Platelet storage in the spleen in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and congestive splenomegaly. The kinetics of 51Cr-tagged platelets was studied in 10 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and in 8 patients with congestive splenomegaly. The surgically removed spleens were examined for their platelet content and for their microscopic structure. In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura the life-span of platelets was reduced, the number of platelets washed out from the spleen averaged 4.36 X 10(10)/100 g splenic tissue (intrasplenic platelet reserve). The index platelets per g splenic tissue/platelets per ml whole blood reflecting the tendency of platelets to concentrate in the spleen was 8.06. Microscopically, extensive phagocytosis of platelets by macrophages and a preserved lienal architecture were seen. In the group of congestive splenomegaly the life-span of platelets was not significantly shortened and the intrasplenic platelet reserve agreed with the figure found in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The spleen was characterized by fibroid degeneration and endothelial hypertrophy causing partial obstruction of the sinusoids. It is concluded that while the intrasplenic platelet reserve is nearly the same in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and congestive splenomegaly, in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura hypersequestration while in congestive splenomegaly platelet storage predominates.


The evaluation of hospital medical staff performance--does health care review help?


Clinical aspects of religion as neurosis.


The maltase activity of bovine serum as an aid to the study of the amylase i locus. A method has been described for the detection of maltase activity in starch gels. This method has been used to resolve the difficulties encountered when analysing animals with weak AmIB activity for Ami genotype. It was found that, with the herd of the Hannah Research Institute, the heterozygote excess observed could be explained largely on the basis of these weak AmIB bands.


The effects of some drugs (eserine, atropine, reserpine, niamid) upon the EEG manifestations of experimental neurosis in adult cats.


Incidence and significance of precipitating antibodies in occupational and non-occupational extrinsic non-atopic (type III) asthma (bronchial asthma with precipitins). Precipitating antibodies against different organic enviromental dusts were studied in 37 patients with suggestive symptoms of nonatopic bronchial asthma, comparatively with a group of 4 patients with atopic asthma and with a group of asymptomatic subjects, exposed to the same organic dusts as the majority of patients. Precipitins were found present in over 75% of the sera from patients with infectious type non-atopic asthma and were associated with positive semidelayed type skin tests as well as with positive bronchial provocation tests a few hours after antigen inhalation. No precipitins were found in the sera from patients with atopic asthma. Precipitating antibodies were also found but in lower percentages (30%) and at lower titers, in clinically asymptomatic subjects who were occupationally exposed to the respective antigens. It was demonstrated that the presence of precipitins in the sera of patients with bronchial asthma is a valuable diagnostic element which confirms the clinical and anamnestic data. The pathogenic role of precipitins is not yet clear. It might be related to the amount of these precipitins in the serum.


Assignment of the gene for beta-glucuronidase (beta-GUS) to chromosome 7 in man.


Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of autosomes other than chromosomes 1,2 and 6.


Distributive versus patient-oriented pharmacy: a pharmacy practice problem requiring a definition and solution by pharmacy faculty.


The Kotte community health project-- an analysis of data concerning child health and suggestions on a new method of record keeping.


The development of administrative accountability in health services.


The first record of Bertiella studeri infection in a child from Sri Lanka.


Effect of bee venom components on immuno-competent cell proliferation at a primary humoral immune response.


New applications of fluidic technology.

New applications of fluidic technology.


The role of fluidics in medicine.

The role of fluidics in medicine.


The use of fluidic logic valves in emergency resuscitation apparatus.


Reliability and medical equipment.

Reliability and medical equipment.


Quantitative reliability techniques--an aid to better medical equipment design.


A prototype instrument for monitoring muscular effort.


The development of high tensile properties in a wrought Co-Cr-Ni-W alloy of potential orthopaedic surgery use.


Work hardening characteristics of titanium T 160.


Enhancement of tumour growth by pretreatment with tumoral cells adsorbed by poly i:c deae-dextran complex in syngeneic mice. Pretreatment of balb/c mice with ADK-1t cells adsorbed with Poly I:C DEAE- dx complex was found to enhance tumour growth as measured after challenge with non adsorbed ADK-1t cells. This results contrasts strongly with the increased tumour resistance previously observed when Poly I:C alone was used for adsorption. Some reasons are suggested for this striking difference.


Serum 5-nucleotidase in some rachitic and jaundiced Egyptian children. 5-Nucleotidase (5-Nase) was determined in the serum of 67 Egyptian Children: 15 cases as a control group, 10 cases with infantile rickets, 8 cases with the so-called physiological jaundice of the newborn, 4 cases with rhesus incompatibility, and 30 cases with infective hepatits. In rachitic cases and in cases with icterus neonatorum, 5-Nase was not increased, while in cases with infective hepatitis it showed a statistically significant elevation when compared with the control group.


Ultrastructure of the wall and of the septal pore apparatus in Panaeolus foenisecii (Fr.) Kühn. The fine structure of the walls and septal pore apparatus in Panaeolus foenisecii is reported. Our description is based on sections of intact hyphae and purified fractions, as well as on the analysis of wall surfaces after purification and shadowcasting, or else of collapsed hypha walls. The cell wall can be more or less homologized to that of the mycelia of Schizophyllum commune; the septal apparatus fits the Polyporus model type.


[Intra-uterine resuscitation].

[Intra-uterine resuscitation].


Binding of Zn(II) & Cu(II) by rat liver transfer and ribosomal ribonucleic acids.


Metal ion requirement of goat carboxypeptidase B.


Conditions affecting primary cell cultures of functional adult rat hepatocytes. II. Dexamethasone enhanced longevity and maintenance of morphology. Primary monolayer cell cultures of adult rat hepatocytes underwent change in morphology and substantial cell loss between 1 and 3 days postinoculation. Dexamethasone-supplementation (1 micronM) of the culture medium maintained the polygonal epithelial morphology of the hepatocytes and increased longevity such that over 80% of the cells survived for 3 days and at least 30% for 8 or 9 days. This enhancement of survival was obtained up to 48 hr postinoculation, but the earlier the time of dexamethason supplementation the greater the effect. Removal of dexamethasone resulted in a decrease in longevity. The positive effect of dexamethasone on longevity was observed following dexamethasone replacement of insulin in supplemented cultures, but the combination of insulin and dexamethasone resulted in poorer survival than with dexamethasone alone. The results are interpreted to indicate that dexamethasone provided a requirement of the in vitro environment for survival and suggest that elaboration of a complex medium is required to maintain hepatocytes in culture.


Lack of immunological cross-reaction between cell-wall & one of the cytosol hydroxyproline fractions in the leaves of sandal (Santalum album L.).


Ultrastructure of clear zones exhibiting cytoplasmic incompatibility following somatic cell fusion in the myxomycete Didymium iridis.


Enzymic constitution, ribitol formation & flavinogenesis in Eremothecium ashbyii.


Neonatal ascites with valve in a female urethra (case report with short review of literature).


Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. on oestrous cycle & reproductive organs in rats. The effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. on the estrous cycle and reproductive organs was studied in female albino rats. Depending on the dose and duration of treatment, the benzene extract of the flowers disrupted the estrous cycle.  Treatment for 30 days resulted in a significant (p less than .05) reduction in the weight of the ovaries, uterus, and pituitary gland. Ovarian follicular atresia and uterine atrophy were observed. Treatment resulted in degranulated  gonadotrophs in the pituitary, with the extent of damage being dose-dependent.


Depression: psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy.


Psychoanalysis of severe depression: theory and therapy.


Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy prevention of outflow obstruction with propranolol.


Freeze-fracture studies of the thecal membranes of Gonyaulax polyedra: circadian changes in the particles of one membrane face. Intramembrane faces were visualized in the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra by the freeze-fracture technique, in order to test a prediction of a membrane model for circadian oscillations--i.e;, that membrane particle distribution and size change with time in the circadian cycle. Cells from each of four cell suspensions in continuous light (500 1x, 20-21 degrees C) were frozen, without fixation or cryoprotection, at four circadian times in a cycle. This paper reports findings concerning the membranes associated with the theca, particularly the cytoplasmic membrane and the membrane of the large peripheral vesicle. While the number and size distribution of the particles of the PF face of the cytoplasmic membrane were constant with time, those of the EF face of the peripheral vesicle doubled in number at 18 h circadian time as compared with 06 h. Particles of the 120-A size class, in particular, were more numerous at 12 and 18 h circadian time than at 00 and 06 h. While the finding does not provide definitive confirmation of the membrane hypothesis for circadian rhythms, it is consistent with this model. It is suggested that the peripheral vesicle may be the site of bioluminescence in Gonyaulax.


Effect of thiol-oxidation of glutathione with diamide on corneal endothelial function, junctional complexes, and microfilaments. Intracellular-reduced glutathione (GSH) was removed by thiol-oxidation with diamide during in vitro perfusion of the corneal endothelium. By 15 min the normal mosaic-like pattern of the endothelial cells was disrupted by serpentine-like lines of cell separation at the cell juntions. After 45 min of perfusion, infividual clusters of cells formed cup-shaped islands. The resultant exposure of Descemet's membrane to the perfusion solution resulted in corneal swelling. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the endothelial cells separated at the apical junctions and that the microfilaments in the apical cytoplasm of cells formed dense bands, whereas the other subcellular organelles were normal in appearance. The change in cellular shape may be due to loss of cellular adhesion which results in the condensation of the microfilaments or contraction of the microfilaments. The addition of glucose to the perfusate prevented the diamide effect, and the diamide effect could be reversed upon removal and perfusion of a glutathione bicarbonate Ringer's solution. These results suggest that the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione in the endothelial cells plays a role in the maintenance of the endothelial cell barrier function.


Ultrastructural features of chromatin nu bodies. Spread chromatin fibers and isolated chromatin fragments prepared from chicken erythrocyte nuclei were stained with dilute aqueous uranyl acetate. High-resolution electron micrographs reveal two new morphological features exhibited by many of the chromatin nu bodies: (a) lateral association of the nu body with the connecting strand, and (b) a centrally stained spot approximately 15 A wide, possibly corresponding to a hole or crevice within the nu body.


