A simplified method for the gas-liquid chromatographic determination of methyl mercury in fish and shellfish. A simple acetone wash of the fish sample which removes lipids and other organic materials replaces the cystein cleanup specified in other methods. Methyl mercury is freed by hydrochloric acid, extracted into benzene, and determined with a gas-liquid chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The method is quantitative for methyl mercury levels as low as 0.10 ppm in fish and shellfish. Ethyl mercury chloride may be used as an internal standard to detect unsuspected error or instrumental parameter variation.


L-aspartate of erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate, a new semisynthetic erythromycin derivative. Erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate, a compound with high antibacterial activity, forms with L-aspartic acid a salt possessing valuable properties as a potential chemotherapeutic agent. The L-aspartate of erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate exhibits strong anti-bacterial activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria and shows low toxicity. The serum and the lung tissue levels of the discussed salt after a single dose administration to a rat were measured in comparison with those of erythromycin, its L-aspartate, erythromycin cyclic 11,12-carbonate and its L-glutamate. The new erythromycin derivative showed definitely superior characteristics to those of the other substances tested. The activity of the L-aspartate of erythromycin A cyclic 11,12-carbonate in chemotherapy of experimental staphylococcal infection and experimental pneumococcal bronchopneumonia in mice is superior to that of the parent carbonate and erythromycin itself.


A study of renaturation of reduced hen egg white lysozyme. Enzymically active intermediates formed during oxidation of the reduced protein. The material obtained from reduced hen egg white lysozyme after complete air oxidation at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees has yielded, by gel filtration on a Bio-Gel P-30 column, enzymically active species and an enzymically inactive form which eluted sooner than the active species but later than expected for a dimer of lysozyme. Reduced lysozyme also elutes at the same position as this inactive material. Examination of the fragments produced on CNBr cleavage of the inactive form indicates that at least 24% of the population contains incorrect disulfide bonds involving half-cystine residues 6, 30, 115, and 127. Tryptophan fluorescence and the intrinsic viscosity of the inactive form show an enlarged molecular domain with a disordered conformation. The yield of the inactive form increases as the oxidation of reduced lysozyme is accelerated using cupric ion. In the presence of 4 X 10(-5) M cupric ion, reduced lysozyme forms almost quantitatively the inactive form, which is almost completely converted to the native form by sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange catalyzed by thiol groups of either reduced lysozyme or beta-mercaptoethanol. The material trapped by alkylation of the free sulfhydryl groups with [1-14C]iodoacetic acid during the early stage of air oxidation of reduced lysozyme was fractionated by gel filtration to permit separation of the active species from the inactive form. Ion exchange chromatography of the active species yielded completely renatured lysozyme and three major enzymically active radioactive derivatives. Two of these derivatives contained approximately 2 mol of S-carboxymethylcysteine. Isolation and characterization of radioactive tryptic peptides from each of the three active forms, permitted the identification of Cys 6 and Cys 127, Cys 76 and 94, and Cys 80 as the sulfhydryl groups alkylated in these three incompletely oxidized, partially active forms. Thus, it appears that the interatomic interactions maintaining the compact three-dimensional structure of native lysozyme are operational even when one of these three native disulfide bonds between Cys 6 and Cys 127, Cys 76 and Cys 94, and Cys 64 and 80 is open.


Ultrasonographic evaulation of breast masses. B-mode ultrasonic contact scanning should be performed in conjunction with mammography in any patient with a palpable breast mass that is 1 cm or larger in diameter. Patients with masses that appear cystic on the sonogram should undergo needle aspiration of their masses. The fluid should then be cytologically examined for confirmation of its benign nature and repeat sonograms obtained to ensure that the mass has completely disappeared. Patients with masses appearing either solid or complex ultrasonographically should undergo surgical biopsy.


A simple, selective method for freeze-fracturing spherical cells. A simple and selective method for freeze-fracturing spherical cells is described. The cells are loaded into the holes of a thin nickel screen. A metal hat is applied to the cell monolayer and the whole assembly, hat-cells-screen, is frozen and then fractured by ripping the hat off. The fractured face on the screen is replicated. By varying the size of the screen holes and by applying the hat to either side of the screen, this method can selectively expose the E face (or the outer half of plasma membrane), the P face (or the inner half of the plasma membrane), or the cytoplasm of the cells. It also provides a means to produce fractures at a preselected area on the cell, if the cells can be loaded onto the screen in an oriented fashion.


Actin filament-membrane attachment: are membrane particles involved? The association of actin filaments with membranes is an important feature in the motility of nonmuscle cells. We investigated the role of membrane particles in the attachment of actin filaments to membranes in those systems in which the attachment site can be identified. Freeze fractures through the end-on attachment site of the acrosomal filament bundles in Mytilus (mussel) and Limulus (horseshoe crab) sperm and the attachment site of the microvillar filament bundles in the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells were examined. There are no particles on the P face of the membrane at these sites in the sperm systems and generally none at these sites in microvilli. In microvilli, the actin filaments are also attached along their lengths to the membrane by bridges. When the isolated brush border is incubated in high concentrations of Mg++ (15 mM), the actin filaments form paracrystals and, as a result, the bridges are in register (330 A period). Under these conditions, alignment of the particles on the P face of the membrane into circumferential bands also occurs. However, these bands are generally separated by 800-900 A, indicating that all the bridges cannot be directly attached to membrane particles. Thus membrane particles are not directly involved in the attachment of actin filaments to membranes.


Revised constitution, absolute configuration, and conformation of griseoviridin, a modified cyclic peptide antibiotic.


Amino-acids and peptides Part XVI. Synthesis of cyclo-[L-(alpha-amino)-beta-alanylglycyl-D-(alpha-amino)-beta-alanylglycyl] and related fourteen-membered cyclotetrapeptides.


Amino-acids and peptides. Part XVII. Synthesis of cyclo-[(O-t-butyl)-L-seryl-beta-alanyl-glycyl-(O-methyl)-L-beta-aspartyl], and observations on the rearrangement of beta-aspartyl peptides esters.


The distribution of anionic sites on the surface of the Golgi complex. The distribution of anionic binding sites has been investigated in the isolated Golgi complex using cationic ferritin. The greatest density of anionic sites occurs on the tubular network and small vesicles, and this binding is accompanied by increased levels of galactosyltransferase activity. The density of anionic sites on the cisternae is less than on the tubules and shows anisotropic distribution, with higher density on the convex surface and lower density on the concave surface. The distribution of anionic sites may reflect the functional activity of the Golgi complex and possibly the interaction or cohesion between cisternae in this organelle.


Actin polymerization and interaction with other proteins in temperature-induced gelation of sea urchin egg extracts. The gel which forms on warming the extracts of the cytoplasmic proteins of sea urchin eggs has been separated into two fractions, one containing F-actin and the other containing two proteins of 58,000 and 22,000 mol wt. When combined in 0.1 M KCl, even at 0 degrees C, these components will form gel material identical to that formed by warming extracts. This gel is a network of laterally aggregated F-actin filaments which are in register and which display a complex cross-banding pattern generated by the presence of the other two proteins. Low concentrations of calcium block the assembly of these proteins to form this complex structure, which may play some cytoskeletal role in the cytoplasm. This association of F-actin with the other proteins to form a gel is very likely the last step fo the process occurring in warmed extracts. At low temperatures, gelation of extracts is limited by the relative absence of F-actin, as demonstrated by the inability to sediment it at 100,000 g and also by the fact that gelation occurs immediately if exogenous F-actin is added to cold extracts. The transformation of the G-actin present in the extract to the F-form is apparently repressed at low temperatures. This is shown directly by the failure of added G-actin to polymerize at low temperatures in the presence of extract. These observations resemble those which have been reported on preparations from amoeboid cells and may be significant in the involvement of actin and these other proteins in cell division and later developmental processes.


Association of microfilament bundles with lysosomes in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The juxtaposition of microfilament bundles and lysosomes seen both in thin-sectioned cells in the transmission electron microscope and in cryofractured cells in the scanning electron microscope, and the presence of short filamentous structures between lysosomes and microfilament bundles, suggest that microfilaments may be attached to lysosomal membranes and that these filaments may be involved in lysosomal movements. Further work is in progress to test these hypotheses.


An autoradiographic analysis of [3H]alpha-bungarotoxin distribution in the rat brain after intraventricular injection. Purified alpha-bungarotoxin was isolated by chromatography and made radioactive with tritium ([3H]acetamidino-alpha-bungarotoxin). Infusions of [3H]alpha-bungarotoxin alone or preceded by tubocurarine or atropine were given into the third ventricle. 2. 12, or 24 h after injection the brains were prepared for autoradiography. Injections of alpha-bungarotoxin (radioinert) in buffer, or of [3H]parathyroid hormone in buffer, served as controls. The various patterns of labeling suggest the presence of nicotinic-cholinergic neurons within the arcuate and basolateral regions of the hypothalamus including the supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei and, in addition, the central nucleus of the amygdala.


Topography of the synaptosomal membrane. The composition and disposition of the constituent polypeptides of rat cerebral cortical synaptosomal membranes were analyzed on SDS acrylamide gels. Of 20 bands readily detected, 11 account for greater than 93% of the total protein analyzed. These are: (molecu25); 3 (175); 4 (doublet, 137); 5 (doublet, 97); 6 (68); 7 (61); 8 (54); 9 (44); 10 (37); and 11 (33). Bands 5 and 8-10 are the most prominent and account for greater than 60% of the protein mass or 0.67 of its molecular fraction. By lactoperoxidase iodination, the bulk of the proteins in bands 3, 5, 6, and 8 and a portion of band 11 appear to be located on the external (junctional) face of the membrane of intact synaptosomes; proteins in bands 1, 2, 7, 9, and 10 appear to be localized on the internal (synaptoplasmic) face and become labeled only when synaptosomes are lysed. Further confirmation of the topographical distribution is provided by evidence that bands 3-6, 8, and 11 contain glycoproteins susceptible to labeling in intact synaptosomes by oxidation with galactose oxidase or periodate followed by reduction with NaB3H4. Evidence is provided for significant contributions by tubulin- and actin-like molecules to bands 8 and 9, respectively, suggesting that a substantial fraction of the tubulin in the synaptosomal membrane is disposed externally (accessible to iodination) whereas most, if not all, of the actin appears to exhibit the opposite topography. Similar though weaker inferences can also be drawn with regard to the location of tropomyosin and troponin. Preliminary evidence is provided that postsynaptic densities exhibit a protein and iodination profile distinct from that of the synpatosomal membrane.


