Long-acting neuroleptics and their place in community mental health services in the United Kingdom: the Salford experience. In approaching the goal of a comprehensive community service at the city of Salford (England), the long-acting neuroleptics seem to be an essential step toward a system of continuous care for schizophrenics considered vulnerable to relapse. The hospitalisation experience of a sample of 211 patients is measured on "mirror-image" basis, i.e. an equal length of time for each patient before and after the start of long-acting phenothiazines. The results show a very substantial reduction in hospital stay.


Conjoint measurement in psychiatric research. In order to study complex drug-patient-milieu interactions, conjoint measurement models can be of great help in finding out whether there are any interaction patterns in the data and, if so, in specifying the kind of interaction. Some examples are given. The possible applications as well as the limitations of this technique are discussed.


Catecholamines and the abundance of blood cells in a fresh water tropical teleost (Colisa fasciatus) in relation to cold-shock. Intraperitoneal injections of epinephrine (0.05 microng/g) elicited characteristic changes in the abundance of circulating leucocytes at selected time intervals (viz., 3, 15 and 27 min. and, later, at intervals of 48 minutes up to 363 min. and at 12 and 24 h) post-injection in Colisa. Leucocytosis was evident as 15, 27 and 75 min, and tendency towards leucocytosis was observed at 123 and 267 min.; at 3, 171, 219, 315 and 363 min. and at 12 and 24 h, the total leucocyte counts for the experimentals and controls were not significantly different. No such corresponding significant changes were observed in the abundance of circulating erythrocytes or thrombocytes. Leucocyte sequence elicited by epinephrine was also apparent in Colisa which had been exposed to a temperature of 2 degrees C for one minute. Pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (3.0 mg/l aquarium water), an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, abolished the cold-shock leucocytic phases, except 27 min. leucocytosis which emerged unaffected. Exogenous norepinephrine (2 microng/g) and isoproterenol (0.1 microng/g) failed to elicit any significant change in the number of circulating leucocytes, erythrocytes, or thrombocytes. Clearly adrenergic mechanisms are involved in the cold-shock leucocyte stress sequence. The results suggest alpha-activating role of epinephrine during the leucocyte stress syndrome in Colisa and, apparently, epinephrine is leucocytic.


In vitro degradation of ribosomes.

In vitro degradation of ribosomes. The cytoplasmic ribosomes from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris are found to be of two types taking into consideration their stability "in vitro". In the group of unstable ribosomes the large subunit is degraded. The other group apparently does not suffer any degradation under the conditions described. However the RNAs extracted from both types of ribosomes are degraded during sucrose density gradients. The degradation of the largest RNA species has been reported previously, but no comment has been made about the stability of the ribosome itself.


Changes in plasma membranes during the prereplicative phase of the isoproterenol-stimulated parotid glands of mice. A single intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol induces resting cells from the acini of the mouse parotid gland to enter the proliferative cycle. Parotid plasma membrane from non-stimulated and isoproterenol-treated mice were prepared by differential centrifugation of the homogenates. Comparing the chemical composition of plasma membranes from non-stimulated and isoproterenol-treated mice, no variation in the phospholipid/protein ratio was observed. However, the levels of neutral sugars, hexosamines and sialic acid fall drastically in the early prereplicative phase. The decrease in neutral sugars and hexosamines in plasma membranes caused by isoproterenol is imitated by pilocarpine, which induces secretion but little or no increase in DNA synthesis. However, pilocarpine does not mobilize sialic acid from the plasma membrane. Moreover, dosis of isoproterenol that elicits secretion but not mitosis in the acinar cells, does not induce the movement of sialic acid from the plasma membrane. The mobilization of sialic acid from plasma membranes caused by isoproterenol was also demonstrated in an in vitro system. Treatment of the plasma membrane with chloroform/methanol shows that around 60% of the sialic acid is present in the less polar phase. We conclude that the separation of sialic acid from the plasma membrane is one of the early steps in the sequence of events leading to DNA synthesis and cell division in the isoproterenol-stimulated parotid gland of mice.


Labeling of lectin receptors during the cell cycle. Labeling of lectin receptors during the cell cycle. (Localizabión de receptores para lectinas durante el ciclo celular). Arch. Biol. Med. Exper. 10: 100-104, 1976. The topographic distribution of specific cell surface receptors for concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin was studied by ultrastructural labeling in the course of the cell cycle. C12TSV5 cells were synchronized by double thymidine block or mechanical selection (shakeoff). They were labeled by means of lectin-peroxidase techniques while in G1 S, G2 and M phases of the cycle. The results obtained were similar for both lectins employed. Interphase cells (G1 S, G2) present a stlihtly discontinous labeling pattern that is similar to the one observed on unsynchronized cells of the same line. Cells in mitosis, on the contrary, present a highly discontinous distribution of reaction product. This pattern disappears after the cells enters G1 and is not present on mitotic cells fixed in aldehyde prior to labeling.


The interaction between neuroleptic treatment and sociotherapeutic approach in chronic schizophrenics. Investigations with haloperidol, penfluridol and pimozide. In the modern treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients two major trends can be outlined: sociotherapy and psychopharmacotherapy. Therefore it is an important question whether these two therapeutic approaches interact in a positive or a negative way. Selected examples of experiments about the interaction of haloperidol, penfluridol and pimozide with sociotherapy are given and discussed. It is also demonstrated that the learning capacity of the patients depends on the particular type of neuroleptic.


Chemical structure of the peptidoglycan of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 with special reference to the extent of interpeptide cross-linking. The chemical structure of the cell wall peptidoglycan of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 was studied. Estimation of cross linkages between peptide subunits in the peptidoglycan by dinitrophenylation showed that about 30% of the total 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (A2pm) residues were involved in cross linkages. The presence of interpeptide bridges was also demonstrated by isolating bisdisaccharide peptide subunit dimers from Chalaropsis muramidase digests of the cell wall peptidoglycan by gel filtration followed by ion-exchange column chromatography, although most of the building blocks obtained were uncross-linked disaccharide peptide monomers. The chain length of a glycan moiety of the peptidoglycan obtained by treatment with the L-11 enzyme and gel filtration of the digest was also studied. The chain length varied from 7 to 44, but 30% of the glycan fragments had muramic acid at the reducing end and a chain length of 28 to 44. In conformity with the above structural study it was demonstrated that a particulate enzyme fraction obtained by differential centrifugation of a sonicated preparation of V. parahaemolyticus catalyzed a penicillin-sensitive transpeptidation reaction, using UDP-MurNAc-14C-pentapeptide and UDP-GlcNAc as substrates.


Effects of thyroidectomy and replacement therapy on the adrenal and testis of the bird myna, Acridotheres tristis. Thyroidectomy in Myna, Acridotheres tristis, increased the levels of cholesterol, ascorbic acid and decreased the activity of the adrenal. The size and activity of the testis also decreased following thyroid removal. The weight of the two glands and activity of testis was not affected by 0.25 mg of 1-thyroxine. The chemical and histological changes of the adrenal were however reversed. It is suggested that thyroid deficiency leads to reduced output of the trophic hormones from the adenohypophysis of the bird resulting in decreased size and activity of the gonad and of the adrenal.


Free conjunctival graft as a temporary treatment for large corneal fistula.


Management of resistant cases of herpetic keratitis using cryo-immunotherapy technique.


Acute conjunctivitis in a rural Egyptian community.


Bilateral simultaneous Mooren's ulcers with binasal and bitemporal pterygia. "A possible aetiological and pathological correlation".


Measurement of the depth of anterior chamber using Jaeger micrometer and gonioscopic studies of the angle in normotensive Egyptian eyes.


Surgical uses of scleral graft other than retinal detachment operations.


Corneal curvature in normal and raised intraocular pressure.


Management of glaucoma. New concepts.

Management of glaucoma. New concepts.


Histopathological study of Schlemm's canal and adjacent structures in glaucoma.


Intra-ocular pressure after tonography.

Intra-ocular pressure after tonography.


Non reformation of anterior chamber due to disease of its linning endothelium.


The subscleral Mortada operation. (Subscleral trap door sclerotomy with nasal pillar iris inclusion).


Trepano-trabeculectomy in the surgical treatment of glaucoma.


Cyclodialothermy operation. (Preliminary report).


Modification of cyclodialysis operation.


Diagnostic cytology in some conjunctival diseases.


Cataract extraction under general anaesthesia and mannitol osmotherapy.


Prophylactic circlage before cataract extraction in high myopes. "Preliminary report".


The absolute indication for cryo cataract extraction with Mortada multiple methods technique.


Artifictal lens transplantation following cataract surgery. A promising method for treating cataracts.


Results of simple needling for soft cataract.


Retinal detachment. Past, present, and future.


Non drainage of subretinal fluid with the encircling silastic 3mm, band in retinal detachment surgery.


Aiming at prevention of complications of scleral buckling by silastic rod or band without evacuation of subretinal fluid.


The encircling silastic 3 mm band without cautery in retinal detachment surgery.


More experience with encircling silastic 3mm band without evacuation of subretinal fluid in retinal detachment surgery. Mortada operation: one of the three international techniques.


Sjogren's syndrome manifested by different ocular and systemic findings.


Posterior unbuckled part of a giant tear behind the oblique encircling silastic 3mm band operation. Surgical prevention & treatment. (Incision of half scleral thickness opposite anterior and posterior margins of the oblique encircling silastic 3mm band in a wider area than the giant tear meridians extent. Modified Mortada operation.


Biochemical composition and physical properties of the human vitreous body.


Some biochemical and physical changes occurring in the vitreous body following choroido-retinal and vitreal injury in rabbit eyes.


Fluorescein angiography.

Fluorescein angiography.


Interpretation of fluorescein angiography.


Fluorescein angiography and photocoagulation in retinal branch vein occlusion.


Reports on placoid pigment epitheliopathy.


Optic atrophy following repeated courses of tartar emetic for the treatment of bilharziasis.


Impending thrombosis of the central retinal vein.


What is new about the treatment of diabetic retinopathy by calcium dobesilae (Doxium).


Subarachnoid Terson's syndrome and vitreous haemorrhage.


Various ocular findings in Groenblad- syndrome.


Muscle transposition in sixth nerve palsy.


Evaluation of partial myomectomy as a squint operation.


Pathological study of extraocular muscles in diabetes mellitus.


