Phytophotodermatitis from Heracleum mantegazzianum. Five individuals developed striate bullous dermatitis two days after exposure on a clear day to Heracleum mantegazzianum, Umbelliferae (Parsnip) family. Photopatch testing confirmed phototoxicity from the plant. This and 28 other Heracleum species yield linear furanocoumarins.


Cement burns.

Cement burns. Four cases are presented of men who sustained burns after contact with premixed concrete. The pathogenesis of the condition is discussed.


Squaric-acid-diethylester - a strong sensitizer. A patient developed a circumscribed contact dermatitis after a single contact with squaric-acid-diethylester (SADE). Patch tests with low concentrations of SADE were positive. Based on these observations, experimental studies on the sensitizing capacity of SADE were performed on guinea-pigs. The results disclosed that this compound is a strong sensitizer. Derivatives of SADE, such as the nearly insoluble squaric acid, squaric acid-1,2-diamide and dithio-N,N'-dicyclohexyle-1,2-diamide were not able to produce allergic skin reactions in the sensitized patient nor in guinea pigs. The chemistry and the range of uses of squaric acid and its derivatives are briefly mentioned. A hypothesis on the molecular mechanism of conjugation of SADE to human proteins and thereby on sensitization is discussed. A warning is given for taking precautionary measures before handling this substance.


Sensitization to propantheline bromide, trichlorocarbanilide and propylene glycol in an antiperspirant. Out of 14 patients with axillary dermatitis due to an antiperspirant, and with positive patch test reactions to the product, the sensitizer could be demonstrated in 12. Of these, 11 were positive to propantheline bromide, 3 to trichlorocarbanilide and one to propylene glycol. The antiperspirant contains 90% propylene glycol, which is an irritant under occlusion. When applied in the axillae, where occlusive conditions usually prevail, an irritant effect of propylene glycol may have promoted sensitization to the ingredients of the antiperspirant.


Results of routine office patch testing. The results of patch testing over the past 18 months in a general dermatology clinic are presented and compared with the data recently reported by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. Good correlation exists between the results of the two studies for all the reported allergens except nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate. The increased incidence of sensitivity to these allergens reported in our series probably reflects the tendency for all metal related contact dermatitis to be referred to our clinic, even though recognized as such by the referring physician. The 16.8% reactivity to a dye mix used in our screening kit, and not reported by others, proved most interesting. In the light of continuing reports of dye related allergic contact dermatitis, our experience prompts us to suggest that a dye mix of some sort should be evaluated in future large-scale studies of patch test screening kits.


Contact hypersensitivity to sesquiterpene lactones in Chyrsanthemum dermatitis. In six persons with contact allergy to chrysanthemum of florists, patch tests were performed with 25 sequiterpene lactones. Positive responses were observed to 15 lactones. The most frequently encountered positive responses were to alantolactone (positive in all cases) and to arbusculin A, 8-deoxycumambrin, ambrosin, damsin and psilostachynin. The findings corroborate the assumption that an alpha-methylene group attached to the gamma-lactone ring is an essential prerequisite for allergenic activity of sesquiterpene lactones. Pyrethrum produced a positive reaction in one of the patients, pyrethrins gave negative reactions in all. Some of the chrysanthemum patients were also hypersensitive to turpentine and colophony and to garlic, primin and tars.


Computer-derived exposure lights for common contact dermatitis antigens. An established computer file was searched for lists of products containing 45 antigens recognized as causes of allergic contact dermatitis. The final lists included over 8000 products. The problem, ptoential and limitations of such lists are discussed.


Histological differences between irritant and allergic patch test reactions in man. The results of a study of the histological aspects of the application of DNCB on the skin of unsensitized and sensitized persons are discussed. The nature of the histological changes in primary irritant and allergic reactions to DNCB in human skin appeared to be identical. The differences appeared to be primarily of a quantitative character. It is furthermore concluded from data in the literature that the skin of some persons may react with a primary irritant reaction to concentrations of a compound thought to cause only allergic reactions. In these persons histological examination of the patch test result may give insufficient clues as to the nature of the reaction. The practical consequences of the data presented are discussed.


Phototoxicity of methoxsalen in various vehicles. Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) was used as the photoxic substance in the study of the properties of various vehicles in photoepicutaneous testing. Macrogols as such were relatively poor bases, and positive reactions were seen only occasionally at a concentration of 0.05% methoxsalen. Increasing amounts of water in macrogols brought forth more numerous and stronger reactions. The photoxicity also increased when ethanol was added. The reactions were, however, weaker than to those with aqueous bases. Wool fat and glycerol as vehicles usually reacted in the same way as polyethylene glycols when water was added. An explanation of the mechanism of the changes in the properties of vehicles due to the addition of water/ethanol requires further investigation.


The development of metal hypersensitivity in patients with metal-to-plastic hip arthroplasties. Sixty-six patients who had to undergo total hip replacement by means of a metal-to-plastic Stanmore prosthesis, were patch-tested prior to and 6 to 12 months after surgery with the standard ICDRG all allergens series and with acrylic monomer 5% in acetone. In 62 patients the history of metal allergy as well as the patch tests to all tested allergens were negative. One patient with a history of metal allergy reacted negatively before surgery; about 6 months after surgery the patch test to nickel sulphate was positive (2 plus). Three other patients developed positive patch test reaction after surgery: two reacted positively to nickel sulphate (2 plus) and one to cobalt chloride (2 plus). In none of the 66 patients have local side effects of the prostheses been found to date.


Allergic contact dermatitis to a salicyclic acid plaster. We report two patients who developed allergic eczematous contact dermatitis to a salacid plaster used to treat plantar warts. Both patients were subsequently shown to be allergic to dehydroabietic acid, a resin contained in the plaster.


Routine patch testing with Irgasan DP 300.


Incidence of neomycin and framycetin sensitivity. A total of 450 consecutive patients were patch-tested to both neomycin and framycetin (20% in petrolatum). Thirteen patients were sensitive to both preparations, 10 to neomycin alone and four to framycetin alone. The significance of these results is discussed, with particular reference to the constituents of the preparations and the allergenic groups involved.


Validity of patch test results.

Validity of patch test results.


Contact hypersensitivity to glycerol.

Contact hypersensitivity to glycerol.


Allergy to balsam of Peru and wood tars: an increasing problem?


Colophony collar dermatitis.

Colophony collar dermatitis.


Preoperative cervical dilatation by oral PGE2.


Evaluation of 15(S) 15-methyl-PGF 2 alpha-methyl ester vaginal suppositories for cervical dilatation and second trimester pregnancy termination.


A statistical study of the copper T and copper 7 intrauterine devices. The performance of the Copper T and Copper 7 IUDs over a 3-year period was assessed. A total of 581 women received the Copper T and 297 received the Copper 7. Net cumulative event rates were determined at 12, 24, and 36 months/100 women. Both  groups were similar with respect to age and parity. Net cumulative pregnancy rates at 12, 24, and 36 months were .3, 1.2, and 1.7 for the Copper T device and 1.3, 3.4, and 3.9 for the Copper 7. Expulsion rates for the Copper 7 IUD were higher  than those for the Copper T. However, the frequency of removals for bleeding/pain was greater for the Copper T.  The incidence of infection was similar for both devices. After 3 years of use, the net cumulative relevant termination rates were not significantly (p less than .05) different between the devices.


Intravaginal contraception with the synthetic progestin, R2323. A Silastic intravaginal ring (IVR) containing R2323 (17 alpha-ethinyl-17 beta-hydroxy-18-methyl-4,9,11-estrien-3-one) in its center core was tested in vitro and in 4 women for 1 cycle each. Initially 330 mg of drug was released/day from the  IVR in vitro, and after 150 days the value had declined to about 230 mg. Ovulation was inhibited in the 4 subjects due to the constant release of R2323 as evidenced by the steroid blood levels of 1-3 ng/ml. When the IVR was removed, R2323  blood levels quickly fell to zero. All the women had normal withdrawal bleeding, and 2 subjects followed during a recovery cycle had ovulatory levels of progesterone.


Comparative study of the estrogenic effect of ethinylestradiol and mestranol on the endometrium.


A study of four antigon models and factors in the use-effectiveness of the IUD.


The place of irradiation in the treatment of malignant tumors of the salivary glands. 1. Radiation therapy is not indicated after surgical removal with adequate margins of low-grade tumor. 2. Radiation therapy is indicated with a) Inadequate surgical margins in low-grade tumors b) All high-grade tumors c) All recurrent malignant tumors 3. Irradiation of nerve pathways is indicated with demonstrated nerve and perineural invasion and/or with adenoicystic carcinoma. 4. Irradiation of the entire ipsilateral neck is indicated a) Wtih high-grade tumors unless radical neck dissection shows negative nodes b) In the place of radical neck dissection.


Combined irradiation and surgery for rectal and sigmoid carcinoma.


Soft tissue sarcomas.

Soft tissue sarcomas.


Radiation therapy in the management of carcinoma of the prostate.


When can a baby make antibody?

When can a baby make antibody?


Therapeutic instruction.

Therapeutic instruction.


Innocent vs significant murmurs.

Innocent vs significant murmurs.


Semi-permanent hair color.

Semi-permanent hair color.


Observations on a lactate-containing emollient cream.


Cutaneous bilharzial granulomas: a histopathologic study. Histopathological studies were done on seven cutaneous lesions; all but two were clinically diagnosed as cutaneous bilharzial granulomas. Epidermal, dermal, vascular, sweat and sebaceous gland changes were demonstrated. The purpose of this paper is to present the pathogenesis of these granulomas.


The "vanilla fudge" cyst.

The "vanilla fudge" cyst. A white cyst, partially covered by jet black splotches and streaks, had a surface appearance of vanilla fudge ice cream. Histologically, the cyst was lined with two distinctly different types of follicular epithelium--one identical to that of the infundibulum and the other to that of the matrix. The black pigment was melanin, produced by numerous dendritic melanocytes that were situated only in the region of the epithelium-resembling matrix.


