Seasonal variations in the histology of the pituitary gland of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) an Indian freshwater major carp, in relation to gonadal activity. 1. Seasonal variations in the histology of the pituitary gland of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.), an Indian freshwater major carp, in relation to gonadal activity has been studied during a one year period commencing, January, 1971. 2. The proximal pars distalis undergoes a great deal of seasonal variation in size, weight and nature of pituicytes. 3. The percentage composition of acidophils and cyanophils in the proximal pars distalis show a reciprocal relationship during the year. The acidophils predominate during the restitution phase of the gonads while the cyanophils preponderate among the different cell types during the breeding season. 4. The chromophobes do not show any significant fluctuation in numerical abundance in relation to gonadal activity. 5. Cyanophils of the proximal pars distalis undergo changes with change in gonadal activity Concentration of glycoproteinaceous material is extremely low during the restitution phase but high during the maturation phase. The cyanophils also undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during the spawning period. The latter discharge their contents and become vacuolated during the post spawning period. 6. The number and size of the globules in the cyanophils are related to gonadal activity. 7. Acidophils present in the rostral pars distalis and pars intermedia do not appear to be related to gonadal activity in C. mrigala. 8. The average weight of the gland is directly related to the state of maturation of the gonads, an observation being recorded here for the first time.


Observations on the ultrastructure of secretory cells of bulbourethral glands under the influence of estrogen-releasing preparations.


The escape of bile from the intrhepatic biliary tree in acute bile stasis. The escape of fluorescent dyes from the bile passages during bile stasis and after a retrograde infusion into the common bile duct was examined in rats and mice. After an intravenous dye injection in bile stasis a strong fluorescence is seen in the periportal spaces. During retrograde dye infusion great amounts of dye accumulate in the periportal spaces but, in consequence of focal disruption of liver cell membranes, escapes also into the spaces of Disse, to be consequently transported by the sinusoidal blood.


Correlative cytological and histochemical studies on the avian oogenesis. A correlative cytological and histochemical study has been made of oogenesis in birds (pigeon, Columbia livia; brown dove, Streptopelia senegalensis; ring dove, S. dacaocto; domestic fowl. Gallus domesticus; and quail, Coturnix coturnix). BALBIANI'S vitelline body consisting of large yolk nucleus, mitochondria, GOLGI bodies and lipid bodies of variable composition is gradually developed in the juxtanuclear cytoplasm of their young oocytes. Histochemical tests indicate that the yolk nucleus consists mainly of RNA, protein and lipoprotein. Mitochondria occur in the form of granules, rods and filaments having a phospholipid-protein composition. The lipid bodies are in the form of granules (composed of phospholipid and triglycerides) and spheres (made up of triglycerides and cholesterol and/or its esters). The organelles consisting of lipoprotein are preserved after classical techniques of cytology whereas the lipid bodies are mostly dissolved. With the growth of oocyte during previtello-genesis the various cell components of BALBIANI'S vitelline body are dispersed in the outer ooplasm where they further multiply and finally most of them are placed in the cortical layer. At the same time, many chromophilic and argentophilic elements of lipoprotein nature are formed in the follicular epithelium, adjacent to plasma membrane of oocyte and in the peripheral ooplasm during previtellogenesis, which gradually accumulate in the central ooplasm where the yolk vesicles first appear. Most of the lipid droplets consisting of triglycerides and cholesterol and/or its esters are depleted from the large previtellogenic oocytes. The possible significance of various ooplasmic structures, which accumulate during previtellogenesis, has been discussed. Corresponding to the development, multiplication and accumulation of various ooplasmic components during previtellogenesis the chromosomes develop the configuration of lampbrush and are the active sites for the synthesis of RNA and protein, which simultaneously accumulate in the ooplasm. The cytological and histochemical characteristics of follicle cells indicate that they are active in the secretion of lipids, glycogen, proteins and RNA which are apparently transported into the growing oocyte. The association of several lipid bodies with some phagocytotic vacuoles adjacent to the plasma membrane of growing previtellogenic oocyte has supported this suggestion. Several follicle cells as such degenerate during previtellogenesis and their products in the form of DNA, RNA, protein and lipoprotein also seem to be absorbed directly or indirectly by the growing oocyte. During early vitellogenesis, the yolk vesicles are formed in the central ooplasm by the activity of ooplasmic structures especially the chromophilic and argentophilic elements. They are ultimately transformed into yolk bodies of variable morphology and chemical composition, which are arrayed in alternating concentric spheres (yellow and white) and consist of proteinlipoprotein, triglycerides, carbohydrates, RNA etc...


Surgical treatment of vascular lesions of the spinal cord. Paravertebral block and resection of upper thoracic sympathetic ganglions were performed on cases in which vascular disturbance of the spinal cord was considered partly responsible. Block was performed in 14 cases and clinical improvement was seen in 10 cases out of them while resection was considered effective in 2 out of 3 cases. The evoked EMG of patients was assumed recovery of a part of synaptic function in the ischemic cord after the block. On the other hand, the skin temperature of the lower extremity did not show considerable change and this supports the view that the restoration of clinical picture was not due to the improvement of the periphral circulation of extremities. From these observations, it would be well presumed that favorable effect of sympathectomy consists partly in the improvement of vascular disturbance of the spinal cord.


Production of experimental atrial septal defects. Atrial septal defects (ASDs) were successfully created by punch biopsy technique in 67 dogs. The technique is simple, effective and provides an ideal model for the study of ASDs, either for testing closure devices or physiological experiments. The position and size of the defects may be varied according to preference. Of 45 animals subjected to cardiac catheterization, 39 (87 percent) has a patent atrial septal defect.


Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.


Total red and white blood cell count of 33 species of fresh water teleosts.


Crude fibre as an index for predicting the digestibility of protein in expeller processed oilseed cakes for poultry.


Cesium metabolism in sheep and the influence of orally ingested bentonite on cesium absorption and metabolism.


Clearance of benzo(a)pyrene from the respiratory tract of hamsters following its intratracheal instillation with or without ferric oxide. A comparative study was carried out on the clearance of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) from the respiratory tract of Syrian golden hamsters following intratracheal instillation of either BP alone or BP attached to ferric oxide particles. Eight series of 18 hamsters each, received a single intratracheal instillation of 0.5 or 1.0 mg BP suspended in 0.9% NaCl solution. In addition, three comparable series of hamsters received in the same way a mixture, of 1.0 mg BP + 1.0 mg ferric oxide suspended in 0.9% NaCl solution. In each of the series the BP content of the respiratory tract was determined at six different points of time viz. immediately after administration of BP or BP + ferric oxide, and three, six and 24 hours, and three and seven days after an instillation. The clearance of BP from the respiratory tract did not appear to be significantly influenced by the presence of ferric oxide. It was concluded that the present study produced no evidence of ferric oxide particles being capable of enhancing the retention of BP in the respiratory tract.


Repeated exposure to cyclopentenone vapour: long-term study in Syrian golden hamsters. Effects of cyclopentenone inhalation were examined in a 78-week study with 420 hamsters evenly distributed over two inhalation chambers, one for exposure to air and the other for exposure to the test substance. Cyclopentenone was dosed at a level of 18 ppm (seven hr/day, five days/week) during the first 52 weeks, and at a level of 27 ppm during the last 26 weeks of the study. During the first 52 weeks, part of the animals in both chambers fortnightly received an intratracheal instillation  of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) or diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in saline or saline alone. Exposure to cyclopentenone caused slight growth depression in both sexes, and slightly increased relative liver weights and enhanced development of renal amyloidosis in females only. There was no evidence of cyclopentenonne possessing carcinogenic activity or being a co-factor in respiratory tract carcinogenesis.


A standardized model of microembolization in the cat brain. A standardized method is described for the experimental reproduction of micro-embolism in the cat brain with obstruction of the cortical capillaries and following "remote" effects in the white matter. The model is useful for reproducing the phenomena observed in human fat embolism. Further results will be published in a future paper.


The mechanism of insulin secretion after oral glucose administration. VII. Exocrine pancreatic function and plasma-IRI in dogs with chronic pancreatic fistulas. During an intravenous glucose test, conscious dogs with exocrine pancreatic fistulas showed a reduction in the secretions of water, protein and of bicarbonate. This reduction is related to hyperglycemia and to IRI increase in the peripheral venous blood. After oral administration of glucose, however, a biphasic stimulation of the exocrine function was observed. During the first 15 minutes when insulin secretion increases independently of the blood glucose increase, all exocrine pancreatic functions are transiently stimulated, too. A second peak of the exocrine secretions is to be observed when glucose absorption and insulin secretion exhibit their maximum.


Pacemaker treatment of patients over 80 years of age.


Blood group H like activity in crude preparations of bovine lung galactan. In crude preparations of bovine lung galactan blood group H-like activity, which does not occur on bovine red cells, has been detected with  heterophile anti-H-like reagents from different origin. These H-like receptors, associated with pneumococcus type XIV cross-reactivity, belong to a glycoprotein fraction and not to the galactan itself.


Effect of truncal vagotomy on the bacterial flora in the duodenal juice on dogs. The qualitative and quantitative changes in the bacterial flora of the duodenal juice after truncal vagotomy have been studied in self-control experiments in dogs. The intervention was followed by a rise in the bacterial count without a change in qualitative composition. It is suggested that the accumulation of microorganisms might contribute to the development of postoperative diarrhoea. The role of several partly clarified pathophysiological processes are pointed out.


Role of calcitonin in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome combined with hyperparathyroidism. Report of one case.


Concentration of thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and thyroglobulin in the thyroid lymph. Human thyroid lymphatic fluid was collected from 8 patients operated upon for thyroid tumours. All tumours were of small size and localized to one lobe. The lymph was collected from the side opposite the tumour. The levels of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in the lymph were determined by a radioimmunoassay technique in 7 of the patients. The thyroglobulin content of thyroidal lymph from one patient was analysed. The results demonstrate higher levels of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in the human thyroid lymphatic fluid as compared with those seen in peripheral or thyroid venous blood. Evidence for the presence of thyroglobulin in the human thyroid lymphatic fluid was obtained.


