum rate of rise of action potentials in myocardial fibers of the rabbit atrium decreases with an increase in heart rate. This decrease of the dV/dt max is accompanied by a decrease of the diastolic transmembrane potential prior to the moment of activation (take-off potential). Comparison of the membrane responsiveness curve (relation between dV/dt max and take-off potential) as measured by varying the extracellular potassium concentration at a fixed rate of stimulation, with the effect of changes in the frequency of stimulation on dV/dt max and take-off potential made clear that the fall in dV/dt max after a sudden increase in heart rate was stronger than could be explained by the concomitant decrease of the take-off potential alone. This implicates that the membrane responsiveness itself is heart rate dependent. A possible explanation for this observation is that when heart rate is increased the active Na/K pump is not able to maintain the intracellular concentration of Na and K at the original level. Acceleration of the heart will lead to an intracellular loss of potassium and a gain of sodium. The first causes a diminishment of the diastolic membrane potential which according to the membrane responsiveness curve is attended with a decrease of the dV/dt max. The second results in a decrease of the sodium concentration gradient and therefore in a further reduction of the dV/dt max. This hypothesis was confirmed by experiments with ouabain added to the perfusion fluid. Ouabain, which is known to inhibit the Na/K pump, caused a decrease of both the take-off potential and dV/dt max that was completely comparable with the effects of an increase of the frequency of stimulation. In addition, observation of the time course of the changes in dV/dt max and membrane "resting" potential after a sudden change in the rate of stimulation, gave support to the electrogenic concept of the active Na/K pump in cardiac muscle.


Single nephron glomerular filtration rate ratios of superficial, intercortical and juxtamedullary nephrons in rats during development. In 20, 40 and 60-day-old rats the filtration rate was studied using Baines modification of Hanssen's Na4Fe (14CN)6 method enabeling the determination of single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) ratio between superficial (S), intercortical (I) and juxtamedullary (J) nephrons. The proximal tubule lengths were determined as well. A close correlation was obtained between age and S/I, I/J and S/J of proximal tubule lengths and between age and I/J, S/J 14C-activities of ferro-cyanide. Presented findings confirm the data on the increasing role of superficial nephrons in the course of postnatal development of rat.


Observations on blood flow related electrical impedance changes in rigid tubes. Mammalian blood in pulsatile flow through a rigid tube has been shown to be anisotropic with regard to its electrical conductivity. When flow increases there is a rise in conductivity in the longitudinal and a fall in the radial direction. These changes are caused by flow-dependent variations in the orientation of the disk-shaped erythrocytes.


Evolution in vivo of the synthesis rate of catecholamines in various peripheral organs of the rat during cold exposure. The synthesis of catecholamines (CA) has been studied in the heart, spleen, submaxillary glands and adrenals of rats exposed to 4 degrees C for 2.5, 24 or 48 h. The synthesis rate has been estimated 30 min after an i.v. injection of 3H tyrosine (TY) by the evaluation of the ratio: 3H-CA specific activity/3H-TY specific activity. In the sub-maxillary glands, cold exposure reduced the noradrenaline (NA) synthesis by 40% at times 24 and 48 h. In the spleen, NA synthesis was multiplied by a factor 1.6 at times 2.5 and 24 h and 2.8 at time 48 h. In the heart, it was increased by a factor 1.3 after 2.5 h, 2.8 after 24 h and 5.5 after 48 h: an important fall in cardiac NA level was observed during the first 24 h of cold exposure indicating that the synthesis capability was unsufficient to compensate the cold-induced NA release. In the adrenals, adrenaline + NA synthesis was not significantly enhanced during the first 24 h of cold exposure and increased by a factor 2.4 at time 48 h. The important increases in CA synthesis which are observed during the 24-48 h interval are likely consecutive to the induction of tyrosine hydroxylase which has been reported in the rat exposed to cold.


Porton Down; the microbiological research establishment.


Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of colonic diverticulitis. A patient over 40 years of age who complains of lower abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea or both, and increased flatulence should be suspected of having diverticulosis. When pain becomes more severe and persistent, diverticulitis must be considered. Diagnosis depends on roentgen demonstration of the presence of diverticula. Sigmoidoscopy and barium enema study are essential to exclude coexisting disease but in diverticulitis may need to be postponed until severe local and systemic signs of inflammation have subsided. A number of diseases can simulate diverticulitis, and differential diagnosis may present considerable difficulty. Irritable colon syndrome and acute appendicitis may be indistinguishable clinically from diverticulitis. Differentiation from carcinoma is usually not difficult, but exclusion of coexistent carcinoma may be impossible except by resection. Ulcerative colitis is also easily distinguished except when, rarely, it coexists. Crohn's disease of the colon is less easily differentiated, especially in patients over 40, in whom the two diseases often coexist. Other colonic diseases, such as ischemic colitis, and pelvic inflammatory diseases usually show characteristic features which make them readily distinguishable from diverticulitis.


Toleracne to equine IgG after immunosuppression in patients with multiple sclerosis. Fourteen patients with multiple sclerosis were given two tolerizing doses of equinine gammaglobulin followed by equine antilymphocyte globulin. Twelve were sufficiently tolerant to have no clinical symptoms of hypersensitivity, no skin reactivity and normal plasma clearance rates. Some tolerance was lost in the following months revealed by immediate wheal and flare skin reactions. No correlation between success in tolerance induction and beneficial effects on the disease process could be established in the short term follow-up period of this pilot study.


The in vitro assessment of anti-human lymphocyte globulin. A simple reproducible in vitro test of anti-human lymphocyte globulin activity is discribed. The method is a "microtitre" complement-fixation test using human platelets as a source of antigen, guinea-pig complement and an amboceptor of sheep red blood cells sensitized by rabbit anti-sheep haemolysin.


Conditions affecting plasma amino acid patterns in chickens fed practical and purified diets. Experiments were conducted to investigate plasma free amino acid concentrations in the chick. After one hour of fasting, total plasma amino acid concentration decreased to approximately half of the full-fed value. Within three to six hours, most amino acids had returned toward the full-fed level but did not exceed it throughout a 48 hour period of starvation. However, after 48 hours fasting lysine, threonine, and isoleucine accumulated three-fold, two-fold and two-fold of the full-fed level, respectively. Serine and glutamic acid exceeded the full-fed level at three hours and then declined. Alanine reached its highest level after six hours of fasting and then declined. In full-fed chicks diurnal variations of plasma free amino acid concentrations were observed. The lowest and highest concentrations were observed at 11 a.m. and 8 to 11 p.m., respectively under a 24 hr-lighting. Reference plasma amino acid patterns are reported for chicks fed a practical diet ad libitum. In day-old chicks, concentrations of total amino acids, methionine plus one half cystine, lysine, and arginine were high. Alanine and glutamic acid concentrations were low. Most amino acid concentrations declined gradually during the first four weeks of life, but methionine plus one half cystine, phenylalaine, threonine and serine concentrations decreased sharply between two and four weeks. Lysine concentration continued to decrease in chicks fed the starter diet. At 20 weeks, plasma amino acid concentrations had decreased considerably except for methionine plus one half cystine and basic amino acids. The plasma amino acid pattern for chicks fed an isolated soybean protein diet was similar to that of chicks fed the practical diet.


Ovarian 125I transference in the laying Japanese quail: apparent stimulation by FSH and lack of stimulation by TSH. Six-hour accumulations of 125I were measured in the growing oocytes and thyroids of laying Japanese quail injected with 0.002 to 2 mg. of FSH or 0.004 to 4 I.U. of TSH per day for six days. FSH at 0.2 and 2 mg./day increased the 125I content of the growing oocytes to 1.4 times the control values. The numbers and the total weights of these growing oocytes doubled. The egg-laying rate remained unchanged. The FSH-induced apparent stimulation of 125 I transference was seen as a consequence of the increase in oocyte material rather than to a direct effect of FSH on the membranes of the avarian follicular cells. TSH did not increase the transference of 125I.


Diurnal cycles of gastric motlity in normal and fasted turkeys. Strain gage transducers were chronically implanted on the muscular stomachs of 12 young turkeys to study diurnal patterns of gastric motility. Continuous recordings were made for several days before and after a period of two or three days of fasting. Pronounced diurnal cycles in gastric motility were observed in which the frequency and amplitude of gastric contractions were increased during the daylight and depressed during darkness. Fasting caused a reduction in both frequency and amplitude and, during fasting, the diurnal cycles were somewhat obscured. Motility improved upon refeeding and cycles were agina apparent. The diurnal cycles appeared to be at least partially regulated by an intrinsic biological rhythm.


Effect of biotin and niacin on lipid content of livers in the laying hen. Single Comb White Leghorn layers maintained in cages were fed a corn-soy diet with a simplified vitamin premix for a 12-week experimental period to determine the effect on liver lipid accumulation. Lipid content was only 29.6% of the liver dry matter and, therefore, was in the normal range and less than that seen in hens with fatty liver syndrome. Adding niacin (44 mg./kg.) or biotin (110 mug./kg.) either alone or in combination failed to significantly alter liver weight or liver lipid content. Liver lipid content of hens fed another diet with a more complex vitamin premix also was not significantly different from that of hens fed the diet with the simplified vitamin premix. None of the diets significantly affected egg production, egg weight, feed consumption or body weight changes observed over the 12-week period.