Amino-acids and peptides. Part XVIII. Studies relating to the synthesis and conformation of a novel bicyclic peptide system.


Biosynthesis of natural products. Part 1. Incorporations of ent-Kaur-16-ene and ent-Kaur-16-en-15-one into enmein and oridonin.


The biosynthesis of fungal metabolites. Part IX. Sclerin: feedings with [1,2-13C]acetate and[methyl-13C]methionine.


Studies on steroids. Part 37. Synthesis of the four stereoisomers of 20,22-epoxycholesterol.


Carotenoids and related compounds. Part XXXIV. Synthesis of violerythrin and other cyclopentenediones.


Oxidation of some penicillins and other sulphides by use of a polymer-supported peroxy-acid.


New dibenz[d,f]azonine alkaloids from Cocculus laurifolius DC.


Fusicoccin. Part 6. Biosynthesis of fusicoccin from [3-13C]- and (4R)-[4-3H]-mevalonic acid.


A highly stereospecific synthesis of (R)- and (S)-[2-3H]Glycine.


Preparation of glycerols protected at the 2-hydroxy-group and their application to the synthesis of lipids.


Synthesis of 7,10- and 7,8-dimethylbenz[c]acridine.


Electron-capture gas chromatographic determination of residues of anthraquinone bird repellent.


The socialization of 2-yr old boys: ecological findings.


Some additional observations on the analysis of glyceryl ethers and chromatographically related lipids.


Male-female differences and the influence of neonatal and adult testosterone on intraspecies aggression in rats. Male and female albino rats were tested for intraspecies aggression without the use of shock. In the first experiment, male pairs showed more biting attacks, offensive sideways movements, and self-grooming than did female pairs; male pairs also showed more stereotyped defensive/submissive behaviors and were wounded more frequently. The second experiment examined the effects of neonatal castration and testosterone propionate (TP) administration on fighting. Males castrated at birth attacked other males less frequently than did controls when tested with TP treatment as adults. The TP given at birth to neonatally castrated males restored attacks to control levels. Females given TP as neonates did not differ from either male or female controls. Other aggressive/defensive behaviors, however, did not show this pattern. The results suggest that while the presence of testosterone during a brief postnatal period and during adulthood is necessary for attack behavior to occur, other related behaviors may not be affected in a similar manner.


Feeding behavior of steers fed a complete mixed ration. Feeding behavior of five Holstein steers fed a complete mixed ration was studied by use of individual, electronically controlled feeding behavior units. Both individual meal and daily behavioral parameters were measured. Number of meals, size of each individual meal, time spent eating, and intervals between meals were measured. Eating rates were then calculated. Diurnal feeding patterns were observed with 60.9% of the meals occurring between 0600 and 1800 h. For individual meals, body weight accounted for less than 30% of the variation in meal size. Average meal size was 414.5 g. Respective means for overall meal duration, actual meal duration, overall eating rate, and actual eating rate were 20.3 min, 13.7 min, 23.1 g/min, and 30.0 g/min. Meal size per body weight (g/kg or g/kg.75) was relatively constant during observation. Both increased eating rate and increased meal length were associated with larger meals. However, eating rate tended to plateau while meal length continued to increase with larger meals. Steers consumed 10.01 meals per day while total daily overall meal duration and actual meal duration were 220.9 and 156.4 min.


Umbilical uptake of amino acids in the unstressed fetal lamb. The whole blood concentrations of 22 amino acids were measured in a chronic, unstressed fetal lamb preparations. Samples were taken daily from the umbilical artery, umbilical vein, and maternal artery over the latter quarter of gestation. 73 sets of samples (from the umbilical artery and vein and the maternal artery) from 13 animals were analyzed for amino acid levels. Oxygen contents were determined simultaneously in 48 sets (umbilical artery and vein) to relate fetal oxygen consumption to amino acid uptake via the umbilical circulation. The results indicate that there is no umbilical uptake of the acidic amino acids, glutamate and aspartate; there is, in fact, a net flux of glutamate out of the fetus into the placenta. As both of these amino acids are major constituents of body proteins, the data indicate that they are formed within the fetus. The umbilical uptake of some neutral and basic amino acids (e.g., valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine) is in considerable excess of estimated growth requirements, suggesting that some amino acids undergo extensive transamination and oxidative degradation in the fetus. Finally, the net uptake of nitrogen, carbon, and calories by the growing ovine fetus in the form of amino acids, glucose, and lactate is compared to estimated requirements as determined in previous studies.


Motivated behaviors elicited from hypothalamus, midbrain, and pons of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Eating, drinking, biting attack, male mating behavior, and gnawing were elicited by electrical stimulation through electrodes located predominantly in a region extending from the preoptic area through the lateral hypothalamus into the ventral midbrain. Escape and digging were elicited from a parallel but more medial region that overlapped the lateral zone only in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area. Several differentiable vocalizations were produced from sites distributed through most, although not all, areas explored. Sites yielding painlike responses were located principally in the vicinity of the presumed pain pathway traced after anterolateral cordotomy in other species. Reward was obtained from widespread sites that were generally congruent with catecholaminergic systems as described in the rat. Although there was considerable overlap of the effective zones for many responses, their underlying mechanisms were differentiated anatomically by localized differences in their distribution or functionally by the elicitation of pure responses from some electrodes. Response mechanisms localized in the brain stem of the guinea pig generally resembled those in the rat, although there were differences in details, especially in the posterior midbrain and pons.


Structural conflict and object relations conflict. A hierarchical model of the mind is required for a more integrated understanding of psychic conflict. At a higher developmental level, the hierarchical model includes the tripartite model, and at a lower level it includes an object-relations model. Psychic conflicts may be classified into object relations conflicts and structural conflicts. The object-relations class of psychic conflict covers the phase of psychic development prior to id-ego-superego differentiation. The earlier psychoanalytic writings tended to ascribe all kinds of symptoms, conflicts, and disorders to structural conflicts. Logical and empirical evidence against the universality of structural conflicts in various disorders and symptoms, even psychoneurotic symptoms, has been summarized and discussed.


Kinetic studies of the reduction of hemoglobin and myoglobin by chromium(II).


Translation and stability of human globin mRNA in Xenopus oocytes. Human globin messenger RNA (mRNA) prepared from erythroid cells of patients with sickle cell anemia has been translated in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Addition of hemin to the injected mRNA causes total globin synthesis to increase and the ratio of alpha- to betas-globin synthesis (alpha/betas ratio) to approach unity. To determine the effect of the length of the poly-(A) segment on human globin mRNA stability, 10 S globin mRNA was fractionated into poly-(A)-poor fractions by oligo (dT)-cellulose column chromatography. When oocytes are injected with each of these fractions, translation of the poly-(A)-rich globin mRNA is sustained for a longer period than that of the poly-(A)-poor mRNA. Regardless of the mRNA fraction injected, the alpha/betas ratio of the synthesized globin decreases as the injected oocytes are incubated for longer periods. The results indicate that in frog oocytes poly-(A)-rich mRNA has greater translational stability than poly-(A)-poor mRNA, AND beta-mRNA has greater stability than alpha-mRNA with comparable poly-(A) content.


Selenium and vitamin E and incidence of retained placenta in parturient dairy cows. In a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial experiment, protein intake, selenium supplementation, and intake of phosphorus were related to the incidence of retained placenta in cows fed varying concentrations of these nutrients during the dry period. The population incidence of 38% retained placenta in 26 control cows was independent of phosphorus intake which ranged between 39 and 95 g per day. When a protein supplement was included in the concentrate as soybean meal, the incidence of retained placenta was reduced to 20% for supplemented animals from 50% for the animals that received no soybean meal. This increased protein in the ration was reflective of a mean increase from .02 ppm of selenium to .06 ppm of selenium in the ration. By increasing the mean daily intake of selenium at least 3 wk prepartum from .23 mg to .92 mg daily, overall incidence of retained placenta was reduced from 38% to 0%. A positive prophylactic effect was achieved regardless of whether alpha tocopherol was supplemented as well. These mature dairy cows were deficient in selenium, and supplementation of selenium reduced the incidence of retained placenta.


Rapeseed meal in complete feeds for dairy cows. Three complete feeds containing low glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed meal (Cultivar "1788"), high glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed meal (Cultivar "Span"), or soybean meal as protein supplement were evaluated with lactating Holstein cows in a double 3 X 3 Latin square design. Lactation performance, hematology, blood chemistry, serum-free amino acids, rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations, and milk fatty acid composition were measured. The 1788 ration tended to increase yield of milk and of total solids. Hematology, blood chemistry, and serum-free amino acid data showed no differencein utilization of nitrogen. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids were not different. Feeding of the high glucosinolate Span ration did not reduce feed intake. However, there were indications that Span-fed cows may have experienced hypothyroidism. No differences were in erucic acid content of milk fat, and concentrations were low. Rapeseed meals 1788 and Span and soybean meal were equal as protein supplements.


Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: long-term surgical results. The results of surgery in 21 patients with I.H.S.S. are reported. Dyspnea, angina pectoris and syncope were the most common symptoms in decreasing frequency. Before the operation, 5 patients were in New York Heart Association's functional class II, 10 in class III and 6 in class IV. The mean resting peak systolic pressure gradient was 66 mm Hg in 20 patients and mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 14 mm Hg in 19 patients. The ventriculoseptomyectomy accomplished through a transaortic approach is the procedure of choice. The operative mortality rate was 14% (3 of 21 patients). There were 2 late deaths from congestive heart failure. Any sudden death did not occur. The remaining 16 patients have been followed up for a mean of 75 months (range 12 months to 11 years), 11 patients are in functional class I, 4 in class II and 1 in class III. Complete left-bundle-branch block occurred in 3 patients. Our study with a long post-operative follow-up period, documents that surgery results in good to excellent alleviation of symptoms in survivors. The elevated pre-operative left ventricular end-diastolic pressure has a significantly poor prognosis. We currently recommend surgery for the symptomatic patients who have not responded to medical therapy, not late in the symptomatic course of the disease.