Indications for surgery in the elderly patient with primary hyperparathyroidism. The major symptoms presented by the elderly patient with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) were studied in 30 patients, all of whom were over 70 years of age (70-89). Neuromuscular symptoms, fatigue or mental symptoms were the main complaint in 14 patients. Nephrolithiasis, pancreatitis, skeletal changes or thyroid diseases were associated with HPT in 13 patients. Three patients were considered to be asymptomatic. Seven out of the eight patients with neuromuscular symptoms, and two of the three patients with extreme fatigue as the dominant symptom, improved postoperatively. This study indicates that for elderly patients with HPT especially when associated with neuromuscular symptoms or fatigue, surgical therapy is the treatment of choice.


Bilateral fibromuscular hyperplasia in the internal carotid arteries with aneurysm formation. A patient with bilateral fibromuscular hyperplasia in the carotid arteries with development of aneurysms is reported. The patient had no symptoms except for a palpable mass on one side and a bruit on both sides. Surgery was carried out bilaterally, using direct end-to-end suture on one side and a reconstruction with an autologous vein on the other side. It is suggested that fibromuscular hyperplasia may be the cause of some of the internal carotid artery aneurysms reported as congenital or with uncertain etiology. Reconstructive surgery of the carotid artery is recommended due to the obvious hazards of the condition.


The phlebographic pattern of acute leg thrombosis within a defined urban population. The incidence of thrombosis during one year in a defined population of 263 144 city inhabitants has been studied with a new method based upon acute phlebography of all patients with the slightest symptoms of the disease. The roentgenographic pattern of the acute thrombosis has been studied and the size of the individual thrombus has been compared with the duration of the symptoms. The incidence of thrombosis was found to be 0.9 per mille per year. No correlation was found between the size of the thrombus and the duration of the symptoms. The thrombus had its origin in the calf veins in 89% of the patients and its origin in a vein at a higher level in 10% of the patients. In patients with a thrombus confined to the calf veins the contrast medium always entered the deep crural veins. When the calf vein thrombosis had an extension to the popliteal vein or still higher up the contrast medium bypassed the deep crural veins in more than 75% of the patients.


Liver blood flow measurement the interpretation of xenon133 clearance curves. Liver tissue perfusion can be measured by analysis of the clearance of the radioactive inert gases Xenon133 and Krypton85 from the liver. The technique commonly gives rise to multiexponential clearance curves which have previously been quoted as evidence of complex intrahepatic blood flow patterns. The clearance of 133Xe from the canine liver was studied in 17 dogs and by screening out extrahepatic radioactivity it was found that the true intrahepatic clearance is monoexponential. The slower components seen in the multiexponential curve recorded without screening represent 133Xe in tissue other than the liver and much of this activity was shown to originate from 133Xe which accumulates in the stomach and intestines. These findings simplify the interpretation of inert gas clearance curves in the measurement of liver blood flow and therefore encourage further application of the technique in both experimental and clinical situations.


170 patients five years after selective gastric vagotomy--with an uncontrolled comparison of ulcer recurrence following either Heineke--Mikulicz or Finney pyloroplasty. The study concerns 170 patients treated for duodenal ulcer by selective gastric vagotomy and either HM- or FP. A 5-year follow-up showed a 4% recurrence rate. Insulintest 2-3 months after surgery was Hollander negative in 78%, late positive in 17% and early positive in 5%. 72% of the tests were unchanged after 5 years. 25% had moderate severe dumping. In the HM-group of 84 patients, 6 patients displayed ulcer recurrence. In the F-group of 86 patients, one displayed recurrence. All patients with recurrence (and one without) in the HM-group had operatively demonstrated pyloroplasty stenosis. None of the patients in the F-group had clinical symptoms of gastric stasis. The only variable in the treatment of the patients was the pyloroplasty method, and it thus seems reasonable to implicate the pyloroplasty method in the incidence of recurrence. The difference in recurrence between the two groups was not, however, statistically significant, and the value of a prospective randomized study of patients treated by selective gastric vagotomy and different pyloroplasty forms is pointed out.


Enzyme histochemistry studies of transverse and longitudinal incisions in the common bile duct in rabbits. The healing process of longitudinal and transverse incisions of the common bile duct in rabbits was studied by identification of 10 different enzymes in the duct wall at various times after the operation. Bile was deviated during the healing. An almost complete disappearance of the subepithelial alkaline phosphatase activity was noted early after longitudinal incisions in contrast to unchanged alkaline phosphatase activity after transverse incisions. Transversely incised ducts almost uniformly developed stricutre formation. The size of the lumen after longitudinal incisions was generally normal. The difference in enzyme pattern following the two types of lesion might reflect a different response of the tissues to the two different types of trauma.


A comparison of small intestinal transit time between the rat and the guinea-pig. The small intestinal transit was compared in rats and guinea-pigs. A radioactive test substance (polyvinylpyrrolidone labelled with I125) was given directly into the duodenum and the distribution of the isotope in the small bowel was recorded. The small intestine was removed 10 and 20 min after the injection and deep frozen. The frozen intestine was later cut in 20 segments of equal length and the amount of isotope within each of the intestinal segments was recorded by means of a gamma counter. For each animal a propulsion diagram was constructed showing the relative percentage of isotope distributed in the 20 bowel segments. After 20 min the isotope peak was found in the ileo-caecal region in the guinea-pigs whereas 50% of the isotope had passed only half of the small intestine in the rats during the same period of time. The length of the intestine in rats passed by 75%, 50% and 25% of the isotope after 20 min was the same as that found in guinea-pigs 10 min after the injection of the isotope into the duodenum. Thus, there seems to be a marked difference in propulsive activity between rats and guinea-pigs.


Aneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery. A case report. A case of an aneurysm of the pancreaticoduodenal artery is reported, together with a short review of the literature relating to this condition  Because of its rarity the diagnosis is often overlooked even when typical changes are found on X-ray. The possible relationship between obstructive jaundice and aneurysms in the vicinity of the galltree is discussed. Surgical treatment is recommended by most authors once the diagnosis of an intra-abdominal aneurysm has been made, mainly because of the risk of rupture.


Prolonged recovery after extended right hepatic lobectomy in a patient with severe blunt liver injury and laceration of the vena cava. A report of case with special references to autotransfusion and complications of biliary decompression. A patient with severe blunt liver injury and laceration of the vena cava who underwent a successful extended right hepatic lobectomy is reported. The use of autotransfusion unit saved the patient from exsanguination. His postoperative course was complicated by renal and hepatic failure, bile leakage, and persistent jaundice due to cholangitis. Prolonged choledochal drainage via T-tube obviously acted as a source of infection. The use of autotransfusion, choledochal drainage and the proper timing of its removal, the treatment of vena cava lesions and jaundice due to cholangitis in patients with severe liver trauma are discussed.


Protein synthesis by synaptosomes from the head ganglion of the squid, Loligo pealli.


Chronic allergic encephalomyelitis of the guinea pig: effects of maternal sensitization on the offspring.


Mobility variation as a criterion of antitrypanosomal activity in vitro and potentiation of antimonials by serum.


The control of aldosterone in anephric man.


Thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian veins following muscular effort (Paget-Von Schroetter syndrome).


Inhibitory effect of clofibrate on arginine-induced insulin secretion in chemical diabetes. Clofibrate 3 g/die for 10 consecutive days, significantly reduced arginine-induced IRI release in chemical diabetics and in normal controls, whether of normal body weight or obese. Blood glucose levels were not affected by clofibrate. In agreement with previous findings, it would appear that clofibrate, administered for short periods does not lead to a decrease in glucose tolerance. However, studies relating to the effect of chronic clofibrate administration in chemical diabetes are needed in order to be sure that prolonged inhibition of IRI secretion does not lead to overt diabetes.


Clinical picture of diabetic osteoarthropathy. On the basis of data from pertinent literature and of a thorough examination of 23 cases observed by himself the author illustrates findings concerned the occurrence, clinical picture and interrelations of clinical and radiological symptoms in diabetic osteoarthropathy. These alterations occur most frequently in middleaged or elderly diabetic patients with unstable metabolism or poor control, usually after a long duration of diabetes. Clinical symptoms are divided into 4 groups. Neurological symptoms (group I) are detectable at every stage of the process. Sometimes bone destruction is concomitant but neurological changes are the sole symptoms. Loose joints and articular swelling (group II) are frequently premonitory signs of bone alterations. Plantar ulcers (group III) are often associated with bone changes. Detectable foot deformities (group IV) are mostly an indication of the end stage of the process.


Observations on morning and afternoon glucose tolerance: differences between sexes. One hundred non-obese and non-diabetic individuals, 50 men and 50 women, were submitted to oral glucose tolerance tests performed in the morning and in the afternoon on different days. Although great individual variations were noted in both sexes, in men the mean blood sugar (BS) values did not significantly differ between the two tests; in women, however, the mean values after glucose loading were significantly higher during the afternoon test. By dividing the test population into those aged 50 and below and those over 50 it was found that only the group of younger women showed significant differences between the two tests with higher mean BS values during the afternoon test.


Insulin-induced hypoglycemia: 24-h variation. The hypoglycemic effect of i.v. insulin injected at 4 different times of day was studied in normal volunteers. It was found that the glucose fall induced by this treatment was quantitatively different, with the maximum effect observed at 18(00) and 24(00). The circadian variation of the insulin-induced hypoglycemia depends on the time recovery from the glucose fall rather than on lower circulating glucose levels attained following hormone injection. These results underline the importance of considering circadian variations when planning either experimental designs or insulin therapy.


Acute self-poisoning with phenformin.

Acute self-poisoning with phenformin. The case is reported of a non-diabetic young woman who attempted suicide by ingesting 2,500 mg of phenformin. The most marked clinical and laboratory findings during the first 24 hrs included nausea, vomiting, anxiety, agitation, polydipsia, polyuria, increased appetite, tachycardia, tachypnea, persistent lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia and hypokalemia. Treatment at the ICU 10 hrs after ingestion of the overdose was essentially symptomatic and included measures to correct acidosis and hypoglycemia. The patient recovered completely.