Update: seabather's eruption and swimmer's itch. Swimmer's itch and seabather's eruption, while similar in morphology, differ in important aspects. Seabather's eruption occurs chiefly in salt water and involves covered parts of the body. Swimmer's itch occurs chiefly in fresh water and involves uncovered parts. The cause of swimmer's itch is definitely known to be schistosome cercariae, while the cause of seabather's eruption is for the most part unknown. Algae, coelenterates and schistosomes as well as other organisms found in seawater have been suggested. Control of swimmer's itch is best accomplished by decreasing the snail population.


Cutaneous Hodgkin's disease.

Cutaneous Hodgkin's disease. A case of specific cutaneous Hodgkin's disease, which is sparsely mentioned in the literature, is reported. The lesion was nodulo-ulcerative and corresponded to the Grosz-Hirschfield type. It was confirmed by biopsy and the pattern was similar to that of an excised supraclavicular node examined two years previously. The lesion responded to treatment with gentamicin topically, clindamycin orally and 500 r of cauterizing X-ray. There has been no recurrence to date and no other new cutaneous lesions. This report further confirms what Ferdinand von Hebra implied one hundred years ago--that a dermatologist should not only know skin diseases but also the cutaneous manifestations of visceral diseases.


Scalp psoriasis: improved treatment with a shampoo machine.


Trichloroacetic acid peeling.

Trichloroacetic acid peeling. Trichloroacetic acid peeling refers to a system whereby a corrosive chemical is applied to the skin. The resultant good effect is due to epidermal regeneration, as well as the regenerating of new collagen in the dermis. The technique of deep chemical peeling in treatment of actinic degeneration and acne scarring is presented.


Infantile asthma.

Infantile asthma.


Laser surgery in cosmetic dermatology.

Laser surgery in cosmetic dermatology.


Cutaneous manifestations of hypothyroidism including purpura and ecchymoses. Hypothyroidism has distinctive cutaneous manifestations which may be diagnostic. Biopsy and histologic study of the skin may provide a simple and useful tool for diagnosing hypothyroidism. Purpura and ecchymoses, although not often mentioned among cutaneous manifestations of hypothyroidism, occurred in nine of 222 hypothyroid patients at Ochsner Clinic between 1958 and 1972.


Reactions to antioxidants in cosmetics and foods.


Herpes zoster: a cause of acute detrusor muscle paralysis. The essence of this report is to apprise the dermatologist of this fascinating but unusual complication of herpes zoster and to underscore the help he may give in establishing the diagnosis along with assisting in the management of this disorder.


Coexistence of discoid lupus erythematosus and porphyria cutanea tarda. A case of coexistent porphyria cutanea tarda and discoid lupus erythematosus is presented. Abnormal urinary porphyrins, the presence of liver fluorescence, chronic alcoholism, fatty metamorphosis of the liver and histologically typical LE with the demonstration of basement membrane fluorescence were present in the patient. Awareness of the possible coexistence of these two conditions is of practical significance for the practicing dermatologist. The nature of the relationship between these conditions remains obscure. Is it coincidental or does it represent a common pathophysiological mechanism? Further work on this unique pair of diseases seems indicated.


Acute neutrophilic dermatosis.

Acute neutrophilic dermatosis.


Photoallergy induced by quinidine.

Photoallergy induced by quinidine. An 82-year-old woman presented with a lichenified dermatitis over light-exposed areas. The eruption cleared upon withdrawal of quinidine and recurred on re-administration of the drug. Though quinidine has not been recognized as a photo-sensitizing agent, upon review of the literature we have uncovered other cases which meet the criteria and justify including this drug among those capable of causing such reactions.


Wrinkles.

Wrinkles.


Porphyria precipitated by hydroxychloroquine treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. This case report emphasizes the fact that patients presenting with photosensitivity could have lupus erythematosus or porphyria or both; and since the therapy for one may aggravate the other, extreme caution is indicated.


Radiotherapy of skin cancer: modern indications and techniques. Skin cancer is the most frequent indication for radiation therapy in dermatology. X-ray treatments are particularly valuable in cutaneous neoplasms in special anatomical locations. Advantages and disadvantages of dermatologic radiation therapy are outlined, and modern indications, radiation methods and the selection of physical radiation factors are discussed.


Allergic conjunctivitis.

Allergic conjunctivitis.


Geographic lip: a variant of geopgraphic tongue. The following aspects of the classic geographic tongue are discussed: clinical polymorphism with the appearance of annulus migrans, histological appearacne of the spongiform pustule, frequent association with pustular psoriasis and related diseases, and its relationship to psoriasis buccalis. Two cases of geographic lip are described in which annulus migrans was present. In one case, the geographic lip was associated with a plicated lip, a labial form of plicated tongue.


Lichen spinulosus: response to therapy.

Lichen spinulosus: response to therapy. Two cases of lichen spinulosus and the response to therapy with Keralyt under occlusion are presented. It is evident that Keralyt under occlusion for two consecutive weeks will clear these lesions. However, twice weekly application of Keralyt must be used in order to keep these areas free of lesions. An undesirable side effect in the two patients presented was a burning, stinging sensation immediately following application of Keralyt.


Tinea pedis in children.

Tinea pedis in children. Many children have dermatoses involving the feet. Such problems are often misdiagnosed as tinea pedis, which is relatively uncommon in this age group. On the other hand, tinea pedis should not be ignored as a diagnostic possibility just because of its infrequent occurrence. Six cases are reported to demonstrate that this diagnosis will be missed if appropriate laboratory studies are not done as a part of the evaluation of these dermatoses.


Accidental vaccinia of the vulva.

Accidental vaccinia of the vulva. Vaccinia of the vulva in a 32-year-old married woman is described. The vaccination was apparently due to a heteroinoculation from her husband during sexual contact. Clinically it presented as an indurated ulcer with a few isolated umbilicated vesicles and was associated with an acute biological false-positive serological reactions.


An introduction to dynamic dermatology for residents and fellows starting dermatology training.


Axillary and inguinal striae induced by systemic absorption of a topical corticosteroid. A 21-year-old woman developed huge atrophic striae in the axillary and inguinal areas from the topical application, with occlusion, of potent corticosteroid preparation applied to the axillary or inguinal areas. It is postulated that the mechanism is systemic absorption of enough medication to produce a state of hyperadrenalism with subsequent striae formation as a sequela.


Common warts: immunity as a result of therapy. Warts that don't regress frequently have wart cell specific immune globulin M(IgM), but no wart virus specific Immune Globulin M (IgM) in the circulatory system. Warts that regress spontaneously have multiple circulating antibodies-wart cell specific IgM, IgG, and IgA. When the antibodies of IgG class appear in the circulation, the warts will commonly disappear. Topical application of cell toxic, irritant materials will elicit discernible amounts of virus specific IgM and IgG. Those B Cells which produce IgG have a "computer bank memory" and IgG should be recalled if wart virus antigen reappears as a result of reinfection. Therefore, persistent, consistent, topical application of irritant modalities to warts that will cause them to regress and disappear, should confer immunity on the individual through the production of wart virus specific IgG. Over a seven-year span 150 cases of wart were cleared in our office by an irritant method. In that group of cases there were eight recurrences. Two cases cleared spontaneously within two weeks, and four cleared with an acute inflammatory response within a few days of reirritation.


The systolic click-murmur syndrome: clinical recognition and management. The midsystolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome is a complex entity with variable manifestations that involves a primary process causing myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve leaflet(s) and subsequent systolic mitral valve leaflet prolapse. Other cardiac diseases may cause mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation associated with a midsystolic click that mimics this primary syndrome. The prolapsing mitral valve leaflet(s) syndrome occasionally may be familial. Most patients are asymptomatic but some complain of chest pain, palpitation, dyspnea or fatigue. Prolapsing mitral valve leaflet(s) can be distinguished from other causes of systolic clicks and mitral regurgitation murmurs by the characteristic movement of the clikmurmur complex in systole with various hemodynamic interventions. The clinical diagnosis usually can be confirmed by echocardiography, which demonstrates the abnormally prolapsdrome usually is minimal but can be progressive and lead to the need for prosthetic valve replacement. Most symptomatic patients can be managed medically but some require cardiac catheterization to evaluate the possibility of coexistent coronary artery disease, to assess the degree of mitral regurgitation and to evaluate other associated cardiac lesions. All patients with this syndrome should receive antibiotic prophylaxis prior to any surgical or dental procedures. Those patients suspected of having arrhythmias should be evaluated by continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring and dangerous arrhythmias probably should be treated. The prognosis usually is excellent, but sudden death and rapidly progressive mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae have been reported. Although more than a decade has elapsed since the midsystolic click-late systolic murmur syndrome was first recognized, much remains to be learned about this common but complex clinical entity.


Choices for intravascular contrast agents.


Lupus erythematosus exacerbated by griseofulvin. Because griseofulvin is one of the safest systemic medications, its side effects are often forgotten. This paper serves as a reminder that griseofulvin can precipitate or exacerbate lupus erythematosus. Two patients are described: one had a photosensitivity reaction to griseofulvin which precipitated discoid LE skin lesions, without any previous evidence of LE. The other, who had known systemic LE, developed a systemic reaction, consisting of fever and malasise.


Hormonal dependency in Darier disease.

Hormonal dependency in Darier disease. Variation in the severity of keratosis follicularis relative to states of homonal change was noted in eight women with the disease. Observations included frequent onset near puberty, puberty, exacerbation during menses, and improvement while patients are pregnant or on oral contraceptive agents. It is proposed that states of relative estrogen excess are associated with quiescence of this skin disorder. In support of this hypothesis, three postpubertal women with Darier desease were observed to undergo significant improvement with the use of estrogen-dominant birth control pills. 8 women with keratosis follicularis (Darier disease) were studied.  The severity of the disorder varied in relation to changes in the subjects' hormonal status.  The condition often 1st manifested itself near the onset of puberty and continued without interruption for many years.  Menstruation aggravated the disorder.  Treatment of 3 patients with estrogen-dominant oral contraceptives markedly improved the condition.  The findings suggest that states of relative estrogen excess ameliorate keratosis follicularis.


Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.


Supernumerary nipple on the shoulder.

Supernumerary nipple on the shoulder.


Cryosurgery of skin cancer.

Cryosurgery of skin cancer.


The razor blade as a biopsy tool.

The razor blade as a biopsy tool.


Topical treatment for perioral dermatitis.


Cosmetic aspects of cryosurgery.

Cosmetic aspects of cryosurgery.


Making skin medicines attractive as well as effective.


Flaunting the FDA--a hazard.

Flaunting the FDA--a hazard.


Molluscum contagiosum.

Molluscum contagiosum.


Oral lesions of gonorrhea and syphilis.

Oral lesions of gonorrhea and syphilis.


The current status of gonococcal serology.


Lupus erythematosus and reactive tests for syphilis: update. Sera of patients with lupus erythematosus can produce false-positive reactions in most serologic tests for syphilis, including the FTA-ABS test. False-positive reactions in the FTA-ABS test can exhibit beaded, borderline or reactive patterns of fluorescence. Beaded fluorescence is commonly associated with anti-DNA antibody and other correlates of lupus activity. Borderline and reactive results are common in both systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus, and are usually not associated with increased clinical activity. TPI and MHA-TP tests appear helpful in detecting false-positive FTA-ABS results.


Immunologic mechanisms of infectious syphilis. We believe that humoral and cellular immunity both are involved in the response of the host to infection with T. pallidum. A complex interaction between stimulation and suppression of cell-mediated immunity may be involved. This interaction may explain the unusual clinical course in which secondary syphilis waxes and wanes before culminating in immunity.


Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid in syphilis. In the diagnosis of neurosyphilis, a cerebrospinal fluid cell count or cerebrospinal fluid total protein are inconclusive by themselves, but together with a cerebrospinal fluid VDRL are of great diagnostic value. At present, the VDRL Slide Test on Spinal Fluid remains the serologic test of choice for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. The significance and specificity of treponemal tests on spinal fluid remain to be established. Like all other laboratory tests, cerebrospinal fluid findings may be variable and an absolute diagnosis of neurosyphilis should not be made on the result of any one laboratory test alone, but should be viewed in light of all laboratory evidence, including serum serologic tests, and clinical findings.


Syphilis in modern art.

Syphilis in modern art.


Pseudoanaphylactic reactions with procaine penicillin.


Genital candidiasis: topical management with clotrimazole. Clotrimazole was administered in the form of 100 mg tablets to patients with vaginal candidiasis, and in the form of a 1% solution to patients with cutaneous candidiasis of the genital and perigenital areas. The clinical and mycological response observed and the excellent tolerance and lack of side effects indicate that clotrimazole may be proposed as a treatment for candidiasis.


Anesthesia and allergy.

Anesthesia and allergy.


Home hair care.

Home hair care.


Cross-reactions between epoxy resin "amine" hardeners and ethylenediamine.


Allergic contact sensitivity. Personal experiences and observations.


Ethnic pigmentation: 1975.

Ethnic pigmentation: 1975.


Familial malignant melanoma.

Familial malignant melanoma. Two sisters simultaneously developed a superficial spreading malignant melanoma on their legs. Concurrently, a brother was affected with fatal metastatic melanoma. Several explanations for familial malignant melanoma are reviewed, including: 1. Genetically determined predisposition; ,2 Phenotypic and environmental factors; and 3. Infectious etiology (virus?). Relatives of patients who develop malignant melanoma spould be aware that they have a higher risk than the general population of developing this serious type of cancer.


Acanthosis nigricans and wart-like lesions associated with metastatic carcinoma of the stomach. A 63-year-old white man developed malignant acanthosis nigricans one year after a hemigastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Multiple "wart-like" lesions involving the dorsa of the hands, arms and trunk were also present. The malignant acanthosis nigricans in the patient appears to have paralledled the course of the metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. Discrete verrucous lesions can occur in malignant acanthosis nigricans which histopathologically may show either squamous or basal cell hyperplasia.


Hidradenitis suppurativa occurring on the leg. The case of a patient with a recurrent, painful ulceration on the lower leg, clinically and histologically resembling hidradenitis suppurativa, is presented. The fact that this site is devoid of apocrine glands supports the concept that apocrine involvement in hidradenitis suppurativa is coincidental and that these glands are involved secondarily. It is suggested that in this patient the pathogenesis of the disease is follicular occlusion rather than selective apocrine poral closure.


Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans.

Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans. A 46-year-old Negro man with poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans is described. The disease progressed graduall.y for 22 years, with lesions appearing over the neck, trunk and extremities in an asymmetrical distribution, but it did not become lymphoma or collagen disease. Treatment did not appear to influence the course of the disease.


Photolocalized tinea facialis.

Photolocalized tinea facialis. The case of a 34-year-old white woman with tinea facialis that persisted for nine months prior to diagnosis is presented. The confluent plaquelike erythematous eruption of the face with eyelid lichenification that flared outdoors was thought to represent polymorphic light eruption and was refractory to antibiotics, corticosteroids (topical and systemic), and antimalarials. A KOH preparation was positive when the dermatosis spilled onto the mandibular region, and restaining of the initial skin biopsy revealed fungal hyphae. Complete resolution was accomplished with griseofulvin and MicTin. Tinea cab be added to the list of infectious agents that have a photosensitivity component. The fungus possibly "photolocalizes" to sun-damaged areas, ie, areas of increased capillary permeability. This case illustrates the importance of including tinea in considering diagnoses of sun-exposed lesions of the face.


Painful pigmented prosthesis pressure papules. Two patients who presented with tender hyperkeratotic papules involving their weight-bear.ing amputation stumps were studied. Although these clinical findings are common in the experience of prosthetists, the author has been unable to find any documentation of these findings in the literature. All attempts at relining and reshaping the cups of the original offending prostheses by experienced prosthetists were unsuccessful. The eruption cleared only after entirely new prostheses were designed. It would appear that this condition is due to a poorly fitting prosthesis.


Erythema chronicum migrans.

Erythema chronicum migrans. Erythema chronicum migrans is characterized by an expanding erythematous band about an arthropod bite. While rare, it is an important disease to recognize because of its rapid response to even modest doses of antibiotics. This response and the association with arthropod bites suggest a microbial vector. Richettsial titers have been demonstrated in several cases but we were unable to show them in our patient, who we believe is the second reported case of erythema chronicum migrans incurred by an American without traveling abroad.


Superficial and deep granulomatous lesions caused by Trichophyton violaceum. A patient with cutaneous and reticulo-endothelial lesions, lymphadenopathy and osteitis caused by Trichophyton violaceum is presented. Two types of skin lesions were found: 1. Erythematous, scaly plaques on the arms, chest and abdomen; 2. areas of diffuse infiltration, granulomatous ulceration, fistulation and destruction of the sternal bone. Long-term treatment with penicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and griseofulvin, gave temporary improvement.


Allergy: 1976.

Allergy: 1976.


Cosmetic dermatology: toward a common language.


Epoxy resin dermatitis.

Epoxy resin dermatitis.


Treatment of asthma in adults.

Treatment of asthma in adults.


Allergic reactions to molds.

Allergic reactions to molds. Allergy to mold is common, and results from inhalation of mold spores or ingestion of mold related foods. Mold spores are complex, hardy organisms capable of eliciting diverse immune responses and illnesses which may be mild or severe. Diagnosis and treatment with mold antigens are outlined and environmental recommendations made. Mechanisms of reactions to treatment of mold allergy are postulated.


Insect sting allergy.

Insect sting allergy. Allergy to insect stings may be quite serious, and occasionally lethal. Evaluation of these patients involves careful history taking. Skin testing for the stinging insects is helpful both for diagnosis and finding a beginning dose for hyposensitizing injections. According to many reports, these injections have been very effective in preventing subsequent severe reactions to insect stings. Prompt emergency treatment usually involves adrenalin injections. Insect avoidance procedures are effective.


Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.


Ocular allergy.

Ocular allergy.


Urticaria and angioedema.

Urticaria and angioedema.


Cosmetic review.

Cosmetic review.


Psoriasis: treatment with a tar gel.

Psoriasis: treatment with a tar gel. Crude coal tar has long been an effective and safe form of therapy for psoriasis. However, as compounded in an ointment base it has many objectional features and usually is limited to hospital use. A new tar gel has been studied which appears to equal the effectiveness of crude coal tar, is convenient to apply, and is cosmetically acceptable. This new tar preparation is a valuable addition to the therapy of psoriasis.


The worldwide distribution leprosy: its impact on world health.


Leprosy: differential diagnosis.

Leprosy: differential diagnosis.


Treatment of Hansen's disease.

Treatment of Hansen's disease.


The so-called "salicylate-free diet.".

The so-called "salicylate-free diet.".


Coloring the hair.

Coloring the hair.


Dermatitis artefacta of the genitals.

Dermatitis artefacta of the genitals.


Plantar squamous cell carcinoma.

Plantar squamous cell carcinoma.


Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. A case report of a young girl with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is presented. The patient showed cutaneous and skeletal findings characteristic of the syndrome. Multiple basal cell carcinomas, rib abnormalities, along with clinical evidence of frontal bossing and ocular hypertelorism were the primary features of the syndrome in this patient. It is suggested that other characteristics of the syndrome, such as jaw cysts, palmar and plantar pitting and calcification of the falx cerebri will develop as the patient grows older. Careful observation, particularly for medulloblastoma and malignant degeneration and invasiveness of basal cell carcinomas, will be an integral part of this young patient's care.


Suction cup ecchymosis of the forehead.

Suction cup ecchymosis of the forehead.


Electrolysis---the dark horse referral.

Electrolysis---the dark horse referral.


Basal cell carcinoma of the scortum.

Basal cell carcinoma of the scortum.


The chemical face peel.

The chemical face peel.


Contact dermatitis with underlying malignancy.


Malignancy treated with liquid nitrogen.


