Combating the illegal practice of dentistry. (1) Problems concerning the illegal practice of dentistry are increasing. (2) The Canadian experience has had an effect (3) In recent years, nearly one third of our states have experienced some threat by illegal dentistry. (4) Economics is a major factor. (5) Responsibility for a successful program must be continuous from all levels - national, state, and local. (6) For a program to be successful, it must reach the dentist at the grass-roots level. (7) This in an area where the FPO can show real leadership.


Psychophysical investigations of the preferred vertical dimension of occlusion in edentulous patients. Two psychophysical methods were tested to obtain information on the long-term accuracy and stability of the vertical relation of occlusion as determined by the technique described by Lytle and Timmer (PVDO). One method (Békésy) was unsatisfactory. The other method (forced-choice) produced stable results. The data collected showed that, over a brief period of time, all test subjects could define their PVDO within a margin of less than 1 mm. Some subjects were unable to determine a precisely defined PVDO. These subjects also showed considerable variations in the PVDO over longer periods. Other subjects were able to establish a constant and remarkably stable value for the PVDO over many weeks. For these types of patients, precise determination of the vertical relation of occlusion is of the utmost importance.


Classification of occlusal carvings.

Classification of occlusal carvings. Laboratory fees associated with the use of fully adjustable articulators are for the time and skill the technicians employ in harmonizing the occlusion to condylar paths of movement and are not based on the instrument used. The classification of occlusal carvings presented in this article for alloy and porcelain restorations aids in establishing accurate communications between the dentist and the laboratory. This classification enables the dentist to accurately specify to the technician the amount of time and skill the dentist wants the laboratory to expend (which affects the laboratory fee) to fabricate the prescribed occlusion.


The face in patient evaluation and diagnosis.


A method for the control of galvanism.

A method for the control of galvanism. A simple method has been described for controlling the galvanic pain that occasionally follows the placement of amalgam restorations. The use of silver nitrate appears to be immediately effective in eliminating this annoying occasional problem.


The interrelaionships of various temporomandibular joint examination data in an initial survey population.


A study of four methods of recording the path of insertion of removable partial dentures.


Intraoral infrared color photography of radiotherapy patients. A clinical screening study was performed in which head-and-neck radiotherapy patients were photographed intraorally using infrared "false color" film and Ektachrome color film. These photographs were compared to determine if differences existed in appearance between the intraoral tissues within the field of radiation and those intraoral tissues not in the field of radiation. No differences could be detected with either the "false color" film or with Ektachrome color film. Further investigations in the use of infrared color photography as applied to the radiotherapy patient could be undertaken by using a light source that transmits infrared rays only and a lens filter that passes only infrared rays. This method would produce a film that shows only the reflected infrared rays. Both color and black-and-white film should be used in this study.


Tooth loading and cuspal guidance in canine and group-function occlusions. (1) Tooth loading with cuspal guidance in canine and group-function occlusions has been discussed. (2) Canine guidance and group-function guidance occlusions are considered normal; the latter occurs naturally due to occlusal wear. (3) When an entire occlusion is to be restored, either occlusal scheme will serve adequately. (4) Where only a portion of the occlusion is to be restored, the restoration must be consistent with the existing occlusal scheme. (5) Regardless of which occlusal scheme is used, the dentist must maintain it during regular postoperative appointments.


A comparison of relationships of dental specialty boards with their parent organizations.


Application of "cusp writer" findings to practical and theoretical occlusal problems. Part II. The cusp writer is a teaching aid to facilitate understanding of the correlation between cusp angulations and the various occlusal determinants. The cusp writer provides graphic evidence that the occlusal determinants which influence configurations (i.e., incisal guidance, condylar guidance, plane [curve] of occlusion, curve of Spee [compensating curve], and plane of motion) are reciprocal, one tempering the value of the other. Cusp writings demonstrate the following: (1) The angle of the plane (curve) of occlusion to the plane of motion in concert with the other occlusal infuluence determines the optimal height and angulation of the cusps. (2) Cusps appear to be steep or shallow relative to each other, to the plane of occlusion, and to the plane of motion. (3) The steepness of the curve of Spee determines the relative cusp height and angulation of one tooth to another, from an anterior to a posterior direction in the dental arch. (4) The angle of the tangent to any segment of the curve of Spee to the plane of motion determines the optimal height and angulation of the cusps of the segment. (5) The graphs show that the flatter the curve of Spee, the more uniform the cusp height and angulations are from anterior to posterior teeth. The steeper the curve of Spee, the more irregular the cusp height and angulations are with steeper anterior cusps and flatter posterior cusps. (6) The steeper the curve of Spee, the flatter the molar cusp angulations must be to avoid deflective and/or interceptive occlusal contacts on the balancing side. (7) With the syndrome of a steepening curve of Spee due to the loss of one or more lower posterior teeth, the cusps of the remaining opposing teeth must be constantly flattened by wear or selective grinding and reshaping to avoid traumatic occlusion, unless the drifting is interrupted by restorative dentistry. (8) Cusp angulation of artificial teeth should be chosen to harmonize with the angle of incidence of the compensating curve tangents to the plane of motion. (9) Condylar guidance has less influence on cusp angulation in comparison to incisal guidance and the other occlusal determinants. (10) Changing the hinge axis location 1/2 inch (12.5 mm.) distally and/or superiorly has very little effect on the influence of the above occlusal determinants on cusp configuration, if the vertical dimension of occlusion remains constant.


Expanded-duty dental auxiliaries and prosthodontics of the future.


Cast chromium alloy surgical splints.

Cast chromium alloy surgical splints. A cast chromium alloy surgical splint can be fabricated in less than 6 hours. This splint has the advantages of being well fitted, smooth, rigid, and less bulky than prefabricated splints. Other metals can be utilized in a similar manner to fabricate cast surgical splints.


Hinge-axis location and face-bow transfer for edentulous patients. There are distinct advantages to locating the hinge axis for the edentulous patient by use of the modified Loma Linda hinge-axis locator. These include: (1) alteration of the vertical dimension of occlusion on the articulator may be accomplished since the opening or closing takes place around the patient's terminal hinge axis; (2) valid and verified centric and eccentric relation records may be obtained at an increased vertical dimension of occlusion that is in harmony with the patient's terminal hinge axis; (3) cusp-form posterior teeth can be articulated and verified in the mouth with minimal occlusal correction by use of a terminal hinge axis. Some disadvantages to the procedure may include: (1) the additional procedure of making a modeling compound clutch for hinge-axis location; (2) the initial modification of the edentulous trays to accommodate the recording device; and (3) the technique is used with the Whip-Mix articulator; however, it can be modified for use with other articulators.