An ultrastructural investigation of the polar plasm of the egg of Sternaspis (Annelids, Polychaeta).


Stimulation of 3H-uridine incorporation into ribosomal ribonucleic acids by insulin. Ribosomal RNA was extracted from hepatic ribosomal subunits of rats treated with alloxan or with alloxan and insulin and additionally injected with 3H-uridine. Sedimentation of the extracted RNA through sucrose, gradients with registration of the optical density and with measurement of the radioactivity of rRNA reveals reduction of uridine incorporation after the induction of diabetes of diabetes mellitus. If alloxan-diabetic animals are substituted with insulin, this decrease in uridine incorporation is reversed to incorporation rates which even exceed uridine incorporation of control animals. With regard to the reduction of protein synthesis in diabetes mellitus this finding of reduced rRNA synthesis is suggested to be an additional factor in the reduction of ribosomal aggregation.


Ribonucleic acid synthesis during development of an ascidian: Ciona intestinalis.


Some metabolic and hormonal effects of salbutamol in man. The effect of i.v. infusion of a beta-adrenergic stimulant, salbutamol on blood insulin, glucose, lactate, phosphates, potassium and NEFA was studied in 9 normal subjects. The effect of the drug on the blood sugar and insulin response to i.v. glucose was also examined in 4 subjects. Salbutamol was followed by increases in insulin, glucose and lactate, and a fall in blood phosphorus and potassium. NEFA values did not change significantly. These effects of salbutamol were abolished by propranolol and may thus be attributed to its beta-adrenergic stimulating action. Salbutamol also induced a reduction in glucose tolerance, in spite of the presence of enhanced blood insulin levels.


Intestinal digestion and absorption of sucrose in experimental diabetes. Intestinal sucrose hydrolysis and absorption of monosaccharide products was studied in vivo utilizing the segmental perfusion technique in diabetic and control rats. The proximal jejunum was perfused with 20 mM sucrose, 140 mM NaCl and 0.5% PEG with 14C-PEG, as the nonabsorbable marker. Rates of sucrose hydrolysis and adsorption of monosaccharide products (fructose, and glucose) were determined. There were no statistically significant differences between the diabetic and control rats. This indicates that the previously reported increase in sucrase activity in diabetes does not correlate with enhanced rates of sucrose hydrolysis. Several possibilities for the interpretation of these results are discussed.


Endocytosis at the apical surface in neuroepithelial cells of the young chick embryo.


Dynamics of the colonial cycle in the ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri. The fate of isolated buds.


Mitochondria in the egg of Ascidia malaca.


Australia antigen in diabetic subjects.

Australia antigen in diabetic subjects. The sera of 766 diabetics and 730 blood donors have been tested for Australia surface antigen (HBsAg). Subjects with a history of an episode of jaundice were excluded from both groups. The two groups did not differ as to the frequency with which HBsAg was found 1.64% in blood donors, 1.56% in diabetics.


Diploid gynogenetics in Discoglossus pictus.


Maternal diabetes and congenital malformations among live births in Hawaii. The frequency of congenital malformations in 187,266 live births in Hawaii from 1956 through 1966, was found to be significantly higher among offspring diabetic mothers (0.0175) than in offspring of non-diabetic mothers (0.0086) or mothers with no complications of pregnancy (0.0074). However, the frequency of malformations in offspring of diabetic mothers was not significantly higher than in offspring of mothers with heart conditions of hypertension.


A recessive semi-lethal mutation, "distended lungs" (dl) affecting the tadpoles of Xenopus laevis.


Investigations on the biosynthesis of sulphur-containing compounds in Limnaea (mollusc) oocytes, capsules and jelly during oogenesis period.


Morphological analysis of the neuroepithelial cells of the chick embryo incubated in vitro. A stereological study.


On the relationship between the chromosome set and the sexual differentiation of the neoblasts in planarians.


Evolution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in two types of skeletal muscles and skin tissue in Discoglossus pictus (Amphibia Anura) during embryonic development.


Synthesis of RNA containing poly A in third instar salivary glands isolated nuclei.


Ixodes sigelos, n. sp. (Acarina : Ixodidae), a parasite of rodents in Chile, with a method for preparing ticks for examination by scanning electron microscopy.


The effect of presence of females on spermatogenesis and early mate seeking behavior in two species of Dermacentor ticks (Acari : Ixodidae).


Effects on the JH-analogues altosid and altozar on the North American house-dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes (Acarina, Pyroglyphidae).


Influence of anesthesia on autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow. Autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow is a wellknown fact. In normal man the arterial pressure can vary from 80 mm Hg to 150 mm Hg without a change in the normal cerebral blood flow of 50 ml/100 g/min. The mechanism which is responsible for this autoregulation is not clearly understood. Several theories were proposed to explain this phenomenon. 1. The tissue pressure increases with an increase of the arterial pressure. A mechanical process should neutralize an increase of the cerebral blood flow. 2. The metabolic theory says that a decrease of the blood pressure, without a change of metabolism, involves an increase of the PaCO2, and a decrease of the PaO2. Those two factors provoke a decrease of the vascular tone. 3. The myogenic theory explains autoregulation by the fact that a change of the transmural pressure in the small vessels, involves a change in the activity of the smooth muscles of the vessels. 4. The exact mechanism of the autonomic nervous system in the autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow is still obscure. In some pathological conditions autoregulation is completely lost or is functioning not optimal: hypoxia, hypercapnia and brain contusion. We have measured the cerebral blood flow before and after an intravenous injection of 5 mg thiopental (Pentothal) on occasion of a carotid angiography in man. We noticed a decrease of the cerebral blood flow and at the same moment a decrease of the arterial pressure. We thought that maybe barbiturates could influence autoregulation. Our results could not prove this hypothesis. For ethical reasons we could not make the necessary measurements to prove or to reject this hypothesis (i.e. intracranial pressure, deep controlled hypotension). In the literature there are arguments which support this hypothesis although most workers found an intact autoregulation after a barbiturate anesthesia. Some workers saw that the increase of the cerebral blood flow by increasing the PaCO2 was depressed by barbiturates and exhausted by halothane and cyclopropane. As autoregulation is a more vulnerable mechanism than CO2 reactivity as seen in clinical situations, it could be true that anesthetics do influence autoregulation.


Pneumothorax during anesthesia with changes in ECG. A patient known to suffer from CNSLD was to undergo cervical lymph node dissection for gingival carcinoma. Pneumothorax developed immediately after introduction of anesthesia. In addition to the usual physical diagnostic signs, an abrupt decrease in amplitude of the QRS- complex and T -waves was observed in the ECG on the scope, the sensitivity of which remained unchanged. The ECG changes disappeared after abolition of the pneumothorax.


A method to exhaust anesthetic gases when using the Loosco system for children with an expiratory valve according to the Waters' principle. A description is presented of a method to eliminate anesthetic gases when using the Loosco system for children with an expiratory valve according to the Waters' principle. From practical experience we have gained the strong impression that this convenient device meets the requirements we have formulated. Exact gas-chromatographic determinations are still in progress, and the results will be published as soon as possible.


Gastric acid secretion inhibitors. I. Compounds chemically related to lidocaine.


Potentiometric titration of ionizable compounds in two-phase systems. II. Determination of partition coefficients of organic acids and bases.


Quantitative analysis of some penicillins using the differential hydrolysis rate method.


Potential hypolipidemic agents. XV Synthesis and plasma lipid-lowering properties of derivatives of 2-phenoxy-2-methylpropionic acid.


Non-linear curve-fitting analysis of ion-pair extraction equilibria. A comparison with slope analysis.


Testing of laminar air flow units by particle counting and by microbial methods.


Dry-heat sterilization of pharmaceutical glassware using hot air or infra-red radiation.


Antidepressant agents. VII. Enantiomers of 3,3-diphenylcyclopentylamine and 4,4-diphenylcyclohex-2-enylamine. Selective inhibition of amine uptake.


Polysaccharide contaminants in ultra pure grade sucrose with relation to anaphylactoid reactions in clinical use of invert sugar solutions.


Hepatic glucoreceptors in the short-term control of feeding.


Safety and efficacy of prolonged treatment with Tremblex (dexetimide), an antiparkinsonian agent. A controlled study. The trial involved 69 female, long-stay inpatients of the Voorburg mental hospital, of a median age of 50 years. Two groups were formed at the start of the trial. The first group (51 patients) on a maintenance therapy with orphenadrine, were now put on oral dexetimide. Individually adapted dosages ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 mg daily. The control group (18 patients) of antiparkinsonian agents did not take any in the course of the study either. After three and six months (end of trial) biochemical and haematologic parameters were assessed. Clinical evaluation of extrapyramidal symptoms was made in the dexetimide group. All patients of the control group and 47 of the dexetimide group completed the trial. Both groups were shown to be comparable with regard to all parameters. Statistical analysis showed significant improvement in dexetimide-patients with regard to gross motor tremor, facial inexpressiveness, parkinsonian gait (after two weeks) + dyskinesia (after six months).


A retrospective evaluation of long-term fluspirilene (IMAP) treatment. Fluspirilene proved to be a very useful drug in the basic maintenance therapy of 21 chronic schizophrenic patients (ages 16-71 years), who received individually adjusted doses weekly during their hospitalization and during the subsequent follow-up period. The follow-up data analysis showed that the antipsychotic efficacy of the drug after prolonged (8-21.5 months) treatment was nicely maintained, that the patients' socio-professional integration had improved significantly, while a small decrease in dosage proved possible in several cases. The incidence of side-effects remained low, and no signs of accumulation or toxicity could be detected.


Stability of mammalian tuberculin PPD.