Interactions of actin, myosin, and a new actin-binding protein of rabbit pulmonary macrophages. II. Role in cytoplasmic movement and phagocytosis. Actin and myosin of rabbit pulmonary macrophages are influenced by two other proteins. A protein cofactor is required for the actin activation of macrophage myosin Mg2 ATPase activity, and a high molecular weight actin-binding protein aggregates actin filaments (Stossel T.P., and J.H. Hartwig. 1975. J. Biol. Chem. 250:5706-5711)9 When warmed in 0.34 M sucrose solution containing Mg2-ATP and dithiothreitol, these four proteins interact cooperatively. Acin-binding protein in the presence of actin causes the actin to form a gel, which liquifies when cooled. The myosin contracts the gel into an aggregate, and the rate of aggregation is accelerated by the cofactor. Therefore, we believe that these four proteins also effec the temperature-dependent gelation and aggregation of crude sucrose extracts pulmonary macrophages containing Mg2-ATP and dithiothreitol. The gelled extracts are composed of tangled filaments. Relative to homogenates of resting macrophages, the distribution of actin-binding protein in homogenates of phagocytizing macrophages is altered such that 2-6 times more actin-binding protein is soluble. Sucrose extracts of phagocytizing macrophages gel more rapidly than extracts of resting macrophages. Phagocytosis by pulmonary macrophages involves the formation of peripheral pseudopods containing filaments. The findings suggest that the actin-binding protein initiates a cooperative interaction of contractile proteins to generate cytoplasmic gelation, and that phagocytosis influences the behavior of the actin-binding protein.


Mechanical damage to rabbit tracheal epithelium from inhaling inert pyrite dust of needle-like structure. Part II. The ultrastructure of rabbit tracheal epithelium was studied 2, 8 and 26 hours after termination of 8-hour inhalation of ground pyrite dust. Pyrite particles persist in the cytoplasm of ciliated cells throughout the interval followed up. Only through degeneration and elimination of these cells from the epithelium is the inhaled dust gradually removed from the mucous membrane. Goblet cells discharge pyrite-containing  mucus into the  ciliary border region for a period of 26 hours after cessation of inhalation thus inducing further damage to the ciliary border and the apical regions of the cells even after termination of inhalation. The morphological appearance of the ciliary border, especially in the first phase after termination of inhalation, suggests a disturbance of the self-cleaning function of the eipithelium of respiratory passages. The inhalation of aerosol of needle-like structure causes mechanical damage to tracheal epithelium. Substantial retardation of the onset of epithelial regeneration and slow rate of elimination of the inhaled aerosol from the tracheal mucosa was noted.


Distribution and elimination of tin taken up into the organism in the form of organo-tin compounds.


International and national aspects of epidemiological plague surveillance in the USSR. General principles and organizational forms of epidemiological surveillance of plague in the USSR both in seaports andin natural foci are discussed. On the basis of the analysis of the authors' experience over many years and taking into consideration literary data, the authors recommend a minimum, but in their opinion effective amount of a successful realization of these recommendations, it is expedient to establish a special team (or teams) consisting of 10-12 members.


The epidemiology of epidemic parotitis in the USSR. Morbidity from epidemic parotitis in the USSR in the period from 1958 to 1972 ranged within the limits of 266.6 and 521.7 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. A 3--4 years cyclic recurrence of rises and falls in morbidity was observed. The bulk of cases of disease occur in the winter-spring period. In towns, parotitis is registered 3 times more frequently, in the mean, than in rural districts. More than 95% of patients in the USSR consisted of children under 15, while in Moscow, children aged 3--5 years were the most affected group. In Moscow in the period from February 1, 1972 to January 31, 1973, the morbidity in men was 493.2 per 100 000 and in women 339.5 per 100 000 (ratio 1:1.45).


The density of microflora in the oral and pharyngeal cavities. A method for quantitative assessment of the microbial density on the mucous membranes in the oral and pharyngeal cavities is described. The results of the assessment are in agreement with the theoretical assumption based on the existence of a natural electrostatic filter. The highest density of microbes is on the tonsils where the positive pole of the filter is situated, so that a synergism between the defensive immunological role of the tonsils and the bioelectric potential pattern is obvious. The microbial densities in the oral cavity are more or less interdependent whereas the findings on the pharynx rear wall are isolated being probably perturbed by repeated swallowing.


Identification of Leptospira andamana isolated from the spinal fluid of a fatal case of leptospirosis in São Paulo, 1963. The IAL-S. P. strain was isolated from the spinal fluid of a patient male, aged 35, black, a sewer worker with fever, myalgia, jaundice, vomiting and meningitis symptoms with a 5-day incubation period after the lower half of the body had been submerged for 2 hours in sewers when unblocking a drain. Leptospires were isolated by direct inoculation of the spinal fluid taken on the 9th day of the illness into the Fletcher's media and into guinea pigs by the intraperitoneal route. The patient gave a positive agglutination test for L. andamana with cross-reaction with L. sejroe. The strain was identified as L. andamana by the cross-agglutination-lysis test and the cross-absorption test. The IAL-S. P. strain is undoubtedly not saprophytic but parasitic and pathogenic for man and animals, however its biological properties resist to the oligodynamic action of Cu and Hg and the 8-azoguanine action as in the case of the Patoc 1 strain. I could be recommended to reconsider whether the strain belongs to L. interrogans, L. biflexa or to another group because the grounds for L. andamana being saprophytic were denied by this report.


Composition of immunoglobulins in brucellosis patients using DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The composition of immunoglobulins in patients with brucellosis was studied. The method of ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose columns was used to define more precisely the physico-chemical character of cysteine-resistant antibodies. The study of IgM, IgA and IgG fractions obtained from the patients sera showed the IgG fraction to possess the greatest serological activity in the agglutination reaction, in the passive haemagglutination reaction and in Coomb's test. Specific antibodies in the remaining 2 fractions  (IgA and IgM) were found only in single patients in low titres, mainly in Coomb's test (incomplete antibodies). The study of IgM, IgA and IgG serum fractions before and after cysteine treatment revealed cysteine-resistant antibodies to be usually IgG globulins. The presence of specific IgG antibodies in the sera of patients was found to correlate with active clinical manifestations of brucellosis.


Investigation of some problems of virology and creation of means of specific prophylaxis of virus infections in the institute of poliomyelitis and virus encephalitis, academy of medical sciences of the USSR. Several great problems are clearly distinguished in the development of the Soviet medical virology. The team of the Institute of Polliomyelitis and Virus Encephalitis of the AMS of the USSR actively participates in the study of these problems. They include the investigation of theoretical questions of general virology, creation and improvement of means of specific prophylaxis of virus infections, virological examination of diseases endemic for single districts of the USSR as well as the search for, discovery and exploration of new viruses, causative agents of disease. The achievements of the team of the Institute of Poliomyelitis and Virus Encephalitis in the field of liquidation of poliomyelits, creation of new effective preparations against tick-borne encephalitis, rabies and other neurovirus infections are a clear consequence of the prophylactic trend of the Soviet health care, thoughtful planning of scientific work and broad, complex conception of scientific investigations, close connection with other scientific institutions, involvement of specialists of contiguous disciplines in scientific problems, international cooperation inthe elaboration of the mentioned problems within the framework of the CMEA, the use of the most modern and most perfect methods of scientific work and the accomplishment of all socio-economic and medical measures.


Administration of antibiotics in combination. Determination of antibacterial effectivity of blood serum and urine after simultaneous administration of macrolides and tetracyclines. The authors deal with antibacterial effectivity of blood serum and urine in simultaneous administration of macrolids and tetracyclines under in vivo conditions, using Staphylococcus aureus strains. The obtained results suggest that pharmacodynamic effect, i.e., higher effective concentration, is induced in some combinations of these preparations. It was found mainly after the administration of the combinations of erythromycin 250 mg + doxycycline 200 mg in all the chosen reference strains S. a. The results have also shown that the combination of erythromycin with tetracycline has a higher effect when an erythromycin-resistant strain is used than when using a strain resistant to tetracycline.


Leukocyte phosphatase activity during immunization with bacterial vaccines.


Ophthalmic emergencies and their management.


Force-length relations of glycerinated rabbit psoas. Force-length curves of glycerinated rabbit psoas were determined in media of physiological interest. In one set of experiments the free [Ca++] was constant at 10(-5) M and the [MgATP] varied. At low [MgATP] the elastic properties are those of a highly ordered, inextensible fiber; at high [MgATP] they are representative of a much more elastic body. At intermediate concentrations sigmoidal shaped curves were observed as were also found when [MgATP] was constant and the free [Ca++] varied. These curves closely resemble coexistence curves that have been reported for fibrous proteins.


Motility evaluation of bull spermatozoa by photon correlation spectroscopy. Quasi-elastic light scattering techniques are employed to evaluate motility of bovine spermatozoa. The electric field correlation function CE(k, tau) has two components CE(k, tau) = alphafm+(1-alpha)fd, where fm is the correlation function due to motile cells, fd is due to dead cells and alpha is the fraction of motile cells. A function which is a linear combination of the experimentally measured fd and an empirically determined function fm is fit to the CE(k, tau) data. In this way, alpha and the approximate analytic form of fm are determined. The distribution of swimming speeds P(v) is derived from fm using an inverse Fourier sine transform procedure. Results for the time dependence of motility of bull sperm in Hank's balanced salt solution are presented.


Heavy metals and spermatozoan motility. III conformational changes induced by divalent cations and by ATP in flagellar proteins. Conformational changes of flagellar proteins of sea urchin spermatozoa caused by divalent cations and nucleotides were investigated by examining the circular dichroism spectra of axonemes and outer doublet microtubules. The alpha-Helix content of the flagellar components was diminished in the presence of zinc, cadmium and mercury, while no other heavy metals contributed to such a change. The original content of alpha-helix was restored by the subsequent addition of ATP or GTP, the former being more effective. An oscillation was found to occur in the alpha-helix content measured at 222 micron in the presence of zinc and ATP. On the other hand, ATP caused a marked reduction in alpha-helical structures of axonemes in the presence of magnesium or calcium, especially in a medium containing KCl. The effect was rather specific for ATP. The obtained results were discussed in relation to the basic mechanisms of spermatozoan motility.