Twin pigeon embryos.

Twin pigeon embryos. Twin pigeon embryos were found on incubation day 18 in a pipped egg. The egg was pipped at the small end. The embryos were dead. Removal of a portion of the shell allowed removal of one embryo and revealed the second one. Both appeared normal in development and size.


Plasma prolactin and progesterone during the estrous cycle in the mouse.


The effects of sodium pentobarbital or ether anesthesia on spontaneous and electrochemically-induced gonadotropin release.


Primary and secondary prevention among adults: an analysis with comments on screening and health education.


A comparison of gamma-butyrolactone and pimozide on serum gonadotrophins and ovulation in the rat.


Possible determinants of plasma renin activity in infant rats.


Glucocorticoid receptors and inhibition of bone cell growth in primary culture.


Light induced changes in ketamine response in the chick.


Neuropharmacological interaction between ketamine, and physostigmine, diazepam or propranolol.


Dose-response shifts in the behavioural effects of dopamine agonists and antagonists following chronic morphine treatment.


Acute and chronic effects of morphine and withdrawal from morphine on temperature in the cat.


The effect of narcotic agonists and antagonists on the rat colon.


Transmission of 14C-benzo(a)pyrene from lactating mice to their offspring.


Dopaminergic sites involved in morphine withdrawal hypothermia.


Temperature dependent interaction of morphine and naloxone on spin labelled bovine brain liposomes.


The use of tert-butanol in alcohol dependence studies.


Papaverine, drug-induced stereotypy and catalepsy and biogenic amines in the brain of the rat. The effects of papaverine on haloperidol-induced catalepsy and apomorphine-induced stereotypy as well as brain monoamines concentrations in rats were studied. Papaverine increased cataleptogenic effect of haloperidol whilst reduced stereotypy induced by apomorphine. Slight but significant decrease in brain dopamine concentration was observed in rats treated with papaverine. The present study indicates that papaverine has influences upon dopaminergic mechanisms in the brain.


Spontaneous and amphetamine induced head-shaking in infant rats. A variable proportion of albino rats 6-11 days old exhibit spontaneous and infrequent rotatory head-shaking episodes. This motor pattern is slightly anticipated and significantly increased in occurrence and duration by the administration of D-amphetamine (5 mg/Kg), with a maximal effect of the drug on the 9th day. The rate of amphetamine induced rhythmic head oscillations increases with age from below 5 cps on the 5th day to about 9 cps on the 10th day. The results are discussed in relation to maturation of both the underlying catecholaminergic pathways, activated by D-amphetamine, and the stretch reflex systems of the head and neck muscles participating in the rhythmic activity. Emphasis is placed on the difference between head-shaking and stereotyped activity.


Relative role of catecholamines in head-shaking of infant rats. The relative contribution of catecholaminergic mechanisms in head-shaking (H-S) of infant rats was explored by comparing the H-S inducing effects of apomorphine and amphetamine in rats from 4-14 days old, and the blocking effect of neuroleptic drugs (chlorpromazine and haloperidol) and more specific alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (phenoxybenzamine and propranolol), on amphetamine induced head-shaking. As apomorphine, but not amphetamine, may induce H-S in four-day-old rats, and the latter drug potentiates apomorphine induced H-S, even in days in which, if injected alone it has no effect, it is suggested that both dopaminergic and noradrenergic mechanisms are involved in H-S, thus differentiating this motor item from other motor patterns included in stereotyped behaviour. This suggestion is further supported by the demonstration that while D-amphetamine induced H-S is blocked by phenoxybenzamine, other stereotyped motor patterns continue unimpaired.


Cortical administration of somatostatin (SRIF): effect on sleep and motor behavior. Cortical administration of SRIF in unrestrained, freely moving rats produced an early activation, stereotyped behavior patterns and later, coordination difficulties often associated with drowsiness. A few animals showed a tendency toward paraplegia-in-extension. A considerable, prolonged alteration in the sleep-waking cycle was also observed. Similar results were obtained in both intact and hypophysectomized animals. Intraperitoneal administration of SRIF induced several other effects in addition to those seen after cortical application. The latter were however, restricted in variety, intensity and duration.


Abolition of nomifensine-induced stereotypy after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of ascending dopaminergic projections. The effects of bilateral focal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the zona compacta of the substantia nigra (SNC) on nomifensine-induced stereotypy were examined in the rat. These lesions reduced neostriatal dopamine levels to less than 1 percent of control levels. They also abolished nomifensine-induced stereotyped behavior. It is suggested that nomifensine-induced stereotypy is mediated via a presynaptic action on dopamine uptake and release.


Response suppression on a mixed schedule of reinforcement during alcohol withdrawal. Two groups of rats were maintained on a mixed fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement until performance was stable. The animals were intubated daily with ascending doses of alcohol or water 30 min before each session, starting with 4.0 g/kg and increasing to the final dose of 8.0 g/kg. The results show that withdrawal from alcohol suppresses responding in all components of a mixed schedule and this suppression lasts approximately 14 hours. These results support previous reports which suggest that the duration of the behavioral aberrations produced by alcohol withdrawal are most severe 6 to 14 hours post-withdrawal.


Enhancement of the locomotor response to d-amphetamine by olfactory bulb damage in rats.


On the anticataleptic action of cyproheptadine. The anticataleptic action of cyproheptadine, a tricyclic compound known as antiserotonin, anticholinergic and antihistaminic drug in comparison to that of atropine, promethazine, imipramine, desipramine, chlorimipramine and nomifensine was studied in rats. The catalepsy induced by spiperon, pimozide or fluphenazine was antagonized by cyproheptadine, atropine and promethazine. Imipramine and nomifensine were less active, desipramine and chlorimipramine without effect. The reserpine- and alpha-methyltyrosine-catalepsy was counteracted by cyproheptadine, promethazine and nomifensine, but not by atropine or tricyclic antidepressants. Only cyproheptadine and promethazine antagonized the catalepsy caused by a combined treatment with reserpine and alpha-methyltyrosine. The pilocarpine-catalepsy was abolished by atropine, promethazine and nomifensine and unaffected by tricyclic antidepressants. Atropine and promethazine antagonized also the physostigmine-catalepsy. The catalepsy induced by both cholinomimetic drugs was not changed or increased by cyproheptadine. The results presented indicate that cyproheptadine differs in its anticataleptic activity from all the drugs used for comparison. Possible mechansims of this activity are discussed.


Effects of nicotinic and muscarinic compounds on biting attack in the cat. Predatory-like biting attack on a rat, as well as hissing, growling, and other threat behaviors, could be induced in normally non-aggressive cats by systemic administration of the muscarinic agonist, arecoline (7-12 mg/kg). In contrast to arecoline, nicotine was found to suppress aggressive behaviors. Systemic administration of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg) prior to arecoline injection resulted in a significant reduction in elicited attack and threat behaviors. Furthermore, nicotine (0.075-0.500 mg/kg) was found to produce a dose-dependent suppression of natural predatory behavior as well. This nicotine-produced suppression of attack did not appear to be due to the induction of general malaise, since attack suppression could be seen in the absence of general behavioral inhibition, and doses of nicotine resulting in complete suppression of attack had little effect on food intake. Results indicate that muscarinic and nicotinic compounds can exert antagonistic control over some types of aggressive behaviors.


Ethanol elimination rates in normal and ethanol dependent animals. Ethanol elimination rates were determined in rats using an intravenous route of ethanol administration after several experimental manipulations. Twenty-four hr food deprivation resulted in a 30% reduction to 35 mg/100ml blood/hr in elimination rate from a non-deprived rate of 50 mg/100 ml blood/hr. After 2 months of ethanol drinking (5% v/v), 24 hr starvation resulted in only a 10% reduction in elimination rate (45 mg/100 ml blood/hr), and did not increase the non-food-deprived rate (49.2 mg/100 ml blood/hr) over that obtained in the above animals' drinking water rather than 5% ethanol. Animals which chronically overdrank ethanol or water for 3 months on a schedule-induced polydipsia procedure, known to result in ethanol physical dependence, showed a decreased rate of ethanol elimination (37.9 mg/100 ml blood/hr for water drinkers) in the non-food-deprived condition. By providing 750 mg of liver powder daily as a food supplement in the ethanol overdrinking regimen, the ethanol elimination rate remained at a rate comparable to the normal animal (48.4 mg/100 ml blood/hr).


Evidence that maternal ventral skin substances promote suckling in infant rats.


Reinstatement of eating by dopamine agonists in aphagic dopamine denervated rats.


Influence of diet palatability on the meal taking behavior of hypothalamic hyperphagic and normal rats.


Overeating and obesity produced by interruption of the caudal connections of the hypothalamus: evidence of hormonal and metabolic disruption.


Adaptation of the glucocorticosterone response to novelty.


The role of hippocampal cholinergic mechanisms in the aquisition of a barpress response. The role of hippocampal cholinergic mechanisms in learning a bar-press response reinforced with food was investigated. Firstly, an interstrain comparison showed that mice having a low choline acetyltransferase activity in the dorsal hippocampus were quicker to associate the barpress with reinforcement. Secondly, when the activity of this enzyme was reduced by a subseizure electrical stimulation of the hippocampus learning was accelerated. It is suggested that acetylcholine availability at the hippocampal synapses slowed the apparition of these learned responses.