Amounts and sources of protein for dairy calves. Female Holstein calves (178) were fed rations varying from 10 to 17% crude protein (air dry) from 30 to 102 days of age. Ten percent was inadequate resulting in less body weight, gain, withers height, and heart girth than rations containing 12 to 17% crude protein. In trial 1 addition of urea, biuret, or ammonia-molasses to a 12% diet to make a 16% crude protein diet allowed gains and weights indistinguishable from those on a 12 or 16% crude protein soybean meal ration. In another trial, addition of urea, biuret, or ammonium propionate to a 10% ration to make a 14% ration allowed insignificantly greater gains and body weight. Gains and body weight were greater for the 14% soybean meal ration than the three non-protein-nitrogen rations for calves to 71 days of age but equal for 71 to 102 days. Gain, body weight, dry matter, and protein intakes at most dates and intervals were greater for calves fed the 14% soybean meal ration than the 10% ration. When 10, 12, 14, and 16% soybean meal rations were compared simultaneously, only the 10% crude protein ration gave inferior performance. Gains were reduced when average daily crude protein intake for the 72 day trail was 258 g or less. Calves fed lupine or dried poultry waste did not gain or consume as much as those fed comparable soybean meal rations. Calves fed a 17% crude protein ration from several protein sources plus alfalfa hay gained no much than those fed the 12 to 16% crude protein rations. Regression analysis relating dry matter and protein intake to body weight or gains indicated both dry matter intake and protein percentage were about equally important from day 41 to 72 and that after this age dry matter intake was of much greater importance than protein percentage. Protein intake expressed as g/day was not of importance in this regression. Weaning at day 42 allowed for greater body weight and gains than weaning at day 32. The difference in body weight was 2.5 kg at day 42 and 7 kg at day 102.


Aspiculuris tetraptera in wild Mus musculus. Age resistance and acquired immunity. Wild house mice, naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera were segregated according to their weight into six age groups. The prevalence of infection and the mean worm burden of these mice were studied in the different age groups. The overall prevalence of infection was high (57% or more) in all the groups except the youngest. Mice acquired larvae soon after weaning; the highest larval burdens were reached in juvenile mice and the highest mature worm burdens, a group later, in mature mice. Older mice had fewer larvae and fewer mature worms. The mature worm burdens decreased but relatively slower than the larval burdens. It is suggested that eigher innate or acquired resistance could account for these observations.


Quality factors in beef, pork, and lamb cooked by microwaves. Three cooking treatments were applied to the longissimus muscle of beef and of pork and to deboned leg of lamb. Cooking treatments included: Intermittent energy application (3-min. cycle) with a microwave range operated at 220V and intermittent energy application (6-min. cycle) with a microwave range operated at 115V. Control roasts were cooked in a conventional gas oven (163+/-3 degrees C.). Cooking was adjusted so that roasts achieved an internal temperature of 70 degrees C. when cut for analyses. Cooking losses were significantly greater for microwave than for conventionally cooked beef. However, microwave cooking resulted in beef, pork, and lamb roasts with flavor of interior portions similar to those prepared conventionally. Flavor differences in samples from the edge of the slices of lamb and of pork and tenderness of lamb appeared to be related to cooking method. For these attributes, meat cooked conventionally was superior. In contrast, patterns in significant differences in tenderness and juiciness of beef and of pork were not consistent and were not related solely to method of cookery. Neither creatine nor creatinine was a good index of flavor of meat cooked by these methods. Aside from the time-saving aspect of microwave heating, there was no major advantage of one method of cooking over another. Thus, either high- or low- powered microwave equipment, operated at 2450 MHz, can be used satisfactorily for cooking tender cuts of beef, pork, and lamb.


Genus Microsporum dermatophytes in eastern Bohemia. The authors presented a taxonomic survey of dermatophytes of the genus Microsporum. From the 19 species described so far, they isolated ten species in the region of Eastern Bohemia. Only the species Microsporum cookel and M. gypsem are considered to be endemic species. The remaining are regarded as imported dermatophytes which are not able to maintain their existence permanently in the conditions of the mentioned region. Data on the findings of the individual species were completed by the authors' remarks on their primary hosts and/or substrates of heterotrophy, frequency of occurrence and geographical distribution.


Assessment of effectivity of oral killed typhoid and paratyphoid B vaccines and aerosol chemical typhoid vaccine in controlled field trials. A total of 3 controlled field trials were carried out. One of them (1963) showed that aerosol chemical typhoid vaccine did not protect vaccinated subjects from the disease. Two other tests (1964 and 1965) assessing the effectivity of killed orally administered typhoid vaccine revealed a short term (up to 3 months) protective effect expressed by an effectivity coefficient of 45%, fiducial limits being 8-70%. In the assessment of oral paratyphoid B vaccine, the difference in morbidity in the experimental and control groups was statistically insignificant due to a small number of cases of disease.


Reliability of the serological method of examination as a basis for diagnosis of associated respiratory virus infections. The reliability of the results of serological examination in diagnostics of associated infections was studied on a model of artificially provoked vaccinal infections in humans and in laboratory animals. The effect of administered monopreparations on changes in the level of both homologous and heterologous antibodies was tested. The character of immunological changes following simultaneous administration of two or more respiratory viruses was analysed and the effect of these viruses in diseases of divers etiology was studied. According to the results of experiments on laboratory animals, repeated administration of any of the earlier used respiratory viruses stimulated the accumulation of only homologous antibodies while heterologous antibodies did not increase at all. The results revealed the possibility of simultaneous immunological reorganization of a child's organism in response to the influence of several different antigens from the group of respiratory viruses acting synchronously or in succession. Results of the analysis demonstrated the reliability of the employed serological methods of diagnosis of respiratory virus infections.


A note on single- and two-dose immunogenicity tests of inactive virus vaccine in chicks. Single dose extinction limit test ot inactive polio vaccine in chicks lasts 4 days and offers the same results as the two-dose test which requires 14 days. When "long-term" incubation instead of "conventional" 2 hours-incubation of the serum/virus mixtures in the neutralization reaction was used, extinction limit values higher by 0.6-0.7 log10 were regularly obtained.


Human infections caused by V. parahaemolyticus in Czechoslovakia. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated in two subjects with acute gastroenteritis. The patients history included stay in Pakistan or India. They probably contracted the infection on board an aeroplane where they ingested cold meal containing sea products. The possibility of this conditioned pathogen occurring also in an inland country is pointed out.


Isolation of antibody-forming cells by using cluster formation in combination with velocity sedimentation. A method is described for isolation of antibody-forming cells with the help of cluster formation. This was achieved by incubating spleen cells from immunized mice with sheep erythrocytes at 37 degrees C. During incubation rabbit-anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum was present in order to facilitate the formation of clusters. Thereafter the clusters were isolated by velocity sedimentation. In this way we obtained suspensions containing more than 80% clusters. Some of the cells in the clusters still produced antibodies against sheep erythrocytes cultured for two days in vitro.


Quantitative alterations in the genital microflora of female rats in relation to the estrous cycle. The virgin female laboratory rat has been studied as a model of the ecosystem represented by the vaginal mucosa and its bacterial flora. Gram-stained vaginal smears abtained from rats having normal estrous cycles showed cyclic variation in the number of bacteria present. Viable plate counts of material obtained by vaginal lavage demonstrated daily changes in the density of the bacterial population of the vagina in relation to the estrous cycle. Bacterial counts observed during the estrus phase of the cycle in individual rats were 10,000 to 100,000 times greater than viable counts observed during the metestrus or diestrus phases of the cycle. These studies represent the first reported demonstration that physiologic changes occurring during the estrous cycle control the size of the bacterial population of the vagina.


Endotoxin and prevention of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Endotoxin is known both to stimulate prostaglandin production and to abolish the pulmonary vascular pressor response to hypoxia. The present study demonstrated that two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, meclofenamate and indomethacin, prevent loss of pulmonary vasoconstriction due to hypoxia when sublethal doses of endotoxin are administered. This suggests that endotoxin may stimulate the production of a dilator prostaglandin which would oppose the hypoxic vasoconstriction, but other ways in which these inhibitor drugs might act are considered. Endotoxin damages platelets and leukocytes, both of which can form prostaglandins and could be the source of a dilator prostaglandin. However, in these experiments endotoxin abolished the hypoxic pressor response in dogs rendered severely thrombocytopenic by platelet antiserum. This suggests that platelets are not involved. In further experiments blood from anesthetized dogs was circulated through glass bead columns. Changes in the leukocyte count following perfusion were correlated with changes in the subsequent pressor response to hypoxia. The possibility that leukocytes may be involved in the effect of endotoxin on the hypoxic pressor response is considered.


Sterol content of the Myxomycetes Physarum polycephalum and P. flavicomum. The sterol content of two Myxomycetes, Physarum polycephalum and P. flavicomum has been examined. The sterols of the two species are apparently identical, the two major sterols in each being poriferasterol and 22-dihydroporiferasterol. Threee minor sterols are probably delta5-ergostenol, ergostanol, and poriferastanol. The triterpenoids of the two species differ in that, though lanosterol was identified in both, 22-dihydrolanosterol was indicated only in P. flavicomum. The occurrence of lanosterol together with a typical mixture of plant sterols is somewhat unusual.


The general occurrence of mitochondrial nuclei in the true slime mold.


Electron microscopic studies on macrophages. I. Effects of colchicine and cytochalasin B on the cell cortex as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.


Occurrence of Birbeck granules in the macrophage of mouse lymph nodes.