Energy requirements of men during exercise in a hot environment and a comfortable environment.


Male pseudoheterosexuality and minimal sexual dysfunction. Male heterosexual activity is not always heterosexual. Frequently it only appears to be, but, in fact, it is an attempt at denial of underlying homosexual feelings. There is often a correlation between such "pseudoheterosexuality" and minor sexual dysfunctions. Insight alone is not sufficient to provide relief, but when the patient can be helped to a comfortable acceptance of his homosexual feelings as a normal and healthy facet of his personality, very often the dysfunction is relieved, and there is a marked change in the ability of the individual to achieve gratification in genuine heterosexuality.


Changing attendance patterns to sex therapy programs as a function of location and personnel. This paper explores innovative treatment modalities that may encourage the participation of lower socioeconomic minority clients in sex therapy programs. It suggests the consideration of informal therapeutic settings, flexible hours, and an immediate contact with the therapist. It lends support to the concept that equal time be given to education and communication skills in counseling. It also stresses the necessity of directive yet permissive techniques to bridge the communication gap by identifying areas of commonality, especially when confronted with the lower socioeconomic minority client. The paper compares this approach with a sex therapy approach more oriented to the middle class.


Inhibition of gonadotropin secretion induced by stimulation of thalamic nuclei. The effect of electrochemical stimulation (anodic current, 100 micronA/30 sec) of thalamic nuclei was studied in nonanesthetized freely-behaving rats bearing chronic implanted electrodes and plastic cannulae inserted into the jugular vein for blood sampling. Stimulation of the anterior thalamic nuclei, the nucleus (n.) mediodorsalis thalami (MD) and the n. posteromedianus thalami at 2 p.m. on the day of proestrus prevented spontaneous ovulation and the release of LH which takes place on that day. No effect on ovulation or LH release was observed after stimulation of the n. lateralis thalami, the n. ventralis thalami or other thalamic nuclei or after passing a cathodic current through the n. MD. Stimulation of the n. MD resulted also in a significant decrease of the elevated serum LH levels found after an injection of progesterone into ovariectomyzed estrogen-primed rats. These results indicate that nuclei of the medial thalamic region are capable of inhibiting LH secretion. No stimulatory influence of LH release was observed after thalamic stimulation in ovariectomized estrogen-treated rats.


Plasma norepinephrine during the rat estrous cycle and after progesterone treatment to the ovariectomized estrogen-primed rat. In four-day cycling rats studied during the estrous cycle, the levels of circulating norepinephrine (NE) showed a sharp rise concomitant with the LH surge in the afternoon of proestrus. Following the peak, plasma NE fell rapidly to the minimum value by the morning of estrus. The administration of progesterone to ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats resulted in a surge in plasma NE levels 4 h after progesterone treatment. The maximal levels attained were 3-fold greater than baseline values, falling rapidly to reach basal values 8 h after the administration of progesterone. The amine levels remained unaffected 12-20 h later. The LH values attained a maximum 8 h after the injection of progesterone. In rats treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) followed by 0.1 ml of oil instead of progesterone, neither the NE nor the LH peak were observed. These findings are discussed with respect to the significance of increased amounts of plasma NE related to the LH surge. The relationship between plasma norepinephrine (NE) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal estrous cycle of rats was investigated and the effect of progesterone (P) treatment during the estrus cycle or after the induction of LH secretion  in ovariectomixed (OVX) estrogen-primed rates on NE levels was determined.  Levels of NE rose concomitantly with the surge in LH the afternoon of proestrus.  OVX rats were primed with 5 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) and 48 hours later given 1.5 mg P or control substances.  OVX estrogen-primed rates had a surge of NE 4 hours after treatment.  The maximum levels reached were 30 fold greater than baseline values.  Values fell to the baseline level 8 hours after administration of p.  Amine levels remained unaffected 12-20 hours later.  LH values peaked at 8 hours after P injection.  The source of the NE rise is discussed and it is suggested that general adrenergic activation is involved.


Attack-induced changes in response to decapitation of plasma catecholamines of victim mice. Male mice of 3 different strains (NIH, C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ) were exposed individuality (victims) to attack by trained fighter Swiss Webster mice for 10 minutes daily for various numbers of days. Immediately after the last attack the victim mice were decapitated along with unattacked control mice of the appropriate strain, and plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were measured. The concentration of NE was significantly lower in decapitated C57BR/cdJ mice than in the other 2 strains. The concentrations of E and NE in the plasma of decapitated C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ mice were significantly greater after 4 days of attacks, whereas in NIH mice plasma levels of only NE were greater and this occurred only after 14 days of attacks. After 7 days of exposure to attack, C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ victim mice were permitted to rest for various periods of time. In C57BR/cdJ animals plasma E returned to almost normal levels after 2 days, and NE after 4 days, while in A/HeJ mice plasma E and NE returned to control levels already after 1 day of rest.


Surface differences of normal and transformed cells as detected by a new, fluorescent labeling technique. A method was developed to label the outer surface of chick embryo fibroblasts with fluorescamine. Cells were labeled in less than a minute without disruption of the monolayer. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved two distinct areas of fluorescence: a group of high molecular weight polypeptides and several rapidly migrating species. The latter were demonstrated to be phospholipids by thin layer chromatography. Fluorescamine did not label internal components of the cell, as evidenced by two intracellular proteins which were found to be nonfluorescent. Intact normal cells were labeled threefold more than transformed cells, indicating a possible loss of reactive sites at the surface.


Comparison of two methods for the determination of catalase activity.


Variations in immunoglobulin concentrations in Finnish x Dorset Horn lambs. The serum immunoglobulin concentrations in two-day-old Finnish x Dorset Horn lambs, which were born and nursed indoors, were high and unrelated to littersize, except when young ewes had large litters, or when ewes lambed twice in a year. The results contrast sharply with those from Merino and Blackface lambs, examined previously, whose mean concentrations were much lower, and generally fell substantially with increasing litter-size. The superiority of the Finnish x Dorset Horn sheep in this respect is attributed to the ability of the lambs to suck particularly vigorously, shortly after birth, especially when large litters are compared, and to a higher rate of colostrum production by the ewes. The correlations between the immunoglobulin concentrations in the lambs and their growth and survival were significant but slight.


Breed differences in the position of the urethral meatus of gilts. In a strain of Pietrain the distance between the vulva and the urethral meatus is greater than that of other breeds of pig. This difference is such that it is difficult to catheterise the bladders of Pietrain gilts since the available specula are either too short in length or too wide in diameter.


Spontaneous release of DNA by living cells [proceedings].


DNA metabolism in relation to the differentiation of antibody-producing capacity by lymphoid tissues [proceedings].


Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in the Philippines: a review. The known endemic areas in the Philippines are the provinces of Mindoro Oriental and Sorsogon in Southern Luzon; the provinces of North, East and Western Samar; Leyte; and Bohol in Eastern Visayas, and all the provinces of Mindanao with the exception of Misamis Oriental, Davao Oriental and Maguindanao. The total snail area in 22 affected provinces is estimated aorth latitude. There are 655,124 estimated cases out of 3,961,000 exposed population or a prevalence of 16.5% based on the results of stool surveys conducted by Regional Schistosomiasis Advisory Teams and projected to the total population in the endemic areas.


Steroid regulation of sexual behavior.

Steroid regulation of sexual behavior. A review of experimental data on the steroid regulation of sexual behavior in the rat suggests that estrogen is involved in the control of both male and female sexual behavior.  Female sexual behavior is stimulated by estrogen alone or in combination with progesterone and by aromatizable androgens.  In the male, testosterone, androstenediol, and androstenedione were effective in the control of male sexual behavior.  Estrogen alone may initiate and restore full masculine copulatory behavior in sexually castrated males.  Estrogen may also synergize with nonaromatizable androgens and control behavior.  While antiestrogens are ineffective in inhibiting sexual behavior, aromatization blockers (primarily aminoglutethimide) can block sexual response in the presence of aromatizable androgens.


The biology of Schistosoma japonicum, Philippine strain: a review. Some important and adequately studied aspects of the biology of Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines were reviewed and presented. The identity of the species of human blood fluke in the Philippines was established by Tubangui who also was the first to complete the life cycle of the parasite in his laboratory. Successful cross-infections of different strains of S. Japonicum from different mammalian hosts including man suggest that there is only one common strain for all of the definitive hosts in the Philippines. Studies on egg-laying habits, factors affecting hatching of eggs, eruption of cercariae from snails, cercarial survival and undocumented obervations are considered in this review.


Current status of research on the biology of Mekong Schistosoma.


Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of Bathmostomum sangeri Cobbold, 1879, of elephants. Bathmostomum sangeri is an intestinal parasite of the elephant. Males measured 12.15-14.25 mm in length; females measured 14.98-17.68 mm in length. Buccal capsule is well-developed and funnel-shaped. There is a raised and transverse fissure ridge around the oral margin. The internal wall of the buccal capsule is raised into a series of circular ridges or lamellae. Teeth or cutting plates could not be seen. Spicules are stout, wing-like structures. The telamon is pear-shaped, but a gibernaculum is not present. There are two pairs of papillae on the either side of the cloacal opening. The female tail is gradually tepering.


Advances in pathophysiology of schistosomiasis japonica: a review. Schistosomiasis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by a delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction to eggs deposited or trapped in the tissues. Granuloma formation, depending on extent, if in the liver will lead to portal hypertension while if in the lungs, will lead to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.