Olfactory control of aggression in lactating female housemice.


Ovarian influences on the meal patterns of female rats.


Aggression in male and female mice: evidence for changed neural sensitivity in response to neonatal but not adult androgen exposure.


Interruption of septal connections: effects on drinking, irritability, and copulation.


Cue-dependent amnesia: permanence and memory return.


Absence of post-fast food compensation in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).


Habituation and the structure of the electrodermal system.


Schedule dependent and schedule induced behavior at reduced and recovered body weight.


Progesterone antagonism of aggression-promoting olfactory signals: a time-dependent phenomenon.


Imaginary companions, fantasy twins, mirror dreams and depersonalization. Illustrative case material is presented to demonstrate genetic linkages between the presence of imaginary companions or fantasy twins and extensive mirror play in childhood and early adolescence, and the appearance of mirror dreams and depersonalization in later adolescence and adulthood. The defensive splitting of the self-representations observable in these phenomena is viewed as a means of warding off castration anxiety and anxiety about object loss, anxieties which arise because of conflicts primarily centering on intense aggressive drive derivative wishes. Formulations about depersonalization are discussed.


An improved mechanical strain gauge for recording penile circumference change.


Effects of alloxan induced diabetes on the feeding patterns of rats.


Dopaminergic influence on withdrawal jumping behavior in morphine-dependent mice. Abrupt withdrawal jumping behavior in morphine-dependent mice is accompanied by a decrease in brain dopamine turnover and an increase in brain dopamine level which parallel strain differences in jumping incidence. Both naloxone-precipitated and abrupt withdrawal jumping behavior are inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine. A cataleptic dose of the dopaminergic antagonist, haloperidol, does not block naloxone-precipitated jumping, but does significantly block the inhibition by apomorphine. These findings indicate that there may be a decrease release of dopamine in the brain during the expression of withdrawal jumping behavior and that dopaminergic activation may be inhibitory to this behavior.


Suppression by 1,3-butanediol of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. 1,3-Butanediol was tested for its ability to suppress an ethanol with drawal syndrome. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered physically dependent on ethanol by intragastric administration of ethanol at a dosage of 9 to 15 grams per kilogram per day over a 4-day period. A nonintoxicating oral dose of 1,3-butanediol at 4 grams per kilogram administered after elimination of ethanol from the blood was effective against the tremulous and conbulsive components of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in all animals for 1 to 5 hours. This period coincided with the time of maximum severity of the withdrawal syndrome, as seen in the control animals.


Total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids and inorganic phosphorus in the amniotic fluid of premature infants. Total lipids, total cholesterol, phospholipids and inorganic phosphorus were determined in the amniotic fluid of 36 normal and 12 premature neonates. Total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol were significantly decreased in the premature patients and the extent of decrease was more pronounced in patients who developed respiratory distress syndrome. On the other hand, inorganic phosphorus content of the amniotic fluid was within the normal range.


Postpartum haemolytic-uraemic syndrome.

Postpartum haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. In a young woman a twin pregnancy and uneventful labour were complicated by the development of the postpartum haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. A number of unusual features of this syndrome were present, including early onset, accompanying hepatocellular necrosis, hepatic encephalopathy and bleeding diathesis. Early institution of heparin therapy combined with coagulation factor replacement was followed by cessation of haemorrhage and complete recovery from acute renal failure.


Ultrastructural aspects of ascosporulation in Arthroderma quadrifidum (=Trichophyton terrestre). The ultrastructural features of developing and mature ascospores were delineated after mating Arthroderma quadrifidum on pablum cereal agar. Incipient ascospores each contained a granulated nucleus bounded by a nuclear envelope while presumptive ascospore cytoplasm was bounded by a double membrane and resided in glycogen-rich epiplasm of the ascus. Mature ascospores contained nuclei and mitochondria while the ascus epiplasm still retained abundant inclusions. The ascospore wall demonstrated the presence of heterogeneous material between the plasmalemma and the outer spore membrane which appeared smooth.


The multifactorial/threshold concept -- uses and misuses. The common congenital malformations have familial distributions that cannot be accounted for by simple Mendelian models, but can be explained in terms of a continuous variable, "liability," with a threshold value beyond which individuals will be affected. Both genetic and environmental factors determine liability, making the system multifactorial. Cleft palate is a useful experimental model, illustrating a number of factors that contribute to palate closure, the nature of a developmental threshold, and how genes and teratogens can alter the components of liability to increase the probability of cleft palate. The nature of the genetic component to liability in human malformations in not clear, and various possibilities, ranging from polygenic in the strict sense to a major gene with reduced penetrance are compatible with the data -- but the important feature is the threshold. Much of the confusion over the concept results from inconsistent use of terminology. The term "multifactorial" should be used for "determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors," without reference to the nature of the genetic factor(s). "Polygenic" should be reserved for "a large number of genes, each with a small effect, acting additively." When several genes, with more major effects are involved, "multilocal" can be used. When it is not clear which of these is applicable the term "plurilocal" is suggested, in the sense of "genetic variation more complex than a simple Mendelian difference." Since teratological data often represent threshold characters the concept also has important implications for the interpretation of data on dose-response curves, synergisms, and strain differences in response to teratogens.


Inhibition of pinocytosis in rat yolk sac by trypan blue. Day 17.5 yolk sacs from rats injected with partially denatured 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin (I-BSA) were cultured in vitro by a raft technique. The rates of release of [125I]iodotyrosine were similar in control yolk sacs and in yolk sacs from rats preinjected with trypan blue. Day 17.5 rat yolk sacs were also cultured in medium containing I-BSA. Following pinocytic uptake the substrate was degraded intracellularly and [135I]iodotyrosine released into the medium. Trypan blue, when present in the medium in concentrations above 100 mug/ml, inhibited pinocytosis of I-BSA and so decreased the rate of [125I]iodotyrosine production. Trypan blue similarly decreased the rate of pinocytic uptake of 125I-labeled polyvinylpyrrolidone. Pinocytic uptake of macromolecules was not decreased in yolk sacs from rats pretreated with trypan blue. The relevance of these results to the mechanism of teratogenic action of trypan blue is discussed. It is proposed that if trypan blue in teratogenic doses similarly inhibits pinocytosis by the yolk sac during the organogenetic period teratogenesis might result from a transient interruption in the flow of metabolites through the yolk sac to the embryo.


Primary cardiac Kaposi's sarcoma.

Primary cardiac Kaposi's sarcoma. We report the clinical, laboratory, and necropsy findings in a 14-year-old boy with a primary Kaposi's sarcoma of the heart. Primary cardiac Kaposi's sarcoma and angiosarcoma are compared, and the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma is discussed. Relevant literature is briefly reviewed.


A teratogenicity study with amaranth in cats.


Use of a tissue sectioner to expose internal structures of biological samples for scanning electron microscopy. A procedure yielding sections of unembedded biological samples for observation by scanning electron microscopy is described. Sections of samples, fixed and hardened in OsO4, were obtained in quantity with a tissue sectioner. Subsequent treatments to osmium-coat cut surfaces were employed prior to critical point drying. The procedure yields cleanly cut surfaces through cells and cytoplasmic organelles which are retained in their normal position. Sections of apple leaf and mouse kidney are illustrated. Sections can be readily cut in a desired plane with less structural damage than is typically encountered by other sectioning or dissection techniques.


Incidence of fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in Buachi (Nigeria). A survey was carried out in Bauchi abattoir during the period March 1973 to February 1974 in order to estimate the incidence of bovine fascioliasis. A total of 14,270 cattle originating from various markets in North-eastern Nigeria were examined. The incidence rate varied considerably, the highest being recorded in cattle from markets adjacent to large floodplains. The overall incidence rate was 31-7 per cent. The monthly incidence was highest during the periods immediately before and after the onset of the rains and was more a reflection of the marketing policy of the cattle owners than of the epizootiology of the disease. The annual loss in revenue caused by liver condemnations alone was estimated as 19,375 Naira.


Specific binding protein for 17 beta-estradiol in prostate with adenocarcinoma. A specific binding protein for 17beta-estradiol has been detected in prostates of patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma, who had no endocrine manipulation prior to the removal of their prostates. Both the sucrose density gradient centrifugation and dextran-coated charcoal techniques were employed. The 17beta-estradiol binding protein has an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 3.6S and is distinct from cystolic dihydrotestosterone binding protein.


Delayed transection of urethra by mersilene tape. This report is of a patient with complete urethral transection after undergoing a mersilene sling urethral suspension. This unusual complication eventually presented as anterior urethral pseudodiverticulum containing the mersilene tape with a secondary calculus.


Pyometra in a basset bitch.

Pyometra in a basset bitch.


Genuine anoestrus in mares.

Genuine anoestrus in mares.


The antibiotic sensitivity testing of pathogens commonly found in veterinary practice.