Passive potassium transport in LK sheep red cells. Effects of anti-L antibody and intracellular potassium. The passive K influx in low K(LK) red blood cells of sheep saturates with increasing external K concentration, indicating that this mode of transport is mediated by membrane-associated sites. The passive K influx, iMLK, is inhibited by external Na. Isoimmune anti-L serum, known to stimulate active K transport in LK sheep red cells, inhibits iMLK about twofold. iMLK is affected by changes in intracellular K concentration, [K]i, in a complex fashion: increasing [K]i from near zero stimulates iMLK, while further increases in [K]i, above 3 mmol/liter cells, inhibit iMLK. The passive K influx is not mediated by K-K exchange diffusion. The effects of anti-L antibody and [K]i on passive cation transport are specific for K: neither factor affects passive Na transport. The common characteristics of passive and active K influx suggest that iMLK is mediated by inactive Na-K pump sites, and that the inability to translocate Na characterizes the inactive pumps. Anti-L antibody stimulates the K pump in reticulocytes of LK sheep. However, anti-L has no effect on iMLK in these cells, apparently because reticulocytes do not have the inactive pump sites which, in mature LK cells, are a consequence of the process of maturation of circulating LK cells. The results also indicate that anti-L alters the maximum velocity of both active and passive K fluxes by converting pumps sites from a form mediating passive K influx to an actively transporting form.


Ultrastructure of an indigotin-producing dome mutant of Schizophyllum commune. Electron microscopic observations of an indigotin-producing dome mutant of Schizophyllum commune Fr. have shown that large wall ingrowths occur within the hyphae. These ingrowths are coupled with morphological abnormalities produced by the dome mutation. The pigment indigotin appears to be produced by progressive condensation within vacuoles and to a lesser extent within the wall ingrowths. Cytochemical techniques have shown that the wall ingrowths are similar in structure to the hyphal walls. there was no evidence for the passage of condensed indigotin into the medium; the pigment granules found in the medium must therefore form outside the hyphae.


Studies on basidiospore development in Schizophyllum commune. The time required for synthesis of the spore components and the effect of different environmental conditions on basidiospore production were studied in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Both exogenous glucose and storage materials were used in the synthesis of spore components, which took 40 to 45 h to complete. A temperature of 30 degrees C, the presence of 5% CO2, a continuous supply of glucose, or a lack of exogenous glucose, had no effect on the rate of spore production. Light, however, was required for sporulation. Darkness inhibited sporulation between karyogamy and the initiation of meiosis: complete inhibition occurred after 48 h in the dark. Spores were produced 5 h after release from dark inhibition.


Genetic analysis of radiation-sensitive mutations in the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. The linkage of two mutations leading to increased sensitivity to ultraviolet light and 60Co gamma rays was determined in the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum using a genetic analysis based on the parasexual cycle. Diploids were selected from a mixture of radiation-sensitive, temperature-resistant and radiation-resistant, temperature-sensitive haploids on the basis of simultaneous radiation and temperature resistance. Analysis of drug-resistant haploid segregants of the heterozygous diploids indicated that one of the radiation-sensitive mutations, radA20, was linked to linkage group I whereas the other, radB13, was linked to the recently defined linkage group VI.


Purification of two components of mouse L cell interferon: electrophoretic demonstration of interferon proteins. Mouse L cell interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus was purified by the procedure described previously (Yamamoto et al. 1974) followed by gel filtration. The two fractions obtained containing interferon species S (36000 daltons) and F (24000 daltons), respectively, were analysed electrophoretically at pH 4-3, or in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at pH 7-2. In both fractions, interferon activity was invariably associated with distinct protein bands. In the F-containing fraction there were essentially no other proteins, and in the S-containing fraction, impurity proteins were well separated from the interferon activity. The apparent mol. wt. determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis showed little or no dependence on gel concentration, suggesting that the interferons had low carbohydrate contents, and did not change after reduction with thiol reagents in SDS and urea.


The production and action of interferon in Chinese hamster cells. The interferon system has been investigated in primary cell cultures established from Chinese hamster embryos and new born pups. Interferon synthesis was induced with Sindbis virus, ultraviolet inrradiated Newcastle disease virus (u.v.-NDV) and with polyriboinosine acid-polyribocytidylic acid complex [poly (rI). poly (rC)]. Only u.v.-NDV induced significant production of interferon, maximum amounts being produced in 'aged' cells. Its apparent mol. wt. was 25000. CHO-KI cells, an established line of Chinese hamster cells, did not synthesize interferon in response to viruses, but were sensitive to its action.


A survey of Rorschach teaching in APA-approved clinical graduate programs. A questionnaire on teaching of the Rorschach technique was sent to all APA-approved graduate clinical psychology programs in the United States and Canada. The questionnaire asked for the degree of emphasis placed on the Rorschach in the primary assessment course, the Rorschach teaching experience of the respondent and the respondent's evaluation of the technique as a clinical tool, a teaching aid and a research instrument. The respondent in each case was the faculty member teaching the major diagnostic assessment course. There was a 100% return of the questionnaires. The major results show that (1) 81% of the programs place major emphasis on the Rorschach Technique in the assessment course; (2) only 24% of the programs offer the course for a full year; (3) respondents with more than 10 years teaching experience rated the Rorschach higher than respondents with less experience, and (4) respondents as a group rated the Rorschach highly as a clinical tool and teaching aid, but gave it generally low ratings as a research instrument.


Systems approach to vaginal delivery of drugs III: Simulation studies interfacing steroid release from silicone matrix and vaginal absorption in rabbits. A composite physical model involving the simultaneous receding boundary release of drug from a drug suspension-silicone polymer matrix system, diffusion across the aqueous layer, and passive transport across the vaginal membrane consisting of parallel lipoidal and aqueous pore pathways is described. Simulation studies with progesterone and hydrocortisone illustrate matrix release-limiting, membrane absorption, and aqueous diffusion layer-limiting cases when the cylindrical silicone delivery device is interfaced with the vaginal membrane of the rabbit.


Caffeine in plasma and saliva by a radioimmunoassay procedure. Caffeine was analyzed in human plasma and saliva by a simple, rapid, and sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure. Immunization of rabbits with an antigen prepared by coupling 7-(5-carboxypentyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine to bovine serum albumin resulted in the formation of antibodies selective for caffeine as opposed to various mono- and dimethylxanthines, mono-, di-, and trimethyluric acids and a variety of common drugs. The radioligand used for competitive binding studies was 7-(2,3-3H2-propyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine. The procedure permits direct analysis of caffeine in plasma or saliva without extraction. Comparison with a high pressure liquid chromatography method for the analysis of caffeine gave satisfactory results and showed no evidence for interference by metabolites. A caffeine half-life of 4.0 hours determined by the radioimmunoassay was in agreement with previous work. Comparison of human plasma and saliva levels by the radioimmunoassay procedure indicated approximately equal concentrations in the two fluids.


Late positive potential of the flash-evoked response in the rabbit under deep anesthesia.


A twin and family study of personality in young children. Emotionality, activity, sociability and impulsivity (EASI) and components of each trait were studied in a sample of 137 pairs of young twins (two to six years of age) and their parents (548 individuals). Parents rated themselves and their spouses on an adult version of the EASI Temperament Survey and rated both of their twins on a child version of the EASI. Patterns of both identical and fraternal twin correlations (twin study) and parent-child correlations (family study) were consistent with the hypothesis that the EASI traits are influenced by genetic factors, but the two studies disagreed in the magnitude of that influence.


Studies on the equine placenta II. Ultrastructure of the placental barrier. In early pregnancy the equine placenta consists of a simple apposition of fetal and maternal epithelia, but it becomes more complex with the formation of microcotyledons between 75 and 100 days of gestation. Although the placental barrier maintains an epitheliochorial arrangement throughout the course of pregnancy, a thinning of the maternal epithelium and a progressive indentation of the chorionic epithelium by fetal capillaries shortens the length of the diffusion pathway and reduces the amount of placental tissue between fetal and maternal bloodstreams. These structural modifications may reflect the changing requirements of the fetus for O2 and other metabolites as gestation proceeds. During the first 200 days of pregnancy there is evidence of intense pinocytotic activity by the cells of the trophoblast. From the 100th day of pregnancy there is a pronounced development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, while rough endoplasmic reticulum and irregular, dense, membrane-bound bodies are a prominent feature of the paranuclear cytoplasm from Day 200. These changes suggest that the cells of the trophoblast become more highly involved in synthetic processes with increasing gestational age. The ultrastructure of the equine placenta was observed on gestation Days 46, 61, 75, 98, 101, 150, 200, 250, and 300 in Welsh Mountain Ponys mares.  In early pregnancy, up to 75 days, when the placenta is epitheliochorial, the trophoblast forms a wide band of columnar epithelium with large nuclei, pinocytotic vesicles, and a defined basal lamina beneath the fetal vessels.  Maternal epithelium has branched microvilli, spherical nuclei, droplets of mucopolysaccharide, and a moderately thick capillary endothelium.  From Days 100-200 the villi and crypts of the microcotyledons develop.  The trophoblast shows larger pin ocytocic vesicles (.5 MCM), extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the fetal capillaries indent into the trophoblast.  Maternal epithelium becomes progressively thinner.  In the last trimester the trophoblast becomes thinner with nuclei and mitochondria near the indented capillaries, and dense bodies apical to the nucleus.  By this time the maternal epithelium is only 1/3 its original thickness, with few organelles except Golgi, mitochondria, and an irregular and sometimes pyknotic nucleus.  The ultrastructure supports the idea that the trophoblast may be synthesizing steroids in the later stages of pregnancy.


Effect of intravasal copper on the fertility of rats. Copper wire was inserted into the vas deferens and its effect of the reproductive system and fertility performance of rats was investigated. The copper wire was 100% effective as a contraceptive for up to 4 months if placed correctly, and resulted in decapitation of most of the spermatozoa. No differences between the rats with an intravasal copper wire and the sham-operated controls were found for the weights of the gonads and accessory sex glands or for protein, RNA, DNA and fructose concentrations. The intravasal copper device appears to be promising for the development of a long-term method for male contraception.