3H-GABA uptake and acetylcholinesterase activity in dissociated cell cultures of the medial hypothalamus. Medial hypothalamic tissue of 1 to 4 days old rats was dissociated and cultured in vitro for 8--10 days. Neuronal perikarya were demonstrated by supravital methylene blue staining and electron microscopy. Synapses with typical vesicles and subsynaptic thickening were also observed. 3H-GABA was taken up into a small percentage of the cells in the cultures. Neuron-like perikarya and long processes accumulated the label while many neurons contained much less activity. Some astroglial and oligodendroglial cells and processes also accumulated GABA. A few neurons in these cultures contained acetylcholinesterase. It is concluded that neurons concentrating GABA and containing acetylcholinesterase are present in the hypothalamus of rats of 1 to 4 days of age and can be maintained in dissociated cell culture.


Effect of thyroid hormone on initiation of persistent oestrus in the rat. When rats are exposed to continuous illumination persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries develop. Thyroidectomy at 24 days of age (juvenile rats) prevents the onset of persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries under exposure to constant light, and irregular ovulation continues to occur. Replacement with 1.75 microng L-thyroxine in these rats produces a prolonged oestrus. However, in adult persistent-oestrous rats (90 days after exposure to continous illumination) thyroidectomy does not interrupt persistent vaginal cornification. In rats receiving 100 microng of testosterone propionate subcutaneously at 5 days of age, persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries develop. Thyroidectomy at 24 days of age (juvenile) prevents the onset of persistent oestrus and the development of polyfollicular ovaries, however, ovulation is not observed. Replacement treatment with 1.75 microng L-thyroxine in these rats produces a prolonged oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries. However, in adult persistent oestrus rats, thyroidectomy at 130 days does not interrup persistent vaginal cornification. From these facts, it may be inferred that circulation of a physiological level of thyroid hormone in juvenile rats is necessary for the development of oestrogen binding receptors in the hypothalamus. Therefore, a hypothyroid state during the juvenile stage interferes with the development and maturation of hypothalamic controlled pituitary ovarian function.


Observations on the effects of danazol on the female reproductive tract of mice. Antifertility and oestrogenic effects of Danazol have been studied in female mice. Danazol brings about suppression of ovarian weight, presumably by inhibiting gonadotropin secretion. Enlargement of uterine horns and well defined vaginal keratinization was seen in Danazol treated ovariectomized animals. The results were similar to that of oestradiol dipropionate confirming the estrogenic activity of Danazol.


Effects of cadmium chloride on the testis and sex accessory glands of the Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti (Wroughthon). A single subcutaneous injection of cadmium chloride caused reversible destruction in the testis of palm, squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. Marked regression in testicular weight and seminiferous tubule diameter associated with complete necrosis of germinal epithelium was observed after 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days of cadmium administration. A significant increase in the concentration of testicular cholesterol was observed after 5 days treatment. Decrease in the citric acid concentration of prostate gland was associated with the degenerative changes of the spermatogenic elements. Reduced fructose concentration in the seminal vesicle and prostate of cadmium treated animals indicate an inhibition of androgen production. Decreased androgen production was also reflected by the atrophic seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymides. These effects were reversible and about 70% seminiferous tubules showed normal spermatogenesis. The cholesterol, fructose and citric acid concentration of testis and sex accessory glands returned to subnormal levels after 45 days of cadmium chloride treatment. It is suggested that the degenerative effects of cadmium chloride are dose, time and species dependent.


The poly(A)-containing ribonucleoproteins in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. The sedimentation characteristics and protein composition of the polyadenylic acid-containing ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles separated from the polysomes of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by means of ribonuclease treatment were studied. The results were compared with the corresponding characteristics of the poly(A)-containing particles of the cell nucleus. The sedimentation coefficient of the poly(A)-containing RNP from poly-ribosomes was found to be 11 S, while that of the nuclear particles was 14 S. In Cs2SO4 equilibrium density gradient values of p=1.25 and 1.34 gcm-3 were obtained for the nuclear particles and the poly(A)-RNP separated from polyribosomes, respectively. The molecular weights of the proteins making up the polysomal poly(A)-particles were found to be over 40 000 daltons, i.e. 54 000, 48 000, 68 000 and 89 000 daltons for the four polypeptides present in considerable amounts. As far as electrophoretic mobility is concerned these proteins were indistinguishable from the proteins of the nuclear poly(A)-containing RNP. However, the ratio of the components in the two types of particle proved to be quite different.


Effect of aminoglutethimide on corpora lutea of pregnant rats.


The association of multiple induced abortions with subsequent prematurity and spontaneous abortion.


Faculty honoraria for continuing education activities.


Microinjection of tRNA into amphibian oocytes. The microinjection technique affords us the possibility to introduce purified components into living cells and to answer the question of what effects the change introduced has on cellular metabolism. This technique can therefore be used to test the hypothesis that transfer RNA plays a regulatory role in cellular protein synthesis. Prior to these experiments it is important, however, to test whether transfer RNA microinjected into amphibian oocytes is stable and functional inside this cells. These two questions are answered affirmatively in this report. The stability of tRNA was tested by following the content of TCA precipitable counts inside the oocytes at different times after microinjection of radioactive yeast and E. coli tRNA and by polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis of the material recovered from the cell. The results clearly indicate that tRNAs are resistant to the action of occyte ribonucleases that degrade other RNAs such as 5S RNA. The functionality of the injected tRNA was tested by assaying the intracellular aminoacylation of microinjected yeast tRNA. The aminoacylation of bulk yeast (3H) tRNA introduced into Xenopus laevis oocytes was tested by the capacity of the material recovered 5 hours after injection into the cell to form a ternary complex with wheat protein synthesis elongation factor 1 and GTP. The complex only forms with aminoacyl-tRNA and not with unacylated tRNA. This method showed that at least 80% of the tRNA introduced into the cell was aminoacylated in vivo. A direct assay for internal aminoacylation made use of microinjection of pure tRNAPhe and subsequent determination by phenol extraction of (14C)Phe-tRNA content of oocytes that had been incubated for 2 hours in a medium containing (14C)phenylalanine. The results obtained showed that the oocytes could internally aminoacylate 200-500 times more tRNAPhe that the cell normally contains. Appropiate controls demonstrated that the aminoacylation was aminoacid and tRNA specific and that periodate oxidized tRNAPhe could not be in vivo aminoacylated but tRNAPhe deprived of its Y base could accept the aminoacid. A brief study demonstrated that bulk yeast tRNA and tRNAPhe without its Y base did not inhibit endogenous protein synthesis but a similar amount of tRNAPhe caused 50% inhibition and periodate-oxidized tRNAPhe a 95% inhibition.


Students in a class by themselves. Pharmacy faculty and students experiment with a modular curriculum.


World Medical Association: Declaration of Tokyo.


The role of small animal species in nutrition and food production.


Use of cell-cycle information in the preparation of drug combinations: results with cytosine arabinoside plus actinomycin D1,2. Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) plus actinomycin D acted synergistically in killing L1210 and DON cells. The time course of cell-kill by the combination was different from that seen for either drug alone. The results obtained (both with L1210 and synchronous DON cells) suggest that cells blocked in G1/S with continuing unbalanced growth are particularly sensitive to the combined action of ara-C and actinomycin D.


Arrested and cycling CHO cells as a kinetic model: studies with adriamycin.


Histochemical demonstration of an increase in acetylcholinesterase in established lines of human and mouse neuroblastomas by nerve growth factor. Cells of three established lines of human neuroblastoma and an established line of C1300 mouse neuroblastoma were grown in control medium or in experimental medium containing mouse nerve growth factor (NGF). Cultures were stained histochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) during log growth and at confluency. Human neuroblastoma cells grown in medium containing NGF were morphologically more differentiated and they were stained much more intensely for AChE during both phases of growth than were cells in control cultures. The enzyme was distributed over cell bodies and neurites. Neuroblastoma cells of the mouse line were not stimulated to form neurites by NGF, but they were more intensely stained for acetylcholinesterase than cells grown in control medium. These observations support earlier findings that NGF stimulates differentiation of human and mouse neuroblastoma cells in vitro.


Biological effects of vinyl chloride: an experimental study. Plasma activities of alkaline phosphatase, (AP), transaminases and total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with isoenzymes were determined in mice inhaling 50 and 550 ppm vinyl chloride (VC). The animals were also autopsied and the tissue pathology was studies. The total LDH activity was elevanted in both dose groups along with a shift to cathodic enzymes. AP was increased in animals exposed to 500 ppm and transaminases were not at all changed. Enzyme changes occurred after the appearance of tumors. Alveologenic adenomas occurred in all animals at the higher dosage and in about half of the animals inhaling the lower dose. Subperitoneal and subcutaneous hemangiosarcomas were frequent in both dose groups; but especially among 50 ppm animals. Only one animal had a hemangiosarcoma of the liver. No liver fibrosis was seen. All primary subperitoneal and subcutaneous tumors were located in fat tissue. Telangiectasis was observed in two animals in the 500 ppm series. The importance of blood vessel changes in the toxicology of vinyl chloride is discussed.


Dietary factors in renal and hepatic toxicity of paracetamol.


The combinations of the sexes in twin lambings.


Parental age and recombination frequency in the house mouse.


Seasonal variation in oestrus activity and body weight changes in native sheep (Jaiselmeri) under semi-arid conditions.


Uterine endometrial gland characteristics during estrous cycle in the water buffalo.


A note on the oestrus cycle in Bannur sheep.


Study of seminal attributes in a Holstein Friesian bull associated with partial testicular hypoplasia.


The malpractice crisis today: I. The year of revolt and political action.


Preliminary observations of 'fertivet' in induction of heat in anoestrous cows and buffaloes.


Recent advances in the genetics of diabetes.


Prevention and treatment of eye complications in leprosy.


Legal rights of the voluntary patient.

Legal rights of the voluntary patient.


Environmental enrichment and crowding: behavioral and hormonal effects.


Adrenalectomy: protection from kindled convulsion induced amnesia in rats.


Feeding patterns of theophyllinized rats and effects of dextrose on their food intake.


Hypodontus macropi, Mönnig, 1929 from a Bennetts' wallaby Macropus rufogrisea. Hypodontus macropi was found in Macropus rufogrisea. Males measured 12.73--13.93 mm in length; one female was 19.07 mm in length. The buccal capsule was funnel-shaped. The mouth opening was directed antero-ventrally. There was a pair of large cutting plates on the dorsal margin of the buccal capsule. The brusal rays were well-developed. Spicules were equal and each bore a cuticular wing. A gubernaculum and a telamon were present. The vulva was situated near the anus. The female tail, 0.163 mm in length, was suddenly tapering.