Erthropoietic protoporphyria: first report of cases in the American Nergo. The first two cases of erthropoietic protoporphyria in the American Nergo are reported. The eruption was limited to the lips, subungual and periungual areas, which are relatively nonpigmented. Onset was at a later age and length of sun exposure required to produce symptoms was longer than that in most whites with the disease. The different presentation in Negroes is believed to be related to their increased pigmentation. Melanin appears to provide protection because of its free radical formation and absorption of 400 nm electromagnetic radiation.


Candidiasis of the lips.

Candidiasis of the lips.


Painful bruise syndrome.

Painful bruise syndrome.


The so-called salicylate-free diet. Part II.


Hair dyes: temporary colorings.

Hair dyes: temporary colorings.


Skin changes and lesions in our senior citizens: incidences. One hundred and sixty-three community volunteers were interviewed and examined. After a decade, the 69 survivors were again interviewed and examined. The incidences of their skin changes and lesions were recorded and interrelationships sought relative to internal and external signs of aging. Asteatosis of moderate or severe degree, large numbers of scrotal angiomas in men, and retention of nevi appeared to be associated with a relatively shortened life expectancy and may be signs of decline and approaching death in older individuals.


Skin cancer.

Skin cancer.


Cutaneous ulcers: treatment with gold leaf.


Sunlight and aging of the skin.

Sunlight and aging of the skin.


Foot complaints of the elderly.

Foot complaints of the elderly.


The esthetics of hair transplantation.

The esthetics of hair transplantation. There are many potential candidates, and greater attention to esthetic considerations has accelerated the interest in the hair transplantation field. Although discriminatory selection is essential, there are few interested patients who could not benefit from this procedure. Successful hair transplantation and patient satisfaction depend on the physician's skillful sustained concentration on the frontal hairline, tenacious motivation of the patient to seek a sufficient number of transplants, and the choice of a pleasing hair style with utilization of recommended grooming aids.


Geriatric hands.

Geriatric hands.


Permanent hair colorants--vegetable and metallic dyes. Part I: Vegetable.


Measles and the immune system.

Measles and the immune system.


Surgical management of herpes simplex keratitis. The various surgical managements of herpes simplex keratitis are listed. Our management is "atraumatic" keratoplasty, if vision is reduced, if the disease is protracted, or if perforation occurs. Our preoperative care is aimed at the production of a quiet eye with no active virus infection, by the use of antiviral drops, steroids, antibiotics, and bandage contact lenses. Removal of all corneal disease is desirable, but not mandatory. Perforations are managed in the same manner, but the host window is started at the perforation. Postoperative management is characterized by the use of therapeutic modalities necessary to prevent or treat complications, including steroids and frequent observation to check for complications of treatment. Our understanding of herpes simplex virus infections as they relate to surgical management is presented. The results of treatment warrant continuation of our efforts--but lead to the conclusion that it would be most helpful if latent virus infection could be eradicated.


Pyoderma gangrenosum with carcinoid tumor. A patient with the classic lesions of pyoderma gangrenosum was found on autopsy to have a carcinoid tumor of the ileum. The simultaneous occurrence of a carcinoid tumor with pyoderma gangrenosum is interesting because both conditions are associated with immunologic defects.


Hyperpigmentation problems: effectiveness and rationale of therapy.


Synthesis of nuclear acidic proteins in mature and immature avian erythrocytes. The synthesis of the nuclear acidic proteins in immature and mature avian erythroid cells was compared. Synthesis of these proteins was found to occur in both types of cells. However, there are quantitative and qualitative differences in incorporation of labelled amino acids into the electrophoretic patterns of these proteins. There was an overall decline in the specific activity of the proteins as erythrocyte maturation proceeds. In particular, one protein band of molecular weight 81,000 is predominantly synthesizied in the immature cells but not in the mature cells.


Quantitative analysis of human chromosome segregation in man-mouse somatic cell hybrids. The presumed random and independent process of human chromosome segregation in man-mouse somatic cell hybrids was studied. The results of chromosome analysis on 196 cells from 15 related hybrid strains have provided the first convincing evidence that segregation of human chromosomes can be nonindependent and often concordant. Different human chromosomes were not retained with equal frequency in these hybrid clones. Some were present in 80% of all the cells, whereas others appeared in less than 10% of the same cells. Linear regression analysis was used to test for correlation of the frequencies of all pair-wise combinations of human chromosomes present in these hybrid clones. Twenty-two of 136 possible correlations were statistically significant, indicating that concordant segregation of particular pairs of human chromosomes is a rather frequent occurrence.


The DNA of Volvox carteri: a biophysical and biosynthetic characterization. Various biophysical and biosynthetic characteristics of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Volvox carteri are examined. The DNA from three strains (HK-10,NB-7 and KA-1) is compared, and all strains are shown to contain at least two distinct DNA species which band at densities of 1.714-1.715 and 1.704-1.705 g/cm3 in neutral CsCl and correspond to nuclear and "cytoplasmic" DNA, respectively. Base compositions calculated from these densities, 55-56% G+C for nuclear DNA, and 45-46% G+C for cytoplasmic DNA, are in close agreement with % G+C values estimated from thermal denaturation data. DNA from strain KA-1 has a third component with a buoyant density of 1.693 g/cm3. DNA synthesis is analysed using radioactively labelled heterogeneously grown strains of Volvox carteri and profiles obtained following preparative CsCl density gradient centrifugation are presented. In addition, dissimilarities in patterns of DNA synthesis at various periods in the asexual life cycle are reported for synchronous cultures of strain HK-10. These differences in temporal patterns of DNA synthesis clearly indicate that while nuclear DNA is make to some degree throughout the life cycle, cytoplasmic DNA synthesis appears to occur only at discrete intervals.


Association of the sex chromosomes in meiosis of mouse species.


Cytological demonstration of mitotic crossing-over in man. Quadriradial (QR) configurations from four different human lymphocyte metaphase samples have been analyzed: a patient with Fanconi's anemia; normal female cells X-irradiated with 150 or 200 R in S or G2; spontaneous QRs occurring in 13,584 metaphases; and cells from two sibs with Bloom's syndrome. That mitotic chiasmata are caused by crossing-over rather than by random breakage and reunion was concluded from the following observations: (1) In the spontaneous sample, mitotic chiasmata are about as frequent as all other QRs together. (2) The frequencies of mitotic chiasmata and of other QRs are not correlated in the different samples. (3) The break points in other QRs are situated at random relative to chromosome length, whereas the distribution of chiasmata is highly nonrandom. (4) Although the centromeres of chromatid translocations occur in alternate and adjacent positions with approximately equal frequencies, there are very few adjacent counterparts to mitotic chiasmata. These can best be interpreted as a result of an abnormal U-type rejoining of chromatids in a chiasma. (5) Chiasmata found in heteromorphic chromosome pairs show that crossing-over has, indeed, taken place.


Gene dose effect: regional mapping of human glutathione reductase on chromosome 8.


Somatic cell hybrid assignment of a structural gene for human beta-glucuronidase to chromosome 7 by use of an X/7 translocation.


A (2;4) translocation, unbalanced, 46 chromosomes. Repository identification No. GM-501.


Deletion in the short arm of chromosome 9 from a subject with congenital cerebral maldevelopment. Repository identification No. GM-870.


A (2;4) translocation, balanced, 46 chromosomes. Repository identification No. GM-1064.


A (10;17) translocation, 46 chromosomes. Repository identification No. GM-959.


Chronobiology in the diagnosis and treatment of mesor-hypertension. An elevation of systolic and diastolic bloodpressure to values regarded as abnormal ones on the basis of conventional criteria was recognized by self-measurement. For both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the overall means adjusted for rhythms, the so-called mesors, also were elevated in the light of their response to treatment: these mesors were found to be lowered with statistical significance when values during treatment were compared by an objective test with values measured before treatment. Individualized rhythmometry quantitatively characterizes a predictalbe portion of the variability in human blood pressure and tests for the statistical significance of changes in blood pressure as a function of the treatment and also as a function of the  circadian timing of such treatment. The case report thus illustrates an individualized chronotherapy of systolic and diastolic mesor-hypertension, diagnosed retrospectively from the tested effect of hydrochlorothiazide. In the case reported, and perhaps routinely, computer-analyzed self-measurements can serve 1) to prescribe the right kind and amount with the right timing, for a given therapy, and 2) for diagnosis and prevention as well (Meyer et al.; Halberg et al.).


Thiolation of melittin with n-acetylhomocysteine thiolactone and study of the structure of oxidated thiolated products.


Synthesis and physiological activity of certain chloralphenylbiguanides.


Sequence determination of proteins with 2-p-isothiocyanophenyl-3-phenylindenone.


Unified rhythm of the slow wave of the small and large intestines in the ileocecal region.


Evidence for a circadian oscillation in the gonadal response of the tropical weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus) to programmed photoperiod. The effect of an asymmetrical skeleton photoperiod scheduleee was studied on the gonadal development in a tropical finch, the weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus). The schedul comprised a short nonstimulatory primary photoperiod of 6 hrs and a secondary  much shorter lightperiod given as a 15-min light pulse at different times in the dark period. The light pulse 11 hrs after the basic period resulted in gonadal stimulation, while light pulse in contimuation with the basic period or 8, 14 or 21 hrs after the basicperiod was not stimulatory. The "photoinducible phase" was much more precisely outlined by shifting the birds from an 8-h to a 10-h pulse, and from an 11-h to 12-h pulse and was found to be very short, lasting about an hour falling between 11 and 12 hrs after the primary light period. The short photoinducible phase may be of an adaptive value since in the tropics the difference between the shortest and the longest daylength is also rather small (3 hrs and 15 min at Varanasi, 25degrees N). Clearly the weaver bird possesses a fine time-measuring device involving an endogenous circadian rhythm in photosensitivity. In nature, spermatogenesis in this bird also begins in March when the daylength exceeds 11 hrs (thus perhaps coinciding with the photoinducible phase). In rather small, photoperiod may not serve as a cue to trigger seasonal reproductive periodicity, it seems that photoperiod can act as a Zeitgeber for the initiation of spermatogenesis in the weaver bird at least.