Stability of mammalian tuberculin PPD. Six lots of PPD prepared in 1937 met the requirements when tested in guinea pig potency assay in 1974. Reading of the skin reactions at 48 hr gave more consistent results than the 24 hr reading. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance and by a quick method developed for the estimation of identity of the standard and the test preparation. Although less sensitive than the analysis of variance, the quick method has been found suitable for estimation of the potency of tuberculin preparations.


Decreased cellular immune response of germ-free mice. Cellular immune response to intracerebral lymphocytic choriomeningitis infection was studied in mice belonging to an identical strain but different in breeding conditions. In consequence of the cellular immune reaction on the leptomeninx, lymphocytic choriomeningitis developed and caused death in 100% of conventionally bred mice, whereas 80% of germ-free and 15% of mouse-pathogen-free mice failed to display lymphocytic infiltration of the leptomeninx and survived the infection as chronic virus carriers. This finding pointed to a deficient cellular immune response of germ-free and mouse-pathogen-free mice. The under-development of the lymphoid system due to the antigen-poor breeding conditions might be responsible for the deficiency.


Studies on the lymphoid system of mice with lethal acute toxoplasmosis. Acute toxoplasmosis was induced in CFLP mice by infecting them intraperitoneally with the 25 x 10(3) multiplicity of the virulent RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The lymphoid system of mice succumbing to acute toxoplasmosis showed characteristic changes. Significant spleen hypertrophy (spleen index: 1.76), severe thymus atrophy (thymus index: 0.27) and a striking decrease of the lymphocyte count in blood (86%) was found as compared with the uninfected controls.


Leukocyte migration inhibition by a specific antigen in human typhoid fever. Cellular reactivity to heat-killed Salmonella typhi antigen was investigated by the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) method in 33 S. typhi infected patients and in 32 control persons. In the typhoid group a statistically significant LMI was observed as compared to the members of the control group. A correlation was found between the level of the cellular sensitivity and the time elapsed between onset of the disease and performance of the test. Previous typhoid vaccination had no influence on the LMI. No correlation was found between the agglutinin titres and the sensitivity demonstrated by the LMI test. The value of the method in studies of cellular immunity in typhoid fever is discussed.


The development of the connective tissue in the human orbit. The development of the mesenchymal structures of the human orbit was studied using 10 mu or 60 mu serial sections of orbits of foetuses of 35 to 320 mm stages (C.R. length; 2-9 months). The ontogenesis of the orbital walls, the eye muscles, the blood vessels and the connective tissue was compared. This comparison revealed that the eye muscles and their fasciae together with the adventitial layers of the larger blood vessels and nerves develop first, closely linked in time to the progress of ossification and growth of most of the orbital bones. Only the (endochondral) ossification of the ethmoid starts much later. The orbital connective tissue septa development commences later, i.e. from the third month onwards, concurrently with the development of special mesenchymal condensations, a particular capillary system and adipose tissue. About five months later the adult configuration is attained.


Effect of long photoperiod on the maturation of ovary of the catfish, Mystus tengara (Ham.) A study has been made of the effect of photoperiodism on the ovarian maturation of fresh water teleost, Mystus tengara (Ham.). The magnitude of ovarian recrudescence is more during maturing virgin phase as compared to during immature virgin and preparatory virgin phases in long photoperiod (14 hours/day) treated fish. Thus, the response of the ovary to long photoperiod increases with the approach of natural spawning period. The mature eggs are more in long photoperiod treated fish than in controls exposed to 12 hours/day photoperiod. In long photoperiod treated fish, prespawning period is reduced considerably. During spawning and post-spawning periods, the ovaries are refractory, since long photoperiod is ineffective in maintaining gravid ovaries beyond spawning period and the ovarian regression during post spawning period sets in regardless of nature of photoperiod treatment.


Functional anatomy of the musculature of the trachea. The smooth musculature of the human trachea was studied and compared with earlier observations in the rabbit. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. The annular m. constrictor tracheae, previously observed in the rabbit, has also been identified in the human trachea. 2. Longitudinal muscle fibers outside the constrictor musculature were observed in man. These fibers are rudimentary and appear to be of no functional importance. 3. From a functional point of view, it appears justified to regard the outer tracheal musculature largely as a constrictor musculature. 4. The main function of the outer musculature of the trachea and the elastic cartilaginous arches is to maintain the stability of the tracheal wall. 5. The variation of the lumen of the trachea is mainly controlled by the m. trachealis in the pars membranacea.


Antidepressive properties of I-glutamine. Preliminary report. A brief review of the literature on this topic, and a comparison of the results obtained in children by administrating l-glutamine with those obtained by other antidepressive drugs, is primarily presented. Having been tested in a sampler of 43 adults, affected by different forms of depressive, neurasthenic and dissociative illnesses, 1-glutamine is indicated as owning clear anti-depressive properties, and the asthenia as target-symptom for its therapeutical use. Out of the endogenous depression with slowed-down motor activity, indeed good results were found in all cases, in which a "vital" level had been reached by the illness. Since 1-glutamine is noticed being a precursor of GABA, this fact itself could explain its antidepressive properties, but it is necessary to remember that they very complex metabolism of the drug is still mostly unknown.


Character neuroses and behavioural disorders in children: their treatment with pipamperone (Dipiperon). A clinical study. Dipiperon drops 30-180 mg/day were given for eight weeks to 29 children with character neuroses and behavioural disorders. A 16-item rating-scale covering several features of behaviour disorder was completed by a psychologist and a teacher independent from each other. The individual number of pathological scores showed a decrease already within the first treatment week and a further decrease by the end of the trial, especially for the items of capriciousness, obstinacy, irritability and restlessness. The therapeutic benefit was not accompanied by an adverse effect on the school performance of the children. No side-effects were reported or observed.


Altered composition and metabolism of proteoglycans isolated from degenerated human articular cartilage.


Binding of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in plasma of normal and vitamin D - deficient chicks and men.


Relase of retraction stimulating factor (RSF) during platelet dependent retraction of reptilase clots.


Computer simulation of iodine inhibition system with TSH regulation.


Somatic changes in the course of and as consequence of pregnancy.


Platelet shape change induced by cold and the retraction of reptilase clots.


Studies on bone development in pigs diseased in atrophic rhinitis.


Experimental transmission of Eimeria stiedai to the hare.


Histopathological changes in the gizzard of goslings, ducklings and chickens experimentally infected with Amidostomum anseris.


Data on the aetiology of swine atrophic rhinitis. V. The role of genetic factors.


Effect of high air temperature on the fasting metabolism of fattening pigs.


Experimental transfer of enzootic bovine leucosis to sheep.


Rehabilitation of work dogs diseased in hip dysplasia by surgical application of a gelatine interpositum.


Radiography of the hip joint in standing dog.


Effect of the moistening of body surface on heat production and heat sensation in fattening pigs.


Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Fiberendoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract recently has become a routine diagnostic procedure. This is due to its broad spectrum of applications and to its "reputation" of simplicity and innocuousness. The possible complications of fiberendoscopy, however, are similar to those of rigid endoscopy. Most of these complications can and must be avoided by strict adhesion to elementary precautions: adequate teaching and supervision of endoscopists in training; emphasis on all stages of the patient's preparation, psychological and pharmacological, each adopted to the individual patient and constant awareness of the possibility of complications.


The abnormal upper gastrointestinal vagovagal reflexes that affect the heart. The clinically important upper gastrointestinal-cardiac vagovagal reflexes are mainly those initiated by swallowing and rapid gastric distention. Pre-existing-heart disease has little to do with determining susceptibility to upper gastrointestinal stimuli. The dangerous cardiac repercussions concern diminished coronary artery flow and the arrhythmias. The latter can be subcategorized as swallow tachycardia, pharyngeal disease with arrhythmia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia with swallow syncope, spontaneous swallow syncope and swallow bradycardia. Iatrogenic arrhythmias are particularly tragic potential hazards of all pharyngoesophagogastric manipulations.


Diagnosis of gastric prepyloric and antral lesions: comparison of fiberendoscopy and gastric biopsy with radiology. Fibergastroscopy and direct-vision gastric biopsy were performed in 47 patients who had a prepyloric or antral gastric lesion on barium meal (single-contrast) examination. Of 27 cases with a radiological diagnosis of prepyloric or antral ulceration, five cases (18.5%) had evidence of ulceration, 12 cases (44.4%) had acute or chronic gastritis and eight cases (29.6%) had normal gastric mucosa, on fibergastroscopy. Multiple gastric biopsy confirmed the presence of acute-on-chronic gastritis (ACG), chronic gastritis (CG) and chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), with or without intestinal metaplasia (IM) or epithelial atypia (Aty), in 24 cases (89%). Normal gastric mucosa was found in three cases (11%) and malignancy in none. Of 15 cases with a radiological diagnosis of prepyloric or antral malignancy, only three cases (20%) had evidence of adenocarcinoma on endoscopy and biopsy. One case had rounded nodules seen on endoscopy and gastric biopsies showed malignant lymphoma. In two cases with endoscopic suspicion of malignancy, gastric biopsies showed ACG in one and CAG in the other. Gastric biopsies showed histological changes of CG (+/- IM) or CAG (+/- IM) in 11 cases (73%). In five cases with a radiological diagnosis of various prepyloric or antral lesions, endoscopy and biopsy revealed CG (+/- IM) in all and malignancy in none. It is concluded that fiberendoscopy and gastric biopsy are superior to the single-contrast barium meal in the diagnosis of prepyloric or antral gastric lesions. Direct-vision gastric biopsy should be done in all cases since it increased the diagnostic accuracy of fiberendoscopy.


Treatment of protein-losing gastropathy with atropine. Protein loss from the gastric mucosa with hypertrophic gastric folds and hypoalbuminemia has been associated with low, normal and elevated gastric acid output. A case of protein-losing gastropathy with slightly elevated gastric acid output is described. Associated findings were hypertrophic gastric folds, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, lymphadenopathy, edema, ascites and venous thrombosis. Oral administration of atropine resulted in a cessation of gastrointestinal protein loss and correction of hypoalbuminemia.