Bovine ostertagiosis, a review. Analysis of types and syndromes found in France by post mortem examinations and total worm counts. We have completed an analysis of the total worm counts (including digests) performed on 74 weaned cattle of various ages and sacrified in our laboratory. We identified 21 cases of animals suffering from Ostertagiosis (harbouring over 40,000 adults + immatures in the lumen and the mucosa) or moribund animals showing symptoms and lesions of Ostertagiosis. The results are presented with the Parasite profiles (percentage of G.I. genera) and Parasite levels ("Very low, Low and Average" for carrier animals and "High" and "Very High" for animals suffering from parasitism). We have observed typical cases of Type I on weaned calves but not on calves grazing when suckling their own dams (Charollais, Limousin type), Pretype II and typical Type II on 2 year old or older animals. Variants of Type II were found : Fasciologis/Ostertagiosis complex and Parturient Ostertagiosis which seems to be well-known by practitioners. Complexes of a clinical Type II + stage of Pretype II with 1 to 2 million hypobiotic L4 larvae could explain the difficulty to control very severe diseases. Oedematous ostertagiosis is also described as an original type or syndrome in 2 to 3 year old cattle : the typical lesion is a dramatic oedema of the abomasum which is found enlarged up to X 2 or X 3 times its normal size/weight. The abomasal folds and the edges are filled with a watery oedema and have an appearance of "foetal membranes". As only few parasites are present the disease is considered to be an allergic over reaction in adult animals. It is recommended that the peptic digestion of the abomasal mucosa and differential counts of the various developmental stages of the parasites be added to the routine technique used in diagnosis laboratories.


Subcellular distribution of a rat hepatic binding protein specific for uridine diphosphoglucose.


Protection of chlorophyll by phospholipids from photooxidation.


Transition metal ions induce cell growth in NRK cells synchronized in G1 by picolinic acid.


Purification of the sperm-binding factor from the egg of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus.


The relationship between surface protease activity and the rate of cell proliferation in normal and transformed cells.


Association of a GDP binding activity with initiation factor eIF-2 from calf liver.


Focus on co-therapy in a rehabilitation programme for advanced schizophrenia.


The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function. The terminology of lower urinary tract function will be standardized by the ICS. This report contains the recommendations dealing with urinary incontinence, procedures related to the evaluation of urine storage (cystometry, urethral closure pressure profile) and units of measurement.


Pathoanatomy of the female genital tract of buffaloes.


Effect of synthetic progestin melengestrol acetate (MGA) on oestrous behaviour of anoestrus cattle.


Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity as in index of placental function in cases of bleeding during first half of pregnancy.


A single cannula technique for nonsurgical collection of ova from cattle.


Postpartum uterine and ovarian changes, and estrous behavior from lactation effects in normal and hormone treated ewes.


Artificial insemination of sheep: the effect of semen diluents containing egg yolk on the fertility of ram semen. Results from an artificial insemination (AI) experiment revealing the effect of semen dilutents containing egg yolk on the fertility of ram semen are presented. Ram semen was diluted 30-fold in buffered glucose-saline solution containing .  375, 1.5, or 6% v/v egg yolk and a portion of each was used soon for the AI of ewes or was incubated at 35 degrees C for 1 hour prior to AI. Some of the semen collection was used undiluted for AI of 10(8) spermatozoa/dose. All diluted samples  were reconcentrated by centrifugation so that each dose was 10(8) spermatozoa in a volume of 100 mcl. 1146 ewes were inseminated.  Fertility was assessed from 28 to 45 day nonreturns to estrus and nonreturn rates (NRRs) were expressed as percentages for the various treatments. Undiluted semen (controls) revealed 69%, semen used soon after dilution, .375% yolk in dilutent  58%, 1.5% yolk 50%, 6% yolk 42%;  diluted semen incubated for 1 hour before use, .375% yolk 49%, 1.5% yolk 51%, and 6% yolk 39%. NRR was significantly depressed by dilution (p less than .001) and by increasing amounts of egg yolk (p less than .01) in the dilutent. Incubation  of diluted semen before AI caused a small fall in NRR.


The challenge: PSRO and optometry.

The challenge: PSRO and optometry. Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSRO) will be reviewing services rendered under Medicare/Medicaid and Maternal and Child Health. The United States has been divided into 203 PSRO areas. In states with three or more PSROs, a statewide Professional Standards Review Council will be set up. A national Professional Standards Review Council advises the Secretary of HEW and Congress on the progress of the PSRO program. Norms, criteria and standards will be used in the PSRO review process. It is hoped that the PSRO system will be able to improve the quality and cost effectiveness of health care being paid for by the Federal government.


PSRO's and optometry.

PSRO's and optometry. Public Law 92-603 is reviewed and reference made to sections where optometry can be involved. A guide to the development of a program for inclusion in the PSRO program is discussed and a challenge to the profession is issued.


Quantitative analysis of neurosecretory granules in the median eminence of the rat during the estrous cycle in the senium.


Critical closing pressure in the fetal vessel of the human placenta in vitro. II. Compared effects of a beta adrenergic substance, Salbutamol, on the critical closing pressure and vascular resistance. Salbutamol effects upon the fetal vessels of the human placenta were studied in vitro, comparing the changes induced upon the critical closing pressure (CCP) and viscous resistance (R). Four normal full-term placentas were used. In each of them, 4 cotyledonary areas were perfused, thus obtaining a total of 16 measurements for the observation of spontaneous variations (blank), by perfusion with Krebs solution, and the same amount for the variations due to Salbutamol. The concentration used was 10 microgram/ml, with a 4.25 ml/min flow. The relative effect of Salbutamol upon CCP was its decrease--30.4% against a relative spontaneous variation of --3.6%. The mean relative effect upon R was much lower, --9.4%. against a mean relative spontaneous variation of + 3.3%. The advantages of using CCP instead of R as a parameter of vascular contractility are discussed. Furthermore, Salbutamol is suggested to be useful in improving fetal placental circulation.


Trisomy 9p found in two sibs resulting from maternal translocation.


Genetic polymorphism of human serum factor B (Bf) in Japanese.


Discriminatory analysis of dermatoglyphics of hypogonadism.


Effects of oxamate, an inhibitor of lactate dahydrogenase, upon the spontaneous or oxytocin-induced motility and over pyruvate levels of uterine horns isolated from ovariectomized or estrus rats. The stability with time of the spontaneous as well as the oxytocin-triggered functional activity of uterine borns isolated from induced estrus rats and immersed in a medium with lactate as the substrate was not affected by the presence of oxomate (an inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase) at 10 or 20mM. On the contrary, the oxytocin-driven and the spontaneous motility of preparations obtained from 15 days castrated rats diminished significantly following in addition of the enzyme inhibitor. Furthermore, uterine borns from ovariectomized animals injected with 17-beta estradiol, regain the lack of functional sensivity towards oxamate. In addition, determinations of pyruvate levels in homogenates of uterine tissue, previously suspended in lactate medium (as in the functional experiments), demonstrate to be significantly reduced, following oxamate. Several possible reasons, attempting to explain these findings, are discussed. The pharmacological effects of oxamate on the spontaneous or the oxytocin-induced motility of isolated rat uterus in a solution with lactate as the sole external substrate were investigated during estrus, following ovariectomy, and after castration accompanied with estradiol replacement therapy.  Uterine preparations were tested for mechanical activity (isometric-developed tension and the frequency of contractions).  Initial oxytocin-induced activity of the uterus of rats in induced estrus was significantly greater than spontaneous activity (p.01).  Oxamate added to the suspension was ineffective in modifying this activity.  In castrate rats, however, the addition of oxamate to the medium significantly reduced oxytocin-driven and spontaneous motility.  Those ovariectomized rats receiving replacement therapy were also resistant to oxamate effects.  The effects of oxamate upon pyruvate levels of oxytocin-exposed uterine tissue were also determined.  In the presence of oxamate, levels of uterine pyruvate in all the hormonal conditions were significantly lower than in controls (p.001).


Modifying effects of inactivated bovine serum on the acute toxicity of methylmercuric chloride in cells cultured in vitro. Dynamics of the killing of Ehrlich's murine ascites tumor cells by methylmercuric chloride, MMC, were investigated. Thresholds in the killing action of MMC were observed in the MMC treatment concentration, but not in the MMC treatment time. Inactivated bovine serum protected the E-cells from killing by MMC in vitro. The apparent MMC toxicity was reduced as the serum concentration increased, but remaining partially at high concentrations. Thus the serum increases the threshold for MMC toxicity. It was confirmed that the mode of action, observed as the kinetics of the acute lethality by suspicious substances, could be examined promptly on the mammalian cell level by the present experimental system.


Ricinus communis toxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in cell-free extracts of a toxin-resistant variant mouse lymphoma cell line. Ricinus communis agglutinin II (RCAII, ricin, toxin) at low concentrations inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free extracts, but not in intact cells, of an RCAII-resistant mouse lymphoma variant cell line. The concentration dependence of the inhibition by RCAII was the same in cell-free extracts of both RCAII-resistant variant and RCAII-sensitive parental cells, while intact parental cells are 250 times more sensitive to RCAII toxicity. The onset of RCAII inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis was extremely rapid in both cases, being complete in a few minutes. Under these conditions RCAII inhibits protein synthesis in intact RCAII-sensitive parental cells, but maximal inhibition requires several hours to occur. These results support our previous electron microscopic observations that the variant cells are defective in the uptake of RCAII by endocytosis at low toxin concentrations.


Evaluation of the quality of a soya-bean-protein concentrate by nitrogen balance studies with human volunteers [proceedings].


A defective response to cold in the obese (obob) mouse and the obese Zucker (fafa) rat [proceedings].


Psychopharmacological studies on echitovenidine.


Mammalian fertilization.