Posterior accessory foramina of the human mandible. A study was performed on 150 dry, adult, human mandibles from cadavers of unspecified sex and unknown ethnic background, which had been imported from India. These mandibles were placed in the "standard basal position" and topographically divided into 11 bilateral areas posterior to the second bicuspid teeth. The accessory foramina in these areas were studied to determine their mean diameter, incidence of occurrence, and the areas in which they occurred. The medical surfaces of the mandibles exhibited foramina more frequently and in greater numbers than did the lateral surfaces. The right and left halves of the mandibles showed remarkable similarity. Much of the data obtained correlated with previous investigations, indicating that neurovascular components enter and leave the body on the mandible in the posterior region. Foramina 0.4 mm. or larger in diameter were evaluated separately. These larger foramina occur most often in the superior and middle thirds on the medial surface of the ramus (areas 6 and 7). They also occur fairly frequently in the retromolar area (area 11). This information can be usefully applied to future dissection studies concerning the soft-tissue components of these foramina. The data obtained reveal that these foramina occur frequently and in approximately the same locations. This suggests that these foramina are functionally important in supplying neural and/or vascular components to the mandible.


Registrations for relating the mandibular cast to the maxillary cast based on Kennedy's classification system. Accurate registrations of centric relation are mandatory for many aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Registrations can be obtained with a variety of techniques. However, each technique must give consideration to such factors as: the character and location of tooth support, the quantity and quality of soft-tissue support, the location of dentulous and edentulous regions, the neuromuscular control of the patient, and the physical characteristics of the registering material. Kennedy's classification system provides a guide to the selection of the method of registration.


Physical properties of dental amalgam containing metal pins. No type of pin inclusion investigated in this study produced consistent increases or decreases in the strength of amalgam specimens under a variety of loading conditions and specimen ages. However, comparison of relative values for specimens tested under the same conditions showed that the highest fracture loads were found more often for specimens containing threaded gold pins than for any other type of specimen.


A method of measuring pressures against tissues supporting functioning complete dentures. A metod for measuring pressures exerted by denture bases against the supporting tissues during mastication which yields valid quantitative results was developed. Use of a specially designed diaphragm pressure transducer overcomes the disadvantages of a cantilever-beam arrangement which gave inaccurate results in earlier studies. On going research using this method was described. Several suggestions for additional applications of this method for prosthodontic research were presented.


Using electromyographic biofeedback in treating orofacial dyskinesia. Electromyographic biofeedback can be used to help patients learn to control muscle contractions resulting from orofacial dyskinesia. The size of the electronic equipment and the simplicity of its use make this form of therapy practical for use by patients. The technique for treatment was described.


Excessive crown contours facilitate endemic plaque niches. Facial and lingual surfaces of teeth restored with complete metal and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns exhibited greater mean plaque accumulation than did the contralateral teeth. This cross-sectional study showed greater facial-lingual width and plaque indices for restored teeth than for natural or unrestored teeth. This relationship between plaque and excessive contours must not be considered wholly dependent and conclusive. The multifactorial phenomenon influencing plaque accumulation no doubt could contribute to the findings of this study. However, until demonstrated otherwise, the creation of artificial crown contours that are greater than natural tooth convexities must be considered another parameter promoting endemic plaque niches. Sound application of principles with respect to the form of teeth and supporting tissue can preclude contouring of restorations beneficial to the accumulation of dental plaque.


The use of an intraoral training aid in the speech rehabilitation of laryngectomy patients. This study was undertaken to determine whether the speech of poorly rated esophageal speakers could be improved with the aid of a structured palatal prosthesis. Palatograms testing certain speech sounds critical to the plosive-injection technique for air intake showed that improvement resulted after one week of wearing the training prosthesis. All subjects showed some improvement in speech after wearing the prosthesis for one week. Eight out of 10 subjects showed marked improvement in speech. It is suggested that a physiologically structured palatal prosthesis can assist some esophageal speakers to improve their speech.


Maxillofacial prosthetics--"the dental connection".


The incidence of some occlusal habits and headaches/neckaches in an initial survey population.


Curriculum curtailment in prosthodontic education.


Fabrication of the ocular portion of an orbital prosthesis.


Systolic hypertension, hyperuricemia, and hyperglycemia as risk factors in cardiovascular disease.


Pseudogingival prosthesis following periodontal surgery. A technique for replacing interdental papillae with a prosthesis is described. Emphasis on the accuracy of the master impression is essential to a satisfactory result. Good oral hygiene and removal of the prosthesis at night are of paramount importance.


Alternatives in health care. A study of health centers in New Jersey.


Rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder in children.


Induction of malignant bone tumors in rats by 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Forty male MRC-W rats were treated chronically with 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea in drinking water (total dose, 330 mg/rat). Fifteen rats (38%) developed osteogenic osteosarcomas or chondrosarcomas of the lower vertebrae. This was the first time that an orally administered organic compound induced a high incidence of these tumors.


Self-inflicted complication in an accident case.


Preoperative radiotherapy of breast cancer.


In vitro erythroid colony formation in acute myelogenous leukemia in the rat. Erythroid colonies were grown in vitro in plasma clot cultures. Normal adult rat bone marrow responded to exogenous erythropoietin with the formation of an average of 2 colonies/10(3) cells plated. No erythroid colonies were observed in cultured normal spleen preparations. Shay chloro-leukemia cells administered iv induced an acute myelogenous leukemia. During the progressive stages of the disease, the numbers of erythrocyte colony forming units (CFU-E) in the marrow decreased; concomitantly, these progenitors appeared in leukemic spleen cultures. Paralleling changes in CFU-E, the numbers of nucleated red blood cells in the marrow declined but increased in the leukemic spleen. However, compensatory spleen erythropoiesis was transient, due to continued leukemia cell colonization. The loss of erythroid progenitor cells from the bone marrow played a significant role in the anemia associated with this leukemia.


Alteration of biologic behavior of a rat leukemia by different routes of passage. Two clonal leukemia cell lines exhibiting diploidy or tetraploidy were isolated separately from a mother cell population of rat myelogenous leukemia DBLA-6 (induced by 1-butyl-1-nitrosourea), and their biologic characteristics altered during serial iv or ip passages in Donryu rats were examined. In early generations after the establishment of the clones, leukemia-inducing capacities were clearly demonstrated only in the diploid clone and were characterized as follows: a) release of leukemia cells into the peripheral blood after inoculation, and b) infiltration, and growth of leukemia cells in the bone marrow and spleen. After repeated iv passages, however, leukemia-inducing capacity was greater not only in the diploid but also in the tetraploid clone. By serial ip passages, this capacity was never acquired but was gradually lost even in the diploid clone. Cell electrophoretic mobility, cell size, or susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents were also modified. There was a strong correlation between the routes of passage and the direction of the changes: The iv route enhanced or the ip route suppressed the leukemia-inducing capacity. Chromosome constitutions were also changed.


Karyotope and survival in human acute leukemia. Of 111 patients presenting with acute forms of leukemia, 44% had a chromosomally abnormal cell line in the bone marrow at diagnosis. In each of the acute leukemia forms (myeloid, lymphatic, stem-cell), patients with karyotypic abnormalities showed mean and median survival times like those with normal chromosomes. Both groups showed a wide range of survival times. The mean and median survival times of patients with mixed populations of chromosomally normal and abnormal cells did not differ from those of patients with exclusively abnormal cells in the bone marrow. The karyotypic abnormalities associated with acute leukemia, as well as having no etiologic significance, probably do not determine the subsequent course of the leukemia.


Insurance administration action line.

Insurance administration action line.


Human myelogenous (Ph+) leukemia cell line: transplantation into athymic mice. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells from line K-562, containing the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome, were transplanted into nude mice and grew as solid vascularized tumors containing cells like those seen in the patient and in the cultures. Cells taken from the tumors were near triphoid and retained all human chromosome markers in culture.