The effect of indomethacin on uterine contractility and luteal regression in pregnant rats at term. Treatment of pregnant rats with 1 mg indomethacin/kg twice daily i.m. beginning on Day 20 delayed the onset of parturition by about 21 hr and prolonged the duration of spontaneous parturition by 4 hr. Plasma progesterone and oestradiol levels were determined in daily samples of peripheral blood, and uterine contractions were recorded before and during parturition by means of small, chronically implanted intrauterine balloons which were connected to pressure transducers via fluid-filled catheters. Indomethacin treatment did not inhibit or suppress spontaneous or oxytocin-induced contractions, which were of the same intensity in indomethacin-treated as in control rats. Parturition was induced with oxytocin in the same proportion of treated and control rats, but its induction was not successful in treated rats until 1 day later than in control rats, but its induction was not successful in treated rats until 1 day later than in controls. The onset of parturition was always related to the plasma progesterone level, which declined at a slower rate in indomethacin-treated than in control rats, reaching baseline values approximately 1 day later in the treated animals. The appearance of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the CL of pregnant rats normally occurs on Day 21 of gestation, but activity was not observed until about 1 (0-3) day later in the indomethacin-treated rats, indicating that luteolysis was retarded. Prostaglandin F-2alpha infusions given on Day 21 reversed the effects of indomethacin treatment on plasma progesterone, luteal 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and the timing and duration of parturition, and reduced the high perinatal mortality associated with indomethacin treatment, suggesting that the effects of indomethacin were related to its inhibitory action on prostaglandin synthetase activity. It is concluded that, in rats, indomethacin exerts its effects on parturition through inhibition of luteal regression which was significantly retarded but not prevented, and that indomethacin does not have a direct effect on myometrial contractility.


Progestagen dynamics in preovulatory follicles of rats.


Sialic acid and hexosamine concentrations in cervical nucus in different breeds of cows and buffalo at estrus.


Induction of regression in the ovine corpus luteum by ICI 80,996, an analogue of prostaglandin F-2alpha.


Concentration of steroids in bovine peripheral plasma during the oestrous cycle and the effect of betamethasone treatment. Testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in peripheral plasma during the oestrous cycle of 6 heifers. Oestradiol and progesterone results confirmed earlier reports. Concentration of testosterone on the day of oestrus was 40+/-3 pg/ml (mean+/-S.E.M.), and two peaks were detected during the cycle, one 7 days before oestrus (1809+/-603 pg/ml) and the other (78+/- 7 pg/ml) on the day before the onset of oestrus. The concentration of progesterone declined in most cases 1 day after the maximum concentration of testosterone. Betamethasone treatment in 5 heifers extended luteal function by an average of 10 days: plasma androstenedione and oestradiol concentrations were unaltered; cortisol values were depressed for at least 16 days after treatment; testosterone concentrations were lowered by 13+/-2-4% during treatment, and except in one heifer the peak on Day -7 was abolished.


Masculinization in male rats is inhibited by neonatal injections of dihydrostestosterone.


Luteal function and oestrus in gilts treated with a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F-2alpha (ICI 79,939) at various times during the oestrous cycle.


Control of oestrus and fertility in gilts with accessory corpora lutea by prostaglandin analogues, ICI 79,939 and ICI 80,996.


Differential inhibition of trophoblast outgrowth and inner cell mass growth by actinomycin D in cultured mouse embryos. Treatment of preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro with 10(-3) to 10(-1) mug actinomycin D/ml for 2 hr showed that (i) postimplantation development in vitro was inhibited most when embryos were treated at the morula stage and (ii) after the morula stage actinomycin D inhibited trophoblast outgrowth less than inner cell mass development.


Parentrovite as a supportive therapy for locomotory stress in tsessebe. Parentrovite was administered to tsessebe as supportive therapy against artifically induced locomotory stress. An attempt was made to judge the efficacy of this treatment from enzyme levels such as that of LDH. Other parameters such as systemic blood pressure and the ECG were also recorded. No significant differences were established between treated and untreated animals although LDH levels were considerably higher in the untreated than in the treated group. The small numbers of tsessebe available and the artifical nature of the exercise induced made an evaluation of the effectiveness of Parentrovite in the treatment of locomotory or of capture stress uncertain.


Discolouration of wool: 1 green discolouration. Since 1974 green bacterial discolouration of Merino wool was frequently encountered in the Karoo and Eastern Cape areas. The occurrence of this condition coincided with the extraordinary wet conditions that prevailed during this period. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered in almost pure culture from affected wool of 24 out of 25 different sheep. The role played by this particular organism was fonfirmed by the successful reproduction of this condition after exposure of unaffected sheep to cultures of Ps. aeruginosa isolated from green wool.


Analogues of 8-azaguanosine.

Analogues of 8-azaguanosine. Two routes for the synthesis of 6-substtituted 8-azaguanosine analogues are described. 2,5,6-Triamino-4(3H)-pyrimidinethione (1) was converted by methylation, nitrosation, and acetylation to -n-acetyl-7-(methylthio)-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amine (5). The reaction of 5 with 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranosyl chloride gave a mixture of the 7-, 8-, and 9-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-8-azapurines 4a-c which was converted to 8-azaguanosine (7c) and the corresponding 7- and 8-substituted isomers 7a and 7b. 4a-c were also converted with NaOMe to 6-O-methyl-8-azaguanosine (8c) and to the corresponding 7- and 8-substituted isomers 8a and 8b. The preferred route, however, to 6-substituted 8-azaguanosine analogues is an unambigous synthesis through N2-acetyl-6-(benzylthio)-N4-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-nitro-2,4-pyrimidinediamine (13), prepared from the reaction of the chloropyrimidine 10 with the aminoribose 11. Catalytic hydrogenation of 13 gave the aminopyrimidine 14, which was converted with nitrous acid to the nucleoside beta-20. Treatment of beta-20 with dilute acid gave 7-(benzylthio)-3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-3H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amine (19). Replacement of the benzylthio group of 19 with various nucleophilic reagents gave 8-aza-6-thioguanosine 17 and analogues 8c, 15, and 16. The thione 17 rearranges in  aqueous solution to the thiasiazolopyrimidine 21. The parent [1,2,3]thiadiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diamine (24a) was prepared by nitrosation of the triaminopyrimidine (23a). Rearrangement of 24a in the presence of base gave a high yield of the thione 25a which could be rearranged with heat to 24a. Compounds 8a-c, 15-19, 24a, and 25 a were evaluated in the L1210 mouse leukemia screen- Only one compound, 8c, showed high cytotoxicity and borderline L1210 activity resulting from its en,ymatic conversion to 8-azaguanosine.


Binding characteristics of M and L isoantibodies to high and low potassium sheep red cells. Binding of highly purified 125I labeled M and L antibodies, both belonging to the immunoglobulin G class, was studied in high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK) sheep red cells. Anti-M and anti-L bound specifically to M and L antigen positive HK and LK red cells, respectively. Nonspecific binding was higher for anti-L to HK cells than for anti-M to LK cells. Once bound, the M and L antibodies were capable of inducing complement dependent immune hemolysis. Only 75-100 and 500-750 molecules of anti-M and anti-L immunoglobulins were required to hemolyze 50% of HK (MM) and LK (LL) red cells, respectively, suggesting that the M and L antigens may be clustered on the surfaces of these cells. Equilibrium binding studies revealed that the maximum number of M sites is 3-6 x 10(3) in HK (MM) and 1.5-4 x 10(3) in LK (LM) cells, respectively. In comparison, the number of L antigens is slightly lower in LK cells, about 1.2-1.8 x 10(3) in LL and less in LM(LK) red cells. The number of M and L antigens, therefore, is more than an order of magnitude larger than that of the Na+K+ pumps measured previously in these cells by 3H-ouabain binding, thus precluding a quantitative correlation between M and L antigens and the Na+K+ pumps different in the three genetic types of sheep red cells. The binding affinities of both anti-M and anti-L could not be described by a single equilibrium dissociation constant indicating heterogeneous antibody populations and /or variability in the antigenic sets of individual HK or LK cells. The pronounced heterogeneity of antigens and/or antibodies in both the M and L systems was reflected in the antibody association kinetics, which also exhibited a remarkable temperature dependence. The data suggest that the correlation between the M and L antigens and the Na+K+ pump molecules is more complex than that in goat red cells previously reported by others.


Electrophysiological properties of tissue cultured heart cells grown in a linear array. Embryonic chick heart cells were grown in tissue culture on an oriented substrate (channels cut in an agar coated slide), so that they formed narrow(5-100mu) strands of arbitrary length. The electrical properties of these strands were examined using intracellular microelectrodes. ac and dc cable studies were performed to determine the passive cable parameters. Quantitative histology, using light and electronmicroscopy, permitted calculation of intrinsic capacitances and resistivities. Electrical coupling between polarizing and recording electrodes was ubiquitous, falling off exponentially with distance. It was concluded that individual cells were electrically connected, since coupling was observed at distances greater than 3 mm, and the maximum cell length was estimated to be less that 300 mu. The strands were usually spontaneously active, with phase 4 depolarization (pacemaker potential) occurring almost simultaneously in all cells of a strand. The passive electrical properties determined during phase 4 were: core resistivity (cytoplasm plus cell-to-cell resistance), 245 ohm/cm; membrane capacitance, 1.46 muF/CM2. The membrane resistance increased from 16 to 136 kohm/cm2 during phase 4. The space and time constants showed commensurate changes, from 0.95 to 3.2 mm, and from 29 to 269 msec, respectively. The input resistance also increased, from 1.1 to 3.8 Mohm.


Long-term effect of shoyu (Japanese soy sauce) on the gastric mucosa of the rat. The long-term effect of shoyu (Japanese soy sauce) on the gastric mucosa was assessed in intact rats and in those with a fundusectomy. One hundred female 4-month-old Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups:intact and operated rats on a control diet and intact and operated rats on the same diet saturated with shoyu. The animals given shoyu were smaller than the controls; 15 intact rats receiving the sauce were healthy at 33 months compared with 7 controls. Only 9 of 50 operated rats lived 33 months. Breast tumors developed in 10 control rats but in none given shoyu. The distribution of other tumors was the same. Two malignant neoplasms appeared to originate in the perigastric tissues of operated rats: a reticulum cell sarcoma in the shoyu group and a lymphosarcoma in the control group. None involved the gastric mucosa. Most of the operated rats (with or without shoyu) developed small benign gastric tumors. Mucosal histology was well preserved in 22 intact rats on shoyu: In 15 it was normal, in 7 there was mucus loss and nuclear changes in the cells of the gastric pits; 2 of the 7 had mild gastritis. One intact control showed patchy mucus loss. Shoyu did not appear to be a carcinogen in the rat; its prolonged use impaired neither health nor longevity. Long-term use was associated with gastric mucus loss and nuclear changes in a few rats, occasionally with a mild gastritis.