Mammalian fertilization.


An explanation of the paradoxical activities of alpha-retinol [proceedings].


Gyral development of the human brain.

Gyral development of the human brain.


Changes in the content of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the brain in the selection of silver foxes according to behavior.


Development of a drug education training course for school teachers.


A preliminary fertility appraisal of exotic cattle herds. The fertility of 754 cows and 13 heifers in 4 government and several private herds of exotic milk and beef breeds in Uganda were studied using information originated from the records of genital examinations conducted during a period of 15 months. The pregnancy or in-calf rate in these animals ranged between 59.2% (private farms) and 85.3% (government farms). The proportion of cows not inseminated by three months after parturition varied between 50% (government farms) and 92.9% (private farms). The average number of days open was 119.07 to 249.51 in government farms and 187.43 days in private farms, the index of artificial insemination ranged between 1.5 and 3.18. Clinical examination revealed that inactive ovaries (52.9%) and normal cyclic changes (24.5%) were the main disturbances in cows with fertility problems. A smaller percentage was attributed to cystic follicles, endometritis, and others.


The effect of light stimulus on Pekin ducks in the subtropics. Effect on the reproduction. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of an extended light period (natural, gradual, and abrupt) on the semen characteristics, fertility, and hatchability of Pekin ducks. The results obtained can be summarised as follows: 1. Night feeding has no reliable effect on the semen production and characteristics in drakes. Thus, any improvement in the semen characteristics of different treated groups compared to the control may be traced back to light stimulus only. 2. Light stimulus showed a favourable effect on the semen volume and sperm motility, concentration, viability and normality during the two laying seasons. 3. Subjection of ducks to artificial light had a favourable effect on their fertility and hatchability.


Health planning--unresolved questions.

Health planning--unresolved questions.


National PSRO council: a physician forum.


Quality assessment: a growing reality in medical practice.


Skin temperature as an indicator of stress in soft tissue.


Thermal balance and thermal comfort in the built environment.


Development of mobile toilets.

Development of mobile toilets.


An instrument for measuring intracorneal adhesion of the stratum corneum of human skin.


The contribution of technology to the management of pregnancy and the first few days of extra-uterine life.


Liquid conditioned system for aircraft.

Liquid conditioned system for aircraft.


Maternal nutrition and traditional food behavior in Haiti.


An assessment of the criteria approach to medical care evaluation.


You can deal with stress.

You can deal with stress.


The dangerous patient: should the physician warn the endangered?


Update: PSROs and confidentiality.

Update: PSROs and confidentiality.


Bilateral anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia as false localization sign.


External carotid embolisation--an useful prior adjunct to excision of convexity cerebral meningiomas.


The widening scope of the physician-patient contract.


Melatonin inhibition of reproduction in the male hamster: its dependency on time of day of administration and on an intact and sympathetically innervated pineal gland. The daily s.c injection of 25 microgram melatonin (MEL) in oil into adult male hamsters at 7 p.m. (lights on 6 a.m. to 8 p.m.) for 50 days caused involution of the tests, coagulation of gland and seminal vesicles and depression in pituitary prolactin (Prl) levels. Similar injections of MEL given at 9 a.m. completely failed to cause regression of the sex organs or a depression in pituitary Prl levels. Injections of MEL in the p.m. were completely ineffective in inhibiting either the growth of the gonads and adnexa or the pituitary Prl levels if the animals had been pinealectomized. Likewise, superior cervical ganglionectomy, decentralization of the superior cervical ganglia and anterior hypothalamic deafferetation, procedures which interfere with the sympathetic nerve supply to the pineal gland, negated the ability of p.m. MEL injections to inhibit reproduction in male hamsters. The results indicate that daily MEL injections are capable of suppressing reproductive physiology in male hamsters, but only when the indole is injected late in the light period, in this case, 13 h after light on. The findings also illustrate that daily p.m. MEL injections can inhibit reproduction only in animals that have an intact and sympathetically innervated pineal gland.


Argon and xenon photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.


Effects of castration on entrainment of the peripheral corticosterone rhythm in rats before and after puberty.


Quantitative histochemical studies of the hypothalamus. Dehydrogenase enzymes during the estrous cycle. Three enzymes selected as representative of major metabolic pathways (malic dehydrogenase, of the citric acid cycle, lactic dehydrogenase, of glycolysis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, of the pentose pathway) were measured by quantitative histochemical methods in individual hypothalamic nuclei during the 5-day estrous cycle of adult rats. Malic dehydrogenase increases significantly from low proestrous levels to a peak at estrus and then declines during diestrus in the following nuclei and areas of the anterior hypothalamus: medial and lateral preoptic, suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and anterior. Significant peaks of lactic dehydrogenase occur more often during diestrus-3 in hypothalamic nuclei of the middle and posterior hypothalamus, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has a biphasic pattern with peaks usually occurring during the diestrous period.


PSRO perspective. Nonphysician review.

PSRO perspective. Nonphysician review.


Electrical activity of dog myometrium in vivo.


Faculty salaries in colleges of pharmacy: 1975-1976.


Training in educational techniques for future pharmacy educators.


Significant issues raised by the Study Commission on Pharmacy report--an educator's perspective.


Evaluation: from idea "A" to issue "Z".

Evaluation: from idea "A" to issue "Z".


Scanning electron microscopy of the ova of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni. Ova of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Observations on the microsculpture, the excretory groove on the spine, and the mode of miracidial hatching are discussed.


Congenital retarded myelinization in a new-born child with infantile spasms. A new-born child with frequent infantile spasms was investigated. In a cachectic state it died at the age of 11 months. Biopsy of the cerebral cortex revealed a retarded myelinization; at autopsy this slight myelinization was found again. The ganglioside pattern suggested a developmental stage of approximately 3 months before birth. This is a case with a congenital failure of myelinization.


Mitosis and cytokinesis in the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae. Mitosis and cytokinesis are described in the free-living dinoflagellate, Amphidinium carterae Hulburt. In prophase, invaginations of the nuclear envelope form into tunnels which enclose bundles of microtubules. No centrioles or spindle organizers are present but microbodies are situated at the ends of the bundles of microtubules. The dividing chromosomes are attached to the tunnels, and microtubules connect to the nuclear envelope adjacent to the chromosomes by means of kinetochore-like structures. At anaphase, daughter chromatids are pulled apart as the nucleus extends but there is little change in the pole to chromosome distance. Cytokinesis is brought about by pinching-in of the cytoplasm adjacent to the equatorial region in an area where many microtubules lie under the plasmalemma. The account adds further details to the earlier descriptions of mitosis in other dinoflagellates.


Transurethral or endoscopic ureterectomy. A technique of ureterectomy performed endoscopically in 5 cases, following nephro-ureterectomy for pelvic papillomatosis, without evident ureteric involvement, is described. This technique for its simplicity, speed of execution and innocuity, proved to be of practical utility.


The mechanisms of appearance of viral glycoproteins at the cell surface membrane.


Hormone receptor levels and hormone, RNA and protein metabolism in the genital tract during the oestrous cycle in the ewe.


Studies of the composition of human uterine rinsings.


Cytogenetic study in primary amenorrhea.


Intensity of selection against cleft lip and/or cleft palate.


A genetic study of schizophrenia pedigree. I. Demographic studies: sample description, age of onset, ascertainment and classification.


The comparative effect of prolonged feeding with raw and heated soybean mean on the growth response, pancreatic enlargement and pancreatic enzymes of chicks. Prolonged feeding of chicks with raw soybean meal as the main protein source in the diet resulted in growth inhibition, pancreas enlargement, and increased content of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes. The effect of feeding with raw soybean meal as compared to heated soybean meal upon total intestinal enzymatic activities in chicks was tested. The tendency of chicks to overcome the effects of raw soybean meal is expressed mainly by the increase of biosynthesis and secretion of proteolytic enzymes in the pancreas.


Metabolic acidosis, nitrogen balance and weight gain in preterm infants. Nitrogen balance, urinary NAE and the acid base parameters in the blood of 15 male preterm infants with birth weights of 1000--2370 g (mean 1715 g) and gestational age of 29--37 weeks (mean 33.3 weeks) were determined weekly, in the first six weeks of life. The sum of NAE plus acid retention, as "total acid", was used to investigate the relationship between nitrogen balance, weight gain and acid-base homeostasis. During the first three postnatal weeks, nitrogen intake, urinary and faecal loss of nitrogen as well as the nitrogen retention were rapidly increasing. Later, urinary excretion continued to rise, the intake remained unchanged and as a result, the amount of retained nitrogen decreased slightly. Urinary NAE was steadily increasing to reach the maximum of 2.8 mEq/kg by the fourth week. Acid retention was the most pronounced in the second and third week, thereafter it fell until the end of the study. The importance of NAE relative to acid retention was continuously increasing throughout the observation period. The "total acid" increased gradually and reached its peak value in the third week of life. Subsequently a continuous fall was seen. During the first three weeks of life there was a significant positive correlation between "total acid" and nitrogen intake and urinary nitrogen extraction. Since the increase in "total acid" went parallel with the increasing nitrogen retention, the latter may be assumed to be an additional factor in producing acidosis. Calculated per 100 mg nitrogen ingested, retained or excreted with urine, "total acid" was decreasing with the increasing rate of weight gain. This indicates that the growth process -- irrespective of the postnatal development of renal H+ handling -- is also involved in the elimination of acids.


New inhibitors of dopamine beta-hydroxylase.


An integrated approach to instruction in pharmacology and therapeutics.


Some observations on the relationship of Schistosoma haematobium with its intermediate host.


An improved freeze-dried bilirubin preparation. We describe the conditions for successful freeze-drying of bilirubin solutions in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide and human serum albumin. Freeze-dried bilirubin preparations rehydrate readily, rapidly resulting in clear solutions. The preparations exhibit excellent homogeneity and stability at -20 degrees C. Accelerated storage tests indicate that the freeze-dried product would also be stable at higher temperatures but our results do not permit, at the present time, to make accurate predictions regarding the stability at 4 degrees C or 0 degrees C. We believe that our approach will permit manufacturers of bilirubin calibrators for clinical use to improve the quality of their products.