Periodontal therapy III & IV.

Periodontal therapy III & IV.


1975 code of ethics of the Wisconsin Dental Association.


Abused and neglected.

Abused and neglected.


Blast cell crisis in acute or chronic leukemia.


Frank Shuler speaks out.

Frank Shuler speaks out.


Value contagion.

Value contagion.


Bone disease.

Bone disease.


Parasite control in small animals.

Parasite control in small animals.


Letter: Nocturnal feeding for glycogen-storage disease.


Surgery of the lower limb in rheumatoid arthritis.


High mortality in North Carolina.

High mortality in North Carolina.


Pseudomembranous colitis following clindamycin therapy.


Editorial: High mortality in North Carolina.


Parathyroid hormone-responsive adenylate cyclase in induced transplantable osteogenic rat sarcoma.


Editorial: The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act (P.L. 93-641) and health system agencies.


Benign strictures of the anus and the rectum.


Idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clinical course in children.


Failures of contraceptive practice.

Failures of contraceptive practice.


Cystocele. Etiology.

Cystocele. Etiology.


Ultrasound biparietal diameter. Defining relationships in normal pregnancy.


Vascular disease of extremities. Electric stimulation of spinal cord and posterior roots.


Second neoplasms with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.


Schizophrenia. Treatment in therapeutic community.


Variations in sensitivities to antibiotics. Nosocomial versus community-acquired infections caused by same organism.


Potential of carcinogenic effects of hair dyes.


Gastric ulceration caused by Sengstaken-Blakemore balloon tamponade.


Necrotizing enterocolitis following exchange transfusion.


Correlation conferences in radiology and pathology. Thrombocytopenia and pulmonary infiltrates.


Occlusive peripheral arterial disease. Spontaneous arteriovenous shunting.


Posterior fossa vascular malformations. Long-term follow-up.


Central pontine myelinolysis.

Central pontine myelinolysis.


Thoracolumbar kyphosis in achondroplasia with spinal cord compression.


Granuloma inguinale with several unique features.


Coronary artery spasm.

Coronary artery spasm.


Editorial: Dental needs and manpower resources.


Unjustified surgery. Fact or myth?

Unjustified surgery. Fact or myth?


For the public weal.

For the public weal.


Verrucous leukoplakia.

Verrucous leukoplakia.


Heart valve allografts and bacteraemias of dental origin.


Impressions and forward allowance.

Impressions and forward allowance.


Ectopic maxillary canine.

Ectopic maxillary canine.


New Zealand Committee on Adverse Drug Reactions. Tenth Annual Report 1975.


Dental therapists--mistresses or servants?


Congenital dislocation of the hip an evaluation of neonatal diagnosis. A survey of 23443 live births in the North Canterbury area has shown that the incidence of uncomplicated congenital dislocation of the hip was 2.65 per 1000 live births. That a positive family history and breech delivery are important factors in identifying the infant at risk was confirmed. In spite of the fact that routine neonatal examination of 5158 of the infants detected dislocation or instability of the hip in the neonatal period four times as frequently as in the remainder of the group, no evidence can be found to suggest that this achieved a reduction in the frequency of late diagnosed or missed cases.


Cot deaths in Southland.

Cot deaths in Southland. Cot deaths in Southland, New Zealand, were studied over a five-year period, from 1968 to 1972. The epidemiological and pathological features of the 40 deaths are reviewed and are found to be similar to most other studies. The possible relationship between selenium deficiency and cot deaths is discussed. Comparisons are made with the results of an Auckland study.


Further studies on the effects of infant feeding on speech quality. A previous speech survey (Broad, 1972) has been extended to include similar children in schools on the West Coast of the South Island, making a total of 319 for the two surveys. Both surveys were retrospective. The West Coast study has extended the findings of the earlier project. The combined studies showed that: 1. Breast feeding is associated strongly with improved speech clarity in the male child and the tendency for breast feeding to be associated with improved tonal quality is sustained. 2. Reading ability is associated with breast feeding for the entire group, boys showing the effect more clearly than girls. 3. A high degree of association was found between reading ability and speech clarity. 4. There is an association between breast feeding and confidence. There is evidence that the feeding effect is different for both sexes and that differences exist between the two regions.


Streptococci and viruses in association with rheumatic fever in Wairoa. An analysis of 398 viral cultures from 151 children belonging to 101 families carried out in the Wairoa area in 1963: with an analysis of 169 throat swabs taken from the same group of 50 patients for the months of May, June, July and August 1974, and the incidence of the haemolytic streptococcus as found from the Wairoa Hospital laboratory cultures for 1974 is reported.


Conservative treatment of digit amputations. A conservative regime for distal digit amputations allowing healing under vaseline gauze has much to recommend it, being simple and allowing rapid healing with few complications. Secondary distal amputations for gangrene and sepsis also heal rapidly if left open. A consecutive series of 55 amputations treated in this way is described.


Changes in radioiodine uptake in New Zealand. The radioiodine uptakes of 965 patients presenting at Dunedin, over the period January 1959 to January 1970 have been examined. A small change toward lower values of uptake was noted, however, the change was much less than the changes reported in the USA.


The content of histamine and fish food poisoning. The histamine content of various fish samples that were involved in food poisoning incidents was determined. There was an elevated level of histamine and this is discussed in terms of fish spoilage. The histamine level could be helpful in gauging the degree of spoilage of commercially canned fish.


The role of the counsellor in a medical centre. The counsellor is one member of the para-medical team being used more and more frequently by doctors. His role is allied to, but distinct from the doctor. He is not an authority figure who diagnoses and prescribes, but acts so as to help the patient diagnose the nature of his own dysfunction and assist him to draw on his own resources for growth and change. The methods the counsellor uses vary, but his goal harmonises with the doctor--the removal of disease from the psychosomatic unity of the patient.


Practical electronic acupuncture therapy.


Natural family planning.

Natural family planning. A personal series of 600 private patients using natural family planning techniques is presented. The total failure rate was 4.7 pregnancies per 100 woman-years. The advantages of this method over conventional contraceptive techniques are stressed.


Letter: Gentamicin and cephalothin nephrotoxicity.


Present and future of isolation systems in Auckland. The present and possible future facilities for the management of infectious diseases at Auckland Hospital have been reviewed. Geographical integration of infectious cases with adult medical cases on the one hand and general paediatric cases on the other is recommended, with close co-operation between paediatricians, clinical microbiologists and physicians in other branches of medicine. Details are given of currently available facilities and techniques for the infectious diseases department.


A clinical study of hyperuricaemic men.

A clinical study of hyperuricaemic men. A group of 43 hyperuricaemic men discovered during the 1967 Rangiora diabetic and metabolic survey was examined clinically in 1968 and their blood chemistry repeated. They were then compared with a control group matched for age. No significant differences were found in the two groups either in physical findings or in biochemical measurements apart from the known differences in serum uric acid and the presence of gout in hyperuricaemics. When the study was repeated on the same group in 1973 still no significant difference was found which could be attributed to the hyperuricaemia.


A case of carcinoid.