The effect of LSD on the histology and ultrastructure of the neuroepithelium of young chick embryos: a stereological study. Five control chick embryos and fifteen exposed to LSD at concentrations of 2.5, 12.5 and 50 mug/ml were examined. The morphometric analysis performed at the light microscope level shows that (1) the section area of the neural tube increases with the two highest doses of lysergic acid diethylamide (LDS) employed, (2) the volume fraction of the intercellular spaces decreases with the two highest doses of LSD, (3) the volume fraction of the nuclei in the neural tube is not modified with any concentrations of LSD employed, (4) the volume fraction of the cytoplasm in the neural tube increases with all three concentrations, and (5) the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio decreases with all three doses employed. Moreover, at the ultrastructural level, it was found that (1) the volume fraction of mitochondria in the cytoplasm decreases at doses of 12.5 and 50 mug/ml (2) the surface to volume ratio of the mitochondria is unchanged with any of the concentrations of LSD employed and (3) the surface density of the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm increases only with a dose of 2.5 mug/ml of LSD.


Surgical treatment of Cushing's syndrome in the cat.


Thelazia worms in the eyes of British cattle.


The use of frozen blood in neonatal exchange transfusion. Because of inability to quickly locate donors to provide fresh heparinized blood, seven exchange transfusions were performed on four newborns with hemolytic disease due to Rhesus incompatibility using previously frozen erythrocytes suspended in albumin or heparinized, decitrated fresh frozen plasma. Platellets were added to one unit of previously frozen erythrocytes because of severe thrombocytopenia in one patient following an earlier exchange transfusion. The hematologic and bilirubin removing responses were comparable to those seen with fresh heparinized whole blood. Using this method, the safest red blood cells available, namely the mother's, can be drawn and frozen early in gestation for subsequent exchange transfusion.


[World health statistics report].

[World health statistics report].


Microfilaments in Naegleria fowleri amoebae. Examination by electron microscopy has revealed 2 types of microfilament in the cytoplasm of 3 strains of axenically grown Naegleria fowleri amoebae. Thin, actin-like microfilaments 5-7 nm in diameter are randomly oriented in the nonmotile amoebae, and are concentrated near the plasma membrane. In the actively motile amoebae these microfilaments aggregate to form colateral bundles in close proximity to the plasma membrane. Thick, myosin-like microfilaments 17-19 nm in diameter also occur in the amoebae cytoplasm. The significance of these 2 kinds of microfilament in amoeboid motion is discussed.


Influence of x-rays on diurnal viration in 131I uptake by guinea pig thyroid. The 131I uptake by guinea pig thyroid is subject to distinct diurnal variation. In control males, peak values occurred at 12 h, and minima at 24 h. In control females, peak values were also at 12 h, but minima at 6 h. In guinea pigs irradiated with 500 R of X-rays, a rise in 131I uptake began 1 h after termination of irradiation in both sexes and at all intervals, but maximum and minimum values were at the same time as in controls.


Latent vaginal choriocarcinoma in a postmenopausal woman. A 50-year-old Japanese female with choriocarcinoma showed three unusual features: the primary tumor developed in the vagina ectopically without uterine lesion; the first symptoms of atypical vaginal bleeding and coughing occurred 23 years after the last pregnancy; and the tumor appeared during postmenopause. The possible mechanisms for the ectopic location and latency are discussed.


Intracellular cysts in gastric carcinoma. Intracellular cysts were often found in the tumour cells in gastric carcinomas of intestinal as well as diffuse type in specimens from stomachs resected for gastric cancer. In the light microscope, the cysts appeared usually as solitary cytoplasmic vacuoles. In the electron microscope, the intracellular cysts were seen as round cavities, often containing homogenous or granular mucous material which stained with the periodic acid-silver methenamine (PASM)-method. Relatively long microvilli were lining the cysts and, not infrequently, abundant cytoplasmic microfilaments would surround the cyst wall. Similar cysts have been observed in a number of other tumours and, accordingly, their diagnostic significance must be considered in connection with other methods such as differential staining of cellular mucosubstances.


Precipitins in Liberian sera reacting with goat and sheep sera. Precipitins in nine sera from normal Liberian adults were shown to react with an alpha-globulin in goat and sheep sera. No cross-reaction was demonstrated with bovine sera. Hence these precipitins are different to others previously described. At present their significance, if any, is unknown. They are important as a possible cause of unexplained reactions in serological tests using sheep or goat serum as a source of antigen or antibody.


Biosynthesis of cephalosporins.

Biosynthesis of cephalosporins.


Novel transformations of prostaglandin endoperoxides: formation of thromboxanes.


Prostaglandin biosynthesis: consequences of oxygenase mechanism upon in vitro assays of drug effectiveness.


Reducing patient exposure to ionizing radiation--is it really necessary? The thesis that medical radiation exposures to the general population in the United States are excessive and that urgent steps need to be taken to reduce them is examined. At the present time, no evidence is found that deleterious effects result from radiation exposures at the level of a few rads or less. Nevertheless it is prudent that we assume the possibility of harmful effects of radiation exposure. However, because medical radiology is clearly so beneficial, and the harmful effects are problematical, it is doubtful whether the public should be alarmed by the suggestion of any crisis. A balancing of risks and benefits in the medical uses of radiology supports this latter contention.


The fate of folate polyglutamates in meat during storage and processing. The rate of hydrolysis of chicken liver folate polyglutamates, by endogenous liver conjugases, under various conditions of storage, heat, and tissue disruption, were investigated. The procedure used was to allow a radioactive tracer dose of the vitamin to equilibrate into the folate polyglutamyl pool. After various storage periods and treatments the polyglutamyl state of the folate present was examined by analytical techniques based on oxidative degradation of native folate polyglutamates to the corresponding p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamate followed by chromatographic separation on DEAE cellulose anion exchange resin. Identification of folate polyglutamates present was made by simultaneous elution of known p-aminobenzoylpolyglutamate markers. In an intact tissue sample only slight degradation was found after 48 hr at 4 C; complete degradation of folate polyglutamates taking 120 hr. Samples of homogenized tissue show complete degradation to folate monoglutamates and a small amount of diglutamate after 48 hr storage. Superimposed on the above is the consideration that if at any time prior to or during storage the liver is heated to greater than 100 C irreversible inactivation of the endogenous conjugases takes place and the folate polyglutamate pattern is stabilized. It was also demonstrated that during two different heating procedures no extra deconjugation occurred.


ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn, without hyperbilirubinemia. ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn without hyperbilirubinemia is described in 17 full-term infants. The erythrocyte characteristics, such as reticulocytosis, microspherocytosis, and positive indirect antiglobulin (Coomb's) test, resembled those in ABO disease with hyperbilirubinemia. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced in this group to the same degree as in the more severely affected infants. Negro infants predominated over white, in a 2.5:1 ratio in this mild ABO group.


Obstetrician-gynecologists are primary physicians to women. Our studies of the practice patterns of Michigan obstetrician-gynecologists indicate that they serve in a dual capacity: that of primary physicians to women and that of specialist obstetrician-gynecologists. They provide a considerable amount of general medical care for their own patients in the former role, and traditional specialist services for their own patients and for those referred by other physicians in the latter. The objectives and educational content of most house officer training programs do not reflect these changes. Training is directed almost exclusively toward preparing residents for specialty practice and often does not offer them basic experience and permit them to develop basic skills in other disciplines, notably internal medicine nad psychiatry, which they will need to practice as parimary physicians to women. An educational program designed to prepare residents more broadly for what they will actually be doing in practice without compromising their training as specialists is described. 2 studies conducted in Michigan indicate obstetrician-gynecologists (OBs) function as primary physicians to women.  44 percent of a sample of 1008 patients had no physician other than their OB while 86 percent see only their OB for periodic medical examination.  Data from 420 active practitioners showed 87-93 percent (depending upon year of graduation from medical school) treated cancer of the ovary, an equally large number cancer of endometrium with decreasing numbers treating other gynecologic  conditions, down to 16 percent of those graduating before 1939 treating genetic problems.  (41 percent of those graduating 1959-1969.)  The larger percentages of younger doctors treating a wider variety of specialized problems, such as complicated infertility and end ocrine problems, reflects the wider exposure to these matters in  recent education.  However, almost all the doctors asked said training had not prepared them to handle sexual and marital counseling while 60 percent said they had not enough training in infertility and 30-40 percent wished they had more training in urology.  A broader residency program is detailed to give students more experience in primary care.  It is also suggested that community hospital programs do not do as good a job of preparing obstetrician-gynecologists.  Marginal programs should be closed and training concentrated and broadened to meet the needs of contemporary practice.  Discussion by others follows.