Studies on the incidence of refractive errors in Egypt.


Lid gangrene with a case report.

Lid gangrene with a case report.


Correlation between serum, tissue cholesterol and chalazion formation.


Surgical correction of congenital blepharo-ptosis with epicanthus, and blepharo-phimosis.


Ptosis of eyebrow.

Ptosis of eyebrow.


Phlebography in unilateral proptosis.

Phlebography in unilateral proptosis.


A simplified external dacryocystorhinostomy. Steps and review of twelve cases.


Trachoma of the lacrimal sac.

Trachoma of the lacrimal sac.


The management of potassium permanganate ocular burn.


Combination of subconjunctival and I.V. riverin for prophylaxis after intra ocular surgery.


A hard or a soft contact lens.

A hard or a soft contact lens.


Blindness in the Middle East.

Blindness in the Middle East.


Ocular complications of corticosteroids.


The dry eye and its management.

The dry eye and its management.


Blood vitamin "A" level and dark adaptation.


Experimental ocular toxoplasmosis.

Experimental ocular toxoplasmosis.


Toxoplasma infection after instillation of the vegetative parasite in the conjunctival cul-de-sac of rabbits.


Study of pathological changes in the extra and intraocular blood vessels in diabetes mellitus.


Study of corneal thickness and curvature of Egyptian eyes.


The pathology of conjunctival blood vessels in diabetes mellitus.


Ocular toxoplasmosis among domestic rabbits in Egypt.


Management of intraocular hydatid cyst.

Management of intraocular hydatid cyst.


A cytological study of corneal scrapings from cases of herpes simplex keratitis.


Effect of propranolol and phenylbutazone on the prostaglandin like activity of the rabbit's iris in endotoxin induced iritis.


List of medical colleges in India.

List of medical colleges in India.


Rhinosporidiosis and the eyes.

Rhinosporidiosis and the eyes.


Dictyoma.

Dictyoma.


Electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in Eale's disease.


Intra-orbital dermoid with malignant metaplasia.


Hydatid cyst of orbit.

Hydatid cyst of orbit.


"Multiple penile cutaneous horns".

"Multiple penile cutaneous horns".


"Elimination of ascorbic acid in urine of normal man".


Plasma tyrosine levels in normal subjects and in abnormalities of thyroid function.


All India Ophthalmological Society (in retrospect).


Lymphomatous pseudo-tumour of the choroid with secondary retinal detachment.


Epidemic haemorrhagic conjunctivitis.

Epidemic haemorrhagic conjunctivitis.


Bilateral primary anophthalmos.

Bilateral primary anophthalmos.


Pleomorphic adenoma of Krause's gland.

Pleomorphic adenoma of Krause's gland.


Intermarginal strip lymphangioma (a case report).


Flexible contact lenses and our experience with 'Sauflon 70' lenses in aphakia.


Bacterial meningitis in the pediatric age.


Maternal and child health and family planning.


Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma): the great masquerader.


The case against mandatory continuing medical education.


Medical mission in Guatemala.

Medical mission in Guatemala.


Health services in India.

Health services in India.


Veiscocutaneous conduit a method of permanent urinary diversion: fifteen year follow-up.


Presidential address.

Presidential address.


Hypertension control: where do we stand in Alabama?


Improved technique for lumbar epidural anesthesia.


Platelets and drugs.

Platelets and drugs.


Emergency medicine.

Emergency medicine.


Primary, secondary, and tertiary medical care.


Anomalies of branchial cleft origin.

Anomalies of branchial cleft origin.


Etidocaine (duranest): a new long acting local anesthetic for epidural anesthesia.


Panel discussion--leprosy.

Panel discussion--leprosy.


Obituary.

Obituary.


Effect of prolonged trifluoperazine, imipramine and haloperidol administration on serum cholesterol. An experimental study in rabbits. As a result of prolonged intragastric administration of trifluoperazine (TFZ) and imipramine in rabbits, a significant rise in serum cholesterol was observed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Haloperidol was ineffective. Hypercholesterolemia produced by TFZ was not associated with increased estriol excretion in urine. Histochemical examination of aorta of TFZ-treated animals showed positive 'Schultz's reaction' for cholesterol, suggesting a possible causal relationship between TFZ-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherogenesis.


Protection of carrageenin edema and trypsin hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin by naphthylthiosemicarbazides and their cyclized oxadiazoles. Seven 1-(naphth-1-ylacetyl)-4-substituted thiosemicarbazides were synthesized and cyclized to the corresponding 2-(naphth-1-ylmethyl)-5-arylamino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. All compounds, with the exception of two slbstituted oxadiazoles, possessed low anti-inflammatory activity. The protection afforded by these compounds against carrageen-in-induced edema ranged from 3 to 43% where cyclization, in general, decreased anti-inflammatory activity. All compounds (1 mM), possessed antiproteolytic activity where in vitro protection of trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin, in most cases was greater with oxadiazoles.


The effect of diftalone on collagen and glycosaminoglycans metabolism. Diftalone showed a distinct inhibition effect on the collagen formation in sponge granuloma as well as in chick embryos articular cartilage. The inhibitory effect was expressed even in corneal and articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAG) sulphation and GAG formation in granulation tissue. According to our previous results diftalone showed a similar inhibition of collagen and GAG biosynthesis as other effective antirheumatic drugs.


The lymphocytic absorption of p,p'-DDT and some structurally-related compounds in the rat. The lymphatic absorption of a series of 14C-labelled compounds structurally related to p,p'-DDT has been examined in thoracic duct-cannulated rats. The compounds (p,p'-DDT, p,p-DDT, P,P'-DDD, p,p-DDD, DDE, DDA and 2,4-D) varied markedly in lipid solubility, as well as in extent of lymphatic absorption, urinary and biliary excretion, and localization in body fat. More than 12% of the dose was recovered in 24-hour thoracic duct lymph of rats treated with the p,p'- and o,p-isomers of DDT and DDD and with DDE, and this percentage was increased by concomitant fat absorption. A strict parallel between lipid solubility and lymphatic absorption was not observed in this series of compounds, possibly because of differences in their rates and routes of excretion.


Displacement of albumin-bound antimicrobial agents by bilirubin. The ability of bilirubin to displace antimicrobial agents from their binding sites on albumin was studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. Sulfonamides, tetracyclines, penicillins and cephalosporins of different degrees of protein binding were tested. It was found that bilirubin reduced the protein binding of all four classes of antimicrobial agents, although by varying degrees. This effect was most pronounced with the compounds which had the highest degree of protein binding, such as cloxacillin, cephazolin, methacycline and sulfisoxazole, all of which are bound greater than 80% by albumin. On the other hand, the drugs with less than 25% binding, such as ampicillin, cephalexine and tetracycline were not ostensibly displaced by bilirubin. Scatchard plots of the binding of sulfamethoxazole to albumin in the presence of 400 mumol/1 of bilirubin, showed that bilirubin almost completely displaced the sulfonamide molecule from the high affinity site on the albumin molecule. Reduced protein binding of drugs in hyperbilirubinemic infants may have pharmacokinetic significance.


Inhibitory action of aliphatic alcohols on smooth muscle contraction. The addition of 0.05-0.20 mM CaCl2 to the isolated guinea pig ileum immersed in a depolarizing (excess potassium), and calcium-free Tyrode solution produces a dose-related contraction, which is reversibly blocked by aliphatic alcohols of low molecular weight. The inhibitory potency of the alcohols increases with the length of their carbon chain, and may be due to an interference with the movement of calcium across the smooth muscle cell membrane.


Spermatogenesis in free living mite, Pergamasus viator Halaŝ. (Parasitidae, Mesostigmata). II. Spermiogenesis. The paper presents the results of ultrastructural studies on the spermiogenesis in the mite, Pergamasus viator Halaŝkova. The cysts containing 16 spermatids per cyst, are localized in the anterior part of the saccular gonad. The process of spermatid maturation has been divided into three stages: of the early spermatid, middle spermatid and late spermatid. The modifications of spermatid occuring during the spermiogenesis include: a change of cell shape, modifications of its organelles and formation of new structures like the superficial layer of cellular processes, striated bodies, granular bodies, flattened cisternae and canaliculi, central canaliculi, and stiff bands. Within the nucleus the chromatin condenses to threads or lamellae, to form subsequently several electron-dense granules. The remaining nucleoplasm is filled with an electron-dense material, which appears in the middle spermatid and gradually accumulates. The above modifications occuring in the course of spermiogenesis and their relation to the data available from the literature concerning the spermatogenesis of allied groups of animals are discussed in length.


Comparative histochemical observations on the steroid-synthesizing cellular sites in the testes of nonmammalian vertebrates.


Histology and seasonal changes in the testes of a hill-stream fish Schizothorax plagiostomus. Histology and annual cyclic changes in the testicular activity of S. plagiostomus have been described. The reproductive cycle has been divided into eight phases. The weight and volume of the testes and GSI show correlation with each other, and increase twice in a year (September and March), indicating the existence of two spawning periods. A distinct dormant period during winter intervenes the spawning peaks. Although the testes contain mature spermatozoa during winter, spermiation remains halted until last week of February. On the return of favourable environmental conditions in March, spermiation begins again and complete depletion takes place.


Neuroendocrine organs of the lemon-butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. II. The corpora cardiaca-allata complex of the adult. The retrocerebral endocrine organs of the adult lemon-butterfly; Papilio demoleus have been described. The organs are subaortic lying closely behind the brain. While the nervi corporis cardiaci I (NCCI) originate from the protocerebrum of the brain, the NCCII seem to take their origin in the tritocerebrum in common with another nerve named earlier as the tegumentary nerve. The corpora cardiaca (CC) and corpora allata (CA) are closely approximated to each other obliterating the nervi corporis allati (NCA) which are conspicuous in the larva of the same species. An intercardiacal bridge (ICB) connects the CC of the two sides and acts as a possible centre of distribution for the neurosecretory material (NSM) to the gut. Histological evidence suggests that the NSM inside the CC remains intraaxonal without being primarily unloaded in the organs for storage. The intrinsic secretory cell of the CC are intimately associated with the neurosecretory fibres from the brain and bear fairly thick axons. No NSM could be detected in the CA of this insect.