Observation of the freeze-drying process of biological materials with a scanning electron microscope. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have been done on the freeze-drying of biological materials from a physical, chemical and biological point of view. Morphological observation of the freeze-drying process of specimens, however, has been tried by only a few investigators. In those studies, thin-layered aqueous specimens, which were sandwiched between two cover slips, were mostly observed with an optical microscope. For ultrastructural and stereoscopic observation, the scanning electron microscope has a great advantage, unlike that of the optical microscope. A specially designed cryo-scanning electron microscope, employed in the present study, made it possible to observe the freezing patterns of the specimens and also the sublimation process of ice in frozen specimens under vacuum. With this specially designed microscope, shrinkage of some specimens due to dehydration during the freeze-drying process was revealed and the extent of such shrinkage was quantitatively determined.


Specific associations of prokaryotes with symbiotic flagellate protozoa from the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes and the wood-eating roack Cryptocercus.


Functional representation of ultrasonic vocalization evoked from rats by electrical stimulation of the brain.


Absence of hyperactivity in lead-exposed developing rats. It has been reported that postnatal lead treatment produces hyperactivity in rodents. Using rats, we attempted to extend these findings. Locomotor activity of offspring of lead-intubated and pair-fed control mothers was measured at 24-27 days of age, and no significant differences in reactivity or basal activity were found. Observational scoring of the animals at 28-29 and 35-36 days of age indicated that active behaviors were slightly reduced in the lead-treated rats. The brain lead concentrations of experimental animals were slightly reduced in the lead-treated rats. The brain lead concentrations of experimental animals were significantly elevated over controls. Estimates of statistical power indicated that behavioral effects of the magnitude reported in the literature would likely have been detected. The present results indicate that low-level lead exposure may not reliably produce hyperactivity in rodents. A review of the literature suggests that other data provide little support for a recently proposed rodent model of hyperactivity in children.


Experimental observations on the integration of bladder and urethral function. Bladder and urethral pressure responses to pelvic sympathetic and pudendal nerve stimulation in 60 anesthetized cats were studied. Results show that urethral resistance is composed of smooth and skeletal muscular components, which relax with pelvic nerve stimulation. Reciprocal inhibition of the detrusor-external sphincter is a spinal-mediated reflex that can be elicited by pelvic or pudendal nerve stimulation. Urethral smooth muscular pressure loss with pelvic nerve stimulation can be blocked with propranolol, suggesting that beta-receptors are involved in this response.


The effect of leucocytes on the maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro.


Chorionepithelioma of choroid.

Chorionepithelioma of choroid.


Lead-inducing hyperactivity. Chronic exposure during the neonatal period in the rat. The effects of chronic exposure to low levels of lead via maternal milk during the neonatal period in the rat were evaluated by means of several activity measures, spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze, and weight data. Animals reared at the highest concentrations of lead showed retarded body growth. Lead-treated rats were found to be more active in the Y-maze and in the tilt-box, but not in the running wheel. Lead-treated rats showed lowered spontaneous alternation and increased squealing; results were dependent upon the concentration of lead on which the animals were reared. Activity and alternation data provide suggestive evidence of lead-induced damage of the hippocampus, a structure which undergoes much of its development during the stage in which the lead was administered. Behavioral parallels found between lead poisoning and childhood hyperactivity were discussed with respect to the utility of chronic low level lead administration as an animal model of minimal brain dysfunction hyperactivity.


The migration of melanoblasts in the extra-epidermal structures of the Silver Campine fowl. The sequence of time and tracking of melanoblast migration has been worked out for Silver Campine fowl. The routes of entry and modes of dispersal of melanoblasts into different tissues have been described. The time and condition of pigment cell differentiation in extra-epidermal tissues is fully accounted.


Some behavioral effects of prethcamide compared with those of its two components. The effects of the two components of prethcamide (namely crotetamide and cropropamide) upon various behaviors in rats were compared with those of prethcamide itself to see if both were active or not and the kind of joint action shown when they were given in combination. Both crotetamide and cropropamide increase the motor activity of rats, reduce the rate of lever pressing in FR and VI food-reinforced schedules and increase the latency times in a multiple CRF-discrimination schedule. When given in combination the drugs show additive effects upon locomotor activity and FR or VI behaviors but they potentiate each other as regards the effects upon latency times in the multiple schedule. On the other hand, a clear antagonism between the two drugs has been found in the acute toxicity test.


Post ovulatory follicles of the domestic duck. Histogenesis of the post-ovulatory follicles in relation to the regression process has been studied in the Indian domestic duck. The activities of the alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, sudan black-B and periodic acid Schiff reaction have been demonstrated histochemically. No lutein cells comparable to the mammalian corpus luteum are found. The hypertrophy or proliferation of granulosa cells are not observed in this bird. The functional significance of different histochemically demonstrable material and steroidogenesis in the avian post-ovulatory follicles have been briefly discussed.


Bovine vesiculitis and epididymitis due to feed contamination by Candida guilliermondii.


Fungal flora of conjunctival sac in health and disease.


Neuroendocrine control of vitellogenesis in the dragonfly, Orthetrum chrysis (Selys) (Odonata: Libellulidae). 1. Histological correlative studies on the cerebral neurosecretory cells, the corpora allata and the oocyte development strongly suggest the involvement of cerebral NSM mostly produced by the A cells of pars intercerebralis and the CA hormone in the vitellogenesis. 2. Biochemical studies reveal the incorporation of haemolymph proteins and lipids in the yolk during vitellogenesis. 3. Exogenous administration of the extract of the brain-CC and FME demonstrates, to some extent, the stimulation of protein synthesis during vitellogenesis in the haemolymph by the cerebral NSM and the CA hormone, while the lipid metabolism lies, mostly, under the control of juvenile hormone.


Zinc and vitamin A: serum concentrations of zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) in healthy adolescents. The concentrations of serum zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) have been studied with special reference to pubertal development in 132 healthy adolescents and young adults (11-26 years of age). The RBP level remained low during the first three of the five stages of puberty (mean, about 30 mg/l). When puberty degree 4 had been reached, the mean RBP level increased to nearly adult values (about 40 mg/l), the boys having somewhat higher levels than the girls. Use of oral contraceptives significantly increased the RBP level. The mean zinc values were rather constant throughout puberty, but boys 13-14 years of age had significantly depressed values. There was a statistically significant correlation between the serum levels of zinc and RBP.


Persistent chemicals in birds and herbs in Korea.


Analysis of twin data and estimation of heritability effects. In a statistical sense, the objective of twin research is to partition the variance on some criterion measure among genetic and environmental factors. Although certain elaborate models have been developed, these models do not supply a convenient test statistic to show which factors make a significant contribution. Consequently several procedures drawn from analysis of variance have been adapted for use with twin data.


Genetic studies of the offspring of identical twins: a model for the analysis of quantitative inheritance in man. In conjunction with full-sib and parental observations, half-sib analysis permits an estimation of the genetic and environmental variance as well as a partitioning of the genetic variance into its additive, dominance and epistatic components. The offspring of identical twins are a unique class of human half-sibs who provide an unusual opportunity to resolve and measure several additional potentially important sources of human variation including maternal effects, the influences of common environmental factors and assortative mating. The genetic model thus developed for the analysis of quantitative inheritance in man has been applied to the analysis of total ridge count and birth weight, confirming the existence of a major additive genetic effect on ridge count and a significant maternal effect on birth weight.


Genetic variance in blood pressure.

Genetic variance in blood pressure. The National Heart and Lung Institute Twin Study has examined 514 white adult male twin sets aged 42-56 with respect to blood pressure. The data were analyzed by a method of Christian et al. which eliminates possible biases in estimated genetic variances that could result from different total variances in MZ and DZ twins. Results of the test for the presence of genetic variance indicate that both systolic and diastolic blood pressure are to a considerable extent genetically controlled with an estimated heritability of 0.8 for systolic and 0.6 for diastolic pressure. Although these findings are at variance with some previous reports, it is thought that much of the discrepancy results from application of different analytic techniques, not in the data themselves. The application of these findings to our understanding of hypertension epidemiology and community hypertension control programs are discussed.


"Equivocalness" and other empirical methods in zygosity assessment.


A monozygotic cotwin control study of a treatment for myopia. Myopia is the world's most common cause of defective vision. The role of controlled accommodation on the progress of myopia is unsettled. This cotwin control study is designed to provide a careful appraisal of the effectiveness of a clinically acceptable method of controlling accommodation. There are no previous reports of similar prospective studies among MZ twins. Expansion of such studies would be aided by collaboration among interested investigators.


The National Heart and Lung Institute twin study of cardiovascular disease risk factors: organization and methodology.


Plasma protein variability in MZ twins.

Plasma protein variability in MZ twins. A previous study had shown that only MZ twins are easily exchanged by trained police dogs. This is certainly due to the superimposability of the biochemical basis of body scent. A different approach has now been tried, based on plasma protein fractionating procedures. A pilot study has shown that PolyAcrilamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) results, as expected, in widely different patterns only in DZ twin pairs. Plasma specimens from a sample of 55 supposedly MZ twin pairs were analysed by PAGE. The substantial superimposability of MZ cotwin patterns was confirmed. Analysis of the different fractions indicates the extent of environmental variability. Application to zygosity determination is suggested.


Genetics of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides: a study of adult male twins. Fasting plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, as well as cholesterol in very low density, low density and high density lipoproteins, were measured in 250 MZ and 264 DZ adult male twin pairs. A new method was used to choose an estimate of genetic variance. This includes an estimate of genetic variance for use when the total variances of MZ and DZ twins are unequal. DZ twins had greater total variance for cholesterol. When genetic variance was estimated by subtracting the within-MZ-sets mean square from the within-DZ-sets mean square, all of the lipids had significant estimates of genetic variance; however, when genetic variance was estimated by a method designed to correct bias due to unequal total variances of MZ and DZ twins, only triglycerides had significant genetic variance. The heritability of plasma triglycerides was calculated to be 0.68.