Desmosome-like structures of the peripheral nerve fibres.


Renin activity in the prehypertensive and early hypertensive stage of spontaneously hypertensive rats.


Outcome of the California Civil Addict commitments:1961-1972.


Antecedents of narcotic use and addiction. A study of 898 Vietnam veterans. Previous studies of predictors of narcotic abuse have been retrospective and based on samples of long-term addicts obtained from legal or medical channels. There are several methodological problems in this approach. The present study is an attempt to test certain alleged predictors of narcotic use in a cohort of 898 Vietnam veterans. The design overcomes several of the methodological weaknesses of previous studies. Eight variables which have been reported as predictors of drug use or addiction in the drug literature were inquired about during a personal interview which included the premilitary life of each subject. The antecedent variables were socioeconomic background, inner city residence, psychiatric illness, broken home, race, employment history, education and antisocial history. Using information obtained from interviews and military records, we then tested the predictive value of each of these antecedents by comparing narcotic used and addiction in Vietman and use after Vietnam in men differing with respect to each antecedent. Results indicate that some of the variables were very poor, and others very good predictors of the various levels of narcotic involvement. The predictive value and overall importance of each of the variables we tested are discussed.


The future of federal drug abuse research. How can we best maximize scarce resources?


Treatment effectiveness as judged by successfully and unsuccessfully treated alcoholics. Thirty-seven successfully and 46 unsuccessfully treated male alcoholics were asked to judge the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of six treatment methods routinely offered by a state hospital. For each treatment method, the total frequencies of judgments of most and least helpful, respectively, were as follows: detoxification (16%, 14%), lectures (16%, 20%), group therapy (54%, 7%), individual counseling (26%, 6%), work therapy (17%, 22%) and family therapy (13%, 14%). The two groups of subjects differed significantly in the frequencies of treatment methods judged to be "least helpful", but not in the frequencies of "most helpful" treatment. The similarity between the judgments of successfully and unsuccessfully treated alcoholics might reflect the positive effects of previous treatment in the unsuccessful group.


The role of pineal and eyes in the photoperiodic effect on the gonad of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Studies on gonadal development in the female medaka, Oryzias latipes, intact, blinded or blinded-pinealectomized, maintained on different lighting schedules, i.e. LD14:10 and LD 10:14 and under natural daylight conditions, revealed that: 1)blinded fish were capable of responding to annual photoperiodic shifts with alterations of gonadal development, if the pineal was left intact; 2)the mean gonosomatic index(GSI) was higher in blinded fish than in intact fish, during a period from October through April, under LD 14:10, LD 10:14 and the natural daylight conditions; 3)when reared under the natural daylight conditions, the mean GSI in blinded fish was approximately half of that in intact ones in May and June, although the values were significantly larger than those in fish examined during all the other seasons; and 4)in December, the mean GSI was larger in blinded-pinealectomized fish than in intact and blinded ones. These findings seem to indicate that, during the breeding season, the gonadal growth in the medaka is stimulated by the pineal blocking the inhibitory mechanism against the hypothalamo-hypophyseal gonadotropic system, whereas during non-breeding seasons, the gonadal involution is induced by an anti-gonadal factor released by the pineal. It is likely that the effects of photoperiods are exerted on the pineal through the eyes.


Addicts' attitudes toward drugs: a semantic-differential study. The Drug Rating Scale, an adaptation of the Osgood semantic-differential technique, was devised to measure the connotative aspects of attitudes toward drugs. Sixty-two heroin-addict clients and fourteen staff members of the Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic completed the Scale. The Addict group tended to regard heroin in a negative light, possibly consistent with their own lack of self-esteem. Amphetamines and LSD had the greatest distance from heroin in the addicts' "semantic space"; this was consistent with addicts' relative preference for alternative drugs to heroin. The evaluative and activity dimensions provided a plausible assignment of the eight drugs inquired about into four quadrants.


Neurological assessment of patients on prolonged methadone maintenance. Medical histories, neurological examinations and electroencephalograms of 25 methadone-maintained subjects were compared with those of 25 abstinent controls. Comparisons on all measures failed to show significant differences between groups. The incidence of abnormalities was low for all subjects. None of the observed conditions appeared to involve methadone in their etiology.


Reassessing the goal of drug education: diversity of preference among teachers and students. Most of the proponents of drug education assume that the primary objective of such programs is to deter student drug use. To test this assumption, administrators, students and teachers from six public school districts were surveyed about what they thought the primary role of the school should be. While most administrators and teachers thought that the school's role should be limited to developing responsible attitudes or providing drug information, students selected a more diverse set of objectives for the schools. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.


Effects of methadone on alcohol consumption and growth in mice.


Seven attitude scales used in assessing cannabis use amongst students. A number of newly constructed attitude measures are described and correlated with two previously established measures, on a sample of 830 university students. Scales were devised to measure political orientation, permissive-restrictiveness, puritan ethic, parental congruence and extra-intra punitiveness. In addition a checklist concerned with degree of social and political activity, a modified (shortened) version of Crumbaugh's Purpose in Life Test, Srole's Test of Anomie (complete), and the shortened form of the E.P.I. were used. Item loadings on the main facotr in each scale and overall correlations between the scales are given.


Metabolic disposition of 2-phenylethylamine and the role of depression in methadone-dependent and detoxified patients. We have now postulated that differences in the innate capacity of individuals to synthesize, store and utilize biogenic amines may provide the biological basis for human abuse of narcotic and other drugs, and that these drugs are used in an apparent unconscious effort to self-medicate against an inherent affective disorder. In this communication, we attempted a preliminary characterization of the narcotics withdrawal syndrome on biochemical and clinical parameters. Abstinence was found to be characterized by low urinary excretion of 2-phenylethylamine and depression. An indication for use of tricyclic drugs has been discussed.


Neuronal depletion in the globus pallidus of heroin addicts. Decreased neuronal population densities are described in the globus pallidus of narcotic addicts. Toxicologic studies indicate mixed addiction to be frequent, but exposure to parenteral heroin is the only common factor. This permanent brain damage seems more likely to be caused by recurrent episodes of hypoxia during severe reactions to narcotics than to be related to direct neurotoxic effects of heroin. The lesion may account for some of the long term changes observed in addicts.


Clinical pharmacological studies with 6-azidomorphine. The intravenous (i.v.) administration of 4 mug/kg 6-deoxy-6-dihydroazido-isomorphine (6-AM) base to healthy, young adult male volunteers caused no circulatory and relatively little, short-lasting respiratory depression. Of the ten volunteers all felt lightheaded, two became euphoric and when they became ambulatory at the end of the experiment, three vomited and two other became nauseated. The intramuscular (i.m.) administration of the same dose of 6-AM had considerable analgesic effect against various types of experimental pain. It was more effective against ischemic pain, than against pain induced by electrical stimulation of the earlobe or the tooth pulp and it effected severe pain more than mild or moderate pain. In the six subjects investigated, 6-AM produced significant myosis. Of the 16 subjects who received 4 mug/kg 6-AM i.m. five experienced mild euphoria, two felt lightheaded, six became pale and sweaty in the course of the experiments carried out in the sitting position. When they becam ambulatory after the completion of the experiments, two subjects vomited and six others became nauseated. The findings of this study indicate that 6-AM causes less circulatory and respiratory depression than is to be expected from equianalgetic doses of morphine. Its other side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting) are also less frequent and severe than those encountered after the administration of comparable doses of morphine to ambulating volunteers.


The drinking habits of residents of a rehabilitation program with a controlled drinking option: a preliminary report. Residents of an alcoholism rehabilitation program with a controlled drinking option were asked to give daily reports on their drinking. Program staff were also asked to report evide-ce of resident drinking. A comparison of information from these two sources showed, among other things, that residents were generally reluctant to report drinking which was proscribed the the program. Such drinking as was reported varied from isolated, non-problematic, small quantity drinking, to heavy, regular and problem-producing drinking. In general, residents' drinking did not prevent them from work while in residence. The men's reluctance to report proscribed drinking is seen as largely accounted for by the system of fines for intoxication and drinking without rights. It is concluded that it would be premature to recommend the program's drinking policies to other residential programs, but future experimentation is indicated.t is concluded that it would be premature to recommend the program's drinking policies to other residential programs, but future experimentation is indicated.


Motivation for alcohol in rats: position and bottle preferences do not cause drinking. Position preference, i.e., the tendency to drink from onelocation rather than the other, was found to be relatively unimportant in determining the drinking behavior of rats presented with a choice between water and a 7% (v/v) ethanol solution in typical two-bottle choice situations. It accounted for essentially none of the variance in rats generally drinking more alcohol solution than water after prolonged previous alcohol experience, and in rats consuming very little alcohol; only in rats drinking slightly less alcohol solution than water was it found to have an influence. Similarly, bottle preference, i.e., the tendency to drink from one of the two bottles regardless of its position or contents, andposition preference were found to have almost no effect on heavy-drinking rats even on their first day of exposure and on low-drinking rats after about three days of access to alcohol.


A sociological theory of the diffusion and social setting of opiate addiction. The theory presented here is intended to apply to socially deprived areas where heroin addiction is endemic, narcotics are available, and adolescents are not naive about the consequences of heroin use. In such settings rapid epidemic changes occur in which within a short period of time large numbers are involved. The transition of heroin use is a conversion-type phemonenon which is facilitated by the basic belief system, the network of social circles and the social and psychological inducements for compliance.