The effect of carbofuran-toxication on the chloragogen tissue of Tubifex tubifex Müll. (Oligochaeta). Chloragogen cells, subserving ion exchange and electron accepting functions, were studied in Tubifex tubifex after insecticide treatment. Chloragogen cells were strongly influenced by in vivo carbofuran poisoning. The first alterations in the chloragogen cells became activated, both the formation and release of the chloragosomes reached a high rate. The released chloragosomes were phagocytosed by the amoebocytes. At an advanced stage of the toxication a heavy loading of the apical cytoplasm of chloragogen cells with lipid droplets, finally degenerative changes both in the chloragogen cells and amoebocytes were observed. Possible mechanisms of the carbofuran toxication and of the protective function of chloragogen cells in T. tubifex are discussed.


An electron microscope cytochemical study of calcium ion localization in the honey-bee flight muscle. The authors studied the sarcomere ultrastructure and distribution of calcium ions in the cross striated flight muscles (longitudinal-dorsal and tergosternal) of the honey bee after being fixed in osmium tetraoxide and buffered to 7.4 pH and also according to the method of Carasso and Favard (1966). they ascertained an intensive and constant reaction to the presence of calcium on the level of myofilaments within the periphery of the sarcomeres and light and dark mitochondria. Calcium concentrations are not detectable in the Z line and M line. The authors carried out a control of the results using the method of Carasso and Favard (1966).


Efferent connections of the nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex in the cat. The nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex of the thalamus displays an integrative function. The efferent connections of this nuclear group were examined by the authors in the cat. In their work, they utilized also the earlier observations on the afferent connections of the nucleus. The nuclear complex projects to the associative fields encompassed by the visual- and the acoustic cortex without intruding into the primary cortical areas. On the other hand, its afferent connections are, apart from the associative field, also yielded by the primary visual and acoustic cortex. All this is completed by the reciprocal connections of the LP-pulvinar complex with the visual- and acoustic system, as well as between the associative areas of the cortex.


The relationship between heat production and body temperature in the new-born and the adult guinea pig after termination of exposure to hypoxia and hypercapnia: with notes on body weight vs. body surface as the frame of reference.


The central effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine, gamma-amino-butyric acid and carbachol on thermoregulation in the neonatal guinea pig. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (10 microgram), gamma-amino-butyric acid (20 microgram) and carbachol (1 microgram) were injected through the soft skull into the lateral cerebral ventricle of guinea pigs aged 2 to 12 days, at the slightly subneutral ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) produced no immediate change in oxygen consumption, whereas colonic temperature fell rapidly. One hour after injecting 5-HT, when colonic temperature had decreased by about 0.5 degrees C, oxygen consumption increased and after a lag of 30--40 min was followed by an increase in colonic temperature. Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) increased oxygen consumption and colonic temperature after a latency of 30--60 min. Carbachol was followed by an immediate decrease in colonic temperature and oxygen consumption. Colonic temperature was below the pre-injection level throughout the five-hour period of observation.


Effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the positive inotropic response of heart muscle to elevation of external Ca++-concentration, to increased driving frequency, and to paired stimulation. Electrically driven left guinea pig atria were exposed to positive inotropic stimuli which are thought to be related to the turnover of calcium ions. For increasing contractibility, the following procedures were used: a) varying the concentration of CaCl2 in the bath fluid; b) stimulation at frequencies from 1.0 to 3.0 Hz; c) paired stimulation. Positive inotropic responses to the increase of the rate of stimulation and to paired stimulation were not affected by 0.1 microgram/ml tetrodotoxin (TTX). This excludes the adrenergic contribution to the positive inotropic effects observed. Actions of the positive inotropic stimuli were studied both in the absence and in the presence of 0.1--1.0--10.0--1000.0 ng/ml of PGE1-PGE1 in the highest concentration used increased contractile force. The inotropic stimulus-response curves were not affected by PGE1 at any concentration. This finding suggests there is no interaction between Ca ions and PGE1 in the contractile mechanism of the guinea pig heart muscle.


The central effect of noradrenaline on thermoregulation in the neonatal guinea pig. Noradrenaline (10 microgram) injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of guinea pigs aged 2 to 12 days produced a rapid increase in oxygen consumption and in colonic temperature at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. The increase was most pronounced in the youngest animals and decreased with advancing age, but was still significant at 12 days of age. Species differences and the role of ambient temperature in the responses are discussed.


Factors influencing the urinary fluoride level in subjects drinking fluoride-poor waters. The influence on the urinary F level of the short-term consumption of drinking water of 1 mg/litre fluoride content, of the ingestion of low (1.0 to 2.0 mg) and higher (7.0 and 8.0 mg) fluoride doses and of tea has been studied. Excess fluoride is rapidly excreted with urine, and may disturb the results of urinary fluoride estimation. The urinary F level responds sensitively to the ingestion of fluorine.


Effect of drinking waters of high fluorine content on the urinary fluoride level. The urinary fluoride level has been studied in 307 subjects consuming drinking waters of different fluoride concentrations. The urinary fluoride level was found to increase with the fluoride content of the drinking water. The urinary F level of the population group drinking water of optimum fluoride concentration was 1.14 mg of fluoride per litre. Thus, in regions where the drinking water contains an insufficient amount of fluoride, the fluoride content of domestic salt must be adjusted so as to ensure an about 1.14 mg/litre urinary F level of the population.


Urinary fluoride levels of population groups consuming salts different in fluoride concentration. The effect of urinary level of a prolonged consumption of table salts containing 200, 250 or 350 mg/kg of fluoride has been studied. Urinary F concentration was increasing with all the three kinds of salt. In the group of consumers using 200 and 250 mg F/kg salt the equilibrium has been reached, but the urinary F level was still below that observed in populations who are drinking water of 1 mg/l F concentration. The equilibrium in the 2--14-year age groups consuming 350 mg F/kg salt could not yet set in. It is concluded that even a mixture of 350 mg F/kg is not in excess of the optimum and is far from the tolerated limit. Thus, this latter mixture may be used for caries prevention in areas with F-deficient drinking water, although it may be still less than the optimum.


Concentration dependence of the veratrine effect on inducing depolarization and membrane potential oscillation in skeletal muscle. The concentration dependence of the effect of veratrine in inducing depolarization and membrane potential oscillation in the frog sartorius muscle has been studied. (1) On increasing the veratrine concentration from 0.025 to 1 mM, the latency period of the development of membrane potential oscillation and depolarization is proportionally shortened. (2) On changing the veratrine concentration from 0.025 to 1 mM, the magnitude of depolarization is raised logarithmically. (3) When the veratrine concentration reaches 0.05-0.1 mM, both the amplitude and the frequency of the membrane potential oscillation increase. On rising to 1 mM, a further increase in frequency to eight-fold occurs especially in the later phase of oscillation. At this concentration range, the amplitude of oscillation inversely proportional to the concentration of veratrine. (4) On increasing the veratrine concentration above 0.1 mM, the membrane potential oscillation ceases after a temporary rise of frequency. This inhibitory effect of veratrine is, however, reversible, and oscillations appear again, despite the absence of veratrine in Ringer's solution. This also proves the persistance of the veratrine effect.


Effect of intraventricular oxytocin and vasopressin on self-stimulation in rats. Oxytocin (500 mu u) and vasopressin (50 mu u) were injected into the lateral ventricle and its effect on hypothalamic self-stimulation has been studied. Oxytocin increased, while vasopressin decreased the self-stimulation rate tested 10-20 min following application. The hypothalamic and mesencephalic serotonin content decreased slightly while plasma corticosterone content did not change 20 min after oxytocin and vasopressin administration compared to the injected control animals. The data suggest that vasopressin and oxytocin have an opposite effect on self-stimulation and this action is not mediated through the brain serotoninergic or pituitary-adrenocortical axis.


Studies on Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae carriership in large pig herds.


The effect of urethane (ethylcarbamate) on the reproduction of Trypanosoma equiperdum.


On the pharmacokinetics of sulphonamide + trimethoprim combination orally administered to geese.


Data on the developmental cycle of Philometra obturans (Pregnant, 1886) (Nematoda: Phlometridae).


Influence of enthalpy and air humidity on heat equilibrium and heat production in fattening pigs.


Attempts for immunization of partridges (Perdix perdix) against Newcastle disease.


Studies on the correlation between the results of the haemagglutination-inhibition test and the immunity against Newcastle disease.


Effect of dietary nitrogen level on electrolyte and water metabolism in sheep. K+ metabolism II.


Low vision aids in the management of visual handicap.


Benign adenomatous neoplasm (adenoma) of the middle ear. This presentation is a study of the pathogenesis, clinical behaviour and therapeutic response of 20 cases of a primary adenomatous neoplasm confined to the middle ear cleft. The investigation supported origin of the tumour from the middle ear mucosal epithelium. Clinical behaviour was that of a benign, localized, non-metastasizing neoplasm. Simple localized surgical removal of the tumour afforded an excellent prognosis in all cases. The designation of the tumour entity as adenoma of middle ear is proposed.


Aspirin idiosyncrasy in patients admitted for nasal polypectomy. Investigation of 100 consecutive patients admitted for nasal polypectomy revealed only 3 patients with aspirin idiosyncrasy and asthma. It is important that this combination be recognized but fortunately this can be done by the history. Incidental findings were that nasal polypi are much commoner in men and that the incidence of atopy was the same as that in the general population.


Anaesthesia for electrocochleography.

Anaesthesia for electrocochleography. Until recently Ketamine has been the anaesthetic most commonly used for electrocochleography. It was believed that the use of a conventional anaesthetic machine would produce artifacts in the recordings but experience has shown that this is not the case; in fact quieter tracings are obtained due to the abolition of muscle potentials. Ketamine is preferred for children under 3 years old but the others receive a general inhalation anaesthetic. The intramuscular route is chosen for the administration of Ketamine in order to minimize the occurrence of hallucinations in the recovery period. Consistent results have been obtained with a dosage related to the metabolic rate of the child. One milligram of Ketamine is administered for each 35 cm2 of surface area. General inhalation anaesthesia is given by a semiopen circuit and an oral endotracheal tube is used. Induction is with methohexitone or nitrous oxide and halothane, and maintenance is also with nitrous oxide and halothane. The main drawback is pollution of the atmosphere of the sound-proofed testing room with halothane. This has been overcome by ducting the expired gases outside the room using an Enderby valve.