Electrophysiological study of coupling between cultured cells of the mouse mammary gland in five distinct physiological states. Electrical coupling has been observed between cultured cells of the mouse mammary gland in five distinct physiological or pathological states. We have employed young primary cultures of cells dissociated from the following tissues: normal glands from young virgin or midpregnant females, hyperplastic alveolar nodules (believed to be precancerous) transplanted in gland-free mammary fat pads, and spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas and their pulmonary metastases. All successfully impaled pairs of cells (a total of 97 pairs) were found to be ionically coupled. Furthermore, in normal and tumor cell cultures, electrical coupling was observed between dome-dome and dome-nondome cell pairs. This study correlates with electronmicroscopic studies of fresh normal, hyperplastic, and tumor samples, which show the presence of gap junctions in all three.


Chemical probes of estrogen action: affinity labeling. A systemic approach has been taken in the preparation and evaluation of photoaffinity labeling agents for the estrogen receptor from rat and lamb uterus. Several derivatives of estradiol and the nonsteroidal estrogen, hexestrol, containing photoreactive diazocarbonyl or azide functions have been synthesized. The receptor binding affinity of these compounds and their capacity to photointeract with the estrogen binding site (inactivate) can be assayed inderectly by competition assays. Several of the compounds that showed both resonably high binding affinities and inactivation efficiencies have been prepared in high specific activity, tritium-labeled form. Direct binding measurements with these derivatives in unpurified rat uterine receptor preparations, show that while these compounds bind to the receptor, they also show considerable nonspecific binding to nonreceptor proteins. Irradiation of these derivatives in rat uterine cytosol preparations results in incorporation of large amounts of radioactivity into protein in a covalent fashion. The amount of nonspecific labeling is so large, however, that estrogen site specificity (indicated by protection with unlabeled estradiol) cannot be demonstrated. More recently, we have used a partially purified receptor preparation from lamb uterus. The receptor in this preparation has been disaggregated by mild trypsinization and can be electrophoresed in native form. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins in photolabeled preparations show some covalent incorporation into the receptor region of the gel with one derivative but not with another. The effectiveness of the photoaffinity labeling reagents prepared thus far is assessed, and suggestions are made for the design of new, more effective reagents.


Effects of catecholamines on behavior.

Effects of catecholamines on behavior. The potential for at least partial reversible transition of aggression- and anxiety-type symptomatology suggested searching for a potential biochemical link between subcellular mechanisms involved in the execution of aggression and anxiety. The effects of norepinephrine combined with dopamine and of epinephrine on these two types of behavior were tested. Responses to foot-shock were used to test aggression, extinction of avoidance response was used to test anxiety-type behavior. The results suggested that one of the possible links between the intracerebral processes responsible for execution of aggression- and anxiety-type behaviors is transmethylation of norepinephrine and/or dopamine to epinephrine.


Brown tumor of the maxilla due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. The paper describes a patient with brown tumor of the maxilla caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism, and gives an account of pathophysiology and management.


Studies on human adaptability to climatic conditions. Report 4. Seasonal variations in basal metabolic rate on civilian Japanese and Caucasians in Japan.


Studies on human adaptability to climatic conditions. Report 5. Seasonal variations in serum protein bound iodine on civilian Japanese and Caucasians in Japan.


Studies on human adaptability to climatic conditions. Report 6. Seasonal variation in serum FFA on civilian Japanese and Caucasians in Japan.


Diffuse interstitial pneumonia and fibrosis: (fibrosing alveolitis).


Tissue factor in cultured cells: metabolic control. Tissue factor content of WISH amnion cells in spinner culture increases 3- to 10-fold within 12 hours after subculture, then declines to a basal level within 30 to 50 hours. Maximal development of activity requires fresh serum and fresh medium. When added at the time of subculture, actinomycin D and cycloheximide completely inhibit development of coagulant activity; when added several hours after transfer, these inhibitors suppress the development but do not affect the disappearance of activity. Of the oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors tested, dinitrophenol had no effect whereas carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone inhibited the activity increase but did not alter the decline. The kinetics of development and decay are similar over a pH range of 6.7 to 7.6 and with fetal calf serum concentration between 5 and 30 per cent. At pH 6.7 or in 30 per cent fetal calf serum, cell division did not occur. 3H-leucine and 35SO4= incorporation into the cell surface coat did not change appreciably during the burst of coagulant activity nor did the levels of naphthylamidase or alkaline phosphatase; 3H-thymidine incorporation reached a peak within 2 hours of the tissue factor maximum.


A field survey of pistachio (Pistacia vera) nut production and storage in Turkey with particular reference to aflatoxin contamination.


Improved separation of the major water-soluble proteins of soya meal by a single-step chromatographic procedure.


The action of cytochalasin A on the in vitro polymerization of brain tubulin and muscle G-actin. The presence of cytochalasin A inhibits the self-assembly of beef brain tubulin and rabbit muscle G-actin in vitro and also decreases the colchicine binding of tubulin. Prior reaction of cytochalasin A with 2-mercaptoethanol destroys its inhibitory effects. It is shown that cytochalasin A exerts its actions by reacting with sulfhydryl groups, possibly causing irreversible structural changes in the proteins. Cytochalasin B does not affect the tubulin assembly reaction.


On rate-sensitive chemoreceptor systems and the origin of the immune response.


Hemangiosarcoma of the spleen: report of a case and review of previously reported cases. Splenic hamangiosarcomas are rare tumors, usually discovered at autopsy. In a few instances the diagnosis was made premortem, at the time of splenectomy for spontaneous rupture. The tumors usually present with abdominal pain, left upper guadrant mass and tenderness, and occasionally with a microangiopathic type of anemia. The histogenesis of the tumor is in dispute. Some authors feel that they are degenerations of hemangiomas. Others feel that they arise de novo in the spleen. There is not proven association of thorotrast administration or vinyl chloride exposure to the development of hemangiosarcomas in the spleen. The prognosis of the tumor is uniformly poor and most of the patients surviving laparotomy have followed a uniformly fatal clinical course. In a few cases treated with chemotherapy there has been no evidence of clinical benefit. The case report in this article presented with essentially all the features enumerated above.


Tricuspid regurgitation. A comparison of nonoperative management, tricuspid annuloplasty, and tricuspid valve replacement. The best means of managing tricuspid regurgitation associated with mitral or mitral and aortic valve disease is still to be determined. During the period 1972 to 1974, we treated 76 patients who had tricuspid regurgitation along with associated valvular dysfunction. Patients with mold regurgitation were treated conservatively, those with moderate regurgation underwent annuloplasty, and those with severe regurgitation had tricuspid valve replacement. We found the results to be less satisfactory in the group treated by annuloplasty than in the other two groups. We still manage conservatively those patients with mild regurgitation, but we believe it appropriate to replace the valve in an increasing number of subjects who have tricuspid regurgitation of moderate severity.


Transfer of polycyclic hydrocarbons from diet to milk in rats, rabbits and sheep.


Leukemia cell lysis by sulphydryl reagents and thiols.


Aspects of opiate dependence in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig.


Prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) facilitates morphine dependence.


The effect of dimethylaminoethanol (deanol) on amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior (AISB).


Strain-dependent differences in responses to chronic administration of morphine: lack of relationship to brain catecholamine levels in mice.


Ciguatera.

Ciguatera.


Fatty acid variability of plasma lipids and cholesteryl esters in adult male twins and their brothers. Variation in the fatty acid composition of fasting plasma lipids and of cholesteryl esters was studied in 69 sets of adult male twins and 25 of their brothers. Genetic variances were estimated using the twin model. In general, monozygotic (MZ) twins were characterized by the smallest within-pair variance, and brothers of twins by the largest. Variation within dizygotic pairs fell imtermediate to that of MZ twins and brothers. The present study did not reveal consistent significant (P greater than 0.05) genetic variation in plasma fatty acids from total plasma lipids or cholesteryl esters.


Retarding effects of DNA on the autoxidation of liposomal suspensions. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is associated with the cell membrane of prokaryotes and the inner nuclear membrane of eukaryotes. The unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids, which constitute the bilaminar structure of membranes, undergo autoxidation in the presence of O2. Calf thymus DNA was incuabted with methyl archidonate-enriched phosphatidyl choline liposomes in order to study the effect of DNA upon the oxidation of phospholipids while present in their natural in vivo bilayer configuration. DNA retarded the rate of lipid oxidation as monitored by both diene conjugation and the TBA test, but it did not alter the induction period. These results suggest that DNA is scavenging free radicals produced within the phospholipid bilayer.


The changing patterns of perinatal mortality at a suburban community hospital.


Mechanism of action of methotrexate. IV. Free intracellular methotrexate required to suppress dihydrofolate reduction to tetrahydrofolate by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro.


The quandary of quality assessment.

The quandary of quality assessment. Inevitably, quality assurance reflects the context of which it is a part (e.g., underuse or overuse of services is partly a function of their availability and financing). Thus, it can promote change or rationalize lack of it, save money or cost money. Given the current state of the art, it is imperative to develop quality assurance on an evolutionary path while options are kept open and focus is clearly on outcomes. Also, quality assessment must be conceptualized as a behavioral tool, not a policing mechanism; its scope must be broadened to include the total episode of illness, taking into account life-style and environmental factors, with criteria developed and applied as close to the point of patient care as possible, within broad  guidelines; it is essential to build on in-place capacities -- e.g., carrier data -- rather than to create new overlapping systems. Finally, the management setting within which quality assurance functions, in both the public and private sectors, must be improved.


The action of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the reserve proteins of some leguminous seeds. The action of trypsin on the reserve proteins of the leguminous seeds belonging to Vicieae and Phaseoleae tribes was investicated. The hydrolysis of11S and 7S proteins of Vicieae proceeds relatively fast and some of the proteins are hydrolyzed practically completely. The hydrolysis of most of the investigated reserve proteins of the Phaseoleae tribe proceeds much slower, while that of 7S proteins of four Phaseolus species of American origin stops after the cleavage of only 10-20% of peptide bonds capable of reacting. Analogous results were obtained studying the action of chymotrypsin on a more restricted number of proteins. Both trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolyze the same parts of Ph. vulgaris 7S protein, splitting off peptides which can be separated on a Sephadex G-50 column. The nonhydrolyzable high molecular weight core has a slightly smaller sedimentation coefficient and a higher elelctrophoretic mobility than the native protein and is able to dimerize at high ionic strength. Urea does not alter the hydrolyzability of the core butt the latter is partially hydrolyzed after the action of urea or guanidine hydrocholoride in the presence of mercaptoethanol.