Dermatoglyphic investigations in twins and siblings. The present report describes the preliminary results of an extensive dermatoglyphic investigation among 491 pairs of MZ and DZ twins, and sibs of both sexes. Paired homolateral comparisons were performed for the determination of the degree of discordance for each dermatoglyphic trait and the results were presented in a series of histograms. Some of the outstanding points brought forth by this study are: (1) different dermatoglyphic traits at different digits or palmar areas have different degrees of discordance; (2) in MZ twins the frequency of discordance for each trait is constant regardless of sex or laterality, whereas in DZ twins and sibs both sex and lateral differences are observed; (3) the higher number of significant differences in concordance between the MZ twins vs. sibs than between MZ vs. DZ twins suggests that, at least in the female, the dermatoglyphics may be affected by changing intrauterine environments.


Genetic basis of individual differences in tissue composition. A total of 19 pairs of twin adolescent boys, 14 MZ and 5 DZ, were used to determine the relative contribution of the genotype to the individual differences observed in surface density of muscle, subcutaneous fat, and bone. The cross-sectional areas of these tissue components were calculated from photographs of the upper arm, taken by means of an ultrasonic apparatus. The respective mean percentage intrapair difference in MZ and DZ twins was 6.9 and 9.8 for total area, 6.6 and 7.8 for muscle, 13.9 and 32.0 for fat, and 6.7 and 31.3 for bone tissue. Interindividual variations in bone only could be ascribed to genetic differences.


Normal and aberrant palmar creases in twins and siblings. The present study involving MZ and DZ twin pairs, as well as paired normal sibs, was undertaken to investigate further the genetic involvement in the formation of normal palmar crease patterns, as well as simian and Sydney patterns. Two variations of normal creases were investigated: the thenar type R and the distal type I. Both types cluster in families. The R is more frequent in the females. For both types, MZ twins are more concordant than DZ twins or sibs. Sib studies suggest strong genetic involvement in the development of both the R and I crease types. Parents with simian and/or Sydney creases have more children with these traits than offspring of parents without these traits; however, concordance rate comparisons of MZ or DZ twins and sibs do not suggest strong genetic involvement as in the case of the R and I crease types.


Genetic penetrance from MZ twins of absent C-triradius, a palmar dermatoglyphic trait. Among 59 sets of MZ male twins and 48 sets of MZ female twins from Italy, 7 male sets (11.9%) and 7 female sets (14.6%) had absent c-triradius on one or more palms; among 214 individuals who had a MZ twin, 19(8.9%) had absent c-triradius in one or both palms. Due to small numbers these percentages are comparable to the occurrence of absent c-triradius found in 8.2% of 3946 Caucasians. When one member of a set of MZ twins showed the trait in one or both palms, 35.7% (5/14) of the other members also showed the trait in one or both palms. When an individual showed the trait in one palm, 26.3% (5/19) of the other palms also showed the trait. These two estimates of penetrance combined give an average value of 30.3% (10/33) which is comparable to an estimate of 30% found in a study of 478 family units in which transmission was compatible with an autosomal dominant gene.


Twin studies and behavior genetics.

Twin studies and behavior genetics. It is observed that neither the methodology of twin studies nor that of behavior genetics in general has been adequately explored in most investigations of human behavior. General distrust of genetic methodologies as well as the belief that genic disorders are unalterable appear to be salient factors in explaining the neglect of those areas by social scientists. A plea is made for putting aside biased attitudes that prevent utilization of the best available techniques for the study of human beings as distinguished from all other animals.


Heritability study on size of the physiologic cup of the optic nerve head: a summary report. Cupping of the optic nerve head is regarded as one of a triad of diagnostic signs associated with glaucoma. This study was undertaken to assess the role of genetic factors in determining size of the physiologic cup of the normal optic nerve head, as measured by a horizontal cup/disc ratio. This is important to our ultimate understanding of the determinants of pathologic change. Horizontal cup/disc ratio was estimated in a sample of 37 MZ and 26 like-sex DZ twin pairs aged 15 years and older. Differences between MZ and DZ samples with respect to intrapair variance and intraclass correlation coefficient were highly significant. This finding of high heritability for measurements of cup diameter is in contrast to low heritability estimates found in a companion investigation on heritability of the effect of corticosteroids on intraocular pressure.


Biology of human intelligence.

Biology of human intelligence. The article presents a brief review of the genetic aspects of intelligence as measured by IQ tests. The results from family and twin investigations seem to agree in as much as high heritabilities for IQ can be calculated. There are, however, a large number of insecurities and sources of error which invite to criticism. Although, at present, it is justified to assume that genetic factors contribute substantially to variations in IQs, it would be premature to claim that genetic and other causes of variation could be expressed in precise figures. It seems doubtful if this situation could be further improved by continued use of IQs in genetic investigations. It should be more profitable to use other entities, such as well-defined special abilities, which could be designed directly for genetic analyses.


Nature-nurture and intelligence: the twin and adoption studies agree. A large-scale adoption study is underway at the University of Texas where IQ test scores are available for over 1200 women who gave up their children for adoption immediately following delivery. The adopted children and their adoptive families are now being located and tested and, if current trends continue, complete data should eventually be available on over 400 families. About half of these families will contain two or more adopted children or both adopted and natural children. At present, data are available for 89 families. The results are consistent with twin data and support a genetic hypothesis. The biological mother-adopted child correlation is 0.37 whereas the adoptive mother-adopted child and adoptive father-adopted child correlations are only 0.22 and 0.04 respectively. There are 59 pairs of unrelated children reared together in this sample and the IQ correlation for these children is only 0.13.


Psychological follow-up study of twins from birth to five years.


Twin resemblances in creativity and in esthetic and emotional expression. Three sources of observation relevant to the measurement of individual differences in emotional and esthetic expressiveness were employed to study their heritability by application to a sample of some 60 pairs of young adult like-sexed twins, approximately evenly divided between male and female and MZ and DZ pairs. The sources of observation were objective test performances, trait ascription using a standard list of adjectives, and videotaped enactments of mood and esthetic performances. Perceptual and esthetic abilities do appear to have substantial heritability, although esthetic preferences do not. Heritability is also indicated for such adjectives as artistic, inventive, original, and independent. Ratings of the videotape performances yielded somewhat ambiguous results, due to the presence of a marked halo effect; the most likely interpretation congruent with earlier results is that greater MZ twin resemblances in social extroversion generated greater resemblances in the videotape situation on such other trait-rating variables as creativity, naturalness, and dominance.


Characteristics of the twins of schizophrenics as fallible indicators of schizoidia.


The role of genetic factors in the child drawing behavior: a preliminary twin study. A sample of 27 MZ and 32 DZ twin pairs, aged 6 to 12 years, has been tested with the Draw A Family Test. Significantly higher concordance values in MZ than DZ twins have been found with respect to some graphic-structural factors (i.e.: line, hand pressure, area of the drawing, dimensions of the figures, distribution, and shading) as well as with respect to contents factors, such as spatial representation and cotwin's valorization. These correlates of personality development would thus appear to undergo significant genetic conditioning.


Heritability of personality and behavior pattern. As part of the National Heart and Lung Institute multicenter study of twins, 190 twin pairs (93 MZ, 97 DZ) residing in California and aged 44-55 years were comprehensively studied for all risk factors for coronary heart disease and for Behavior Pattern Type A or B. Psychological tests included MMPI, CPI, 16 Cattell PF, Gough Adjective Check List (ACL), Thurstone Temperament Schedule (TTS). Heritability at statistically significant levels was found only for scales of TTS. Twelve scales of ACL and five scales of TTS showed significant correlations with Behavior Pattern Type A-B as well as with several risk factors, including blood pressure and serum lipids. Multiple regression equations were constructed for those characteristics accounting for significant and unique portions of the total variance of Type A-B Behavior. The use of certain scales of ACL and TTS may provide a new questionnaire for screening purposes in the assessment of Behavior Pattern Type A-B.


Embryonic determination of brain programming asymmetry: a neglected element in twin-study genetics of human mental development.


Heredity and environmental factors in the development of psychogenic diseases.


Is Weinberg's method valid?

Is Weinberg's method valid? Suppose that L like-sexed and U unlike-sexed twins have been observed. Weinberg's method estimates the numbers of DZ and MZ twins as DZ = 2U and MZ = L--U. This method is based on the assumptions that (1) the sex ratio in DZ twins is 1/2 and (2) the sexes of DZ twins are determined independently and with the same probability in all parents; in consequence there should, on average, be equal numbers of like-sexed and unlike-sexed DZ twins. The first assumption is not exactly true, but the necessary correction is negligible. Departures from the second assumption would probably lead to an excess of like-sexed over unlike-sexed DZ twins; in consequence, Weinberg's method would underestimate the numbers of DZ twins and overestimate the numbers of MZ twins. The literature on the frequencies of like-sexed and unlike-sexed pairs among twins known to be DZ through other genetic markers is reviewed. It is concluded that there is no evidence of an excess of like-sexed twins among them, and that there is therefore no reason to doubt the validity of Weinberg's method. The extension of Weinberg's method to estimate the zygosity types of triplets and quadruplets is described; it is shown that the resulting estimates agree well with the results of direct zygosity determination by blood grouping.


Wolf's syndrome in twins -- translocation in the mother. A case of MZ twins, both affected by Wolf's syndrome, is described. Their mother, of subnormal look and low intellectual level is translocated. The children, born with a weight and size much below the average, show a very special morphotype; a hook-nose, an an abnormal conformation of the back edge of the nostrils (a protrusion in the shape of a horn overhanging the filtrum), hypertelorism, microcephaly. Great asynchronism in the maturation of the bones and a somatoschisis of the body of the cervical vertebrae are noted. Deletion of the short arm chromosome 4 is juxtacentromeric. The study of blood and tissue groups corroborates monozygosity. Dermatoglyphs are little abnormal and identical in the two children. The mother's family is phenotypically normal. At 19 months of age, measuring is still below 4, psychomotor progress is extremely weak, and convulsions are frequent.