Nasal polypi.

Nasal polypi.


Radiological bone changes produced by intraoral squamous carcinomata involving the lower alveolus. Forty-eight per cent of patients with clinical involvement of the lower alveolus by an intraoral squamous carcinoma showed radiological evidence of bone involvement. This was usually an irregular invasive bone defect, but a smooth pressure erosion is also common. 'Floating teeth', displaced bony fragments, pathological fractures, and rarely an expanded inferior canal are less common radiological signs.


What's wrong with British ENT?

What's wrong with British ENT?


Myringoplasty.

Myringoplasty. Myringoplasty is a deceptively difficult procedure in which surgical finesse and experience dictate success in terms of hearing improvement as well as closure rate. In essence, it is the complete removal of epidermal ingrowth followed by the placement of a non-epithelialized graft on the medial surface of the tympanic membrane which has withstood the test of time.


Functional laryngectomy (cricohyoidopexy). Two techniques of subtotal functional laryngectomy are described: cricohyoidopexy which is used for supraglottic tumours, and cricohyoidoepiglottopexy for glottic tumours. These operations have been carried out on 61 patients, with tumours too extensive to be managed by the usual partial laryngectomy. The functional results are good, and 94% of the patients have been decannulated.


Chronic laryngitis.

Chronic laryngitis.


Standard forms for results of audiometry: British Society of Audiology.


Radiology in the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma.


Observations on the stria vascularis of the guinea pig cochlea and the changes resulting from the administration of the diuretic furosemide. An electron microscope examination of the stria vascularis of guinea pigs and the structural changes occurring after administration of furosemide has been made. The use of ruthenium-red, which stains cell coats, has shown that the atria is impermeable to the passive diffusion of material from both the endolymph and the spiral ligament. The first changes after administration of furosemide are observed 4 hours after injection; small spaces develop between the cells. After 5--6 hours the spaces have enlarged but the tight junctions between marginal cells remain intact. The intermediate cells show signs of atrophy. In severely affected animals the intermediate cells have so shrunk that the spaces are very large and the marginal cells clearly resolved. These latter cells show no structural damage. In this severely affected tissue it is seen that the blood vessels are entirely surrounded by marginal cell extensions. It is suggested that the intermediate cells may have a regulatory function. The damage appears to be recoverable, since 6 hours after injection the spaces have decreased in size although some signs of intermediate cell atrophy are still apparent.


Multiple sclerosis. The value of clinical vestibular examination. A clinical vestibular examination was carried out on 82 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) selected on McAlpine's criteria. Spontaneous nystagmus, positional nystagmus or pathological caloric test were found in 49 (60%) patients. Pathological horizontal optokinetic nystagmus occurred in 47 (57%) patients. In 36 cases horizontal optokinetic nystagmus was pathological to both sides, in 28 cases combined with a pathological vertical optokinetic nystagmus, indicative of diffuse intracerebral lesions. Lesions in the central vestibular system and in the optokinetic pathways were frequently discovered in early or atypical cases of MS.


A facial fatigability test: a method for detecting 'latent' facial motor lesions by fatigability. This is a simple test for the early recognition of a clinically 'latent' facial motor lesion, which detects the difference in fatigability between the two sides of the peri-oral musculature. Fatigue is produced by the patient's effort to maintain maximal contraction against lateral traction of the angles of the mouth by two weighted hooks. Fatigue is expressed as the distance between the midline of the philtrum and a mark on each hook. Distance plotted against time gives a 'facial fatigue curve'. In the authors ' experience the test has revealed pathological fatigability in 8 cases, 2 intrameatal and 4 large acoustic neuromas--1 of the four not yet confirmed by surgery--and 2 inflammatory processes in the internal auditory meatus, but failed in 1 of intrameatal acoustic neuroma.


Pulmonary complications following supraglottic laryngectomy. Supraglottic laryngectomy has been generally assumed to protect the patient from aspiration changes in the lungs. This paper details a retrospective survey, the results of which suggest that respiratory infections are common after supraglottic laryngectomy and that pneumonia is a fairly common cause of death. The need for prolonged follow-up after this operation is emphasized.


Age-dependent distribution of isoamylases in human parotid saliva. The number of isoamylases present in parotid saliva from 53 healthy men and women of different ages was determined. A basic pattern of 6 isoamylases was evident in all samples. With increasing age, an increasing number of additional isoenzymes was observed which migrated faster towards the anode. These 'fast isoamylases' are derived from the basic isoenzymes by deamidation. The significance of deamidation of proteins as age increases as well as the increasing number of 'fast isoamylases' in saliva from mucoviscidosis patients are discussed.


A quantitative study of microscopical changes in the epithelium and subepithelial tissue of the laryngeal folds, sinus and saccule. The folds, sinuses and saccules from III unselected larynxs removed at autopsy were examined microscopically for epithelial and subepithelial abnormalities. Squamous metaplasia and 'dysplasia' of the vestibular and vocal folds respectively, particularly the former, were commoner in men than women. Two distinct varieties of 'dysplasia' were observed, and the close relationship between 1 of them and changes, possibly of vascular origin, in the subepithelial tissues of the vocal fold suggested cause and effect.


The aetiology of chronic laryngitis.

The aetiology of chronic laryngitis. Fifty-eight patients with chronic laryngitis, defined as diffuse laryngeal inflammation, of an average duration of approximately 1 year, were investigated. The sex incidence was equal and the average age 45 years. Occupational factors were of minor importance, and the smoking habits of the patients were the same as those of a similar matched population. Of the haematological factors investigated, anaemia, diabetes, renal disease and syphilis were of no importance whatsoever. The most important aetiological factor was sepsis of the upper and lower respiratory tracts which was present in over half the patients.


Carcinoma in situ of the larynx--an unsatisfactory diagnosis.


Radical neck dissection.

Radical neck dissection. Radical neck dissection was described in 1906, and the following half century saw it being increasingly accepted without any significant change. More recently a number of differing concepts have arisen. While the value of the original radical operation is established, the more recent modifications are not yet substantiated by proper trials.


Research.

Research.


Multiple papillomatosis of the larynx in children.


'Fast isoamylases' in parotid saliva of heterozygous carriers of cystic fibrosis. An increased number of 'fast isoamylases' is found in the parotid saliva of children with cystic fibrosis and their heterozygous parents who are clinically healthy. 'Fast isoamylases' are generated, at least in part, from the 6 isoamylases of the basic pattern by deamidation of asparagine and glutamine residues. This basic pattern is present in the parotid saliva of all subjects we have tested so far. A shift in the equilibrium between amidation and deamidation processes is discussed in terms of its possible significance for the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and for ageing.


Upper respiratory problems in the yellow nail syndrome. A case of the Yellow Nail Syndrome is described. The characteristic nail changes were associated with pleural effusions, lymphoedema of the face and legs and upper respiratory symptoms. The finding of extremely hard ear wax has not been reported previously. A satisfactory response to combination diuretic therapy was seen. The case of recognition of the Syndrome is emphasized together with the danger of excessive investigation if the nails are not inspected. Possible mechanisms for the formation of extremely hard cerumen are discussed.


Dynamic cardiac scintigraphy with a multi-imaging device. Cardiac kinetics can be visualized in two ways after i.v. injection of radiopharmaceutics for labeling either the myocardium or the cardiac chambers. The simpler way is the acquisition of the data in analog mode, using a multiimaging device. Thanks to a short time constant for the image advance, the cardiac cycle is divided into 16 frames, the first being triggered by the R wave of the ECG. The data of a large number of synchronized cycles are integrated on a film. This permits an almost continuous way to follow the kinetics of the studied compartments along the cycle. Several views can be registered successively. This procedure yields separately immediate information on the morphology and dynamics of the myocardium, and chambers. To evaluate quantitatively various parameters of left ventricular function a data processor is connected to the gamma camera. Examples of the two types of data are shown and demonstrate that both are useful for appreciating the value of kinetics though they are not yet accurate enough to replace in every case contrast radiologic techniques. Nevertheless, the indications for these procedures are continuously growing, due to technical progresses and the noninvasive nature of the investigation.


Myocardial scintigraphy.

Myocardial scintigraphy. Results of myocardial scintigraphy in 103 individuals are reported. This test method was introduced by the authors in 1973; 131Cs chloride served the purpose of tracer. Beside a group of 17 control individuals, 63 patients with myocardial infarction, 9 with myocardiosclerosis, and 14 with other affections were tested. The normal scintigram in full-face, profile, and left half-profile positions of the patient is first described, then the typical picture of these same positions in infarctions with anterior and posterior localizations, and also in myocardiosclerosis of various origin. The valuableness of the new radioisotope test method has been duly stressed. It affords direct and precise information about the localization and the extensiveness of the morbid process which has led to cicatricial alterations in the heart muscle.


A simple method of evaluating the penetrability of Spitz-Holter drains with the aid of radioisotopes. A simple, reliable, and innocuous method is described for evaluating the penetrability of cerebrospinal shunts with the use of 99mTc O4. After introducing 25 muCi of 99mTc O4 in a volume of about 0.2 ml into Rickham's reservoir, series scintigrams in the lateral or AP direction are made with the aid of a Nuclear Chicago Pho Gamma HP Scintillation Camera. The results are in satisfactory agreement with the surgical findings. No complications have so far been observed.


99mTc-Sn-acetylcysteine: a new renal scanning agent. A new radiopharmaceutical, 99mTc-Sn-acetylcysteine, for renal scanning is reported. The preparation is simple and quick. It can also be adopted in the kit form. The complex has the advantage of great stability and fast clearance over earlier reported renal scanning radioagnostic agents.


Pertechnetate uptake of joints in rheumatoid arthritis. A new isotopic method for evaluation of inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis is reported. By use of repeated whole body profile scanning a double tracer examination with 99mTc-pertechnetate and 113mIn-transferrin was performed. Total pertechnetate activity and total indium activity were measured over both hands, both feet, the ankles, and over the knee joints. In addition, the extravascular component of pertechnetate uptake and the ratio extravascular/total pertechnetate activity were calculated for these regions. The activity curves were followed up to 2 h after tracer injection in seven female patients presenting with rheumatoid arthritis and in six female controls. The four parameters calculated were compared and statistical analysis revealed the most significant discrimination of both groups for the ratio extravascular/total pertechnetate activity 2 h after injection (P less than 0.002).