The embryologic development of the human vagina. Our present understanding of the sequence and mechanisms of human genital organogenesis is reviewed. Current theories about the derivation of the vaginal epithelium are examined and tested against two anomalous circumstances, congenital androgen insensitivity and agenesis of the lower vagina, which are presented as examples demonstrating the respective participation of the urogenital sinus or of the Müllerian ducts alone in the developmental process. The abnormalities recently described in the vagina and cervix of girls exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES) correspond remarkably with those encountered in lower vaginal agenesis, particularly with regard to the presence of vaginal adenosis, the deficiency of glycogen in the squamous cells (squamous metaplasia), and the abnormal response of the squamous epithelium to Schiller's iodine test. It is concluded that the development of the human vagina is best explained by the theory which holds that the Müllerian ducts in fetal life extend caudally to the level of the future hymen. After fusion of these ducts, squamous cells arising in the epithelium of the urogenital sinus invade from below, advance, and replace completely the Müllerian mucosa up to the level of the external os of the cervical canal. The course of development of the human genital tract is undifferentiated up to the 9th week (32 mm).  At this time both Wolffian (mesonephric) and Mullerian (paramesonephric) ducts are present as symmetric paired structures.  These, together with the urogenital sinus and the metanephric ducts, provide the tissue sources for the internal genital and urinary apparatus, exclusive of the gonads and kidneys.  Configuration of the oviducts varies among species.  Most human anomalies may be represented in other species so that some authors consider them to be atavistic reversions.  The gonad of the developing male fetus plays a critical role in the formation of the genital tract.  It elaborates androgenic steroids and a polypeptide, a Mullerian inhibiting substance, which induced suppression and resorotion of the Mullerian ducts.  In the female the Mullerian ducts grow and develop into their adult morphology while the Wolffian ducts persist only as microscopic islands.  The development of the external genitals and secondary sex characteristics depends upon further exposure to androgenic or estrogenic hormone milieu.  a case is reported of an instance of congenital absence of the upper vagina.  At laparotomy normal sized uterus, tubes, and ovaries were found.  Further plastic surgery via the vagina corrected the condition.  15 years later (age 32) it was learned that she had been married and had 3 pregnancies.  The adenosis, areas of squamous metaplasia, and deformities of the cervix of girls exposed in utero to diethylestibestrol are examples of deranged development.  The shallow depth or absence of the vaginal canal of individuals with testicular feminization are also due to faulty development.  Both Mullerian tissue and that of the urogenital sinus origin normally participate in the development of the vagina.  In the normal adult the squamous cells that line the vagina contain abundant glycogen indicating urogenital origin.  Glycogen-deficient squamous cells and adenosis are thought to be of Mullerian origin.  In an accompanying discussion additional details of development are mentioned.  It was noted that 7 cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostatic utricle in males have been reported as resembling endometrial carcinoma.  The prostatic utricle is a homologue of the uterus and upper vagina and may be involved in similar deranged developments


Management and outcome of pregnancies associated with the Copper T intrauterine contraceptive device. The clinical outcome of 918 pregnancies in women who conceived while using one or another of four models of the Copper T intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) is presented. Elective abortion was chosen by 58 per cent of the women. The clinical management and course of 275 women who elected to allow their unplanned pregnancy to continue are described. The Copper T was either expelled or extracted during the pregnancy in 118 of the women, while the IUD remained in situ for the duration of the pregnancy in the remaining 157 patients. The incidence of spontaneous abortion more than doubled when the IUD remained in utero. The chance of a live birth being premature was four times greater when the IUD remained in situ than when it was removed. There were 27 ectopic pregnancies in this entire series, giving an incidence of 3.4 per cent. In addition, the data suggest, but do not prove, that there is an increased risk of having an ectopic pregnancy if the woman has worn the Copper T for more than two years. A benign fibroma of the vocal cord was the only congenital anomaly detected. These observations suggest that the incidence of developmental defects is not adversely affected by the presence of intrauterine copper.


True hermaphroditism: an analytic review with a report of 3 new cases. Three new cases of true hermaphroditism are described: a 14-year-old patient with a testis on one side and an ovotestis on the other side and a 11-year-old patient as well as a 6-year-old patient both with an ovary on the one side and an ovotestis on the other side. Twenty-four cases, which were personally investigated, were previously reported. Therefore, this analytic review is based upon the author's experience of 27 cases as well as 340 cases reported in the world literature since 1899. The presenting symptoms and age of diagnosis are discussed. Apart from ambiguous genitals, the development of breasts in a patient reared as male is an important presenting symptom. The variations found regarding the external and internal genitals are described. An ovotestis is the most common gonad found in true hermaphroditism. Among 116 ovotestes available for analysis, 46 per cent are located in an ovarian position, 26 per cent in the labioscrotal fold, 24 per cent in the inguinal canal, and 4 per cent in the internal inguinal ring. Evidence of ovulation is found in 50 per cent of ovotestes. Spermatogenesis has not been observed in the testicular portion of an ovotestis. Spermatogenesis was present in only 12 per cent of testes found in true hermaphroditism. Dysgerminomas occur with a frequency of 1.3 per cent. A fallopian tube and a vas deferens were never found together next to an ovotestis. Cytogenetic findings are reported in 115 cases of true hermaphroditism, including the cases described in this paper. A 46,XX chromosomal complement is the most common finding, occurring in 57.4 per cent of cases. It is interesting that 42.6 per cent showed no evidence of a Y chromosome. With the use of the fluorescent technique in metaphase chromosomes as well as the Y chromatin body in interphase cells, no Y chromosome was detected in the three new cases reported here. The various possibilities for the development of testicular tissues in the absence of a Y chromosome are discussed. In the diagnosis of true hermaphroditism the palpation of an ovotestis with a soft testicular portion and a firm ovarian portion is stressed. As far as the treatment of true hermaphroditism is concerned, the external genitals should be changed according to the gender identity which usually correlates with the sex of rearing.


The effects of dexamethasone on plasma free androgens during the normal menstrual cycle. In order to evaluate the ovarian and adrenal contribution to peripheral plasma concentrations of total testosterone (TTe), indixes of the plasma concentrations of free testosterone (FTeI), free 17 beta-hydroxysteroid androgens (FHSI), and testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) during the menstrual cycle, women were examined during three normal cycles and three other cycles under dexamethasone (0.5 mg., four times a day) suppression. All study cycles were apparently ovulatory. The mean TTe and FTeI during the midcycle period were significantly higher than during the early follicular (P less than 0.005) and the midluteal periods (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001, respectively). During the menstrual cycles under dexamethasone suppression only the difference in TTe and FTeI between the midcycle (37 +/- 12.4 (S.D.) ng. per 100 ml. and 10.5 +/- 4.0 (S.D.), respectively) and the midluteal (26.0 +/- 10.1 (S.D.) ng. per 100 ml and 7.2 +/- 3.2 (S.D.), respectively) periods was significant statistically (P less than 0.05). No significant differences in the mean levels of FHSI and TeBG between three periods within the cycle were noted in either the control or the dexamethasone-treated cycle. When each phase was compared, the mean levels of TTe, FTel, and FSHI were significantly lower in the dexamethasone-treated cycles than in the normal cycles. The data suggest that the level of TeBG is not perceptibly affected by physiologic fluctuation of estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle, and the FHSI levels are stable throughout the ovulatory cycle. Decrease in levels of TTe, FTeI, and FHSI during dexamethasone suppression seems to be due to reduction of androgen production as TeBG, a major determinant of the metabolic clearance rate of androgens, was not affected by dexamethasone.


Diagnosis of prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma. Four women with secondary amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia were studied. Baseline hormonal evaluation, including serum FSH, serum LH, TSH, T3, T4, and plasma cortisols were normal. Plain sella turcia x-rays were also normal. Prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenomas were found in all of the patients only after further diagnostic studies were done. These studies included polytomography of the sella turcia, dynamic pituitary testing of growth hormone reserve, ACTH reserve, gonadotropin reserve, and prolactin suppression with L-dopa. The early diagnosis of a small prolactin-secreting adenoma may be possible if several diagnostic criteria are ulilized. The most sensitive techniques available are: (1) polytomography, (2) the magnitude of plasma prolactin evaluation, and (3) the failure of suppression of prolactin secretion with L-dopa. Our findings emphasize the importance of an extensive evaluation of all women with amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia.


Techniques of argon laser photocoagulation of diabetic disk new vessels. Four argon laser techniques have been evaluated in the eradication of diabetic disk neovascularization: focal (nonfeeder) photocoagulation, feeder-frond photocoagulation alone, panretinal photocoagulation alone, and feeder-frond treatment combined with panretinal photocoagulation. Focal photocoagulation was dangerous and the least effective technique in preventing recurrence of neovascularization. Feeder-frond photocoagulation was effective initially, but was associated with a high incidence of recurrent neovascularization. Panretinal photocoagulation and panretinal photocoagulation combined with feeder-frond treatment produced results superior to those obtained with the two earlier techniques. The best results were obtained with combined feeder-frond and panretinal photocoagulation done concurrently. Early diagnosis, aggressive photocoagulation therapy, and close follow-up were essential in order to obtain good results.


Eye movement patterns and reading performance in poor readers: immediate effects of convex lenses indicated by book retinoscopy. Eye movement patterns and reading performance were evaluated in 38 4th and 5th grade male students who were at least 1 year behind in their reading levels. Half of the subjects (Group I) demonstrated a need for convex lenses at near by a book retinoscopy criterion. The remaining subjects (Group II) showed no need for convex lenses at near by the same criterion. The subject's eye movements during reading were recorded by a commercial device called Eye-Trac. These recordings were made with 2 lens applications, plano and +0.50 D, respectively. The number of fixations, regressions, rate of reading, and relative efficiency for each condition (plano and +0.50 D) were calculated. In Group I, 3 of 5 measures showed significant improvement with plus lenses. These subjects showed fewer regressions, increased reading speed, and higher relative efficiency with plus than without. In Group II, 3 of 5 measures showed decrement with plus lenses, while 1 (comprehension) showed improvement. These subjects showed more fixations and regressions and lower relative efficiency with plus than without. It is therefore concluded that convex lenses of low power can have considerable immediate effect on children's reading skills, sometimes helpful and sometimes detrimental, and that proper pretesting with both retinoscopy will aid in the prediction of this effect.