A case of carcinoid. A patient is described with a malignant carcinoid tumour of the ileum with nodal secondaries causing mesenteric vessel occlusion and ileal infarction.


Chromium, manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium content, of New Zealand foods. The concentrations of chromium, manganese, cooper, zinc and cadmium are reported for 130 different New Zealand foods, along with water content and the ratio of the edible portion to the as purchased portion. The range of trace element concentrations for the major food groups were almost always within those reported by other investigators.


Antibiotic sensitivity in hand infections. A survey of patients presenting for primary treatment of infected lesions on their hands was carried out. Eight-nine lesions were cultured from which 116 organisms were isolated. The main organisms were coagulase-positive staphylococci. In 24 cases these were acting in concert with group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. Of the coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated, 19 percent were resistant to sulphonamides, and only 45 percent were resistant to penicillin.


Letter: Trifoliumin.

Letter: Trifoliumin.


Editorial: Health report.

Editorial: Health report.


Psychiatric aspects of murder and attempted murder. The clinical data and forensic aspects of 28 individuals charged with murder and 10 charged with attempted murder examined over the last 35 years are recorded. The majority of those aged 40 years or over were criminally insane. A positive family history of psychiatric illness was present in the majority of the criminally insane group. Murder and attempted murder in the setting of a stable marriage was almost invariably the result of serious psychiatric illness. After the clearcut cases of schizophrenia and depressive illness were separated there were left a mixed paranoid group and a large group of individuals with severe personality disorders. Of the forensic aspects a case is made for the wider use of "unfitness to plead" in the severely psychotic. The follow-up of cases strongly suggested that those found not guilty on psychiatric grounds were likely to be held for longer periods than those treated as criminals. The author suggests that the public would be better protected if the Crown sought an insanity verdict in some cases rather than oppose it.


Spiritual dimension.

Spiritual dimension.


Theory and practice correlation.

Theory and practice correlation.


Women and X-Rays.

Women and X-Rays.


Nurse--family relationships.

Nurse--family relationships.


Inequality of health care.

Inequality of health care.


The nurse specialist.

The nurse specialist.


Will patient assignment improve nursing care?


Community health nursing.

Community health nursing.


On nursing standards.

On nursing standards.


Peritoneal osteosarcoma following irradiation therapy of ovarian cancer. A peritoneal osteosarcoma occurring after irradiation therapy for cystadenocarcinoma of ovary is described. Only 6 cases of postradiation extraosseous osteosarcomas have been reported and none of them have arisen within the peritoneum. The clinical presentation and histopathology of this unusual tumor is presented with a review of the literature.


Postoperative sequelae after anterior segmental osteotomies. Reported are the results of a clinical study evaluating the postoperative sequelae of maxillary and mandibular segmental osteotomies. Sixteen patients were evaluated for postoperative pulp vitality, tissue viability, neuropathies, segment stability, and patient response. The findings support the use of this modality when accurate diagnosis and treatment planning are followed by competent surgical procedures.


Treatment of chronic mandibular dislocation. Report of a case. The procedure described in this article achieves the desired objective, but without the use of foreign bodies or any additional operation to obtain grafting material. Unlike many surgical approaches in use for treating chronic dislocation, there is no capsular violation. Six operations have been performed with this technique, and all have been successful.


Effects of lavage techniques with third molar surgery. A comparison study of 206 mandibular third-molar surgical sites, half of which were irrigated with high volumes of isotonic normal saline solution with a conventional hand syringe and half of which were irrigated with high volumes of isotonic normal saline solution by means of a mechanical pulsating lavage instrument, revealed the following: 1. No cases of localized osteitis occurred with the use of mechanical irrigation in 103 surgical sites (0%). 2. One case of localized osteitis occurred with regular irrigation in 103 surgical sites (0.97%). 3. The over-all incidence of localized osteitis was one case in 206 surgical sites (0.49%). 4. One case of infection occurred with mechanical lavage (0.97%). 5. Two cases of infection occurred with conventional lavage (1.96%). 6. The over-all incidence of infection was three cases in 206 surgical sites (1.45%). 7. No significant differences occurred at the 0.95 level of confidence when the two groups' 3- and 5-day healing were compared. 8. A fairly even distribution of postoperative infections and/or localized osteitis was noted among the cases handled by the three surgeons directly involved in the performance of the operations. 9. Three hundred fifty milliliters of isotonic normal saline solution under pressure (whether electrical or conventional) appreciably reduced the reported incidence of localized osteitis without the use of antibiotics. 10. The mechanical irrigator was less cumbersome and faster (30 seconds for 350 ml.) than the conventional hand syringe (4 to 5 minutes for 350 ml.). 11. The sterilization procedure was more complicated for the mechanical irrigator (gas autoclave) than for the conventional hand syringe (presterilized disposable type). 12. Loose (unattached) soft tissue and bony spicules were thoroughly removed by 350 ml. of irrigation.


Sialochemistry in Sjögren's syndrome.

Sialochemistry in Sjögren's syndrome. The value of sialochemistry in the study of Sjögren's syndrome was explored by comparative examination of a spectrum of parotid components in twelve subjects with a positive diagnosis of the disease and twelve control subjects with normal gland function. The subjects with Sjögren's syndrome all exhibited a marked reduction in flow rate and phosphate concentration and a marked elevation in sodium and chloride concentration. The concentration of IgA was somewhat elevated (commensurate with reduced flow rate); the levels of IgG, IgM, and albumin were normal. The major functional abnormality in the parotid gland in Sjögren's syndrome appears to be luminal transport in the ductal region; leakage of serum components is minimal. Sialochemistry can be helpful in differentiating Sjögren's disease from other diseases of the salivary gland and in assessing degree of pathologic change.


Salivary studies in alcoholic cirrhosis. Eighteen patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were examined, and parotid saliva was collected. Enlargements of the parotid glands were seen in eleven of the eighteen patients (61%). This percentage is in accord with the data previously reported. The salivary findings of increased flow rate, protein, and amylase levels indicate that hypertrophy and increased acinar function may be a component of the parotid enlargement and that, furthermore, a fatty replacement of functional gland tissue is probably not involved. In addition, the salivary electrolyte changes found, increased potassium with effectively decreased sodium excretion, suggest that the elevated aldosterone level commonly found in cirrhotic patients affects salivary secretions in these patients in much the same way as it does in patients with hypertension.


Intraoral psoriasis associated with widespread dermal psoriasis. A case believed to represent true intraoral psoriasis has been presented and documented with clinicopathologic material. Intraoral lesions in patients with cutaneous psoriasis should be investigated to determine whether these lesions represent psoriasis or another coexisting entity.


Structural changes in odontodysplasia.

Structural changes in odontodysplasia. Report is made of a histologic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of teeth affected by odontodysplasia. The enamel was found to be thinner than normal, and the entire surface showed numerous depressions. The prismatic orientation, diameter, and density were found to be normal. Although the mantle dentin remained normal, the rest of this tissue showed a tendency to globular formation. The orientation, density, size, and shape of the dentinal tubules appeared to be normal. The cementum, in general, was normal, but in some instances appeared to be scalloped or globular. The pulp consisted of normal tissue but was found to be larger than normal. The presence of denticles was an outstanding feature.