Comparative evaluation of 99mTc-generators. A total of 34 99mTc-generators from eight different manufactures were studied in 1974 and 1975 with regard to their performance and to the quality of the eluates. With some exceptions the generators performed well and proved their ability to act as a reliable source of 99mTc-pertechnetate. Two cases of mechanical malfunction and two cases with a low elution yield of 99mTc were observed. Four generators were overloaded with 99Mo. The 99mTc-pertechnetate did in most cases fulfil the requirements of the Nordic Pharmacopeia.


The use of technetium-99m labelled heat-damaged red cells for the quantitative measurement of splenic function. A comparison of the rates of clearance of 51Cr labelled and 99mTc labelled heat-damaged red cells in 25 patients and 4 control subjects is reported. Very little correlation was found between the clearance half-times of the two types of labelled cells when the cells were labelled with 99mTc prior to heat damaging. The correlation was improved when the labelling step occurred after the cells had been damaged. Urinary excretion measurements revealed that the rate of excretion of 99mTc could be as much as nine times that of the 51Cr label. 99mTc labelled heat-damaged red cells were found not to be sufficiently stable a preparation for use in quantitative clearance studies.


Enhancement of abnormality in gamma images using Kohonen filters. A new method of processing digital images consists of a numerical filter which suppresses normal features producing an enhancement of the abnormality. The resulting filtered image aids the observer in the recognition of the abnormality. The filter is developed from verified normal images in the computer memory. The enhancement of pathologic accumulations with respect to surrounding activity was improved on the average by a factor of 2.6 for 13 lateral brain images.


Radio diagnosis using 125I-fibrinogen and 203Hg-thymidine. A comparative study of 125I-fibrinogen and 203Hg-thymidine using 144 Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice, indicates that tumor affinity of carrier substances with covalent labeling could be better used for scintigraphic tumor diagnosis. Halogenated or possibly metallo-organic compounds offer an alternative to the metal complexes in general use up to now.


Nicotine-11C: synthesis and distribution kinetics in animals. In order to study "in vivo" the distribution kinetics of (-)-nicotine in animals, this molecule was labeled with carbon-11. Two synthesis methods are described. Immediately after intravenous administration of (-)-nicotine-methyl-11C in rabbits the gamma-camera shows a strong radioactivity build-up in the brain and kidneys. The biological interest of this carbon-11 labeled molecule is discussed.


An unusual case of typhoid fever.

An unusual case of typhoid fever.


The effect of agar media on the in vitro susceptibility of Candida species to polyene antibiotics.


Hereditary spherocytic anemia--report of 54 cases.


Cystic tuberculosis of patella.

Cystic tuberculosis of patella.


Aetiology of Indian childhood cirrhosis: a new hypothesis.


Studies of chemical and biological properties of 99mTc-DMS (dimercaptosuccinic acid)--renal imaging agent. Studies of the chemistry of preparation of tin chelate 2.3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS) complexed with 99mTc with respect to its biological properties have been made. We have varied molar ratio of reactants (DMS:Sn/II/), concentration of Sn-DMS chelate and pH of 99mTc-DMS injection solution and examined their influence on biodistribution. Biodynamics of labeled solution at time intervals of from 0.5 to 4 h have also been measured. Animal experiments were carried out on mice and rats. Radiochemical purity was checked by paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gel-filtration through Bio-Gel P-2. A sterile, pyrogen-free lyophilized "kit" for labeling, stable for 6 months, was made on the basis of achieved results. The results of its clinical application are also reported.


A survey of fungi from eye patients in Lucknow.


Diabetes and rheumatoid factor.

Diabetes and rheumatoid factor.


Retinal abnormalities in albino rats.

Retinal abnormalities in albino rats.


Lymphoid pseudotumours or pseudolymphomas of the orbit.


Angiomatous implantation cyst of the conjunctiva.


Enterobius vermicularis in the human conjunctival sac.


Orbital lymphangioma (regression with corticosteroids).


Complicated microphthalmos.

Complicated microphthalmos.


Role of optometrist in ophthalmic practice.


Pinguecula and pterygium (a histopathological study).


Free amino acids in cataractous lenses.

Free amino acids in cataractous lenses.


Marginal keratitis produced by phthirus pubes.


An accessory optic disc.

An accessory optic disc.


Pseudoxanthoma elasticum--a case report.


Dacryocystography and surgery in pseudo sac.


Unilateral proptosis due to fibrous dysplasia.


Raised intraocular tension following the use of alpha-chymotrypsin in cataract surgery.


Ketamine and intraocular pressure.

Ketamine and intraocular pressure.


Mycotic flora of trachomatous conjunctiva.


Anisometropic amblyopia.

Anisometropic amblyopia.


Ocular injuries due to caterpillar hairs.


Peripheral nerve tumours of the orbit.

Peripheral nerve tumours of the orbit.


Hydatid cyst of the orbit.

Hydatid cyst of the orbit.


Orbital fibrous dysplasia.

Orbital fibrous dysplasia.


Bilateral medial rectus palsy due to nuclear involvement in closed head injury (a case report).


Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma.

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma.


Dacryocystography and lacrimal probing in cases of congenital obstruction of nasolacrimal duct.


Slit lamp photography of the eye.

Slit lamp photography of the eye.


Retained foreign body in orbito-maxillary region.


Ophthalmic manifestations of the toxicity of ethambutol.


Fractures in haemophilia.

Fractures in haemophilia. Eight cases of fractures in haemophiliac patients are presented. The clinical and radiological features, behaviour and response to treatment indicate that they are normal, not pathological fractures. If fractures in haemophiliac patients are treated early and correctly both from a haematological and orthopaedic point of view, the results are comparable with those in normal subjects. The haematological and orthopaedic management is discussed.


External skeletal fixation with continuous adjustment of stability and compression. A method of external fixation with continuous adjustment of stability is described. It allows interfragmentary compression, even on oblique surfaces in any plane and even when applied only on one side of the bone.


Bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy as a preliminary stage in the surgical treatment of exstrophia vescicae. Bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy as a preliminary stage in the surgical treatment of congenital extrophy of the bladder allows easier approximation of the soft tissues in front of the urethra and facilitates closure of the rectal muscles and fasciae, reducing or abolishing the need for using fascial strips and carrying out plastic procedures to close the skin.


Metacarpal loss treated by metatarsal substitution. In the hand severe trauma and tumours are the most frequent causes of loss of bone substance in the metacarpals. To save the function of the complete digital ray repair by bone grafting is essential. A technique is described for transferring all or part of a metatarsal bone as a hemiarticular graft for substituting metacarpal bone loss.


Exposure in the post-operative management of surgical wounds. Report of a trial. The ancient method of leaving operative wounds completely exposed to the air throughout the healing period is assessed on the basis of a trial in 100 surgical wounds (excluding traumatic wounds and wounds of the hand and knee). The method offers two chief advantages; the wound can be regularly and easily inspected, and any collection of secretions which can lead to skin complications and superficial sepsis can be dealt with. The results are analysed and compared favourably with those of conventional dressing techniques.


Experimental model for studying the invasive characteristics of malignant tumours transplanted in bone and muscle of rats. The subject of experimental research in bone oncology is comparatively neglected in the literature though it is recognised that such research could offer fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the biological behaviour of tumours in bone. A model for experimental study is proposed which is easy to carry out and effective in producing results. It consists of transplanting a highly malignant tumour with a 100 per cent "take" rate, such as Guérin's T8 or Oberling's aleukemic myeloma, in the tibia or femur of the rat. Some morphological and histochemical changes associated with the invasion and spread of these tumours in bone are reported. Observations were also made on their behaviour in muscle.


Sympathetic disorders in obstetrical paralysis of the newborn. In addition to the classical description of involvement of the cervical sympathetic in low root lesions (Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome), other sympathetic syndromes have been described accompanying the motor and sensory changes in obstetrical paralysis of the upper limb. Loss of sweat secretion can be deomonstrated by electrical skin resistance tests, and the authors describe their apparatus and method of investigating this in the newborn. Although sweat secretion is often scanty in the newborn, it can be enhanced with appropriate techniques, particularly in the areas richer in sweat glands. This method of investigating sympathetic nerve function has been used to clarify the location of the neurological damage and therefore it is of some value for the prognosis in obstetrical paralysis of the newborn.


Aneurysmal bone cyst (a study of 127 cases, 72 with longterm follow up). 127 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst are analysed, seventy two of which were followed up from one to fifteen years after treatment. Statistics on sex, age, site and localisation are reported. Symptoms, radiographic features, histological appearances and differential diagnosis are discussed. In half the cases the cyst was clearly shown to be of subperiosteal origin. The aetiology is unknown, but the pathogenesis seems to consist of a haemorrhagic and hyperplastic (not neoplastic) process which is progressive but has a tendency to become stabilised on reaching a certain point of maturation. Local excision is indicated or, in cases where this is difficult to carry out, radiotherapy. Recurrences occurred in 12 per cent of the cases, always within one year after operation. All cases were eventually cured and there was no evidence of malignant transformation.


New aspects of the structure of articular cartilage. The "tidemark" seen on the scanning electron microscope. New observations are reported based on scanning electron microscopy, of the interface ("tidemark zone") between articular cartilage and the underlying calcified strata; also on the structure of adult articular cartilage.


Ewing's sarcoma of the soft tissues? Case report. A case is reported of a malignant tumour of the soft tissues of the leg, with histological and pathological features comparable with those of Ewing's sarcoma of bone. This extension of the term Ewing's sarcoma to the soft tissues is proposed and the differential diagnosis is discussed.


Human dignity in living and dying.

Human dignity in living and dying.


Intradural lumbar disc hernia. Report of two cases. Penetration of disc tissue inside the dural sac in the lumbar region ("intradural disc hernia") is a rare occurrence. Two cases are described which presented as multi-root syndromes of the cauda equina. Some clinical aspects are discussed together with the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this rare type of disc hernia.


Haemangioma of bone with radiographic appearances simulating a giant cell tumour. A case is described of haemangioma of the proximal end of the humerus which simulated a giant cell tumour on radiography. An attempt at biopsy, carried out elsewhere, had failed because of severe haemorrhage from the tumour during operation. It was treated by en bloc resection and endoprosthesis with a good result after one year.