First European report of swine infection by Microsporum nanum. The first European case of swine infection by Microsporum nanum is reported. The infected pig came from a farm in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. European records of human and lower animal infections by this fungus and soil isolation records are discussed.


X-ray induced mutations, DNA and target theory.


The systematics of the genus Strongwellsea (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales).


Colonization of soybeans by species of Fusarium.


Deightoniella argemonensis, a new fungus on Mexican pricklepoppy, associated with Cercosporidium guanicense.


Correlation between catalepsy and dopamine decrease in the rat striatum induced by neuroleptics.


Sacral agenesis. Neurologic and neuropathologic features. The neurologic deficits in sacral agenesis involve motor function much more than sensory function, in a lumbosacral distribution; autonomic involvement, with neurogenic bladder, is variable. Relative sensory sparing may be due to the derivation of sensory nerves from neural cre, t tissue, which is uninvolved. An occult sacral meningomyelocele with ectopic neural tissue was found at necropsy in one of our patients. Primary amyoplasia may account for small but histologically normal muscles derived from the same somites as the aplastic vertebrae.


Dialysis encephalopathy: a possible seizure disorder. Dialysis encephalopathy is a progressive, fatal condition that occurs in patients receiving hemodialysis. It is characterized by abnormalities in speech, myoclonic jerks, and striking changes on the electroencephalogram. We observed dramatic reversal of the clinical symptoms and electroencephalographic abnormalities in four patients with this syndrome who were treated with diazepam. In this paper we propose that in dialysis encephalopathy, some of the symptoms and the electroencephalographic changes represent a form of seizure disorder.


Anosognosia for hemiplegia: somatosensory evoked potential studies. Somatosensory evoked potential studies in nine patients with anosognosia for left hemiplegia and in one patient with anosognosia for right hemiplegia revealed an absence of response over either hemisphere on stimulation of the median nerve on the hemiplegic side. This apparent lack of cortical processing may underlie the impaired awareness of the hemiplegic side, manifested as anosognosia.


Neurophysiologic changes in hemiplegia. Possible explanation for the initial disparity between muscle tone and tendon reflexes. In an attempt to clarify the neurophysiologic changes that may follow a cerebral lesion in man, we have studied patients with recent and with long-standing hemiplegia from cerebral infarction. In patients with recent cerebral lesions, inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex by vibration is enhanced. In patients with long-standing cerebral lesions, this inhibitory mechanism is less effective and a comparison of the electrically and mechanically induced monosynaptic reflexes suggests that fusimotor drive may be increased. Related clinical findings are reduced muscle "tone" immediately after the lesion and increased muscle "tone" and exaggerated tendon jerks in patients with long-standing hemiplegia.


On the movement of fluid through the brain of hydrocephalic cats. The effects of changes in serum osmolality on the volume flow of fluid into the cerebral ventricles and on brain water content was examined in cats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Slopes of the regression lines relating volume flow and serum osmolality for both normal and hydrocephalic cats are the same. The constant difference in flow rates between the two lines, 7 mul per minute, is probably due to impaired choroid plexuow rates between the two lines, 7 mul per minute, is probably due to impaired choroid plexus function of the hydrocephalic cats. The osmotic pressure gradient that causes the flow of fluid is therefore probably between blood and brain. Under these conditions changes in brain water content of hydrocephalic cats were smaller than in normals and can be related to the edema present in this disorder. Despite the inflammatory response to kaolin, the blood-brain barrier remains intact. From the calculated filtration coefficient, it can be inferred that the flow of water from serum through brain and into cerebrospinal fluid is limited by the resistance of fluid flow through the brain.


Efference copy in the control of movement. On a two-choice tracking test of normal subjects, numerous false moves were induced when the directional relation between movement of the hand and the response marker was changed. The mean error-correction times were not consistently less than simple reaction times. When the center of the display was screened to eliminate visual feedback, numerous moves were reversed before the marker was visible. The probability of reversing an error was much greater than that of reversing a correct move. The findings are best explained in terms of a central mechanism that uses efference copy to amend errors of movement.


Brain serotonin concentration and crude synaptosomal uptake in mice with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. The Chediak-Higashi syndrome is characterized by a serotonin platelet defect and neuronal dysfunction. Whole blood serotonin concentration, serotonin brain concentration, and synaptosomal uptake of serotonin were determined in mice with the syndrome. While brain serotonin uptake in the affected mice was not significantly different from that in nonaffected mice, whole blood serotonin concentration was markedly reduced. These data suggest that in human neuropathies with platelet serotonin defect, a parallel neuronal serotonin disorder may not be assumed.


Femoral neuropathy during anticoagulant therapy. Ten cases of acute femoral neuropathy complicating anticoagulant therapy were followed over periods of 1 to 5 years. Most patients had either sensory or motor residual symptoms, but the two patients who had early surgical intervention made rapid recoveries. The danger of parenteral injections or minor trauma to the abdomen, buttocks, or thighs in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy is emphasized.


Bilateral altitudinal anopia caused by infarction of the calcarine cortex. The patient reported here had a bilateral inferior altitudinal hemianopia from lesions of the calcarine (striate) cortex of the occipital lobes. The only significant pathologic findings were bilateral calcarine artery occlusive disease, with infarcts of the striate cortex on both sides. The ages of the infarcts appeared compatible with the clinical development of the respective visual field defects. The rest of the visual system was anatomically intact.


Acute bacterial meningitis secondary to gamma hemolytic streptococcus. Case report and review of the literature. Gamma hemolytic streptococcal meningitis in a 17-year-old boy resulted in a severe purulent reaction and death. Review of the literature shows only one other case of a gamma hemolytic streptococcus as the cause of bacterial meningitis in the absence of endocarditis.


Erythrocyte shape in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In a controlled and blind study we were not able to identify any abnormality of erythrocytes of eight patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy compared with seven approximately age-matched unaffected siblings (six males, one female step-sibling). Erythrocyte morphology was found to be very sensitive to various types of cell treatment. At this time, erythrocyte morphology, evaluated by the techniques used, should not be considered an established diagnostic test for the Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient or carrier.


Regional differences in GABA uptake.

Regional differences in GABA uptake.


Locked-in syndrome caused by a tumor.

Locked-in syndrome caused by a tumor.


Comparison of radionuclide scans with computer-assisted tomography in diagnosis of intracranial disease. Radionuclide brain scans were compared with computer-assisted tomography (CAT) for the diagnosis of intracranial disorders in 297 patients. The diagnosis was confirmed in 281 patients who formed the population for the study. The radionuclide scan was false positive for 12 patients (3.9 percent) and false negative for eight (2.6 percent). The CAT was false positive for three patients (1 percent) and false negative for one (0.3 percent). In the 133 patients in whom both tests were negative, no evidence of central nervous system pathology has been found during the 6 to 18 month follow-up. Brain tumors and intracerebral hemorrhage are more readily detectable with CAT.


Occupational factors affecting health.

Occupational factors affecting health.


The occupational health nurse as a mental health counselor.


A star spangled idea.

A star spangled idea.


Preparation of objectives for continuing education programs.


The expanded role.

The expanded role.


Evaluation of a new single-use thermometer.


Quantitative assessment of perilymph sources. The problem of the perilymph origin--influx of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) versus ultrafiltration within the cochlea--cannot be solved by mere qualitative proofs of tracer passage through the cochlear aqueduct. In order to gain quantitative data on the possible perilymph sources, an experimental study was designed to follow the time course of dye concentrations in the cisternal CSF and in the perilymph after tracer injection into the CSF at the vertex. By comparing the resulting concentration peaks in both fluids, the mean peak of the perilymph tracer concentrations was found to reach 36% of the maximum CSF concentration only. It is concluded that the local perilymph production within the cochlea exceeds the influx of CSF by a ratio of about 2:1. A working hypothesis of the double perilymph origin is discussed.


Simplified acoustical measurement of tubal opening. A device is discussed in which tubal opening as one of the functions of the Eustachian tube can be measured by expressing the opening phenomena acoustically. The features of the present device are the following: introduction of the test sound of 2,000 Hz, 85 dB, SPL, directly to the tubal opening through the tubal catheter and recording of fluctuations of the sound pressure obtained at the external auditory meatus during swallowing. The results of model experiment made of resin were 85 dB, SPL, at the speaker, 76 dB, SPL, at the end of tubal catheter and 78 dB, SPL, at the external auditory meatus. In the model experiment it was also demonstrated that the height of spike waves depends on the extent of tubal opening and that the continuity of spike waves depends on the duration of tubal opening. Furthermore, in the present method, there was no so-called basic amplitude, seemingly due to the resonant effects or the direct passing sound, and the opening phenomena were correctly expressed. In the measurement on normal adults it was found that variability of the spike wave pattern between subjects was largely depending on individual subjects, and also some intra-subject variability of successively recorded spike waves on the same subject was noted. It was shown that gradual recovery of spike wave patterns occurred from initial water swallowing to successive dry swalllowing.


Vertigo and rocking sensation. A clinical analysis. A vertigo perceived as a spinning sensation outside the head indicates a somatic vestibular disturbance including a Ménièr's disease. A turning sensation inside the head indicates a functional or vascular disorder while a sensation of unsteadiness often as if being slowly rocked indicates a functional disorder.


Primary cancer of the larynx associated with primary lung cancer. Report of 21 cases, 14 with autopsy findings and 7 biopsies. The present paper reports 21 cases (14 autopsies and 7 biopsies) of associated primary cancers of the larynx and the lung. This association is by no means uncommon, the laryngeal lesion being usually the first to appear. Mulitple primary cancers--of the same or of a different histologic type--tend to occur in the same organ or organ system, either simultaneously or after a time interval. In case of synchronous primary malignant tumour of the larynx and lung the most lethal cancer (the lung cancer) must be managed first. Cancer patients are more likely than other individuals to develop a second primary malignant tumour. Laryngectomized patients should be followed-up possibly by means of cytologic examinations of bronchial secretions and chest X-rays at short intervals for early detection of a possible second primary malignant pulmonary lesion.