Radioimmunoassay of amphetamines in rat parotid saliva. Amphetamines, a commonly abused class of drugs, have been detected in various biological specimens, in particular, urine and blood. However, little information is available concerning the detection of these drugs in saliva. This investigation, utilizing the rat salivary secretions, has been attempted to establish the ability of amphetamines to be secreted in saliva and to determine the feasibility of using radioimmunoassay (RIA) for drug detection in saliva. The results of this investigation showed that (1) d-amphetamine and methamphetamine decreased salivary flow, (2) after d-amphetamine RIA tests were demonstrated in both saliva and plasma for a period of fifty minutes, and (3) positive RIA reactions were obtained by the following metamphetamine metabolites: amphetamine, 4-hydroxynorephedrine and 4-hydroxyamphetamine. Methamphetamine and 4-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine were found to be non-reactive in the radioimmunoassay procedure. The results indicate that saliva could be radioimmunoassayed for the detection of amphetamine or amphetamine derivatives after the administration of either d-amphetamine and methamphetamine.


Experiences of a methadone detoxification programme for opium addicts. The conduction of a new programme of methadone detoxification of opium addicts in a general hospital setting is described. A blind technique of dispensing methadone in a powdered form mixed with powdered aspirin to two groups of opium addicts was used: Group A were given a gradual reduction of the methadone over a period of ten days, while group B were maintained on the initial stabilising dose for the ten days and then abruptly withdrawn from methadone on the eleventh day. It was observed that the number of complaints and abstinence symptoms was markedly reduced in Group B. It is suggested that this technique is a major improvement over the standard progressive reduction method of methadone detoxification. A follow-up of these patients over a period of 1 1/2 years is reported.


The impact of methadone and drug-free treatment on criminal behavior. The present study was initiated to evaluate the effect of methadone versus drug-free treatment on a series of criminal involvement measures. A 50% random sample of the 776 clients who had registered with the Central Intake Unit over a one year period was selected for intensive study. Data were collected through examination of intake and treatment files for pre- and post-admission time periods. Arrest, conviction and incarceration rates as well as correctional status were measured and compared across pre-treatment, intake and three month post-intake periods. The arrest rate for the total sample decreased radically from 92.8% upon entering treatment to 8% after three months in treatment. The subsequent rates at 6, 9 and 12 months decreased in a fairly consistent manner. This trend was similar in the methadone, drug-free, and methadone/drug-free groups for either arrests, convictions or incarceration rates with time in treatment. The relationship between arrests and employment and drug use was also examined. No association was found between use of opiates as measured by urinalysis results and frequency of arrest. Similarly, arrest rates showed no significant association with employment rates during the first nine months of treatment, although the comparison at twelve months was significant with only 16.7% of those employed clients being arrested.


Drug abuse: a manifestation of the cyclic nature of human behavior. The authors conclude that a cyclic pattern of drug use behavior can be documented in a given population. While such a study provides a microcosmic view of such behavior, it is postulated that this same cyclic pattern was experienced in the macrocosm of society at large by drug-abusing populations over centuries past.


A study on the personality characteristics of Iranian addicts. The present study was undertaken to investigate the personality characteristics of addicts in Iran and to investigate the applicability of the Persian version of the Manson Evaluation Scale in a sample of 107 hospitalized male addicts as compared with a group of 90 non-addicts. All MES values attained statistically significant t-value at or better than 0.01 level of confidence between the two groups. The study supports findings in Western socities except that our sample exhibits psychoneurotic traits more than psychopathic trends.


Chronic polyarthritis at the Kenyatta National Hospital.


The misdiagnosis of chronic constrictive pericarditis.


Multiple myelomatosis in Ibadan: a comparative study.


Tabes dorsalis: two case reports.

Tabes dorsalis: two case reports.


Some aspects of public health and medical care in China (Challenges to developing countries).


Teaching hospitals and their administration in developing countries: suggestions for future improvement.


Actions of morphine and sympathomimetic amines on isolated chick oesophagus.


The pattern of adult medical admissions in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.


Pericardial effusion in childhood endomyocardial fibrosis.


Pain relief in labour using methoxyflurane.


Blood glucose values in healthy full-term African newborn infants during the first 28 days of life.


Bleeding disorder in three male siblings.


Acute leukaemia in pregnancy. A case report from the Kenyatta National Hospital.


Poisonous snake bite--a reappraisal.

Poisonous snake bite--a reappraisal.


Notes on antibiotic usage in the Netherlands.


Target organ toxicity: lung introduction.


Physiologic basis and interpretation of common indices of respiratory mechanical function. Tests of pulmonary mechanical function may be used in determining the prominent site of pulmonary reaction to intervention. Responses may be localized from a knowledge of changes in lung resistance and compliance. A peripheral airway or parenchymal response is characterized by a decrease in lung compliance. A central airway reaction is characterized by an increase in pulmonary resistance. In mixed reactions both parameters may change. In this communication some of the physiologic determinants of pulmonary resistance and compliance are discussed and examples of localized responses given.


Role of metabolic activation in the pathogenesis of chemically induced pulmonary disease: mechanism of action of the lung-toxic furan, 4-ipomeanol. Many xenobiotics produce hepatic injury due to their metabolism in the liver to highly reactive electrophile intermediates which form covalent conjugates with nucleophilic cellular constituents. This presentation describes studies indicating that the production of chemically reactive metabolites by pulmonary metabolism of xenobiotics can also play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of chemically induced lung disease.


Paraquat toxicity: proposed mechanism of action involving lipid peroxidation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that paraquat pulmonary toxicity results from cyclic reduction-oxidation of paraquat with sequential generation of superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen and initiation of lipid peroxidation. In vitro mouse lung microsomes catalyzed an NADPH-dependent, single-electron reduction of paraquat. Incubation of paraquat with NADPH, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and purified microsomal lipid increased malondialdehyde production is a concentration dependent manner. Addition of either superoxide dismutase or a single oxygen trapping agent 1,3-dipheylisobenzo furan inhibited paraquat stimulated lipid peroxidation. In vivo, pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital decreased paraquat toxicity, possibly by competing for electrons which might otherwise reduce paraquat. In contrast, paraquat toxicity in mice was increased by exposure to 100% oxygen and by deficiencies of the antioxidants selenium, vitamin E, or reduced glutahione (GSH). Paraquat, given IP to mice, at 30 mg/kg, decreased concentrations of the water-soluble antioxidant GSH in liver and lipid soluble antioxidants in lung. Oxygen-tolerant rats, which hae increased activities of pulmonary enzymes which combat lipid peroxidation, were also tolerant to lethal doses of paraquat as indicated by an increased paraquat LT50. Furthermore, rats chronically exposed to 100 ppm paraquat in the water had elevated pulmonary activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and GSH reductase. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation is involved in the toxicity of paraquat.


Inhalation exposure of animals.

Inhalation exposure of animals. Relative advantages and disadvantages and important design criteria for various exposure methods are presented. Five types of exposures are discussed: whole-body chambers, head-only exposures, nose or mouth-only methods, lung-only exposures, and partial-lung exposures. Design considerations covered include: air cleaning and conditioning; construction materials; losses of exposure materials; evenness of exposure; sampling biases; animal observation and care; noise and vibration control, safe exhausts, chamber loading, reliability, pressure fluctuations; neck seals, masks, animal restraint methods; and animal comfort. Ethical considerations in use of animals in inhalation experiments are also discussed.


Overview: recent developments in the toxicity of environmental oxidants.


An isolated perfused rat lung preparation. An isolated perfused rat lung preparation (IPL) is described and its physiologic status is evaluated. The evaluation includes light and electron microscopy after perfusion and estimations of substrate utilization. ATP content, lactate production, and incorporation of glucose carbons into lipids and CO2. It is concluded that the IPL is useful for short-term metabolic and physiologic experiments and offers some unique advantages in evaluating effects of reactive gases upon lung function.


Studies on the uptake, metabolism, and release of endogenous and exogenous chemicals by use of the isolated perfused lung. The isolated perfused lung is a valuable tool for studying many lung functions. The kinds of information one can obtain from the isolated perfused lung are illustrated by examples from our studies on the uptake, accumulation, and metabolism of endogenous and exogenous chemicals.


Use of tracheal organ cultures in toxicity testing. Fragments of tracheal epithelium alone or in continuity with connective tissues, can be maintained in culture medium and used for short term or long term studies of toxicity of a variety of chemicals. Large numbers of uniform cultures are prepared with the aid of a slicing device or by application of simple method for dissecting sheets of epithelium free from underlying cartilage. The cultures may be placed in an exposure chamber-incubator mounted on a microscope stage and monitored continually for ciliostasis and exfoliation of cells. Morphology is further studied by fixation of selected specimens and preparation for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Synthetic functions are evaluated by autoradiographic measurement of incorporation of radioactive precursors into macromolecules and other dynamic features are indirectly assessed by histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. Short-term studies using these several techniques have shown that ciliostasis does not correlate with cell injury in all instances, and a long-term study has demonstrated dose dependence of a cytotoxic agent when duration of culture viability is measured. The method lends itself to a broad range of investigations in which dose, period of exposure, and role of cofactors must be independently and quantitatively assessed.


Secretory cells of the peripheral pulmonary epithelium as targets for toxic agents. The extracellular lining of the pulmonary peripheral airways is of vital importance to the lung. In this report, some aspects of the pulmonary extracellular lining and the epithelial cells believed to be responsible for its formation and secretion have been briefly reviewed. The influence of a number of toxic agents on the extracellular lining either directly or via those cells involved in its formation indicates that the extracellular lining may be important in understanding numerous toxic agent interactions with the lung.


Biochemical studies of isolated hamster tracheal epithelium. The epithelial lining of respiratory air passageways is a primary target tissue for toxicity and carcinogenesis in man and in animal models of human disease. The importance of this target tissue was the basis for development of methods to study its biochemistry, and with this information to distinguish the unique properties of this tissue from properties common to all cell types. Biochemical methods employed labeling of macromolecules in isolated hamster treacheas during brief (less than 4 hr) incubation in vitro. Studies of RNA metabolism in isolated tracheas demonstrated a pattern of maturation of ribosomal RNA like that shown for other cell types. Alterations in RNA metabolism were observed in isolated tracheas obtained from vitamin A-deficient hamsters and hamsters previously treated by intratracheal administration of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) plus ferric oxide (Fe2O3) in vivo. Studies with toyocamycin, actinomycin D, and alpha-amanitin, all inhibitors of RNA metabolism, were performed to characterize the class of RNA molecules with a decreased proportion of labeling in tracheas from vitamin A deficient hamsters. In another series of experiments, BP was shown to bind to DNA in epithelial cells of isolated tracheas. The quantity of BP binding was increased by prior intratracheal treatment of hamsters with BP plus Fe2O3 in vivo, this induced binding was inhibited by addition of 7,8-benzoflavone to the incubation medium. Increased BP binding was also observed in isolated tracheas from hamsters believed to be in states of increased susceptibility to respiratory carcinogenesis in vivo. The results show that biochemical studies are feasible with this tissue. Furthermore, a number of questions of importance with regard to this target epithelium are best studied directly in its constituent cells.