Oral contraceptives: which one for my patient?


Estimating the need for physicians in Alabama.


Surgically treatable asthma.

Surgically treatable asthma.


A study of diagnoses made in a rural community hospital emergency room.


Mercy caring vs. mercy killing.

Mercy caring vs. mercy killing.


Diabetic retinopathy: an overview.

Diabetic retinopathy: an overview.


Antenatal diagnosis of genetic defects.

Antenatal diagnosis of genetic defects.


Physician requirements for Alabama relationship to the new HSA's.


Current applications of diagnostic ultrasound in the abdomen.


Barbiturate endarteritis of foot.

Barbiturate endarteritis of foot.


Child abuse: scourge of society.

Child abuse: scourge of society.


The individual doctor. He need not walk alone.


Efforts underway to improve rural health care in Alabama.


False positive liver scans.

False positive liver scans.


Anticoagulation in acute myocardial infarction.


"Dedicated to serving a privileged class".


Pediatrics in colonial America.

Pediatrics in colonial America.


Neurilemmoma of the cervical portion of the vagus nerve: differentiation from a carotid artery aneurysm.


How many doctors?

How many doctors?


"I woke and found that life was duty"--anon.


The training of scientific experts.

The training of scientific experts.


Physical methods for the comparison of illicitly produced tablets.


Shot-gun injury of the chest: an exit hole.


Changes in blood cyanide as a function of storage time and temperature.


Interaction between methadone and ether peroxides to produce 1,5-dimethyl-3, 3-diphenyl-2-ethylidene-pyrrolidine the major cyclic metabolite of methadone.


Copper levels in human tissue.

Copper levels in human tissue.


Isotachophoresis of bloodstains.

Isotachophoresis of bloodstains.


Differentiation of the genetic variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in bloodstains by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate.


Response to glucagon of low-birth-weight infants with early intravenous glucose infusion.


Studies on drug nonequivalence. V. Gastrointestinal absorption of polymorphs of sulfameter.


Irreversible inhibitory effect of atropine on the contractile responses to drugs in isolated rat rectum, particularly in relation to Ca.


Irreversible inhibition by atropine of drug-induced contractions in isolated rabbit ileum, particularly in relation to the mobilization of Ca.


Influence of the removal of external K on tonus and drug-induced contractions of the isolated rat ileum, particularly in relation to Ca.


Mental health implications of economic growth in developing countries.


The duo-drama.

The duo-drama. A model of psychotherapy based on a 'dramatic look' is presented. It is an aspect developed from the demotorization of psycho-drama reduced to two actors Dialogue - in the sense of Plato and Buber - is looked at as action and dealt with accordingly. A pre-step of interpretation: confrontaion is used 'in flagranti' within the framework of here and now. The patient is continuously confronted with his 'action'.


Policy decisions and the reduction of mental hospitalization of the aged. Inappropriate hospitalization of elderly persons in mental institutions has been a cause for much concern. Reduction of this type of hospitalization has become an accepted national policy. The observed variations among the states in the rates and trends of hospitalization of aged patients may indicate that trends income states are more congruent with national policy than those in others. In an effort to account for the wide variation among the states, time trend analyses of rate changes of hospitalized aged were made for a sample of states. These reveal that there are relationships between impatient trends and specific policies and programs for the aged. The results provide insights into mental hospitalization of elderly persons, and indicate how the inappropriate mental hospitalization of the aged can be reduced.


On the rights of the mentally ill: a Hellenic view.


The role of the community mental health centre in prevention. The writer discusses some theoretical concepts regarding community psychiatry and the role of the community mental health centre with special attention to the primary preventative programmes, the limitations of the field of influence and the scope of activity within any given community. It would appear that most psychiatrists see their work as the delivery of psychiatric care, hopefully resulting in secondary and tertiary prevention. While the healing and supportive functions are of major significance, the mental health community centre has also an important educative part to play in primary prevention, in helping to upgrade the well-being and the social competence of the people in its sphere of influcence.


Is it possible to educate a psychiatrist? The author, who served as Executive Secretary and Editorial Consultant to the Conference on Education of Psychiatrists held in June 1975, presents here in some of the major findings, concerns, and dilemmas encountered by the conferees as they considered the current status of psychiatric education and the course it should take in the coming decade. The fundamental problem is that there is no firm consensus defining what a modern psychiatrist is or what he sould be. Basically the complete psychiatrist sits on a three-legged stool of biological, psychological, and social science. But the stool wobbles because the legs are of different length and thus far no one has been able to even them out.


Immune response in dog 2 effect of dose of antigen on antibody production. The primary antibody response of dogs and rabbits to both 'H' and 'O' antigens of Salmonella typhosa following intravenous injection with a formalin killed vaccine from 2.4 x 10(6) to 2.4 x 10(10) organisms/kg body weight was analysed. The animals were restimulated 80 days later with various vaccine concentrations. The lgM anti-'O' and lgG anti-'H' and 'O' antigens in the dogs, were significantly weaker in both primary and secondary response than the comparable rabbit group. Primary lgM anti-'H' response in the dog was found to be greater, equal, or less than that observed in the rabbit. A closer analysis of the primary response indicated that both animal species show the same latent period and doubling time in respect of anti-'H', and the differences observed are probably the result of the number of progenitor cells stimulated by the antigen. On the other hand the suppressed response of the dog to 'O'-antigen is the result of an overall weaker response of this animal to the antigen. The secondary anti-'H' lgM response was found to be greater than, equal to, or less than the primary response in the same animal. The significant inhibition of this response was observed in those animals which received a high primary dose of antigen.


Recommended method for the determination of creatine kinase in blood.


Distal blood pressure.

Distal blood pressure.


Digital blood pressure in normal subjects and patients with peripheral arterial disease. Systolic toe blood pressure was measured in 10 normal subjects and 17 patients with peripheral arterial disease during a warming and a cooling period, in which the skin temperature on the first toe was changed from 33 degrees C to 24 degrees C. In normal subjects systolic toe blood pressure increased from an average of 110 mm Hg to 120 mm Hg during cooling (P less than 0.01), while the systolic arm blood pressure was unchanged during the study (125 mm Hg). Among the patients systolic toe blood pressure increased from an average of 56 mm Hg to an average of 70 mm Hg (P less than 0.01), while arm blood pressure increased from an average of 167/79 mm Hg during warming to 175/83 mm Hg during the cooling period. It is emphazised that despite the small, but significant, increase in digital blood pressure during the cooling period, changes in distal temperature will only have a small influence on the digital blood pressure, when one is evaluating patients with suspected or manifest peripheral arterial disease. In general, measurement during vasodilatation is to be preferred, since curves are easily obtainable.


Reactive hyperaemia in the human calf after long-lasting ischaemia. A study with strain-gauge plethysmography.


Digital blood pressure in patients with peripheral arterial disease.


The influence of physical training during pregnancy on physical work capacity and circulatory parameters.


Myocardial metabolism and performance during sodium salicylate infusion in dogs. The effect of sodium salicylate on net myocardial free fatty acid (FFA) uptake, myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), and the mechanical activity of the heart was studied in eight intact, anesthetized dogs. Sodium salicylate was given intravenously under basal conditions and during isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. Under basal conditions, sodium salicylate significantly reduced arterial FFA concentration, but did not influence net myocardial uptake of FFA, and MVO2 was unchanged. During isoproterenol infusion sodium salicylate reduced arterial FFA concentration 28% (P less than 0.01) and significantly reduced net myocardial uptake of FFA from 44.5 +/- 9.0 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 22.3 +/- 2.1 mumol/min-100g tissue (P less than 0.05) and MVO2 from 20.3 +/- 2.2 to 160 +/- 1.9 ml/min-100g tissue (P less than 0.05). The reduction in MVO2 could not be explained by reduced mechanical activity of the heart. Most probably the mechanism for the reduction in MVO2 effected by sodium salicylate during isoproterenol infusion was mediated by reduced myocardial FFA consumption.


The influence of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on gastric mucosal content of energy-rich phosphate bond. The mucosal content of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate in mini-pig corpus gland area and in pyloric gland area was examined after aspirin ingestion in acute experiments and after ingestion for several weeks. Ingestion of aspirin led to a statistically significant decrease of adenine nucleotide content in corpus gland and in pyloric gland area. An inverse correlation between the pH of the aspirin suspensions and the size of the decrease was established in the short-time experiments. In non-affected pyloric gland area mucosa and adenine nucleotide content was significantly lower than in the corpus gland area. Pyloric mucosa was more susceptible to aspirin-induced lowering of adenine nucleotide content than was the corpus mucosa. Prolonged aspirin ingestion led to statistically significant reductions of adenine nucleotide pool. The findings explain the decrease in mucous secretion and in acid secretion demonstrated in several studies. The finding of lower and more susceptible adenine nucleotide pool in the pyloric area might be the explanation for the preponderant occurrence of aspirin ulcerations in this region.


Effects of different doses of acetylsalicylic acid on renal function in the dog. This study was carried out in order to examine the effect of increasing doses of intravenously administered lysine-acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on renal function in dogs. The first purpose was to examine the acute effects on renal water and solute output. The second purpose was to correlate the para-aminohippuric (PAH) clearance measurements with measurement of renal PAH extraction and renal blood flow (RBF). After 7 mg/kg ASA (20-80 microgram SA/ml plasma) a decrease in sodium excretion was observed in all dogs. With increasing ASA doses, the urine sodium excretion declined to 23% of the control period excretion. Tubular reabsorption of free water increased 10%. A significant and dose-related decrease in PAH clearance was observed in all dogs, from 108.7 ml/kg ASA to 58.8 ml/min after 200 mg/kg ASA. The creatine clearance was unchanged. PAH extraction fell in all dogs, RBF (measured by flowmeter decreased 21% at the highest plasma SA levels, as compared with 46% decrease in PAH clearance. ASA seems to inhibit tubular transport of PAH. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by ASA offers one explanation of the effects of RBF and sodium excretion.