Histopathologic findings in third molar opercula. This review of 130 opercula revealed the following findings: 1. In nine cases, salivary gland tissue was present in variable amounts. 2. The oral epithelium was unremarkable, except for eleven cases of atypia, most likely benign atypia resulting from trauma and inflammation. 3. Odontogenic-type epithelium was found in sixty cases. None showed unusual proliferation, but two cases were of a clear-cell type. 4. The lining epithelium was variably present and was either simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or stratified squamous in type. 5. Fifty-four cases were found which showed either bone, dentin, osteoid, or focal odontodysplasia in the tissue, including one case that showed a structure identical to a periodontal membrane encircling it. 6. The lining epithelium on the ISO was often completely absent. This was true with almost no inflammation as well as with marked inflammation present. The soft-tissue overlying erupting third molar teeth contains a host of different tissues. Many of these have the propensity to undergo proliferation, neoplastic change, or cause postoperative complications and delay healing. Therefore, it is my opinion that all such tissue removed be subjected to histopathologic review. Furthermore, surgeons should be aware of the possible neoplastic potential and the detrimental healing effects of these various tissues if an operculum is used for primary closure.


Experimental in vitro lesions adjacent to composite restorations in etched cavities. Class V cavities and wedge-shaped cavities simulating erosions were prepared in thirty extracted, permanent human teeth. After being etched for 2 minutes with the pertinent cleanser, the wedge-shaped cavities were restored with Enamelite or Restodent. The Class V cavities were etched with 50% phosphoric acid and restored with HL-72. Artificial lesions around the fillings were produced by immersing the teeth in an acid-gelatin system. Ground sections of the teeth with the fillings in situ were studied by polarized light microscopy and microradiography. All the teeth showed "outer lesions," whereas the occurrence of a "wall lesion" was a rare exception.


Studies on oral submucous fibrosis. III. Epithelial changes. The literature on the epithelial changes in oral submucous fibrosis is reviewed. The epithelial changes seen in thirty-eight biopsy specimens from thirty-eight patients with oral submucous fibrosis are presented in detail. It was seen that in submucous fibrosis there is a tendency toward epithelial atrophy associated with hyperothokeratosis and pyknotic changes in the nuclei of the basal-cell layer. Hyperplasia of the epithelium usually associated with hyperparakeratosis was also noticed. A striking feature in this study was the absence of glycogen from most of the Grade III (severe) cases. Vacuolization of prickle-cell layer, increased mitotic activity, and epithelial atypia were also noticed in a few cases. The significance of submucous fibrosis as a possible precancerous lesion is emphasized, with reference to the recent reports in the literature.


Doses to critical organs from dental radiography. Participants in the jointly sponsored Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and Japanese National Institute of Health (ABCC-JNIH) Adult Health Study, a fixed-population sample under continual observation for late effects of the atomic bombs, are also being evaluated for their exposure to other sources of ionizing radiation. In the present study, the subjects' thyroid, lens, pituitary, bone marrow, and gonadal doses acquired during dental radiography were estimated from dosimetry of simulated human material exposed according to technical factors as ascertained in previously reported surveys of patients, dental clinics and hospitals, and dosimetry with phantom human material containing lithium fluoride thermoluminescence dosimeters and ionization chambers. Dental radiography comprised a relatively small segment of the contaminating sources of ionizing radiation exposure among this population sample. Efforts should be made to improve exposure conditions, especially in view of the increasing frequency of dental x-ray examinations.


"Long distance" action of parachlorophenol and formalin in polyethylene tubes implanted in guinea pigs. Two endodontic intracanal medicaments (parachlorophenol and formalin) in polyethylene tubes were tested for their irritant effect by implantation in the backs of guinea pigs. Histologic evaluation at 3 days showed an exudate with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the open part of the tube. At 10 days most of the tubes showed fibroblast migration into the open lumen, with necrotic tissue trapped between the fibroblast migration and the exudate. At 90 days only a little fibroblast migration was found in all of the tubes. No necrotic tissue was trapped and no irritation was seen. No difference could be observed between the reaction in the experimental and the control situations.


Familial generalized delayed eruption of the dentition with short stature. 1. Prolonged retention of the deciduous dentition, subsequent delay in eruption of the permanent dentition, and retardation in dental maturation are displayed outside the limits of normal variation. 2. The pedigree study of this family reveals the trait of noneruption to be distributed in a characteristic pattern of autosomal dominance. 3. Short stature was noted in this family and placed in the lowest limits of short stature as recorded in standard reference charts. 4. Additional findings included concave midfacial appearance, frontal bossing, delayed skeletal maturation, presence of Wormian bones in the lamboidal suture region of the skull, and strikingly large fontanelles in infancy. 5. The pedigree described represents a syndrome of short stature and delayed eruption of the dentition.


Dens in dente in a mandibular canine.

Dens in dente in a mandibular canine.


Oral roentgenologic findings in a Norwegian urban population. Orthopantomograms were taken of 111 subjects constituting a random sample of 35-year-old citizens of Oslo. The most frequent pathologic finding was marginal bone loss, which was found in seventy-one persons (64%). Fifty-one impacted and unerupted teeth in twenty-eight persons were seen, the third molars predominating. Ten retained roots were found in nine persons, and apical radiolucent areas were found on forty-four teeth in thirty-three persons. In addition to the pathologic findings, 101 endodontically treated teeth in fifty-five persons were observed.


Unilateral dislocation of the temporomandibular joint.


Ten maxillary molars.

Ten maxillary molars.


Multimodality therapy in pediatric neoplasms.


Unusual partial anodontia.

Unusual partial anodontia.


Management of malignant bone tumors in children and adolescents.


Treatment of acute leukemia.

Treatment of acute leukemia.


Management of the child with cancer on an outpatient basis. More and more of the children are being cared for on an outpatient basis at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Center. When there is a choice between admitting the child or caring for him on an ambulatory basis, the parent usually chooses the latter.  The census of pediatric ambulatory patient visits has increased from 6,000 in 1969, to 14,724 in 1974, as shown in Table 1. Each year the number of procedures increases, and each year more parents find this method of delivering patient care less disruptive to the family unit and more desirable, in every way, for the child under treatment. With the continuing increase in the number of patients and changes in the complexity of treatment, we find ourselves constantly changing our methods of delivering care. Today we have some children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who have never needed hospitalization; all of their treatment has been given on an outpatient basis. We hope, in the future, that cancer care will become so refined tha the majority of our patients need not be separated from their homes and families-that their care can be given completely on an outpatient basis. In the last five years many changes have been made in treating the child with cancer, and I suspect the next five years will see even greater improvement. It is important, then, when managing the care of this very special child on an ambulatory basis, to keep both the physical structure of the clinic and the clinic policies flexible, in order to accommodate the new methods of treatment that are constantly being introduced.


Current therapy for acute leukemia in childhood. As therapy for acute leukemia in childhood becomes increasingly effective, the management of the child with leukemia become increasingly complex. The nurse caring for the child and his family must have an understanding of the principles of antileukemia therapy and the potential side effects. She must be prepared to apply nursing interventions to prevent unnecessary complications and to manage unavoidable ones. In addition, she must provide consistent psychosocial support to the child and his family.