Night myopia: cause and a possible basis for amelioration. The relationship between night myopia under simulated night driving conditions and the dark focus accomodation was examined. Over a range of luminance and contrast conditions typical of the night driving situation, college-age subjects accommodated to about one-half the difference between a distant simulated road sign and their individual dark focus. Subsequent laboratory and field experiments demonstrated that: (1) a negative correction equal to one-half the value of the dark focus significantly improved night visual performance as compared with their normal or full dark-focus correction, and (2) greater improvements in performance were obtained for subjects who exhibited a relatively near dark focus.


A simple method for studying steroid--antibody interaction under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium.


Fractionation of RNA polymerase subspecies from soybean hypocotyls by isoelectric focusing in sephadex.


Characterization of steroid-binding macromolecules in small biological samples by a rapid minigel filtration method.


Cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometric determination of nanogram amounts of organic mercury in sediments or aquatic organisms.


Arterial and venous plasma levels of bupivacaine following peripheral nerve blocks. Mean arterial plasma (MAP) and peripheral mean venous plasma (MVP) levels of bupivacaine were ascertained in 3 groups of 10 patients each for: (1) intercostal nerve block, 400 mg; (2) block of the sciatic, femoral, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves, with or without block of the obturator nerve, 400 mg; and (3) supraclavicular brachial plexus block, 300 mg. MAP levels were consistently higher than simultaneously sampled MVP levels, the highest levels occurring from bilateral intercostal nerve block. No evidence of systemic toxicity was observed. The results suggest that bupivacaine has a much wider margin of safety in humans than is now stated.


The effects of stellate ganglion block on the idiopathic prolongation of the Q-T interval with cardiac arrhythmia (the Romano-Ward syndrome). The association of a prolonged Q-T interval, congenital deafness, and syncopal attacks due to ventricular fibrillation following emotional or physical stress is known as the Jervell-Lange-Nielsen syndrome. Absence of the congenital deafness characterizes the otherwise identical Romano-Ward syndrome. Both conditions have a high mortality rate and are recognized as contributing to sudden death in children. Although the pathogenetic factors are not yet completely elucidated, the condition is well enough understood to permit effective treatment. The authors performed a left stellate ganglion block in a 12-year-old girl with a mild form of the Romano-Ward syndrome, shortening the Q-T interval and eliminating the ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The left stellete ganglion block should be considered by anesthesiologists as an emergency measure, effective in interrupting the attack.


Ketamine and intraocular pressure in children. The effect of ketamine on intraocular pressure (IOP) was studied in 10 children. Control IOP values were determined prior to induction of anesthesia, following premedication with atropine alone or in combination with pentobarbital and meperidine. After the IM injection of 8 mg/kg of ketamine, the IOP was determined at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes. Mean (+/- SD) IOP values before and after ketamine were 22.2 +/- 4.8 and 16.7 +/- 3.3 torr (p less than 0.001), respectively. The authors believe that the reduction in IOP was not due to ketamine, per se, but rather to lack of patient relaxation and cooperation during control measurements. At the end of 20 minutes, a second dose of ketamine, this time 1 mg/kg IV, was given and measurements were repeated at the same intervals. In 5 patients, the effects on IOP of d-tubocurarine, endotracheal intubation, and N2O inhalation also was evaluated. A significant increase (6.7 torr) in IOP was observed only after endotracheal intubation. The authors conclude that ketamine does not raise IOP in the healthy pediatric patient and, therefore, can be used for ophthalmic procedures requiring sedation or anesthesia.


The development of an acute tolerance to ketamine. A rapidly developing tolerance to the hypnotic effect of ketamine in rats and mice has been investigated. On the basis of plasma and brain concentrations of ketamine at the time the animals wakened, it seemed likely that a central nervous system tolerance to the drug explained the shortened sleeping times noted.


Anesthesia and the modification of response to infection in mice. Anesthetic-induced immunosuppression, if clinically significant, could modify the natural course of infectious disease in vivo. To test this bypothesis, the localized response to IM Candida albicans and the mortality following fecal peritonitis were examined in anesthetized mice. Using these 2 models, halothane anesthesia was found not to modify the natural history of local sepsis but to significantly accentuate the mortality associated with the more severe infection. Possible explanations for these results include significant inhibition of reticuloendothelial function or plasma opsonization with relatively minor derangements of peripheral leukocyte capability.


Unexpected hepatic dysfunction found by multiple laboratory screening. During a 1-year period, 7620 elective surgical admissions were given multiple laboratory screening (SMA-18) determinations. Of these, 11 healthy patients, aged 10 to 54, with a pretest classification of ASA 1 (no systemic disease) were found to have clearly abnormal elevations of the SGOT, SGPT, and LDH levels. The proposed elective surgical procedures and anesthesia were canceled. All 11 patients proved to have overt liver pathology by further testing, and 3 later became clinically jaundiced. No cases of unexplained postsurgical jaundice occurred in any of the other 7609 operated cases during the 1-year study. The incidence of clearly elevated enzyme levels in voluntary hospital surgical admissions is approximately 1/700 and the incidence of clinical jaundice is approximately 1/2540. There appears to be a seasonal variation, with the preponderance of elevated enzyme levels in the winter and spring months.


Isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase in serum of families with malignant hyperpyrexia. The activity and isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the serum of 2 women vulnerable to malignant hyperpyrexia were studied. Serum CPK activity was markedly elevated but, in contrast to a previous report, only skeletal-muscle type CPK activity was present.


Naloxone antagonism after narcotic-supplemented anesthesia. Narcotic-supplemented balanced anesthesia is increasing in popularity; however, the narcotic must frequently be antagonized postoperatively. Authorities differ in their recommendations as to dose and as to mode and duration of administration of the narcotic antagonist. In the present study of 58 patients undergoing narcotic-supplemented anesthesia, 60 percent of 42 fentanyl patients and 81 percent of 16 morphine patients required postsurgical naloxone for respiratory inadequacy. Naloxone dosage was initially 1.5 mug/kg IV, with repeat IV doses of 1.5 mug/kg, when needed, at 3-minute intervals, until a regular respiratory rate greater than 15 breaths/min was attained. None of the fentanyl patients and only 25 percent (4/16) of the morphine patients required additional naloxone in the recovery room. For the latter, the dose of naloxone previously administered was given IM and proved satisfactory. Additional analgesia was needed by 12 percent (7/58) of the patients during the recovery room stay. Judicious naloxone titration permitted respiratory adequacy to coexist with analgesia after narcotic-supplemented anesthesia.


Enflurane as a primary anesthetic agent for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For years, halothane has been the anesthetic agent of choice for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and reversible airway disease (asthma). Enflurane was compared with halothane in 100 patients with COPD substantiated by spirometry and history. Intraoperative and postoperative complications in each relatively homogenous 50-patient group were assessed. Spirometry, blood gases, chest x-rays, incidence of complications involving secretions, coughing, wheezing, and cardiovascular problems were similar in both groups. Enflurane appears to be equivalent to halothane as an anesthetic in such patients.


Postpartum hypertension and convulsion after oxytocic drugs. An 18-year-old primipara developed acute hypertension leading to cerebral edema and convulsions following the IV injection of a bolus of 10 units of oxytocin with 0.2 mg methylergonovine maleate. Oxytocin in a dose of more than 2 units should not be administered IV in a single injection, as severe hypotension may result. If oxytocin is required, it can be injected either IM, or by IV pump or drip. The use of ergot in obstetrics should be limited to the treatment of life-threatening postpartum hemorrhage and be given only by the IM route. Ergot should not be administered to patients with cardiac, renal, or hypertensive disease, or in association with a vasoconstrictor.


A simple technic to minimize tracheal aspiration.


The anesthetic potency of lidocaine in the rat. The anesthetic effect of lidocaine was evaluated in rats by determining the change in anesthetic requirement of cyclopropane MAC that was produced by blood concentrations of lidocaine in the clinically useful range. A linear reduction in anesthetic requirement was produced with concentrations up to 1 mug/ml. Further increases in lidocaine up to 5.5 mug/ml resulted in no further decrease in cyclopropane requirement. Lidocaine was found to contribute a maximum MAC fraction of 0.4.


Local anesthetic agents--pharmacologic basis for use in obstetrics: a review. Because of the minimal effects on mother and fetus, regional anesthetic technics are widely employed for labor and delivery. However, the literature describes at least 35 fetal and neonatal deaths and a frightening incidence of fetal distress associated with paracervical block for 1st-stage labor. Continuous lumbar epidural anesthesia for 1st-stage labor has also been associated with fetal distress, but this is minimal and no deaths have been reported. Bupivacaine, a relatively new, long-lasting local anesthetic, is extemely toxic when administered paracervically, but no deaths have been reported with its use for epidural anesthesia. While choice of method and agent must be individualized, continuous lumbar epidural block with bupivacaine appears as effective as and less often dangerous to the fetus than paracervical block.