Differences between capillary and venous blood glucose during oral glucose tolerance tests. The simultaneous capillary and venous blood glucose concentrations were measured during 36 oral glucose tolerance tests performed in 36 postmenopausal women. Three of the subjects had chemical diabetes mellitus. In samples obtained before and 120-180 min after the glucose load the differences between capillary and venous blood glucose concentrations were low, whereas samples taken after 15-90 min showed a mean capillary-venous difference of 1.8 mmol/l. This is higher than previously stated by the World Health Organization and the British Diabetes Association. If the definitions that were recommended by these two bodies are used for defining whether the result of an oral glucose tolerance test is to be considered 'normal' or 'abnormal', the present results indicate that the verdict will in some cases be influenced by the route by which the blood was obtained.


Effects of different doses of chlorpromazine on renal function in the dog. This study was carried out to examine the effects of low 'alpha-blocking' and higher 'membrane-stabilizing' doses of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on renal function. CPZ was given at slow infusion rate either intravenously or into the left renal artery at three levels (0.5-1.0, 3-8, and 10-15 mg/kg) to 10 anesthetized dogs. An increase in plasma hemoglobin sometimes occurred within few minutes after infusion of more than 10 mg/kg CPZ, probably due to a hemolytic effect of such high doses. Systemic infusion of 0.5-1 mg/kg CPZ caused an increase in urine volume, sodium excretion, and renal plasma flow, and a decrease in filtration fraction and free water clearance was demonstrated in all dogs. At higher CPZ doses renal plasma flow increased further, whereas urine volume and electrolyte excretion were of the same order at all dose levels. A 21% decrease in tubular maximum para-aminohippurate transport (Tm(PAH)) was observed at the highest CPZ doses. After unilateral renal intra-arterial CPZ infusion the percentage change in urine volume, urinary sodium excretion, and Tm(PAH) were of the same order on the infused side as on the contralateral side. Even though the results at all dose levels can be explained by an 'alpha-blocking' effect of CPZ, possible membrane-stabilizine effects of CPZ cannot be excluded.


Effects of androgens on oxygen affinity in vivo and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content of red cells in peripheral arterial insufficiency. The effect of testosterone on the red cell concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and on the in vivo oxygen affinity of venous blood was investigated. Six male patients with peripheral arteriosclerosis received 500 mg testosterone enantas intramuscularly for 15 weeks. Six matched controls received 2 ml NaCl weekly for the same period of time. The hemoglobin concentration, the hematocrit, and the 2,3-DPG concentration increased significantly during testosterone treatment, while no significant changes in the oxygen affinity could be detected. It is concluded that testosterone in the doses applied here does not improve oxygen unloading from the blood.


Determination of bradykinin in blood by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. Antibodies of high avidity (maximum Km 1.3 X 10(10) L/M) were produced in rabbits against bradykinin coupled to ovalbumin with toluene 2,4-disocyanate. Tyrosin8- bradykinin was labelled to a specific activity of 530-700 Ci/mmol with 125I by means of lactoperoxidase. Sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay was 0.01 microgram/l blood. Specificity studies demonstrated the essential role of the C-terminal arginine of bradykinin for binding to antibody. Mean recovery of [3H]bradykinin internal standard after the preparation of 86 blood samples was 39.0%. The major loss occurred during ethanol precipitation. In venous blood collected at random conditions from 32 normal subjects the bradykinin concentration ranged 0.04-0.46 microgram/l and showed no sex difference.


Radioimmunological determination and characterization of cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity in normal human plasma. A radioimmunological method for determination of human cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity is described. DFP-treated human cathodal trypsin is used as standard and tracer. Freshly drawn normal human plasma contains about 25 microgram/l of cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity measured as DFP-treated cathodal trypsin. The normally circulating cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity is shown to consist mainly of cathodal trypsinogen.


Radioimmunoassay of vasopressin in unextracted plasma. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for arg8-vasopressin (AVP) in unextracted human plasma was based on a sensitive anti-AVP rabbit antiserum, inhibition of enzymatic damage to [125I]AVP and AVP, and the use of an individual plasma blank, to correct for interference of plasma factors with the RIA. Sensitivity was 0.4 pg of synthetic AVP detected, corresponding to 1.2 pg/ml of AVP in human plasma. Recovery of AVP added to pooled plasma was 94 +/- 9.3% (mean +/- S.D.) in the low range (AVP, 2.8 pg/ml added) and 106 +/- 11.7% in the high range (45.0 pg/ml added). In 26 healthy, ambulatory subjects on ad lib, water intake, plasma AVP concentration was 2.0 +/- 1.22 pg/ml in the supine position and in 28 healthy subjects, 6.2 +/- 4.3 pg/ml in the upright position. Water loading suppressed the plasma AVP concentration. Smoking caused increased plasma AVP in 3 subjects despite water loading.


Evaluation of the sampling technique and storage of blood using the B 109 Arterial Blood Sampler syringe. To evaluate the B 109 Arterial Blood Sampler (Radiometer), 10 different samples were analyzed for Pco2, Po2, and pH. The aerobic sampling technique, followed by storage for 2 h in water at 1 degrees C, induced small, but clinically insignificant, changes in the measured values.


Cell reactions to metastatic tumors in the regional lymph nodes--light and electron microscopic studies.


Arterio-jugular oxygen difference in severe intracranial lesions.


Hearing impairment due to noise in the Kyung-In industrial area in Korea.


Cytogenetic studies of the Korean chipmunk, Eutamias sibiricus asiaticus.


Intranasal antrostomy with nasoantral window-plasty. (Kim's antrostomy).


A case of cryptococcosis treated with 5-fluorocytosine.


Relation between corpus allatum and haemolymph proteins in Sphaerodema rusticum Fabr. The active and inactive stages of the corpora allata have been described on the basis of size and nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. The polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of the haemolymph has been done in the males and different stages of reproducing females. A protein fraction with a value 14 less than or equal to Rm less than 16 has been observed only in females. Out of 8 protein fractions, 5 showed oscillations in their concentration at the time of vitellogenesis. Finally active stages in the corpora allata are correlated with the fluctuations in haemolymph protein concentration.


The role of hypertrophic cartilage in endochondral ossification. Normal stages of histogenesis of long bones show that the hypertrophy of cartilage cells is the pre-requisite for the perichondrium to take up osteoblastic activity, (Fell 1925, Lutfi 1971). Cooper (1965) found the cartilage cells from epihysis of the long bones of chick failed to induce chondrogenesis in somites in mice and chick whereas flat cells and early Peripheral cells could do same. Fell and Landauer (1935) noticed that in avian phocomelia the hypertrophied cartilage cells fail to hypertrophy leading subsequently to deformities of long bones. Presently an attempt is made to analyse this process further by culture experiments. It is found that complete tibial rudiment or part of it grows normally in vitro with good differentiation of various zones and the development of osteoid tissue. However it is noticed that when cartilage and the associated perichondrial tissues are grown separately, there is no patterned growth of cartilage and the absence of development of osteoid tissue in either types of cultures. The role of perichondrium and cartilage is discussed in the light of experimental findings.


Studies on the development of endocrine glands in fishes. I. Development of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system in Clarias batrachus L.


The behaviour of the donor melanoblasts in the non-pigmented host embryos. The behaviour of the donor melanoblasts from the leg bud mesoderm of Silver Campine implanted into White Leghorn embryos has been studied. Their schedule of migration from intracoelomic grafts to various parts of hosts is worked out. Different hypotheses for differentiation of grafted spherical melanoblasts in various tissues of hosts have been investigated.


Developmental variations of the villi along the ileum in newly hatched and adult pigeons. A scanning electron microscopic study.


Effect of luteinizing hormone on female Puntius ticto (Ham.). Low doses (0.2 mg and 0.4 mg) of LH did not reveal any effect on the ovary of Puntius ticto (Ham.), but with 0.6 mg of LH the vitellogenesis began. Full maturation in the ovary was recorded with a total dose of 1.2 mg of LH and the fish spawned with a dose of 1.4 mg of LH.


Ventral exocrine gland of larva of Spodoptera (Prodenia) litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The morphological and histological structure of the ventral exocrine gland of the larva of the tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera (Prodenia) litura (Fab.) is shown. The proximal region of the gland is capable of protrusion through the prothoracic sternal slit as an elongate organ reaching upto the spinneret. The middle region of the gland shows characteristic giant cells in only one of the walls of the epithelium, while the distal region shows a thin flat epithelium with small round closely situated nuclei resting against the tunica propria. The gland probably secretes a gummy fluid for larval movements rather than a stinking odourous fluid for defense.


Experimental quantitative electron microscopical studies on the nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex of the thalamus in the cat.


Relationship of blood vessels to small intensely fluorescent cells in the autonomic ganglion. In our experiments we observed the relationship of the blood vessels to the small, intensely fluorescent cells (SIF cells) in the lower mesenteric ganglion of the cat. We injected the solution of Evan's blue into the ganglia and processed them with the fluorescent histochemical method by Falck and Hillarp. We observed that the SIF cells are placed in the ganglia closely to the blood vessels or closely round them. When observing lager groups of SIF cells placed at the edge of the ganglia a dense network of the blood vessels was observed among these cells.


Follicular and reticular arrangements of medullary cells in the adrenal gland of Göttingen Miniature pigs. In the adrenal gland of Göttingen miniature pigs adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cells showed follicular and reticular arrangements, which were not observed in the domesticated form (German land race) of Sus scrofa. Chromaffin cells could contain vacuoles, which were sometimes connected with follicles and filled with a material indistinguishable from that in follicles. Coated and smooth vesicles with contents of various electron densities were particularly abundant around vacuoles and Golgi areas, which were often found to be closely associated. Chromaffin cells were unconspicious with respect to other ultrastructural details. A comparison was made between this mode of arrangement and that seen after intense stimulation of the adrenal medulla using insulin, reserpine, or vinblastine. The possible significance of this particular pattern of arrangement of chromaffin cells is discussed.


Lysosomal disposal of secretory granules and their transformation into pigment particles in spontaneous prolactin cell adenomas of the rat pituitary. Light and electron microscopic study of spontaneous prolactin cell adenomas, found at autopsy of 26 aging female Long-Evans rats and of 9 aging male Wistar rats, revealed pigment particles in the cytoplasm of some adenoma cells. It is postulated that most of the pigment particles derive from secretory granules. The presence of crinophagy and autophagy are interpreted as the morphologic expressions of lysosomal activation. The causative mechanisms accounting for lysosomal disposal of secretory granules and their transformation to pigment particles remain to be elucidated.