Psychosocial reactions of children with cancer. A program for rehabilitation. The diagnosis of cancer in children challenges all the skills of the pediatric nurse. She utilizes her basic knowledge of development, family dynamics, and disease process. She explores all the implications of long-term illness. She assesses, plans, implements, and evaluates care for the child and his family. She acts as liaison, teacher, and counselor. She is the advocate for the child and his family. As an active member of the team she is instrumental in the process of rehabilitation for the child, physically and emotionally. She can help the child to live with cancer and assure quality of life in the days granted him.


Diffusion frequency factors in some simple examples of transition-state rate theory. In the Eyring rate theory, the rate constant is expressed as a product of a frequency factor (kT/h) and a quotient of partition functions. Continuing an earlier paper, it is shown here by means of simple examples that the Eyring formalism may be extended to include diffusion-controlled processes if a new frequency factor, D/Rlambda, is substituted for kT/h, where D = diffusion coefficient, lambda = thermal de Broglie wavelength, and R = a characteristic distance that depends on the particular case. The Eyring formalism is also applicable in hybrid cases, intermediate between diffusion (D/Rlambda) and dynamics (kT/h). Because these modified frequency factors are not "universal" (as kT/h is), their main use (other than conceptual) would appear to be in cases in which one considers a simple model (with calculable frequency factor) together with a related more complicated model. In the latter case, as an approximation, one would combine the "simple" frequency factor with the "complicated" quotient of partition functions in order to obtain the desired rate constant. Examples are given.


Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the helix-coil transition of poly (dA-dT) in aqueous solution. The well-resolved base and sugar proton resonances in the high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of poly(dA-dT) can be monitored during the helix-coil transition. The observable resonances shift upfield on helix formation and the temperature-dependent chemical shifts exhibit a melting temperature t 1/2 = 69.9 +/- 0.3 degrees for 18.8 mM (with respect to phosphorus) poly(dA-dT) in 0.5 M Tris, 0.1 M cacodylate, D2O, pH 7.05. The observable protons are in fast exchange throughout the poly (dA-dT) helix-coil transition. The adenine H2 resonance that shifts upfield by about 1 ppm on helix formation exhibits uncertainty broadening in the fast exchange region...


Clinical signs associated with the amount of tracheobronchial secretions. Thirty-five subjects on volume-cycled mechanical ventilators were surveyed to identify predominating clinical signs associated with amount of tracheobronchial secretions. Variables measured included changes in vital signs, activity, ventilator pressure, tidal volume, presence of abnormal chest movement, adventitious breath sounds, and cyanosis. Secretions were aseptically obtained through a cuffed tracheal tube. Base-line data were gathered ten minutes after the subject was initially suctioned. Fifty minutes after collecting a base line, clinical signs were remeasured, the subject suctioned, and the amount of secretions measured. Seven signs had no observable association, that is, increased or decreased activity, asymmetrical chest excursion, intercoastal retractions, pharyngeal gurgle, local absence of breath sounds, or cyanosis. A biserial correlation coefficient was calculated between each sign and the amount of secretions. Fisher's exact probability chi square was calculated to determine specificity and sensitivity of each sign with secretions over .5 cc. In both statistical tests a change greater than 5mm. Hg in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure was significant (p less than .10). The presence of 6 or more of 15 clinical signs occurred in 90 percent of the subjects with .5 cc. or more secretions and in only 25 percent of those subjects with no secretions. All subjects with .5 cc. or more secretions had six or more signs and/or changes over 5mm. Hg in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.


Genetic recombination of bacteriophage T7 DNA in vitro. We have demonstrated recombination of bacteriophage T7 DNA in vitro. An extract of Escherichia coli B cells infected with wild-type T7(T7+) is incubated with mature DNA extracted from T7 phage. Packaging of the exogenous DNA within the phage head appears to be preceded by recombination of exogenously added DNA with DNA present in the extracts. In order to detect the recombination, we used an exogenous DNA bearing a marker (ss-) such that progeny phage which have packaged this marker are able to plate on Shigella sonnei D2 571-48, whereas T7+ phage present in the extracts do not. The recombinational process bears many of the characteristics of in vivo recombination. The exogenous DNA is not packaged intact but undergoes fragmentation to a length of about 3000 base pairs before being incorporated into a mature DNA molecule. If ss- DNA bearing an amber mutation is used in the assay, the frequency of amber+ progeny produced varies with the distance of the amber marker from the ss- marker. When DNA bearing three mutations is used in the reaction, phage heterozygous for the unselected marker are readily detected. Finally the products of phage genes 4 (DNA replication protein), 5(DNA polymerase), and 6(exonuclease), genes previously implicated in recombination in vivo, are required for the in vitro reaction.


Deletions of lambda phage locating a prm mutation within the rightward operator. Two deletion-substitution mutations of phage lambda, spi-113 and spi-274, are shown to remove about half of the rightward operator OR. Physiological studies show that spi-113 is still repressible. Thus, the 50 or so nucleotides of OR deleted in this mutant are not absolutely essential for repression. prm-116, which inactivates the promoter essential for the maintenance of lambda repressor synthesis, is located within OR between the endpoints of spi-113 and spi-274.


Determination of nucleotide sequences beyond the sites of transcriptional termination. A procedure is described by which a discrete high-molecular-weight RNA transcription product can be used as a primer by DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7; deoxynucleoside triphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase) for determining nucleic acid sequence in the template DNA beyond the 3'-terminus of the transcript. This procedure is applied to two lambda phage transcripts, the 4S "oop" RNA [Short l-strand RNA transcript from the region of origin of replication (ori) and the 6S RNA. Sequences of 35 and 19 nucleotides, respectively, following the sites at which these two transcripts terminate, are determined. Little structural homology is apparent in the template DNA beyond the 3'-ends of these two transcripts. The lack of homology suggests that this region might not be important to the termination process.


Gram-preparative protein fractionation by isotachophoresis: isolation of human growth hormone isohormones. Steady-state stacking (isotachophoresis) provides a preparative method in zone electrophoresis for the isolation of proteins in gram amounts. Up to four components were separated in 1000-fold larger quantities than those used in conventional electrophoresis. Separation occurs in order of free electrophoretic mobility. Recovery is nearly quantitative. The method was shown to be capable of resolving isohormones of human growth hormone. This fractionation is representative of difficult terminal isolations in biology. The best results are obtained when few components are fractionated at a high load. The method uses simple, small-scale apparatus. It does not utilize spacer ampholytes.


Stucture of the amino-acid accepting 3'-end of high-molecular-weight eggplant mosaic virus RNA. The sequence of the first 59 nucleotides from the 3'-OH terminus of high-molecular-weight eggplant mosaic virus RNA has been determined by standard radio-chemical techniques. The fragment was identified among the products of partial T1 RNase digestion by making use of the reverse migration, at pH 2.5, of the 3'-OH terminal oligonucleotide. No abnormal bases were found. A model of secondary structure may be constructed for this fragment, which is known to fix valine in the presence of valyl-tRNA synthetase. Its relation to the structures of genuine tRNAs and to the 3'-OH termini of other viral RNAs that also accept amino acids is discussed.