Concentration of immunoglobulins in the tonsils. The concentration of various immunoglobulins in the faucial tonsil was determined and expressed as a portion of the total protein centration of IgA rises with age while that of IgM falls. IgE was found to be relatively high and the highest levels of all immunoglobulins examined were noted in hypertrophied tonsils. They were lowest in the atrophic tonsils of children and in adult tonsils. The results are discussed in their relevance to the overall immunological function of the faucial tonsil.


Role of conditioned reinforcers in the initiation, maintenance and extinction of drug-seeking behavior. The development of a secondary reinforcer as a result of associating a neutral stimulus (buzzer) with intravenous (IV) doses of morpine was studied in rats. Secondary reinforcement developed in the absence of physical dependence and followed the association of the stimulus with either response-contingent or non-contingent injections of morphine. Strength of the conditioned reinforcer, measured in terms of responding on a lever for the stimulus plus infusion of saline solution, was proportional to the unit dosage of morphine employed in pairings of buzzer and drug. When extinction of the lever-press response for IV morphine was conducted (by substituting saline for morphine solution) in the absence of the conditioned reinforcing stimulus, it was seen later that the stimulus could still elicit lever responses, until it too had been present for a sufficient interval of non-reinforced responding. Similarly, extinction of the response for morphine by blocking its action with naloxone in the absence of the stimulus did not eliminate the conditioned reinforcement. Another study showed that a passive, subcutaneous (SC) dose of morphine served to maintain lever-pressing on a contingency of buzzer plus saline infusion. Furthermore, the stimuli resulting from the presence of morphine (after a SC injection) were able to reinstate the lever-responding with only the buzzer-saline contingency when such responses had previously been extinguished. Moreover, it was shown that d-amphetamine could restore responding under the same conditions, and that morphine could also do so for rats in which the primary reinforcer had been d-amphetamine. It is suggested that animal data such as these show that procedures designed for the elimination of human drug-taking behavior must take into account secondary reinforcers as well as the primary reinforcer(s).


Tension pneumothorax: a teaching model.

Tension pneumothorax: a teaching model. A TPT induced in a small rabbit is an excellent teaching model for the treatment of a TPT in the small human neonate. Pediatric housestaff, neonatal nurses, and others have utilized this model to gain confidence and expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of TPT. The rabbit model is inexpensive, readily available, and recreates the clinical condition of a TPT in an educational environment.


Alleviation of narcotic withdrawal syndrome by conditional stimuli. We systematically paired auditory, olfactory, and social stimuli with each injection of morphine in rats. We found that, when morphine was kept constant at a low dose, the external stimuli acquired the property of a conditional stimulus (CS) to cause hyperthermia which was antagonized by naloxone. In rats in which morphine doses were regularly increased to cause morphine dependence, the CS presented during withdrawal, caused reduction in withdrawal signs (wet shakes, hypothermia, aggression) and produced hyperglycemia as well as elevation of striatal homovanillic acid. CS-induced alleviation of withdrawal hypothermia was blocked by mecamylamine, phenoxybenzamine, haloperidol, benztropine or naloxone but not by cyproheptadine or propranolol.


Renal intracortical blood flow distribution, function and sodium excretion in response to saline loading of anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs. In order to study the effect of anesthesia on the canine response to saline loading, experiments were performed on 10 dogs, first while awake and then during pentobarbital anesthesia. Individual kidney function and intrarenal blood flow response to saline loading (7.5% body weight) were measured in each condition and all data are reported as the average of a single kidney. CIN is considerably reduced under anesthesia (24.7 +/- 3.2 vs. 43.2 +/- 3.9 ml/min, P less than 0.01). A directionally similar reduction of PAH clearance was noted (89 +/- 17 vs. 122 +/- 13 ml/min). The natriuretic response to saline loading of the dogs reached 290 +/- 61 muEq/min while awake, but only 70 +/- 27 muEq/min while anesthetized. No measurable increase of CIN or CPAH occurred in response to saline loading either in the anesthetized or unanesthetized state. The natriuresis was entirely due to a rise of CNA/GFR in both circumstances. The change of CNA/GFR in response to saline load was also appreciably larger while awake (1.2 leads to 4.7% vs. 0.7 leads to 1.8%). Although the fraction of blood flow to the outermost quarter of the kidney was initially the same (31 +/- 3 vs. 29 +/- 3%) awake or anesthetized, the changes with saline loading were in the opposite direction and the values reached were significantly different (37 +/- 3, awake, vs. 27 +/- 3%, P less than 0.05). We conclude that while increased outer cortical blood flow is not necessary for natriuresis, it may occur during sodium loading and may facilitate sodium excretion.


Leg muscle blood flow during reactive hyperemia. Effects of different body positions, and of subatmospheric pressure. In normal man at rest transition from the supine to the upright body position is accompanied by autoregualtion of the blood flow to tissues in the dependent extremities. In 11 young healthy males the influence of postural changes and external pressure changes on the blood flow in the anterior tibial muscle during reactive hyperemia was studied. The muscle blood flow was evaluated by means of the Xenon-133 wash-out technique. Transmural pressure changes in the resistance vessels were estimated by measuring the systolic blood pressure at ankle level, using the strain-gauge plethysmograph technique. The mean leg muscle blood flow increased from 48 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 in a body position with the legs elevated 65 cm above heart level, to 101 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 in the supine position, and to 151 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 in a sitting position with dependent legs 70 cm below heart level. The muscle blood flows increased from 92 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 at ambient pressure to 139 ml - 100 g-1 - min-1 at a subatmospheric pressure of -50 mm Hg. The differences were highly significant (P less than 0.001). Systemic blood pressure measured at heart level did not change during postural changes and external pressure changes. The post-ischemic muscle blood flow was found to increase with the increasing vascular transmural pressure. It is concluded that during reactive hyperemia the normal compensatory vaso-reactions can be inactivated, so that the vessels react passively to changes in the transmural pressure.


Passive stress relaxation followed by active contracture in vertebrate smooth muscles (taenia coli of the guinea pig). 1. The time course of stress relaxation following stretch was investigated in the taenia coli of the guinea pig in the relaxed (Ca2+ free bath solution with D 600) and in the contracted state (depolarization by KCl or K2SO4 in excess). The mechanical tension was standardized with respect to the volume of the samples. 2. The tension obtained by a constant stretch of 2.5 mm of the 5-15 mm samples was highest after K2SO4-depolarization (K+ = 180 mval/l) and lowest in the relaxed muscles. Muscles contracted by KCl in escess (K+ = 60 mval/l) showed intermediate values. 3. The decrease of tension by stress relaxation to a nearly constant residual value is rapidly observed in contracted muscles during about 10 s. For the relaxed muscles the same changes are slower and take place in nearly 1/2 h. 4. The relations between the extent of stress relaxation (R) and its derivative in time (dR/dt) can be expressed by a hyperbolic function. Analogous behaviour was already noted in previous studies primarily on creep. 5. The different behaviour of the muscle in the different bath solutions used is discussed with respect to the mathematical relations just mentioned. 6. Long term active reactions of depolarized muscles following stretch and stress relaxation are noted.


Effects of acute cold exposure on the distribution of cardiac output in the sheep. Conscious adult Merino sheep were studied in a thermoneutral environment and then during cold exposure. Microspheres labelled with 141Ce, 51Cr, 85Sr, and 46Sc were used to measure blood flow (Q) in most tissues of the body. (Microspheres labelled with 125I were found to be unsatisfactory.) Cold exposure which caused a marked decrease in skin surface temperature and mild, continuous shivering but no change in deep body temperature, was associated with mean increases in oxygen consumption, heart rate, and cardiac output (C.O.) of 100%, 62%, and 48%, respectively; blood pressure and total peripheral resistance were unchanged. There was approximately a 6-fold increase in Q in perirenal white adipose tissue, and a 3- to 4-fold increase in muscles of the upper foreleg and hindleg, and the intercostals; myocardial Q also increased significantly. There was a marked decrease in Q in skin of the legs and ears, in the maxillo turbinals and in the nasal mucosa, and a decrease in the total proportion of C.O. passing through arteriovenous anastomoses. Thus, not only did C.O. increase, but there was a redistribution appropriate to meet the challenge with which the animal was confronted.


Acclimatization of rats to moderate heat: body water distribution and adaptability of the submaxillary salivary gland. Changes in plasma and extracellular fluid volumes were studied in rats during exposure to 35 degree C for 28 days. In addition the adaptability of the submaxillary salivary gland to these conditions was studied by measuring its weight, plasma and extracellular volumes during the acclimatization period. Major changes in parameters studied occurred during the first 10 days of acclimatization. Total plasma volume on day 10 was less than in controls (P = 0.02), but from then on returned to normal values. Extracellular fluid volume was expanded for most of the period. An enlargement of the submaxillary salivary gland was present during the whole period, but maximal enlargement was observed on day 10 (42%). On day 28 the gland was 14% larger. No changes in plasma and extracellular volumes of the gland were observed. It appears that due to redistribution of the blood pool at the beginning of heat exposure, plasma and extracellular volumes remain constant.


Mechanism of inhibition of gastric acid secretion by hypertonic solutions and vasopressin. An experiment was performed in female rats in order to assess the influence and mechanism underlying the effects of hyperglycemia, hypertonic saline and vasopressin upon the gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow (MBF). Infusion of isotonic saline did not alter acid output and gastric clearance of plasma aminopyrine whereas hypertonic solutions (20% glucose or 3% NaCl) significantly increased plasma osmolality and decreased the acid secretion within 30 min and recovered to normal levels after 2 h. Vasopressin also effectively inhibited acid secretion. Both hypertonic solutions and vasopressin decreased the mucosal blood flow. However, the ratio (R) of MBF to gastric secretory rate which is a helpful guide to the mechanism of secretory inhibition did not significantly change in either case. We concluded that all three agents probably had a direct action on secretion rather than decreasing MBF. The mechanism of inhabition of acid secretion and its relationship to MBF was suggested and discussed.