Biliary excretion and concentration of cefazolin. The excretion of cefazolin into the human biliary tract in health and disease was investigated in 34 patients undergoing surgical procedures. The patients included: I. Four controls. IIA. Eleven patients with cholelithiasis and/or cholecystitis and a radiological visualized gallbladder. IIB. Nine patients with cholethiasis and cholecystitis and a radiologically nonvisualized gallbladder. III. Five patients with obstructive jaundice. IV. Five patients with a T-tube in the common bile duct. Two dose regimes: 1. A single dose of 500 mg and 2. four doses each of 500 mg. given every six hours, were used. Samples of serum, gallbladder bile, common duct bile and gallbladder tissue were assayed for antibiotic activity by the cylinder plate method with Bacillus subtilis. Following administration of four doses of the antibiotic, the mean level of the drug in the gallbladder bile, in controls was 127.0 mug/ml. In the group with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis and a gallbladder that is visualized, a similar high level was noted (mean = 132.2 mug/ml.). In the presence of a nonvisualized gallbladder or obstructive jaundice, the levels in bile were lower. Two hours following a single injection of the drug, the level in the common duct bile reaches a peak of 10 mug/ml and at eight hours falls to less than one mug/ml. In the absence of obstruction cefazolin reaches a significantly high level in bile and could be valuable in treatment of biliary infections.


The pancreatic involvement in disseminated "collagen" disorders. Studies of pancreatic secretion in patients with scleroderma and Sjögren's "disease". In this study of 66 patients with Sjögren's syndrome and/or scleroderma abnormal pancreatic secretory patterns were observed in 43 patients, 17 of 23 with Sjögren's and 19 of 31 with scleroderma. Pancreatic insufficiency was often associated with depressed gastric secretion and/or abnormal gallbladder function. While in both disorders digestive complaints are attributable to one or more dysfunctions, the pathogenetic factors in scleroderma appear to be more varied and require careful investigation for complete elucidation. Antibiotics, antimetabolites and steroid therapies are also additional causal factors involved in the initiation of gastrointestinal dysfunction and pathology.


Electrocoagulation biopsy of aberrant pancreas of the stomach. A case of aberrant gastric pancreas. Histopathological diagnosis of submucosal tumors of the stomach has been difficult by conventional examination, e.g. roentgenography, gastroscopy and/or routine biopsy procedure. When endoscopic diagnosis of submucosal tumor is made, surgery is generally performed for tissue biopsy. We have been attempting to avoid such exploratory laparotomy to determine the histologic nature of small asymptomatic submucosal tumors of the stomach by a technic of endoscopic biopsy followed by electrocoagulation. With such a procedure, we have been able to diagnose a case of aberrant pancreas of the stomach. Our experience suggests that this technic is a safe and useful diagnostic tool.


Meckel's diverticulitis due to Schistosomiasis mansoni. An unusual case of schistosomal Meckel's diverticulitis is presented. Parasites were subsequently found in either stool or rectal biopsies of three siblings. The possibility of serious sequels makes the early diagnosis of Schistosomiasis mansoni often by simple stool and rectal biopsy examination particularly valuable.


Brunner's gland adenomas associated with high-output congestive heart failure. Brunner's gland adenoma in the third portion of the duodenum is rare and only two such cases have been reported previously. A 35-year old man presented with high-output congestive heart failure. Profound iron deficiency anemia was corrected by transfusion, allowing detection of a duodenal tumor, which proved pathologically to be a Brunner's gland adenoma.


Large gastric varix simulating tumor.

Large gastric varix simulating tumor.


The training of primary care internists and primary care subspecialists at Emory University School of Medicine.


Sorbents in the management of uremia.

Sorbents in the management of uremia.


The early detection of airway obstruction: another perspective.


The clinical recognition of dissecting aortic aneurysm. The clinical, roentgenologic and laboratory findings in 124 patients with dissecting aneurysm of the aorta are reported. In 53 patients the dissection occurred in the ascending aorta ("proximal" dissection), and in 71 patients the site of origin was the descending thoracic aorta ("distal" dissection). Certain distinct clinical differences between the groups were apparent. Although hypertension was an important predisposing factor, it was significantly more common in distal dissection, as was atherosclerosis. Back pain and hypertension on hospital presentation characterized patients with distal dissection. Conversely patients with proximal dissection were younger and had a significantly higher incidence of Marfan's syndrome, cystic medial necrosis, anterior chest pain, pulse deficits, neurologic compromise, aortic insufficiency and congestive heart failure. In both groups, syncope appeared to correlate well with the occurrence of cardiac tamponade. Chest roentgenograms almost always showed an abnormal aortic contour. Aortic angiography, when performed, was usually confirmatory of the diagnosis.


The clinical course, early prognosis and coronary anatomy of subendocardial infarction. The following prospective study was undertaken to observe the clinical course, early prognosis and coronary anatomy of patients with subendocardial infarction. Subendocardial infarction was defined as typical chest apin (greater than 15 minutes), serum enzyme elevation and persistent (greater than 48 hours) new T wave inversion and/or S-T segment depression in the absence of new pathologic Q waves. Fifty consecutive patients were defined, followed in a prospective manner and subjected to early coronary arteriography. A prior history of unstable angina was found in 33 patients (66 per cent); 22 patients (44 per cent) had significant dysrhythmias during the acute hospital phase, and seven patients (14 per cent) had evidence of mild left ventricular failure. Coronary arteriography demonstrated significant lesions (greater than 75 per cent narrowing in at least one vessel) in all 50 patients, with 30 patients (60 per cent) having either double- or triple-vessel disease. Follow-up (mean 10.6 months) revealed that 15 patients (30 per cent) had stable angina, 23 patients (46 per cent) unstable angina and only 12 patients (24 per cent) remained free of angina. Of 28 patients in a medically treated group, acute transmural infarctions developed in six (21 per cent) and one died (3 per cent). We conclude that subendocardial infarction is symptomatically an unstable entity, is associated with severe coronary artery disease and, in a medically treated group, is followed by a significant incidence of early transmural myocardial infarction (21 per cent). Therefore, these patients require in-hospital monitoring, careful follow-up and consideration for early coronary arteriography.


The relation of sinus rate to the frequency of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia during acute myocardial infarction in man. Continuous tape recordings of cardiac rhythm were made in 51 male patients with acute myocardial infarction within 24 hours of their infarction. These tracings were analyzed for the incidence of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (PVT) and the sinus rate immediately preceding each episode of PVT. In 26 patients, 112 episodes of PVT at a rate greater than 100 beats/min were documented. Although 67 per cent of the episodes of PVT were preceded by sinus rates between 60 and 100 beats/min, 15 per cent occurred at sinus rates below 60 beats/min and 18 per cent occurred at sinus rates above 100 beats/min. The data remained essentially unchanged regardless of whether ventricular tachycardia was defined at rates in excess of 100, 120 or 140 beats/min. The results of this study show that during the early phases of acute myocardial infarction in man, PVT was most common during sinus rates generally thought to be within the normal range (60 to 100 beats/min). A lower, but close to equal incidence of PVT was observed during sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia.


Role of circulatory congestion in the cardiorespiratory failure of obesity. The role of circulatory congestion in the cardiorespiratory dysfunction of massive obesity was investigated in 18 patients. They were hypervolemic and had increased cardiac outputs proportionate to their weight. The average resting left ventricular filling pressure was within the upper limits of normal, but it increased to abnormally high levels with increased venous return of passive leg raising, and further during exercise. The elevations in pressure were associated with high resting central blood volumes which increased significantly with exertion. These findings are consistent with reduced distensibility of the central circulation in these congested patients. Weight reduction was accompanied by a decrease in central blood volumes and restoration of a normal left ventricular response in three of four patients and a return toward normal in one. The improvement in ventricular function with relief of edema and dyspnea. In 14 patients with normal or only minimal alveolar hypoventilation, there were no significant transpulmonary diastolic pressure gradients despite a marked increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. One patient, after regaining weight, subsequently had an abnormal gas exchange and an increased pulmonary vascular resistance. He and two others with severe alveolar hypoventilation demonstrated cor pulmonale on a background of left ventricular dysfunction and congestion of the circulation. Two other patients, the least obese of the group, had hypoventilation and cor pulmonale with normal left ventricular pressures. Hypervolemia and a hyperdynamic state are common features of the obese patients. High cardiac output is maintained despite marked circulatory congestion which may result in generalized anasarca and increased ventricular filling pressures. This clinical syndrome may be present in obese patients without intrinsic heart disease and may be reversible with weight reduction. The central circulatory congestion may contribute to the development of the alveolar hypoventilation syndrome in certain obese patients.


Hereditary nephritis, deafness and abnormal thrombopoiesis. Study of a new kindred. A fourth kindred displaying the triad of hereditary nephritis, deafness and thrombocytopenia with giant platelets is described. Renal involvement, a common cause of death amongst afflicted subjects, appears to have a better prognosis in the affected members of this family. Although the electron microscopic appearance of the megakaryocytes in the present case appears similar to that in previously reported cases, we suggest that the "giant" platelets may result from a degenerative process of megakaryocytes leading to nuclear regression and cytoplasmic fragmentation, rather than the usual blebbing process.


Clinical and physiologic studies of two siblings with prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) deficiency. Two siblings with hereditary Fletcher factor (prekallikrein) deficiency were studied for alterations of fibrinolysis, platelet function, skin inflammatory responses, permeability factor (PF/dil) formation and leukocyte chemotaxis. In vivo stimulation of fibrinolytic activity was normal; the bleeding time and platelet functions (adhesivity, aggregation, release reaction) were also normal. Both immediate (wheal-flare reaction to histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin E1, physical agents) and delayed sensitivity skin test reactions were within normal limits. Migration of subjects' leukocytes to attractants in skin windows and in Boyden-type chambers was the same as that of control leukocytes. Serum complement components were essentially normal. One subject's leukocytes showed normal tissue factor production on stimulation by endotoxin, although prekallikrein deficiency did impair the endotoxin-stimulated generation of serum procoagulant activity. PF/dil caused increased vessel permeability in human skin; in vitro generation of PF/dil required both the Hageman factor and prekallikrein. The Fletcher factor-deficient subjects responded in a normal manner to PF/dil. Based on the Fletcher factor-coagulation assay, the biologic half-disappearance time of prekallikrein (after the transfusion of normal plasma in one of the subjects) was estimated at 35 hours. Therefore, these studies suggest that severe prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) deficiency in man is not associated with any clinically significant impairment in hemostasis, fibrinolysis, inflammatory responses or leukocyte function.