Labelling and metabolism of methionine-methyl-11 C. Carbon 11 which is a 20.4 minutes half life isotope emitting positrons was used for methionine labelling on the methyl group by action of 11C-methyl-iodide on DL or L homocysteine. With the method described, 20 to 30 mCi of 11C-methyl-methionine (Specific activity 50 mCi/muM) may be obtained within 25 minutes. The 20 Mev proton beam used for 11C production was 10 muA. The metabolism of 11C methionine studied on mice shows a high uptake in pancreas and to a smaller extent in brain. On humans sequential images were obtained at the head level which allowed measurement of the uptake of the radio-labelled compound in the brain so as to study the radioactivity curve in different parts of the organ.


Experience with 201 thallium in detection of myocardial infarction. Our preliminary experimental and clinical results with 201Tl myocardial scanning are presented. 48 patients with normal coronary vessels, acute trasmural myocardial infarction, localized and diffuse coronary heart diseases and congestive myocardiopathy were investigated. Results of scans and the usual cardiological investigations were in good agreement thus justifying further use of 201Tl myocardial scintigraphy as an adjunctive method in cardiology.


The uptake of gallium 67 in colonic macrophages. A case is presented in which a patient with a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma showed high gallium concentration in the segment with melanosis coli proximal to the obstruction. Although in this case the Gallium was associated with an increased number of faecal pigment containing macrophages it is unlikely that macrophages are the main factor in tumour uptake of Gallium compounds.


Technetium-99m-sulfur colloid. In vitro studies of various commercial kits. The quality of five commercial 99mTc-sulfur colloid kits was compared. A number of chemical parameters, which characterize the colloids, was used in order to study the influence of variations in the preparation procedures and storage of the final products. The differences between the kits could mainly be referred to the order of addition of the reagents. The quality was generally unaffected by variations in time-intervals during preparation. However, a certain heating time was necessary for optimal labeling. Variations in quantities of acid and buffer were found to influence the particle size as well as the content of unreacted pertechnetate. No deterioration in quality by storage was observed; on the contrary in some cases the content of free activity decreased.


Trace elements analysis in biological samples by radioisotopic x-ray fluorescence. The X-ray fluorescence technique, induced by radioisotopic sources, provides a very simple method for the simultaneous analysis of trace elements in biological samples. For blood, serum, platelets, etc., samples of about 0.1 ml were deposited on filter paper disks, dried, and analyzed. In such a way the "thin specimen" approximation is realized, resulting in the following advantages: The X-ray intensity of a given element is a liner function of mass per unit area over several orders of magnitude. Interelement effects became negligible. The ratio of fluorescent X-rays to scattered radiation is increased. The sensitivity of the technique for elements with atomic number ranging from about 20-92 varies from some units to some tens of parts per million by weight in 100 s measuring time, by using a gas proportional counter, and from about some tenths to some parts per million by using an X-ray semiconductor detector, in a measuring time of 10(3)-10(4)s. In such a way and with the described features, the Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br content of several speciments of blood and serum was determined. Measurements were further carried out in order to labelling blood components with stable tracers and to detect their concentration by means of the X-ray fluorescence technique. The life span of platelets was, for example, measured after labelling platelets with stable Selenocystine. The sensitivity of the XRF technique can further be enhanced by about three orders of magnitude by using a pre-enrichment step with ion-exchange resins and liquid volumes not lower than 500 ml. Urine analyses have been carried in such a way, and copper in about 20 ml serum after selective extraction.


Specificity of immunoassays. I. Effect of plasma proteins on the specificity of steroid immunoassay. The theory of the measurement of the specificity of antigen binding by antibodies is reviewed. The specificity of steroid immunoassay has been investigated using a new solid phase radioimmunoassay system. The effects of plasma proteins on the specificity of the immunoassays have been tested. The methods used and the conclusions reached have been tested with homogeneous antibodies in order to simplify the interpretation of the results obtained. A new criterium of antibody homogeneity is proposed. The importance of correcting all results accurately for "non-specific binding" is emphasised. A new method for plotting radioimmunoassay standard curves is presented.


Radioisotope X-ray fluorescence technique in the dynamic study of thyroid behaviour under iodine load.


A rational approach toward determining the candidacy of the prostatic cancer patient for cryoimmunotherapy: an interim report. While receiving only cursory attention compared to that of other malignant neoplasms, studies of patients with prostatic cancer have suggested that host responses, mediated in part by immunobiologic factors, may play a significant role in the pathogenesis and thus, the therapeutic management of this disease. For nearly a decade cryosurgery has gradually attained some degree of acceptance as one of the efficacious treatment modalities available in the therapeutic armamentarium for prostatic cancer. In addition to the localized destruction of the primary tumour, reports of secondary tumour cell destruction, i.e. of distant metastases, have supported the suggestion that cryosurgery, as documented in various animal species, may also be immunopotentiating in man. Although our understanding of immunopotentiation of the host's response to tumour via cryosurgery is far from complete, information derived from experimental studies demonstrating that the developement of an immunologic response following cryosurgery of the prostate may be attributed to androgenically and ontogenically dependent autoantigens may have clinical relevance. This together with knowledge that in the therapeutic management of the patient with prostatic cancer we are confronted with the treatment of an individual who, in the majority of cases, possesses waning immunocompetence, emphasizes the potential significance of evaluating what may be referred to as the 'cryosensitivity' of the prospective cryosurgical patient. At present this 'cryosensitivity' may be said to be dependent upon: (1) concentration of prostatic tissue [secretory(tumour?)]-specific or tumour-associated auto-(neo?) antigen(s); (2) physiologic state (elaboration of androgen), and (3) immunocompetence. It is hopeful that evaluation of these parameters may provide a rational approach toward determining the acceptability of cryosurgery as the treatment of choice in a given patient.


Inactivation of 5-fluorouracil by the liver during continuous regional and systemic infusion in pigs. During continuous systemic or portal infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to anaesthetized pigs, the cytostatic activity was reduced in blood traversing the liver. The liver eliminated between 15 and 50% of the amount 5-FU given per time unit. During jugular infusion the concentration of cytostatic compounds in portal blood was equal to or less than in systemic blood. The cytostatic activity was much higher in portal blood and lower in systemic blood during portal infusion. The findings speak in favour of portal infusions of 5-FU to patients with disseminated cancer in the liver.


Survival in burned mice after treatment with tryglycylvasopressin. Standardized skin burn injuries were induced in 253 NMRI mice. The burned surface corresponded to 15% of the total surface of a 25-gram mouse. All animals received intraperitoneal injection of an isotonic saline solution in a dose of 20% of body weight/day for 5 days. The material was divided into three groups, i.e. group A (controls) which received no further treatment, groups B and C which, in addition, received triglycylvasopressin (a vasopressin with prolonged effect) 100 and 200 mug/kg body weight, respectively, subcutaneously twice a day. The highest survival rate was registered in group B (61%), while the controls had a survival of 36%.


The effects of transections on the basic electrical rhythm in the canine jejunum. The basic electrical rhythm (BER) was studied in situ in the jejunum in 14 anaesthetized mongrel dogs by the mean six monopolar electrodes. The BER frequency was measured in the intact intestine and after proximal and distal transections of the gut 5 cm apart from the electrodes. No significant differences were found between the BER frequencies recorded by each electrode, demonstrating the existence of a frequency plateau which remained after each transection. In the intact intestine the frequency in the plateau was 13.2 +/- 0.3 cpm2. After the proximal transection, this frequency dropped to 12.0 +/- 0.4 cpm (p less than 0.05) and, after the distal transection, it dropped to 10.9 +/- 0.4 cpm (p less than 0.005). This last frequency change shows the influence of the distal intestine on the electrical behaviour of the jejunum.


Pancreatic metabolic rate measured in vivo with heat-accumulation technique. This study is the first attempt to apply the heat-accumulation technique for metabolic studies to the pancreas. The initial temperature rise during arterial occlusion was measured with thermocouples sutured into the pancreas of seven anaesthetized pigs. Temperature recording were obtained during alterations of the metabolism induced by infusions of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and sodium cyanide (NaCN) into the pancreatic head. DNP 2.0 mg/min almost doubled, and NaCN 0.6 mg/min reduced the heat accumulation rate to one half of control. In four pigs the metabolism was estimated by measurements of oxygen consumption in an isolated in situ preparation of the pancreatic head. Median metabolic rate in the unstimulated gland was 0.09 cal/cm3-min. Metabolic rate estimated by heat-accumulation technique in a similar situation was 0.11 cal/cm3-min. The method is considered useful for evaluation of relative variations of pancreatic metabolism.


Memory and blood pressure in the aged.

Memory and blood pressure in the aged. Memory loss, as measured by the Wechsler Memory scale was examined as a function of diastolic blood pressure during a 6.5-year follow-up period among individuals initially tested in their 60's. On the initial testing, memory was not related to blood pressure. At the end of the follow-up period, the hypertensives showed greater impairment in memory for nonverbal material involving time limits and a psychomotor component than did their age peers with normotensive and borderline elevations of blood pressure. The hypertensives' poor performance, however, was found only on specific sub-task items and appeared not to be influenced by item difficulty alone but rather by other performance factors such as difficulty in deciding what to do, understanding test instructions, or state anxiety associated with the testing situation. Memory for highly meaningful verbal material was not related to blood pressure.