Early reversal of postoperative hypoxemia. Peridural analgesia was combined with the respiratory-stimulant effect of doxapram for intermittent hyperinflation of the lungs to reverse early postoperative (PO) hypoxemia following inhalation anesthesia for upper abdominal operations. Twenty unpremedicated men undergoing upper abdominal operations were studied for 5 hours in the recovery room. Ten of these patients received doxapram plus peridural analgesia; the other 10, doxapram plus morphine analgesia. Rectal temperature, PaO2, PaCO2, respiratory rate, exhaled minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), and blood pressure and pulse were measured. The mean increase from control for VE was 9.6 L/min and for VT, 356 ml/breath during doxapram therapy for the morphine group. Corresponding values for the peridural group were 14.4 L/min for VE and 660 ml/breath for VT. Mean PaO2 for the morphine group decreased significantly from the corresponding preoperative value (p less than 0.005). Lack of significant change between preoperative and PO values for PaO2 for the peridural group would indicate that under the conditions of this study, early PO hypoxemia can be reversed by the combination of peridural analgesia with doxapram therapy.


Crdiovascular effects of lidocaine during acid-base imbalance. Although lidocaine HCl is often given to critically ill patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias, it use is not without hazard. To investigate whether acid-base disturbances and their subsequent effects on molecular ioization influence cardiovascular (CV) response to lidocaine, dogs in normal acid-base balance, metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis were given 2 or 4 mg/kg lidocaine IV. Heart rate (HR), PR and QT intervals, MAP, LVEDP, LV dp/dt, and LV dp/dt divided by CPIP were measured at intervals. In all groups a slight increase in mean HR occurred after 2 mg/kg. Generally, myocardial contractile force was depressed in direct proportion to dose. Essentially, the CV response to lidocaine was not altered by any clinically remarkable degree by pH disturbances. Responses differing from those observed during normal acid-base conditions could not be significantly correlated with changes in pH or PaCO2. Results suggest that, in the intact animal, the CV effects of lidocaine, administered in therapeutic doses, are not appreciably influenced by clinically encountered states of acid-base imbalance.


Statistical pearls. III. The most likely interpretation.


Uptake and excretion of 1-bromo-1,2,2-Trifluorocyclobutane (42M-9) in man: comparative study on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of inhalation anesthetics. 1-bromo-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane (42M-9) has physical properties similar to those of methoxyflurane and has been suggested for use as an anesthetic agent. Its MAC value, predicted from its lipid solubility, is 0.26 percent. No clinically significant changes were observed in cardiovascular or respiratory function or in clinical laboratory tests. Ventricular dysrhythmias were not seen in this study at analgesic concentrations in contrast to those reported at anesthetic concentrations by others. Pulmonary uptake was high and wash-out was slow. The total amount exhaled comprised 60 percent of the dose. Fluorine, equivalent to 11 percent of total uptake, was rapidly excreted in urine as nonvolatile fluorinated metabolites. An additional 9 percent of 42M-9 was degraded to fluroide and excreted in urine. Since an amount of fluoride equivalent to that excreted in the urine tends to be deposited in the skeleton, approximately 29 percent of uptake may possibly be accounted for as metabolites. Based on fluorine recovery, the fate of 11 percent of 42M-9 uptake remains unknown. The kinetics of uptake, metabolism and excretion of 42M-9 did not differ significantly over a five-fold change of inspired concentration. A comparison of the pulmonary clearance of unaltered 42M-9 and the fraction of uptake converted to urinary metabolites or unrecovered with those of other volatile halogenated anesthetics and their physical properties supports the conclusion that 42M-9 is relatively resistant to biotransformation.


Difficult extubation of an endotracheal tube cuff.


Decreased arterial oxygenation during sodium nitoprusside administration for intraoperative hypertension.


Uredofos: anthelmintic activity against nematodes and cestodes in dogs with naturally occurring infections. A new broad-spectrum anthelmintic, uredofos, was tested in 146 dogs by single and multiple oral dosing. Single doses of 100 and 50 (but not 25) mg/kg were totally effective in removing Dipylidium caninum and Taenia spp from 46 dogs with infections of tapeworms. Among groups of 15 to 20 dogs, the average percentage efficacies against Toxocara canis for single soese of 100, 50, and 25 mg/kg were 98, 96, and 81%, respectively. The average percentage of efficacies against hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) were greater than 96% in dogs treated with single doses of 100, 50, or 25 mg/kg and were 100% in the 35 dogs given 2 or 3 treatments (24-hour intervals) at dose levels of either 25 or 50 mg/kg. The whipworm, Trichuris vulpis, was not efficaciously eliminated by single doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg (av percentage of efficacies of 30, 35, and 71%, respectively). Efficacy against T vulpis markedly improved when 2 doses were given at a 24-hour interval (av percentage of efficacies were 89% at dose level of 25 mg/kg and 99% at dose level of 50 mg/kg). At either dose (25 or 50 mg/kg), 3 daily treatments were no more efficacious against whipworms than were 2 doses. There was no evidence of drug toxicosis in any dogs tested. It was concluded that uredofos is highly effective against canine tapeworms, ascarids, and hookworms when given as a single dose of 50 mg/kg and against whipworm when given at dose level of 50 mg/kg/day for 2 days.


A method for inserting the Carden tube.

A method for inserting the Carden tube.


Comparative effects of uredofos, niclosamide, and bunamidine hydrochloride against tapeworm infections in dogs. A single dose of a new broad-spectrum anthelmintic, uredofos, was more effective than single doses of either bunamidine hydrochloride (HCI) or niclosamide in removing natural infections of Dipylidium coninum from pound dogs, as determined by necropsy examination for scolices. The efficacy of uredofos was equal to that of bunamidine HCI and exceeded that of niclosamide in removing Taenia spp from his host. All of 12 dogs harboring D caninum and all of 5 dogs harboring Taenia spp were completely cleared of tapeworm infection following treatment with uredofos at 50 mg/kg of body weight. Bunamidine HCl cleared 9 of 11 dogs (82%) of D caninum and 5 of 5 dogs of Taenia spp. Niclosamide had the least anticestodal activity of the 3 drugs; 2 or more scolices of D caninum were found at necropsy in each of 12 dogs treated with this drug. Four of 5 dogs were cleared of Taenia spp following niclosamide therapy. Untreated control dogs did not shed tapeworms of either species during a 3-day period of posttreatment fecal collections, but did have tapeworms at the time of necropsy.


Use of bovine arterial heterografts in lower extremity arterial reconstruction.


Obstetric anesthesia training centers in the U.S.A.--1975. The current status of obstetric anesthesia training in the United States is reviewed. The 39 anesthesia residency training programs having full time chiefs of obstetric anesthesia were surveyed regarding clinical practice, physical facilities, teaching and research. This paper reports the results and compares them to recommendations of JCAH, ACOG and ASA, concerning standards of patient care and resident teaching.


Myocardial infarction in men in the third decade of life.


Acute maxillary sinusitis complicating nasotracheal intubation: a case report.


Supine hypotensive syndrome caused by intra-abdominal mass: a case report. An obese woman who presented with 3 separate intra-abdominal masses developed a supine hypotensive syndrome following induction of general anesthesia. The hypotension was corrected by positioning the patient in a left lateral tilt and by releasing intra-abdominal pressure. Following decompression of the vena cava, arterial and central venous pressure rose and remained at a high level. Urine output was poor until IV furosemide was administered.


Case history number 93: congenital lobar emphysema.


Comparison of Dot test and digit-symbol test for street fitness of outpatients.


Experimental cleavage of chorioretinal scars by traction and subretinal fluid. The resistance to separation by localized traction and exudative retinal detachment of experimental chorioretinal scars produced with argon laser photocoagulation, cryothermy and diathermy was tested in rabbits. In vivo, the area of retinal separation over the scar was similar to that obtained by traction on normal retina. Moreover, the retinal cleavage occurred at the level of the scar regardless of the scar inducing modality, indicating that the scar is the weakest point in the retina-pigment epithelium joint. However, spaced and dense chorioretinal scars produced by argon laser photocoagulation, diathermy and cryothermy usually remained attached after experimental production of exudative retinal detachments with penicillin G intravitreal injections. This study indicates that the resistance to detachment of the normal retina by traction may be as strong as that of the scarred tissue and that the chorioretinal scars' effect is related to lesser fluid penetration into the treated area.


What route of administration for K+ solutions.


Accuracy, brevity, clarity: three principles of good medical writing.


Write to inform, not to impress.

Write to inform, not to impress.


Timing of fertilization and sex ratio of offspring--a review. Evidence is reviewed for the hypothesis that there is a causal connection between the time of fertilization within the menstrual cycle and the sex of the resulting zygote.


Determination of bilirubin in amniotic fluid: a comparison of some current methods. Three methods for the estimation of bilirubin in amniotic fluid are compared. The within-batch precision and recovery of bilirubin by each method has been studied, and the effects of the presence of haemoglobin, methaemoglobin, and methaemalbumin in varying concentrations have been investigated. Measurements on amniotic fluid from patients with rhesus isioimmunization have also been compared and regression equations calculated. The results of the three methods agree reasonably well so long as no haemoglobin degradation products are present. It is suggested that in the presence of these products a method involving organic solvent extraction of bilirubin gives the most accurate result.


Informed consent suit against anesthesiologist.


Use of monitor for ketamine in radiotherapy.


How do benefits of hemodilution balance O2 reduction.


Active site studies of human thrombin and bovine trypsin: peptide substrates.


Effect of PaCO2 on O2 consumption during cardiopulmonary bypass.