Obstructive jaundice in a patient with epidermoid carcinoma of the hypopharynx.


Pseudocholelithiasis in an elderly man with calcified hydatid cysts. A 69 year old man with intrabiliary rupture of a calcified echinococcal cyst mimicking acute cholelithiasis is discussed. This case is of interest because the correct diagnosis was not recognized preoperatively despite the fact that certain aspects of the illness were classic features of this complication of hydatid disease. Although this is a common complication of hydatid disease, which is well recognized in other countries, only seven cases have been reported in the American literature. Treatment of our patient included successful use of a Roux-en-Y drainage procedure which, to the best of our knowledge, has not previously been employed in treating this disease.


Intravenous injection of talc-containing drugs intended for oral use. A cause of pulmonary granulomatosis and pulmonary hypertension. Clinical and morphologic features are described in two patients known to have repeatedly injected intravenously talc-containing drugs intended for oral use. In one patient severe pulmonary hypertension developed; the talc granulomas in him were located predominantly within the pulmonary arteries. The second patient had normal pulmonary arterial pressures, and the talc granulomas in him were located predominantly in the pulmonary interstitium. Of 19 previously described patients with pulmonary talc granulomas, 12 had morphologic evidence of pulmonary hypertension (in three of severe degree); in each, talc granulomas were located predominantly within the pulmonary arteries. In those without signs of pulmonary hypertension, granulomas were located predominantly in the pulmonary interstitium. Why there are differences in the distribution of the talc granulomas is unclear. It is clear, however, as demonstrated by one of our patients, that severe pulmonary hypertension may be a consequence of intravenous injection of drugs intended for oral use.


Acute coagulopathy following infusion of prothrombin complex concentrate. An acute coagulopathy developed in a 49 year old woman with severe liver disease after she received an infusion of prothrombin complex concentrate. The concentrate used in the infusion was subsequently studied by observing the effect of the concentrate on the partial thromboplastin times of various plasmas. The evidence suggests that activated coagulation factors, including activated factor X, were present in the concentrate, and probably played a role in initiating the acute change in the patient's coagulation status. Mechanisms whereby liver disease predisposes toward the development of such a coagulopathy are discussed. It would appear that prothrombin complex concentrates should be used in patients with liver disease only with utmost caution.


The liver in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease). The livers of four patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia--including the original case of Osler--were examined at autopsy. Characteristic random focal fibrovascular lesions were found in all. The importance of recognizing the apparently common and seemingly benign hepatic involvement in this disease is emphasized in view of its possible confusion with more serious types of liver disease that may complicate the condition.


Angiotensin blockade: its clinical significance. An understanding of the possible role of excessive angiotensin II activity in the pathogenesis of hypertension in every patient is therapeutically desirable, but it is frustrated by the lack of complete reliability of peripheral plasma measurements of renin activity. Observation of a clear-cut, supranormal decrease in blood pressure during the intravenous infusion of the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin, has provided a far more reliable indication of the presence of an angiotensinogenic component in the hypertension. There is convincing evidence, however, that the presence of sodium-overload may prevent a decrease in blood pressure during saralasin infusion in persons known to have angiotensinogenic hypertension and that saralasin may cause a slight decrease in the blood pressure of normal subjects after natriuresis. For these reasons, it is important to study hypotensive responses to saralasin under standardized conditions after the administration of a potent diuretic and to compare the observations with those made on normal subjects under identical circumstances. This angiotensin antagonist may be used in the therapy of malignant or advanced hypertension and as an aid to therapeutic decisions in hypertensive patients who have known renal diseases, are taking oral contraceptives or have had severe trauma to the area of the kidneys. Side effects of saralasin are limited to excessive falls in blood pressure levels, mainly when vasodilators or ganglioplegic drugs are being taken at the time of the saralasin infusion, and excessive rises in blood pressure levels, especially in hypertensive subjects with "low renin" activity during high rates of saralasin infusion or after intravenous injections of large boluses. This safe and reliable drug is a valuable tool in the investigation and therapy of hypertension.


A precedence effect in the processing of verbal information. When a brief sound is monitored in a sound-reverberating room, it is immediately followed by numerous echoes bounced off the walls and ceiling. Only the first sound to arrive at the ears appears to be used in its localization. This is generally referred to as the precedence effect. If the processing of verbal information is seen as a reverberating system (after Hebb) and rehearsal as the manifestation of the echoes, then an analogous precedence effect can be empirically demonstrated. Such an analogy not only helps explain previously uninterpretable data but also generates a very unique prediction that was confirmed by experimental data. The theoretical implications of the analogy are also discussed.


Usefulness and limitations of saralasin, a partial competitive agonist of angioten II, for evaluating the renin and sodium factors in hypertensive patients. Saralasin was infused into 52 untreated hypertensive patients. Immediate, transient pressor responses occurred in 94 per cent followed by a more gradual sustained change in blood pressure reaching an apogee in about 20 minutes. Most (86 per cent) patients with high renin values had sustained depressor responses irrespective of sodium balance. In contrast, during a normal sodium intake, the drug produced a neutral (45 per cent) or mildly pressor (50 per cent) response in patients with normal renin and pressor responses in patients with low renin values. Sodium depletion abolished pressor responses and resulted in depressor responses in 64 per cent of the patients with normal renin values. The pretreatment angiotensin level appeared to determine direction and amplitude of the response to saralasin, since increases and decreases in diastolic pressure exhibited a highly significant relationship to the control renin lever (r = 0.80, p less than 0.001). Above a neutral range of control renin values, from 2 to 7 ng Al/ml/hour, depressor responses were the rule, and below it pressor responses were consistent. Sodium balance also appeared to determine the amplitude of the response. In a subset of patients with similar renin values (range 1.4 to 2.2 ngAl/ml/hour), the induced pressor responses correlated directly with the 24-hour sodium excretion (p less than 0.05). For all patients, the induced pressure change also was related to the rate of sodium excretion (r = 0.53, p less than 0.001). The data suggest that saralasin behaves as a partial competitive agonist of angiotensin II. For this reason, saralasin testing provided only a rough physiologic validation for renin profiling. Thus, depressor responses expose most patients with high renin values. Neutral responses occur in many patients with normal renin and intermediate renin values. But pressor responses occur in subjects with either low or normal renin levels and they may reflect sodium and volume excess associated with a partial or relative absence of renin. Accordingly, due to its partial agonism, saralasin testing under-estimates the renin factor. Hence, the drug cannot be used to identify or exclude renin involvement in the blood pressure in the large majority of hypertensive patients who do not exhibit depressor responses. For them an agent devoid of agonism is required. Moreover, prior sodium depletion as a device to increase the frequency of depressor responses to saralasin does not measure intrinsic renin dependency of the blood pressure but rather the reactivity of the system to sodium depletion.


Finding the relevant attribute of visual or auditory stimuli. The stimuli in a simple attribute-identification task were geometric designs or their verbal descriptions. Presentation was visual or auditory, in a constant order or a mixed order that varied the serial position of the relevant dimension (the dimension providing the relevant attribute) on each trial. Constant-auditory problems whose relevant dimensions were first or last were solved better, while mixed-auditory problems were solved least well, and visual problems were solved best overall with no serial-position effects. However, the results of an experiment in which the stimuli were noun pairs suggest that visual presentation is advantageous only if it produces a nonverbal code from which subjects can recover attributes lost from their descriptions during rehearsal.


The effects of visible eye and head turn on the perception of being looked at. When a model turns her head and looks directly at the lens of a camera, the perception of being looked at depends on which eye of the model is observed. The model's farther eye appears to be looking at the observer, while her nearer eye appears to be looking away in a direction opposite to her head turn. Photographs of two female models were viewed by 40 adult observers.


The extraction of information from visual persistence. Seven-letter targets were flashed for 50 msec and followed by either a blank adapting field (persisting representation of the stimulus fully available) or a series of continuous cycles of target and mask until the cumulative duration of the target matched the estimated duration of visual persistence (stimulus physically present for same interval as representation). The reportability of information from the targets in the latter case was only 50% that in the former. The interpretation is that visual persistence is an active, continuously operating process rather than a passive neural copy of the stimulus.


Prospective and retrospective judgments of time as a function of amount of information processed. The subjects, 120 college students, sorted cards for 42 sec with instructions to process 0, 1, or 2 bits of information per card (response uncertainty) and then were asked to make an absolute judgement of the interval's duration. Half of the subjects knew this judgement would be required before the interval (prospective paradigm); half did not (retrospective paradigm). Judged time was an inverse linear function of response uncertainty under the prospective paradigm, whereas no significant function was obtained under the retrospective paradigm.


The 'golden rectangle': some new data.

The 'golden rectangle': some new data. From two different series of dimensions were generated six ranges of nine rectangles each. Each range was presented to a different group of 15 men and 15 women, and a novel measure was used to assess aesthetic preference for each rectangle. The ratios between the lengths of the sides of the rectangles were the same in both series, but in one series the size of the rectangles covaried with the ratio between length and width, as in Godkewitsch's 1974 study, and in the other series the rectangles were of equal area. The subjects tended to prefer large to small rectangles in the former series and rectangles in the vicinity of the 'golden section' in the latter.