Ultrastructural and cytochemical localization of calcium in a rat cardiac muscle in normal and experimental conditions. The experiment carried out by us on the, stimulated by adrenaline, cardiac muscle allowed the activation of calcium localized mainly in the mitochondria, MA and FA of the intercalated discs and SR to be translocated in the direction of the sarcomere myofilaments and this especially to the thin actin filaments. The authors' experimental proves, that during the contraction--relaxation function of the cardiac muscle there exists a circulation rythm or a oscillatory functional flow of calcium ions between the mitochondria, intercalated discs and SR and the contractile fibrillae of the sarcomere.


Studies on the seasonal histocytological changes in the internal and chromaffin cells of male Puntius sophore (Ham) in relation to its reproductive cycle. An attempt has been made to correlate the activities of interrenal and chromaffin cells with the reproductive cycle of Puntius sophore. Chromaffin cells do not have any significant bearing while interrenal cells undergo qualitative and quantitative changes which have been correlated with the various phases in the reproductive cycle of this fish. These cells undergo degranulation and vacuolisation during spawning phase, disorganisation during regression phase, and reorganisation and gradual growth during resting and prespawning phases. These cells thus appear to play an important role in the reproductive physiology of this fish.


Death-discordant twins--a new method to evaluate genetic factors in chronic diseases. One of the most important lines of research on unselected large scale twin registries are mortality followups. Death-specific concordance rates have been calculated using different measures of concordance. These estimates are of great importance but they only reflect an "all or-none" classification of the genetic effect. It is suggested that mortality studies could be extended to, and include studies on, death-discordant twins. Such studies combine the advantages from mortality follow-ups on total twin populations with the detailed clinical investigation on subsamples. By examining the surviving cotwins with respect to various traits and supposed risk factors, an opportunity has been provided to study the genetic determination on the development of disease. This approach has been used in a study of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and its risk factors in a representative subsample from the Swedish Twin Registry.


Alcohol consumption in relation to factors associated with ischemic heart disease: a cotwin control study. Moderately alcohol-discordant male twin pairs, aged 45-65 years, have been examined with respect to ischemic heart disease (IHD) and associated factors. No conclusion can yet be drawn with regard to manifest or subclinical IHD, while significant disparities were found with regard to systolic and diastolic blood pressures, high cigarette consumption, hyperglycemia, and serum cholesterol; the greater number of findings of pathological values were found in the high alcohol-consumption as compared to the low alcohol-consumption cotwins. These findings offer a possible explanation for the increased number of reports showing a connection between high consumption of alcohol and occurrence heart disease.


Further observations on the B-type neurosecretory cells in the thoracic ganglion of the crab, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman). Only four types of the secretory neurones were observed in the thoracic ganglion of the fresh water crab, Potamon magnum magnum (Pretzman). These cells are classified as A, A', B and C types. Our results also confirmed that the B and B' types of cells (BAID et al. 1968) are one and the same type, the B cells. The B cells are of two forms, with and without the axons. They clearly showed sequential histological patterns pointing out to their phases. The secretory material is discharged either through the periphery or through the axon and periphery both. The vacuoles were observed in both the forms of the B cells. The remarkable sign of the activity of the nuclear membrane especially at the beginning of the secretory cycle and the appearance of the first secretory granules around the nucleus strongly support the vital role of the nucleus in the initiation of the secretory cycle.


Attitudes towards twinning in primitive societies.


Gene interaction in the phenotypic expression of mental diseases. A genealogical analysis is carried out on the pedigrees of 10 twin pairs with two or more psychoses. The probands' symptoms reveal some peculiar aspects, i.e., an atypical phenomenology possibly due to the interference of more pathological genes. Schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy, and obsessive neurosis, are found in the pedigrees in different combinations. The study of these pedigrees would lead to the conclusion that interaction of more than one psychosis gives rise to atypical forms as a result of an attempt to establish a state of balance between opposing dynamic actions, as in reversible chemical reactions. Probands' symptoms are less severe and with an often more favourable prognosis. Epilepsy tends to become independent and the major psychoses seem to be epistatic on it. As for obsessive-compulsive neurosis, probands may progress into schizophrenia or depression if one of these psychoses is present in the pedigree, or may represent the neurotic form of the major disease.


Twin studies in medical genetics.

Twin studies in medical genetics.


A case of simultaneous interstitial bilateral pregnancy. Twin pregnancies may present tubal involvement in the following cases: (1) simultaneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy; (2) interstitial bilateral pregnancy (either simultaneous or not); (3) multiple pregnancy in the same tube; and (4) simultaneous interstitial and ovarian pregnancy. Interstitial bilateral pregnancy appears to be by far the rarest kind of tubal twin pregnancy, apparently only one case having been reported in the literature, and this referring to a nonsimultaneous pregnancy. A case is now reported that therefore appears to represent the first observation of simultaneous interstitial bilateral pregnancy.


Early diagnosis and follow up of twin-pregnancy using a two-dimensional ultrasonic scanner.


Twin pregnancy as a high risk pregnancy: new medical statistical data from the German Democratic Republic. In 1972 the rate of multiple births showed a much more substantial decrease than in the years before. In the period 1963-1971 it dropped from 20.3% to 19.3% and in 1972 to 18.3%. The frequency of low birth weight in children from a multiple birth is 10 times higher than in all newborn children and the early neonatal mortality of children from a multiple birth is 8 times higher than that of all newborn infants. Cerebral damage is 30 times higher in children of low birth weight than in children of normal birth weight. In the period 1965-1967 perinatal death associated with cerebral damage (recorded on the death certificate) accounted for 5.7% of all children of low birth weight and for 0.2% of children weighing at birth over 2500 g. Early diagnosis of multiple pregnancy and early in-patient care of women with multiple pregnancy will improve the development of multiple fetuses and give children from a multiple birth much better chances in life. In all twin studies it has to be considered that a relatively high proportion of twins is affected to a higher or lesser degree by cerebral damage.


Major fetal hazards in multiple pregnancy.


Hypothesis of an ovular regulation of pregnancy weight-gain. A retrospective study of 127 twin pregnancies has been carried out, considering the relation between maternal weight-gain and zygosity of the ovum. At 28 weeks of gestation, the maternal weight-gain distribution goes on according to a bimodal curve, the analysis of which shows that each pike corresponds to one twin-pregnancy variety. Whatever the considered term might be (28-32-36 weeks), the maternal weight-gain is higher in DZ than in MZ pregnancies, and it should be pointed out that toxemic pregnancies, in each group, have nothing to do with this difference. This maternal weight-gain difference may reflect the known quality difference between MZ and DZ ova. The data lead to set up the more general hypothesis of an ovular regulation factor of the maternal weight-gain, in addition to classic data such as the own fetal weight, its annexes, and maternal diet.


Leukemia in twins: antenatal and postnatal factors. Two factors emerged from a search for obstetric phenomena that might explain concordance of leukemia in both members of a twin pair within days or months of each other: antenatal exposure to ionizing radiation; and antenatal cojoined intrauterine circulation. In addition, antenatal tumor metastasis and chromosomal changes, antenatal or postnatal, may be contributory. Continued observation of reports should be carried out.


Frequency of thoracoomphalopagus conjoined twins in Thailand. Twenty-two cases of conjoined twins have been collected in Thailand. The numbers occurring in the various parts of Thailand are listed. No known cases have occurred between the years 1968-1973. The extent of union between the conjoined twins is described and illustrated. Some theories are offered as to etiological factors which might account for the occurrence of conjoined twins.


Supertwin records.

Supertwin records.


Morphological and cytogenetic studies on conjoined twins. Two cases of monoamniotic conjoined male twins, born at term after normal pregnancies, are reported. The first case, a bicephalus, shows hypoplastic and malformed left-side organs, absence of the left umbilical artery, and two communicating hearts, the left one with three cameras. The second case, a pygothoracopagus, consists in a twin "parasite", with no head but with two upper and two lower limbs, slightly less developed than those of the formed twin. The left eye of the formed twin is double than the right one and contains two eye apples -- one well-formed and the other rudimentary. There is a rudiment of a second mouth on the left cheek. The umbilical cord contains five blood vessels --- one umbilical vein and four umbilical arteries. The cytogenetic study of the pygothoracopagus reveals aneuploidy, more pronounced in the "parasite" than in the formed twin.


Monoamniotic twins.

Monoamniotic twins. Six new cases of monoamniotic twins are reported. All had true knots of the cord, the result being double survival in 5 cases and 11 normal children. The mechanism of twin development is described and monoamniotic twins are placed in accordance with the two theories from the literature. A short review of both the Scandinavian and the world cases is presented.


A case of conjoined twins.

A case of conjoined twins. Among 56,249 maternities in the Collaborative Perinatal Project, 615 were twin maternities. One of these resulted in stillborn thoracoomphalopagus MZ female twins with multiple cardiovascular, alimentary and other malformations. The case is of further interest in that the mother had a surgically removed brain tumor in childhood and exhibited neurological symptoms and bizarre behavior before and during pregnancy. Drugs and treatments which she received during pregnancy are not known to be teratogenic.


Familial twinning: a case for superfetation in man.


Triplet pregnancy in a subfertile woman treated with clomiphene citrate. A 26-year-old subfertile woman with a history of abortions at the 7-9th week was treated with Clomid, 50 mg for 5 days. A pregnancy resulted, which ended in the premature birth of a set of alive triplets that sex and blood-group determinations showed to be trizgotic. It is suggested that this production of a multiple ovulation in a woman with luteal deficiency be the result of excessive dosage of Clomid.


Delayed ovulation and monozygotic twinning. Aiming to show that delayed ovulation may induce MZ twinning, follicular maturation was induced in the rabbit by a small quantity of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (16 UI four times): coitus, which induces ovulation in the rabbit, was delayed 60 hours after the last injection. From the 387 blastocysts obtained after this treatment, 6 (1.5%) were pairs of MZ twins, twinning being otherwise exceptional in the rabbit. Other anomalies were shown by the embryos, apparently related to a deficient quality of the eggs: high embryonic mortality (62% vs. 27% in controls) and chromosomal anomalies (20%) such as trisomies, triploidies, and chimaeras. The relation between MZ twinning, chromosomal anomalies, and embryonic mortality induced by delayed ovulation, could be connected and related to the poor perinatal conditions frequently observed in human MZ twins.