Factors regulating tapeworm populations: dispersion of eggs of Taenia hydatigena on pasture. A dog with four patent Taenia hydatigena was placed at a fixed site on a pasture for 50 days. The spread of the eggs was determined by grazing lambs for 10 days on various plots, and counting the cysts present at autopsy. Some 'wild' eggs were detected on the pasture before the dog was introduced. Nevertheless, a marked divergence from randomness was detected in the cyst counts of lambs grazed within 80 metres of the kennel but not beyond from 10-20 and 40-50 days after the dog had been introduced. The main egg clusters remained within a radius of 25 metres.


Outcome of very severe birth asphyxia.

Outcome of very severe birth asphyxia. The aim of this study was to establish the outcome of very severe birth asphyxia in a group of babies intensively resuscitated at birth. 48 infants, born between 1966 and 1971 inclusive, were selected; 15 were apparently stillborn and 33 had not established spontaneous respirations by 20 minutes after birth. One-half of them died, but 3 to 7 years later three-quarters of the survivors are apparently normal. Later handicap was associated with factors leading to prolonged partial intrapartum asphyxia, while acute periods of more complete asphyxia were not necessarily harmful.


Changes in diurnal temperature and feeding patterns of rats during repeated injections of heroin and withdrawal. Rectral temperatures and feeding activity were measured in adult male rats every 30 min for 4 hr, then every 4 hr following daily s.c. injections at 08:00 or 20:00hr or saline or heroin. Initial heroin injections disrupted diurnal temperature and feeding rhythms: 5 mg/kg heroin HCl induced hyperthermia and abolished feeding for 2 hr; 20 mg/kg led to hypothermia, then hyperthermia and abolished feeding for 4 hr. By the 5th heroin day hyperthermia and increased feeding occurred in all groups with a shorter latency to onset. Total food intake was higher than on the 1st heroin day but the diurnal patterns remained disrupted. Changes in both diurnal rhythms again occurred on the 1st withdrawal day as hypothermia, sporadic feeding and hyper-irritability were observed. By the 5th withdrawal day diurnal temperature and feeding rhythms resembled those of the control period. Monitoring diurnal temperature and feeding patterns of rats reveals characteristic dose-related disruptions after heroin which are modified by repeated doses as tolerance develops and which eventually disappear on withdrawal.


Time-course of apomorphine in the brain of the immature rat after apomorphine injection. The time-course of apomorphine in brain was studied in 7-day-old and young adult rats following i.p. injection of 10 mg/kg apomorphine. In the adult animals continuous stereotypes behaviour (SB) commenced within 1-2 min and was no longer present at 75 min. The peak concentration of apomorphine was present at 5 min and then declined exponentially (half-life = 10.5 min); only trace amounts (less than 0.01 mug/g) were present at 90 min. In the immature rat apomorphine induced an initial phase of intermittent locomotion lasting about 10 min after which the rats appeared sedated; 60-80 min after injection intermittent SB emerged and terminated 150-180 min after the apomorphine injection. The peak brain concentration of apomorphine was present at 10 min and then declined exponentially (half-life = 28 min). Significant amounts of apomorphine were still present in brain at 150 min and trace amounts evident at 180 min. The reason for the delayed onset of SB in the immature rat is unclear. The longer half-life is presumably related to incomplete development of enzyme systems metabolizing apomorphine in the immature animal.


Ultrastructural alterations of the nerve cell bodies in the dog superior cervical ganglion, following surgical destruction of the hypothalamus.


Comparative study on vagotomy procedures in relation to biliary composition.


Cancer immunotherapy with BCG for patients with stomach cancers.


Treatment of shunt infection: conversion of external ventricular drainage to gastric shunt for persistent ventriculitis.


Successful ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus in a 1,710-gram premature baby with RDS, and the review of the literature.


Twin studies of affective illness.

Twin studies of affective illness. In a summary of the major twin studies of affective illness, there are significant differences between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) concordance rates for both unipolar and bipolar illness, indicating the importance of genetic factors in the etiology of affective illness. However, since 28% of MZ twins are discordant for bipolar illness and 60% of MZ twins are discordant for unipolar illness, environmental factors are important as well. In addition, there is a significant difference between unipolar and bipolar concordance for MZ twins (although not for DZ twins). This supports other evidence that unipolar and bipolar illness are separate entities, and it suggests the possibility that genetic factors are more important in the occurrence of bipolar illness than in unipolar illness.


Chronic alcoholism and the pancreas.

Chronic alcoholism and the pancreas. In rats given 15% solution of ethyl alcohol (v/v) instead of drinking water adlibitum for eight months, histochemical analysis showed a dictinct fall in activities of the oxidative enzymes (succinate and lactate dehydrogenases, DPNH-diaphorase) in the centro-acinar cells of the pancreas and in the islets of Langerhans.


The influence of cystamine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of thioridazine. A study on the influence of cystamine on the kinetics and dynamics of the action of thioridazine has been carried out. Higher levels of this drug in the blood and lower levels in the brain tissue than those in unpremedicated rats were determined. Half-life of thioridazine underwent shortening from 2-55 hr to 1-05 hr. Excretion of thioridazine with bile was not significantly affected by premedication with cystamine. beta-Glucuronidase activity, after an initial drop on the first day following premedication, increased to levels higher than the control values. The dynamics of the action of the thioridazine were little affected. The cataleptic action of thioridazine was enhanced on the first day after premedication with cystamine. Thioridazine depressed exploratory activity in rats more significantly only during the first three days after cystamine premedication.


Varicose veins: facts and fantasy.

Varicose veins: facts and fantasy. The high prevalence of varicose veins in Western countries contrasts with their relative rarity in traditionally living communities in the Third World. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that a major causative factor is the transmission of raised intra-abdominal pressures to the veins of the legs. One important cause of these pressures is the abdominal straining necessitated to evacuate small firm stools, which in turn are the result of fiber-depleted diets.


Postoperative acalculous cholecystitis due to Torulopsis glabrata. Acute acalculous cholecystitis due to Torulopis glabrata, an opportunistic yeast, developed postoperatively in a 70-year-old man who had an extremely complicated course after resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The infection first appeared as an acute surgical abdomen, three days after resumption of solid food intake subsequent to a prolonged ileus and after 31 days of parenteral hyperalimentation. The condition was successfully treated by cholecystostomy; at the time of writing, six months after cholecystostomy, there are no gastrointestinal symptoms.


Plaque formation by African swine fever virus in chick embryo fibroblasts in the absence of CO2 atmosphere. A plaque assay method using ASFV previously adapted to growth in chick embryo fibroblasts is described. Chick embryo fibroblast monolayers under bactoagar or methylcellulose have been employed using cysteine, arginine, DEAE-Dextran and HEPES as additives. Plaque production was optimal under methylcellulose. HEPES rendered the plaques more clear when used with the overlay. Arginine enhances plaque formation with bactoagar, and DEAE-Dextran doubles the plaque size. The growth curve of ASFV in chick embryo monolayers has been studied.


Hyperreactivity and aggressiveness following infusion of local anesthetic into the lateral septum or surrounding structures.


Agonistic behavior in wild and inbred Mus musculus.


A theory of behavioral generality and specificity during mild stress. A definitional system is given for the concepts of generality and specificity for behavioral variables, relating to signs and sizes of their intercorrelations. In particular, a mapping sentence is provided for defining the universe of observations for emotional behavior of mice under mild stress. Its three content facets are: (a) the temporal features of frequency, latency, and duration, (b) type of control, autonomic or voluntary, and (c) the experimental situation, the apparatus. Data from three studies published previously by other authors are analyzed by Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I). In each case, the smallest space is found to be partitioned into contiguous regions corresponding to the elements of the three facets.


[Norepinephrine levels and morphologic alterations of myocardium in chronic alcoholic rats]. Experimental alcoholism was produced in rats by giving them 32% alcohol as the only source of liquid for 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Control rats were given no alcohol. After 12 and 24 weeks on test the alcohol-fed animals developed pathologic changes and tissue catecholamine alterations of the myocardium. However after 4 weeks there were no differences in myocardial structure and norepinephrine levels between alcohol-fed and control rats. The present experiments indicate that marked increase in norepheinephrine concentration accompanies morphologic evidence of myocardial degeneration and may play a role in the development of the alcoholic cardiomyopathy.


Extraretinal influences on the EOG potential.


Characteristics of deoxythmidine transport and deoxythymidine kinase in 3T3 cells.


Identification of a cysteine residue of glutamate dehydrogenase that binds p-chloromercuribenzoic acid.


Variation of superoxide dismutases during the development of the fruit fly Ceratitis capitata L.


Binding of antibodies to nitroxide spin labels and to the corresponding hydroxylamines.


Inhibition of purine nucleotide biosynthesis by 3-deazaguanine, its nucleoside and 5'-nucleotide.


Comparative study of mitochondrial and cytosol protein kinase activities. Both cytosol and mitochondria of rat liver display protein kinase activity, cyclic AMP-independent, which is resolved by Sepharose 6B filtration and P-cellulose chromatography into multiple forms phosphorylating, besides endogenous mitochondrial membrane-bound proteins, also exogenous phosphoproteins such as casein and phosvitin. However, the forms by far predominant in the cytosol phosphorylate both phosphorylserine and phosphorylthreonine residues of casein, while most of the activity associated to mitochondrial structures is due to the forms phosphorylating only phosphorylserine residues.