Biogenic amines in the Caenorhabditis briggsae. Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin were demonstrated from homogenates of Caenrohabditis briggsae by two-dimensional thin layer chromotography and the identification confirmed by gas liquid chromtography. In Vitro studies with 14C precursors of these biogenic amines demonstrate the ability of C. briggsae to synthesize each compound. The results provide required preliminary data for studying the neurophysiology of aging utilizing the nematode as a model.


Age differences in learning and memory on a digit-symbol substitution task. Fifteen young (18 to 28 years) and fifteen old (65 to 75 years) persons were given ten 30-second trials on a modified Digit-Symbol task. Both immediate and delayed (24-hour) recall and recognition measures were used to determine how well they remembered the digit-symbol pairs. Both age groups showed similar, significantly improvement over the 10 trials, although the performance level of the young group was higher throughout. The young group showed significantly higher recall and recognition (both immediate and delayed) for the digit-symbol pairs and were more likely to report the use of mnemonic techniques in learning the pairs.


Disparate time spans in sequential studies of aging. In several published studies of intelligence and adult age, a sequential design was used in which birth cohort and time of measurement were the independent variables in an ANOVA. The time span of these two variables were quite disparate; the cohort variable covered about 50 years whereas the time-of-measurement variable covered 7 or 14 years. It was demonstrated here that when time spans are disparate, even when all differences are attributable entirely to age changes, the F values typically will be larger for the cohort variable and errors in interpretations became likely. When cohort differences are statistically significant and time-of-measurement differences are not, the conclusion that age differences are "generational" and not due to age changes within individuals may be wrong.


Health status as a variable in aging research. Findings from several studies bearing on the association between disease and age-associated behavior changes were briefly reviewed in order to stress the need for health assessment in gerontological psychology research. Despite the evidence favoring the need for health assessment such procedures have generally not been undertaken. Implications for experimental aging research were discussed.


Partitioning chi-square the analysis of contingency tables with repeated measurements. Categorical variables are commonly used in gerontological research. Although analysis of such variables presents no problem as long as the observations are independent, problems do arise when they are found in a design with repeated measurements. In this paper, two procedures from the statistics literature are combined to provide an analysis for data from a mixture of between and within categorical variables. First, a response pattern is used to form a contingency table with observations which are completely independent. Next, the Pearson chi-square statistic from the table is partitioned to provide tests analogous to simple effects in analysis of variance.


"Attitudes" toward the elderly: a comparison of measures. College students were presented five questionnaires traditionally used to assess attitudes toward old people. The intercorrelations among the measures were low, accounting for no more than 24% of the variance between any two measures. The results suggest that the measures are not equivalent; it was argued that the practice of utilizing a single instrument to measure attitudes toward the elderly may contribute to inconsistencies reported in the literature.


Age differences in cognition in healthy educated men: a factor analysis of experimental measures. Performance measures for a wide variety of cognitive laboratory tasks were factor analyzed, and the factors were identifiable as aspects of cognitive processing. The sample consisted of 96 healthy, educated men whose ages ranged from 20 to 80 yr. The factors were identified as speed of information processing, secondary memory, attention, and primary processing efficiency. Factor scores for each factor were correlated with age; r = -0.35, -0.30, -0.40, and -0.15 respectively, with better performance associated with lower age. The sample was divided into subsamples of 32 young (20-39), 32 middle (40-59), and 32 old (60-80) subjects; and each subsample was factor-analyzed separately to determine whether the factor structure was similar for all age groups. Evidence for factor-structure invariance with adult age was found in that all four factors in the primary analysis were identifiable in each of the age subsamples. The findings are consistent with a model of continual cognitive decline with age in healthy, educated adult males.


Age and tachistoscopic perception.

Age and tachistoscopic perception. A perception experiment involving tachistoscopic exposures of 10 alphabetic characters was conducted in order to answer the following questions. Do young and old adult subjects exhibit performance differences in tachistoscopic perception which involves the earliest stages of information processing; and, if so, what is the nature of these differences? The answer to the first part of the question was a clear and definite yes. Old adult subjects were found to perform at a significantly lower level than younger adult subjects in nearly all measures of perceptual performance. With respect to the second part of the question, both strategy and capacity differences were found to be responsible for the poorer performance of the older subjects. The older subjects used a suboptimal performance strategy more frequently, and were apparently slower at processing visual information than younger subjects.


Aging and in vivo norepinephrine-uptake in mammalian brain. In order to examine the cellular effect of aging in the central nervous system, the regional distribution and the dynamic aspects of catecholamine metabolism in the brain were investigated. Results indicated that the endogenous norepinephrine (NE) content is lower in hypothalamus and brain stem of older rats (25 mo. n = 6) than younger rats (12 mo. n = 6). We have also observed in these animals that the age pigments were apparently absent in the brain tissue of young rats but become a very distinct feature for the old rats and that the catecholamine strong vesicles appear to be less dense in the nerve terminals of old as compared with the young ones. 3H-NE was administered intracerebrally to mice of different age groups (4, 8, 12, 21 and 24 months) and the NE-uptake activity was examined by measuring the radioactive NE inside the isolated synaptosomes 5 min after 3H-NE injection. The result indicated that the young group (4 mo) has highest uptake activity. The uptake activity decrease with the older mice and reached the lowest in the age group of 21-24 mo. The decrease in NE-uptake activity may be related to the deterioration of synaptosomal membranes.


Growth, development and activity in rat offspring following maternal drug exposure. Seventy-nine Sprague-Dawley derived primimparous rats were injected subcutaneously throughout pregnancy and the nursing period with either (1) 30 mg/kg of pure nicotine, (2) 5.0 mg/kg methamphetamine HCL, (3) saline vehicle, or, (4) non-injected. Vital and developmental measures were taken on the offspring throughout the nursing period and for one additional week. Metamphetamine-injected females had a shorter, and nicotine-injected females a longer gestational period, and both gained less weight over the 21-day period than the control groups. The pups of methamphetamine and nicotine dams were significantly underweight at birth and the 28 day postnatal period and exhibited developmental delay. Male offspring were divided into behavioral, aging, and autopsy on Day 28. Male offspring of methamphetamine-injected dams remained significantly lighter in weight for the first 15 months of life (aging groups). Their counterparts in the behavioral groups and the offspring of non-injected dams exhibited significantly greater activity for eight of the first twelve monthly assessments which began at 90 days of age. Additional vital, performance, and sensory measures will continue throughout the lifespan of the animals.


Age, sex and genotype effects on stimulus exploration and locomotor activity in young mice. Age and sex effects on stimulus exploration and locomotor activity were investigated in three genetic stocks of mice. Three measures of exploratory behavior and one measure of locomotor activity were recorded in an arena testing situation. The results showed that measures requiring locomotor activity are more affected by differences in age and sex than measures of stimulus exploration. The results are discussed in terms of the previously established genetic models of stimulus exploration and activity.


Matching, the null hypothesis and the aging variable: would the real age effect please stand up. The concepts of hypothesis testing and maching are discussed in terms of their relationship to the findings of no age differences and sample bias, respectively. Suggestions are also offered concerned statistical substitutes for more rigid experimental controls.


Age-related increase of cuticle permeability in the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae. The external cuticular surface of nematodes, which resembles cellular membranes in certain ways, appears to deteriorate with age. For example, when the permeabilities to radioactive water of young and old nematodes were compared, and the data were corrected for the different surface: volume ratios, the older nematodes were significantly more permeable. In both living and dead nematodes, the same rates of water exchange were observed, indicating that the major route of exchange was probably by passive diffusion through the cuticle rather than by active processes such as swallowing or excreting water.


The effect of age on the speed of sentence formation and incidental learning. To test the hypothesis that older persons tend not to use verbal mediators in paired-associate learning because it takes them too long to form an appropriate mediator, the time needed by young and old subjects to generate sentences incorporating given pairs of nouns was measured. Older subjects formed sentences just as rapidly as did the young. Despite their equivalent speed in creating these verbal associations when tested later for the occurrence of incidental learning of the noun pairs, the older subjects showed much poorer recall than did the younger subjects. This age difference in learning did not appear to be a function of any major dissimilarities in the generated sentences themselves, i.e., in the grammatical constructions used, or in the imageability of the relationships expressed by the sentences. The rated imagery value of the stimulus nouns was found to affect both the speed of sentence formation and the accuracy of incidental learning; in both younger and older subjects, formation time was less, and recall was better for the high imagery noun pairs.


The relationship of scoring treatment and age in perceptual-integrative performance. The present study was designed to reexamine the hypothesis that timed perceptual-integrative performance tests are negatively biased measures of the abilities of the elderly. Unlike an earlier study by Doppelt and Wallace (1955) which did not support this hypothesis, the current study consisted of a college-age group in addition to the elderly group, and also included an additional scoring treatment. Each subject was tested with the WAIS Block Design and Object Assembly. Tests were scored in three ways: (1) Standard scoring (WAIS Manual); (2) "regular" scoring (timed, omitting bonus points); (3) "Irregular" scoring (untimed, omitting bonus points). For both tests, Age, Scoring, and the Age by Scoring ineraction were significant. Post hoc analyses for significant effects suggest that the elderly are helped most by additional solution time, whereas younger adults derive greater benefits from the bonus points for quick performance. The results also suggest that subjects must be of sufficiently high ability to effectively use increased or unlimited solution time.


Differences in the sequential integration of form as a function of age and interstimulus interval. The sequential integration of visual stimuli was studied in 12 young (18-28 years) and 12 old (51-62 years) men and women. Stimuli were constructed as corresponding word halves and inter-stimulus intervals (ISI's) of varied duration (0-150 msec.) were introduced between the presentation of the two halves. Correct word identification was found to be an inverse function of ISI for both young and old subjects. The number of stimuli correctly identified was significantly lower for the older subjects at all levels of ISI. None of the interactions of age, sex, and ISI was significant. The data appear to question the "stimulus persistence" model as applied to age differences in the temporal organization of form.