Cardiac innnervation in the prenatal stages of Anas poecilorhyncha. Innervation of the heart has been observed in the progressive developmental stages of Anas poecilorhyncha ranging from 8 h to 14 days stages using silver impregnation technique of Ungewitter (1951). Vagal cardiac fibres reach the atrial wall on the fourth day. Migration of nerve cells and ganglia has been observed from the more anterior regions to the heart along the precaval veins. The adult pattern of the heart is first established at the 8 days stage while the traces of the endocardial cushions are still present. The atrioventricular valves show rich innervation. The subepicardial ganglia and simple myocardial plexuses appear in the 8 days stage and become well differentiated on the 10th day. The subendocardial plexuses are reported to be sensory for the testing of the properties of the blood while the myocardial plexuses seem to have motor control over the working muscles of the heart specially those of the atria where rich innervation is observed. Local reflex areas have been described.


Histomorphological study of adrenal gland in three ophidian species. Adrenal gland is studied histologically in the common krait, the cobra and the viper. It is comprised largely of cortical tissue with medulla. Chromaffin tissue is spatially distributed on dorsal surface and in the intercortical area of the adrenal gland. Percentage of dorsal chromaffin is higher in the viper and cobra than that of the krait, while that of intercoritcal chromaffin is higher in the krait than that of others. Chromaffin cells are irregular, smaller with densely granulated cytoplasm and larger nuclei than those of interenal gland. Medullary cells are larger in the cobra than those of other snakes. Cytomorphological difference between the dorsal and intercortical chromaffin is marked only in the cobra. Occurrence of larger granules in the dorsal and smaller type in the intercortical chromaffin may be related with noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion respectively. Cortical percent is higher in the krait than that of other snakes. Adrenocortical zonation is found only in the common krait and cobra. Subcapsular zone shows regular cords with radial disposition of columner cells in contrast to the irregular orientation of polygonal cells noted in the central cortex. Differences observed in general morphology and histology of adrenal gland, are possibly due to species difference.


Variation in basal arteries of the brain in polecat (Mustela putorius putorius L.). Observations carried out on 106 polecat brains showed that the system of basilar arteries of the brain is similar to those in other cornivorous species. The observed variation was manifested in a differentiation connections of the vessels, in occurence of some variations and in asymmetry. Some cases of such variations were hitherto observed only in some ruminants.


The effect of testosterone, progesterone and orchidectomy on the kidney of common ground squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. Histological changes, caused by testosterone, progesterone and castration in the kidney of common ground squirrel, Funambulus pennanti have been described in this report. It is concluded that kidney is no doubt an endocrine receptor but behaves specifically to androgens as well as estrogens giving dis-similar results. The extent of toxicity has been measured with the help of histoenzymological reactions previously made. Prolonged administration of androgens and estrogens to patients in clinical practice is warned. It is a must firstly to determine the dose which is well tolerated by healthy subjects. These safe levels should not be exceeded under any circumstances.


Simulation of ocular dysmetria using a sampled-data model of the human saccadic system.


Sensitivity and afterload independence of zero-load aortic flow.


Principles of the design and operation of generic osmotic pumps for the delivery of semisolid or liquid drug formulations.


Forces on lumbo-vertebral facets.

Forces on lumbo-vertebral facets.


On the variation of heart dipole moment with body size.


The genera Paranoplocephala Lühe 1910 and Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), with particular reference to species in rodents. The present study redefines the systematic arrangement and taxonomic status of some anoplocephaline cestodes previously allocated among the genera Andrya Railliet, 1893. Paranoplacephala Lühe, 1910, and Aprostatandrya Kirshenblat, 1938. Comparisons indicated that Paranoplocephala omphalodes (Hermann, 1783), type species of Paranoplocephala, differs morphologically from its congeners, all of which conform to the diagnosis of the genus Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923, hitherto considered a synonym of Paranoplocephala, and that it cannot be distinguished at the generic level from Aprostatandrya macrocephala (Douthitt, 1915), type of the genus Aprostatandrya. The distinction between Andrya and Aprostatandrya based on the presence or absence of a "prostate gland" does not exist, for neither the type species of Andrya, A; rhopalocephala (Riehm, 1881), nor A. cuniculi (Blanchard, 1891) possesses such an organ; rather, the structure of the external seminal vesicle in these cestodes does not differ fundamentally from that in P. omphalodes or in species of Aprostatandrya. Based on these findings, Aprostatandrya Kirshenbalt, 1938 is placed in synonymy with Paranoplocephala Lühe, 1910, and Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923 is restored to contain all species other than P. omphalodes formerly allocated to the genus. Paranoplocephala. If the pattern of development of the uterus in A. rhopalocephala is found to be like that in P. omphalodes, Paranoplocephala Lühe, 1910 will in turn also become a synonym of Andrya Railliet, 1893. Three additional species of Anoplocephaloides are described, and the zoogeography of Anoplocephaloides spp. and their mammalian hosts is briefly discussed.


Long-term follow-up study of patients operated on for benign peptic ulcer. 200 consecutive patients operated on for gastric (GU) or duodenal (DU) ulcer in 1956 to 1957 were followed up until 1974. 25 of them died within five years of primary operation and were excluded to eliminate the possibility of coexisting ulcer and malignancy at the time of operation. Four patients could not be traced and 65 died within the follow-up period, but none of them of gastric carcinoma. 46 out of 106 living patients came for re-examination and gastroscopy was performed in 42 of them. The remaining 60 patients were examined by questionnaire. According to the Finnish Cancer Registry none of them had gastric carcinoma. The expected number of gastric carcinomas in the present series was calculated to be 2.3 and of all malignancies 13.6, but only one gastric carcinoma and 19 other malignancies were detected. The gastric carcinoma detected endoscopically and verified bioptically and cytologically was microscopically of anaplastic type. Most of the patients were in excellent general condition without gastric complaints. The present series reveals no clearcut causal relationship between gastric resection and late development of stump carcinoma.


Hiatal hernia repair.

Hiatal hernia repair. 128 patients operated on for hiatal hernia are reported. The follow-up study consisted of 102 patients, 16 with paraoesophageal and 86 with axial hiatal hernia. The mean follow-up time was 4 1/2 years, range 1-11 years. In our experience cineradiographic studies bring abnormalities to light more readily because this kind of study is repeatable compared with conventional techniques based on fluoroscopy. Four different methods of operation were used in this study. The recurrence rate was as follows: Nissen fundoplication 13%, both anterior 180 degrees fundoplication and Lortat-Jacobs procedure 38%, and Nissen fundoplication combined to vagotomy and pyloroplasty 54%. Postoperative complications occurred in 9%. There was no hospital mortality. The authors prefer the abdominal to the transthoracic approach because many patients had other intra-abdominal, surgically easily correctable condition. If the transthoracic operation is indicated, as in a very obese patient or in a patient with a secondary short oesophagus, intra-abdominal disease must have been excluded preoperatively. In the treatment of axial hiatal hernia the best operative method has not yet been agreed upon, but in our hands the Nissen fundoplication yielded the best results.


Effect of low-dose heparin on the phagocytic and catabolic function in the reticulo-endothelial system in man during surgery. The effect of subcutaneous low-dose heparin prophylaxis on the phagocytic and catabolic functions of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was studied in 10 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. The patients were divided into two groups; 5 patients receiving 5 000 units of heparin preoperatively and every 12 hours following the operation and 5 patients given saline at the corresponding time. Each patient served as his own control, when the RES function was tested twice with microaggregated human serum albumin labelled with 125I as a test substance. There was an enhanced phagocytic activity and a correspondingly raised catabolic activity of the RES in patients treated with heparin. The reasons for this are discussed. The results indicate that heparin in low doses has a favourable effect on the RES.


Lymphatic filling during knee arthrography. Six cases of lymphatic filling during knee arthrography have been recorded in literature, all of which have had advanced rheumatoid arthritis. We report a case of lymph vessel filling from a popliteal cyst in a young male nonrheumatoid patient. It is concluded that abnormal synovial-lymphatic connection in the knee joint may occur also in other forms of synovial pathology and such a finding does not indicate rheumatoid inflammation.


Cystic adventitial disease--cause of intermittent claudication in male non-smokers. A case report. A case of intermittent claudication in a middle-aged lifelong non-smoker caused by cystic adventitial disease is reported. Etiology, clinical and angiographic findings, modes of operative treatment, and other possible causes of calf claudication in young non-smokers are briefly discussed.


The effect of segmental epidural analgesia on maternal growth hormone, insulin, glucose and free fatty acids during labour. The maternal plasma HGH, insulin, glucose and FFA levels were determined during the course of induced labours in 28 healthy mothers. Every second patient was given segmental epidural analgesia for pain relief during the first stage of labour (epidural) group). The others acted as a control group. HGH did not change significantly during the labour in either group. Insulin decreased during the first stage of labour in both groups. This decrease was more pronounced and statistically almost significant in the control group. Thereafter the insulin increased in both groups. Glucose levels did not change during the first stage, but at the moment of delivery they were significantly higher than the initial levels in both groups. FFA levels became raised in both groups during labour, reaching a peak at the moment of delivery. The results are discussed in relation to stress and effectiveness of pain relief during the first stage of labour.


Release of fibrinolytic activators from human ovarian tumours in organ culture. Malignant human ovarian tumours possess coagulative and fibrinolytic properties, reflected in the occurrence of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in the serum or ascitic fluid. The degradation of fibrin/fibrinogen into FDP is initiated by activators of fibrinolysis. Using a culture method permitting continuous measurement of fibrinolytic activators released, we investigated this release in organ culture of 27 various human ovarian tumours and 7 normal ovaries. The results showed that ovarian tumour explants released more fibrinolytic enzymes than explants from normal ovaries.


Uretero-vaginal fistula.

Uretero-vaginal fistula. Six cases of uretero-vaginal fistula are presented. Five patients developed this complication after gynaecological surgery and one after Caesarian section. Constant urinary incontinence combined with normal voiding is typical of this lesion. Excretory urography revealed a stricture in the distal part of the ureter in 5 cases, while in one patient the urographic findings were normal. Accumulation of contrast medium in the vagina was seen on urography in 2 patients. Surgical correction is the treatment of choice, and all patients were successfully treated by resection of the distal part of the ureter with reimplantation of the ureter into the bladder.