Concatemers of alternating plus and minus strands are intermediates in adenovirus-associated virus DNA synthesis. Replicating DNA molecules of adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) were selectively extracted from KB cells coinfected at 39.5 detrees with a DNA minus, temperature-sensitive mutant of adenovirus 5 (ts125) as helper. Under these conditions AAV DNA replication proceeds normally, but there is little, if any, adenovirus DNA synthesis. An analysis of the replicating molecules in sucrose density gradients reveals that there are AAV DNA intermediates which consist of covalently linked plus and minus DNA strands. Under denaturing conditions, these concatemers are linear single strands whose lengths can reach at least four times the size of the AAV genome. The most abundant concatemeric species is a dimer which presumably exists in vivo as a unit length hairpin. Unit length linear duplexes appear to be immediate precursors of plus and minus progeny strands. These findings are compatible with a self-priming mechanism for the synthesis of AAV DNA.


Simultaneous initiation of synthesis of bacteriophage T4 DNA and of deoxyribonucleotides. In earlier reports we have suggested that bacteriophate T4 DNA replication occurs in a complex composed of the proteins required for polymerization and the system of enzymes synthesizing the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate precursors of DNA. T4-induced dCMP hydroxymethylase and dTMP synthetase, though demonstrable in extracts soon after infection, are not active in vivo until about 5 min. The in vivo activities increase exponentially for approximately 15 min and then become constant. We have suggested that the exponential period represents the formation of the complexes. This paper shows that the initiation of DNA synthesis and of the two deoxyribonucleotide-synthesizing activities occurs simultaneously and with coinciding exponential kinetics. The in vivo activities of the two enzymes were tested after infection by a number of T4 amber Dna- mutants. Their activities were essentially unchanged compared to the wild-type phage, except on infection by mutants of gene 43 (T4 DNA nucleotidyltransferase or DNA polymerase). With these mutants the rate of increase of dTMP synthetase and dCMP hydroxymethylase activities was always substantially lower than after infection by wild-type phage. It is proposed that an intimate interaction occurs between T4-induced DNA polymerase and the complex of enzymes forming 5-hydroxymethyl-dCMP and dTMP.


Sherpas living permanently at high altitutde: a new pattern of adaptation. Adaptation of Sherpas to high altitude has been studied and compared with that of Caucasians acclimatized to high altitude. Sherpas living permanently at 4000 m above sea level do not have increased hematological parameters (i.e., red cell number, hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin ratio) and have a higher affinity of blood for oxygen as compared with acclimatized Caucasians. Sherpas permanently living at low altitude, on the contrary, have lower affinity of blood for oxygen than do Caucasians living at comparable altitude and are mildly "anemic,". Various other red cell biochemical parameters (possibly related to adaptation to altitude) have also been studied in the same population. We suggest that Sherpas are genetically better adapted to high altitude than are Amerindians living on the Peruvian highlands, possibly as a consequence of a much more prolonged exposure to such an ecological factor of selection as high altitude.


Lack of ribosomal protein S1 in Bacillus stearothermophilus. The 30S ribosomal subunit of Bacillus stearothermophilus migrated as a single band when electrophoresed on agarose-acrylamide composite gels. The addition of the ribosomal protein S1 purified from Escherichia coli resulted in the appearance of an additional band migrating more slowly; 14C-labeled S1 of E. coli was shown to be associated only with this form. Antibody against E. coli protein S1 did not crossreact with either the total 30S ribosomal proteins or the postribosomal supernatant from B. stearothermophilus. These results indicate that B. stearothermophilus lacks a protein equivalent to E. coli S1 and may explain our previous finding [Eur. J. Biochem. 56, 15-22 (1975) that E. coli S1 greatly stimulated the translation by B. stearothermophilus ribosomes of f2 phage RNA.


Variations of DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta during prolonged stimulation of human lymphocytes. Stimulation of human lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin is known to induce an increase in overall DNA polymerase activity (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7). Previous work [Pedrali Noy, G., Dalprà, L. Pedrini, A. M., Ciarrocchi, G., Giulotto, E., Nuzzo, F. & Falaschi, A. (1974) Nucleic Acids Res. 1, 1183] has shown that two subsequent waves of induction of DNA polymerase can be observed in this system; a first wave occurs in parallel with the increase in DNA replication rate; a second one occurs when the DNA synthesis rate is returned to minimal levels; the second peak is parallel to a maximum in DNA ligase and DNase levels. In the present work we have measured the levels of the DNA polymerases-alpha and -beta in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes during a 12-day period; both enzymes are present at detectable levels at time zero; in correspondence to the peak of DNA synthesis rate (between the fourth and fifth day) a peak of DNA polymerase-alpha is observed, increasing by a factor of approximately 20-fold over the zero time value; subsequently, the level of DNA polymerase-alpha decreases in parallel with DNA synthesis rate. The DNA polymerase-beta is also increased in correspondence to the peak in DNA synthesis rate, but reaches its maximum at later times, between the eighth and tenth day of incubation. The capacity of stimulated lymphocytes to perform repair synthesis following UV damage was measured in the same cells used for the enzyme activity determinations; this capacity also shows two maxima: a first one correlated with the peak in DNA replication rate, and a second one correlated with the peak of DNA polymerase-beta. These data suggest a certain tendency to the specialization of functions in human cell DNA polymerases; the alpha-enzyme seems mainly correlated with DNA replication, whereas the beta-enzyme seems more correlated with the ability of the cell to perform repair type synthesis.


Monovalent derivatives of concanavalin A. Monovalent dimers of concanavalin A (Con A) have been prepared by a combination of succinylation and photoaffinity labeling. Partial derivatization of native Con A using the photoaffinity label, p-azidophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, followed by affinity chromatography yielded a fraction that consisted of dimers with a single saccharide-binding site at pH 5. These monovalent dimers formed divalent tetramers at pH 7. In order to achieve a monovalent dimer at this pH, the divalent tetramers were succinylated by previously developed methods. Ultracentrifugation, equilibrium dialysis, and chromatographic experiments indicated that the resultant preparations consisted mainly of monovalent dimers which showed subunit exchange to yield about 15% divalent dimers after 12 hr at physiological pH. Freshly prepared material failed to agglutinate sheep erythrocytes at concentrations 500-fold higher than native tetravalent Con A. In addition, they showed saturating dose-response curves of mitogenic stimulation of mouse splenic lymphocytes. These curves resembled those of divalent succinyl-Con A but not those of the native molecule. Further development of methods for preparing stable monovalent derivatives of Con A should allow a refined analysis of the effects of lectin valence at the cell surface.


Linearity of the hemoglobin oxidation bohr effect. The hemoglobin oxidation Bohr effect below pH 7 is essentially proportional to the fraction of hemes oxidized, just as the ligation Bohr effect is proportional to fractional heme ligation. The reported nonlinear proton release during oxidation [(1965) J. Biol. Chem. 240, 3317-3324] is shown to be an artifact resulting from the use of ferricyanide as oxidant. Published forms of the two-state allosteric transition model for hemoglobin function have used several proton linkage schemes, and none are compatible with a linear proton release upon oxidation.