Effects of fenfluramine and cyproheptadine on growth hormone secretion. The behaviour of GH, its biological behaviour and response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in obese and underweight patients, of ages varying from 10 to 39 years, was studied before and after treatment wie circadian course of the hormone following adminstration of either drug. Neither did pre-treatment with fenfluramine and cyproheptadine, No modification was noted in the circadian course of the hormaone following administration of either drug. Neither did pre-treatment with cyproheptadine modify the hormonal level in the stimulated test. It was, however, noted that pre-treatment with fenfluramine appears to influence the somatotropinic response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, yet of  different significance in children and adults.


Development of a radio-immuno-assay for oxytocin. High affinity antibodies against oxytocin were produced by multiple intradermal injections. The antibodies do not cross react with lysine vasopressin. Reduction of the S-S link changes the immunoreactivity. The high affinity constant of the antibodies allows direct RIA of oxytocin in diluted plasma (1:5), with a sensitivity of at least 4 muU/ml. Preliminary results for oxytocin determination in human umbilical cord plasma range between 15 - 100 muU/ml.


Histoenzymology of the pineal gland: an optical and electron microscope study. The activity of some dehydrogenases is investigated in the rat's pineal gland of normal or sympathectomized animals with optical and electron microscopy. Comparison is made between the concordances and, particularly, the differences observed with the two methods.


Callosal transfer of impulses originating from superficial and deep nerves of the cat forelimb. 1. Experiments were performed in 18 chloralose-anaesthetized, curarized cats in order to study the callosal transfer of somatic information originated in exteroceptive and proprioceptive receptors. Several cutaneous and deep nerves of the forelimb were prepared and stimulated with graded intensities, so as to activate selectively afferent fibres pertaining to the different groups of Lloyd's classification. Simultaneous records were taken (and averaged on-line by means of a multichannel analyzer) from the distal end of a cut dorsal rootlet (C7-C8), from the cerebral cortex (SI, SII or area 3a, according to the experiment) and from the somesthetic callosal region (SCR). 2. The low-threshold afferent fibres (Group II) of cutaneous origin were found to have a wide projection to the SCR, with the maximal density in its middle portion. Some of the fastest corticocallosal impulses are relayed monosynaptically at cortical level. Plots of the amplitude of cortical and callosal responses as a function of stimulus strength showed that both central responses have the same threshold and exhibit a parallel, sharply-rising amplitude increase, thus suggesting that the cortico-callosal re-transmission system for afferent impulses of cutaneous origin is very powerful in nature. Impulses elicited in afferent fibres of higher threshold (Group III) do not enhance the cortical and callosal positive waves provoked by Group II afferent volleys. 3. Afferent fibres of deep origin were also found to send a wide projection to the SCR, although less substantial than that of cutaneous fibres. Stimulation of the deep radial nerve elicited mass responses in the whole SCR, provided the strength of stimuli was high enough to engage the Group II fibres. Only in the central portion of the SCR were small potentials recorded in response to pure Group I volleys of DRN. Experiments performed with selective stimulation of pure muscular branches of forelimb deep nerves as well as of articular and mixed (muscular and articular) branches gave evidence making it possible to ascertain the origin of deep afferent fibres projecting to the SCR. Stimulation of the forelimb muscular branches with strength provoking full activation of Group I afferent and additional engagement of those of Group II, did not provoke mass responses in the whole extent of the SCR. In order to obtain callosal potentials upon stimulation of pure muscular nerves, it was necessary to increase the stimulus strength at or above the threshold for Group III fibres. On the contrary, the same callosal foci unresponsive to Group I and II muscular afferent volleys exhibited clear-cut responses to stimulation of the lowest-threshold Group I and/or Group II afferents of articular and mixed nerves. From the results it might be inferred that only proprioceptive information originating from articular receptors and from extrafusal muscular afferents has access to the callosal interhemispheric transfer.


Somatotopic localization of the eye muscle afferents in the semilunar ganglion. In the medial dorsolateral portion of the semilunar ganglion of curarized and anaesthetized lambs a cellular pool has been identified which contains the perikarya of the first-order neurons of the eye muscle proprioception. Responses to moderate manual stretch of individual eye muscles were recorded by means of tungsten microelectrodes, from single units of the ganglion. They were of the type induced by muscle spindle excitation. Such responses showed a somatotopic localization. The superior rectus and the superior oblique muscles were represented in the most dorsal layers of the ganglion, while the inferior rectus and the inferior oblique muscles projected on the most ventral portion of the pool. The medial and the lateral recti were represented in the medial and lateral parts and occasionally wedged themselves between the cells innervating the superior and the inferior muscles. Thus a somatotopic arrangement of the eye muscle proprioception has been demonstrated for the first time in the semilunar ganglion.


Crossed inhibition as revealed by cross-correlogram between bilateral homonymous motor unit spikes in man. Neuromuscular unit (NMU) spikes activated during the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) in man were studied by means of the cross-correlogram test. Those NMUs which preferredly fired at some definite interval with good correlation with vibration were called "locked" spikes. The amount above zero correlation level seen in the cross-correlogram was expressed as ipsilateral "excitatory frequency", Ef. TVR contraction of the ipsilateral quadriceps femoris muscle was stimulated by voluntary contraction of the contralateral quadriceps femoris. I. Cross-correlogram test of the contralateral voluntary NMU spikes with ipsilateral vibration revealed "contralateral inhibitory modulation". Such inhibitory modulation was observed in 24% of the contralateral NMUs during voluntary tracking contraction with visual feed-back and in 22% of NMUs during blind simulated contraction without visual feed-back. The "subtracted" amount, i.e., contralateral inhibitory modulation, was also expressed as the contralateral "inhibitory frequency", If, which was calculated from the indentations of the cross-correlogram. 2. When varied vibratory frequency was applied to the muscle both Ef and If attained their maximum value around an "optimal frequency" of vibration, i.e., 80-95 HZ. 3. The ratio Ef/If was proposed as the reciprocal co-activation ratio which was fairly independent of the change of vibratory frequency. An average value of Ef/If ratio was calculated at 2.2 +/- 0.9 from 19 experiments.


Tonic inhibition of dorsal pontine neurons during the postural atonia produced by an anticholinesterase in the decerebrate cat. 1. Experiments performed in precollicular decerebrate cats indicate that neurons located in the caudal part of the locus coeruleus and locus subcoeruleus as well as in the surrounding reticular formation were greatly depressed during the cataplectic episodes induced by i.v. injection of 0.1 mg/kg of eserine sulphate. 2. These units actually showed a slow regular firing rate when the rigidity was present. Moreover their firing rate greatly decreased during the episodes of postural atonia produced by the anticholinesterase. In some instances a complete abolition of firing occurred during these episodes. The depression of unit discharge anticipated the onset of postural atonia and lasted throughout the episodes. 3. Some of the neurons described above responded with steady changes in their discharge rate to natural stimulation of macular labyrinthine receptors during postural rigidity. However, the response of these neurons to lateral tilts was suppressed during the episodes of postural atonia induced by the anticholinesterase, This and other arguments suggested that these units were tonically inhibited during the induced cataplectic episodes. 4. The time course of the rate deceleration shown by these neurons during transition from postural rigidity to muscular atonia represents a mirror image of the rate acceleration which affects most of the pontine reticular neurons located in the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) during the induced cataplectic episodes. These reciprocal rate relations suggest that a functional interaction exists between the two cell groups. In particular it is postulated that the pontine FTG neurons are self-excitatory and excitatory to the locus coeruleus neurons, while the last neurons may be self-inhibitory and inhibitory to FTG neurons. These findings can be related to previous observations showing that neurons located in the region of locus coeruleus undergo a rate deceleration during desynchronized sleep which mimics the time course of firing to the pontine reticular neurons. 5. In conclusion it appears that the decerebrate rigidity is present in so far as the cholinergic reticular neurons, which trigger the bulbospinal inhibitory system, are tonically inhibited by neurons located in the monoaminergic structures of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. On the other hand the suppression of the decerebrate rigidity ,which occurs during the cholinergically induced cataplectic episodes results from activation of the cholinergic reticular neurons, which escape tonic inhibition from monoaminergic structures.


Relations of single semicircular canals to the pontine reticular formation. The effects of afferent vestibular impulses on single pontine reticular formation units and on a small filament of the IIIrd cranial nerve were recorded with tungsten microelectrodes in 40 curarized guinea pigs. Single-shock and repetitive electrical stimulations were applied by means of stimulating electrodes inserted bilaterally into the perilymphatic space of single ampullae of the anterior and lateral semicircular canals. The reticular unitary response consisted mainly in excitation of the resting discharge rate: most units showed vestibular convergence being affected by separate stimulation of the single four ampullae. the reticular evoked field and unitary potentials accounted for latency values ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 msec. As for the early latencies they can be interpreted as responses mediated by direct vestibulo-reticular fibres. A delimited vestibular projection field in the parameidan pontine reticular formation was not identified.


Degenerative and regenerative processes in the olfactory system of homing pigeons. Experimental resection of the olfactory nerve in the homing pigeon induces a total degeneration of the nerve and olfactory epithelium. The orthograde degenerative process starts before the retrograde one. Ten days after resection, new neurons begin to differentiate from the basal cells. The axon forms earlier than the distal dendritic process, and the speed of growth increases slowly. The regenerated axons only reach the bulb in the 5th month. Two months after resection the olfactory epithelium is similar to that of the intact control side. The ultrastructural features of the mucosa and olfactory axons are similar to those of normal ones.


Vestibular nuclei of hemilabyrinthectomized guinea pigs during decompensation. 1. The effects of the post-brachial section of the spinal cord on the field potentials recorded from the vestibular nuclei during stimulation of the right vestibular receptors have been studied in left hemilabyrinthectomized and then compensated guinea pigs. 2. Facilitation of the field potentials in the right vestibular nuclear complex and inhibition in the left nuclei have been observed. 3. These results confirm that the spinal cord is involved in the compensation of the release syndrome brought about by the lesion of one labyrinth. 4. The possible mechanisms underlying such a compensation are discussed.