Sequence-specific recognition of double helical nucleic acids by proteins. The base pairs in double helical nucleic acids have been compared to see how they can be recognized by proteins. We conclude that a single hydrogen bond is inadequate for uniquely identifying any particular base pair, as this leads to numerous degeneracies. However, using two hydrogen bonds, fidelity of base pair recognition may be achieved. We propose specific amino-acid side chain interactions involving two hydrogen bonds as a component of the recognition system for base pairs. In the major groove we suggest that asparagine or glutamine binds to adenine of the base pair or arginine binds to guanine. In the minor groove, we suggest an interaction between asparagine or glutamine with guanine of the base pair. We also discuss the role that ions and other amino-acid side chains may play in recognition interactions.


DNA strand breaks, repair, and survival in x-irradiated mammalian cells. The yields of unrepairable single-and double-strand breaks in the DNA of x-irradiated Chinese hamster cells were measured by low-speed neutral and alkaline sucrose density gradient sedimentation in order to investigate the relation between these lesions and reproductive death. After maximal single-strand remoining, at all doses, the number of residual single-strand breaks was twice the number of residual double-strand breaks. Both double-strand and unrepairable single-strand breaks were proportional to the square of absorbed dose, in the range 10-50 krad. No rejoining of double-strand breaks was observed. These observations suggest that, in mammalian cells, most double-strand breaks are not repairable, while all single-strand breaks are repaired except those that are sufficiently close on complementary strands to constitute double-strand breaks. Comparison with cell survival measurements at much lower doses suggests that loss of reproductive capacity corresponds to induction of approximately one double-strand break.


X-ray diffraction of actively shortening muscle. Low angle x-ray diffraction patterns were obtained from resting and activated frog sartorius muscles by means of a position-sensitive detector. Although the intensity ratio I10/I11 decreased many-fold upon activation, it was nearly the same during isometric and isotonic contraction. Thus, motion has a much smaller effect on the low order equatorial pattern than the transition from rest to activity. Analysis of the 10 and 11 reflections separately showed that I10 and I11 change reciprocally upon activation, and that they both increase by a small amount in the transition from isometric to isotonic contraction. If the intensity ratio can be taken as a measure of cross-bridge number, the results provide evidence that the drop in force in an actively shortening muscle is due primarily to the influence of motion on the configuration, rather than the number, of cross-bridges.


Inactivation of catalase monolayers by irradiation with 100 keV electrons. A catalase monolayer adsorbed on a layer of arachidic acid deposited on a solid support was irradiated with 100 keV electrons simulating the conditions of electron microscopic imaging. Effective doses were calculated taking into account the angular and energy distribution of backscattered electrons. Enzymatic inactivation was chosen as the criterion for damage and was monitored by a rapid and quantifiable but nevertheless sensitive assay. Dose-response curves revealed that inactivation is a one-hit-multiple-target phenomenon, which is consistent with biochemical evidence for a cooperative function of subunits. The experimentally determined target size coincides fairly well with both calculated cross sections for inelastic interactions based on the atomic composition of catalase and with calculated cross sections for ionizing events based on the chemical bonds involved. This legitimates both types of calculations even for complex biomolecules.


Localization by situ hybridization of amplified ribosomal DNA during Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation (a light and electron microscopy study). The presence of ribosomal DNA has been demonstrated, by light and electron microscopy study of in situ hybridization with 125I-labeled ribosomal RNA, in the Feulgen-positive bodies which appear during maturation in the cytoplasm of Xenopus laevis oocytes. The ultrastructure of these bodies is described.


Enhanced labeling of a retinal protein during regeneration of optic nerve in goldfish. Goldfish retinas were examined for changes in the labeling pattern of protein during regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons following unilateral optic nerve crush. At various times after optic nerve crush the normal retinas were incubated in vitro with [3H] methionine and retinas from the opposite side of the treated fish were inculbated with [35S] methionine. The incubated retinas were combined and a soluble protein fraction was isolated and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A band on the gel showing an elevated 35S to 3H ratio appeared at 5 days following optic nerve crush, increased to a maximum at 15 days, and was barely detectable at 45 days, during which time vision is known to return. On the basis of several criteria, the protein fraction showing the increased incorporation of methionine in retina after optic nerve crush appears to be of the tubulin class.


Surface membrane carbohydrate alterations of a flagellated protozoan mediated by bacterial endosymbiotes. Crithidia oncopelti, a parasitic trypanosomatid protozoan of insects, normally contains intracellular symbiotic bacteria. As shown earlier, the protozoa can be rid of their endosymbiotes by chloramphenicol, producing a symbiote-free cell line. Here surface-membrane carbohydrate ligands of the symbiote-containing and symbiote-free strains were compared by lectin-mediated agglutination, lectin-ultrastructure localization. [3H] lectin-binding, and fluorescent lectin staining. Symbiote-free organisms consistently had 3-fold higher agglutination titers than symbiote-containing cells with concanavalin A. Conversely, symbiote-containing flagellates had 2- to 3-fold greater agglutination titers with a fucose-binding lectin than symbiote-free organisms. Ultrastructure results showed that more of concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine reaction product was present at the surface of symbiote-free than on symbiote-containing cells. Treatment with [3H]concanavalin A revealed that surface membrane sites available per cell for [3H]lectin-binding ranged from 6.2 to 7.4 x 10(4) and from 24 to 27 x 10(4) for symbiote-containing and symbiote-free organisms, respectively, i.e., the mean binding level of the latter for the lectin was 3.5 times greater than that of the former. Moreover, symbiote-free cells fluoresced more than symbiote-containing organisms after staining with fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A. Apparently, the prokaryotic endosymbiotes somehow alter the quantity of saccharide ligands in the C. oncopelti surface membrane.


Significance of constitutive integrase synthesis. One conceivable function for constitutive integrase formation by lambda prophage is to stabilize the inserted state by catalyzing reinsertion of prophages that are accidentally excised. As this hypothesis implies a dynamic equilibrium betwen inserted and noninserted DNA, the existence of such an equilibrium is explored. By examining the frequency with which prophages appear in an initially unoccupied chromosomal site of a lysogenic bacterium in which the prophage attachment site is duplicated, the off-rate is estimated as less than 10(-2) per generation for wild-type lambda, and less than 4 x 10(-4) for N- mutants of lambda. From the rate of integrase-catalyzed haploidization of certain partial diploid strains, the rate of spontaneous integrase activity is estimated as 3 x 10(-3) per generation. From these values I conclude that constitutive integrase will not appreciably stabilize the inserted state by virtue of its known activity.


Hemoglobin Wayne: a frameshift mutation detected in human hemoglobin alpha chains. Hemoglobin Wayne is an alpha chain variant which manifests itself as two minor hemoglobin (Hb) components that migrate more rapidly than Hb A on electrophoresis at pH 8.6. It has been found in a child with Fanconi's anemia and in three generations of the child's family. Each of the minor components yields an alpha chain in which the carboxyl-terminal tripeptide sequence, Lys-Tyr-Arg, has been replaced by the octapeptide sequence Asx-Thr-Val-Lys-Leu-Glu-Pro-Arg. In alpha Wayne I, the slower of the pair, Asx is asparagine, whereas in alpha Wayne II it is aspartic acid. Comparison of the alpha Wayne sequences with the amino-acid sequences of alpha A and alpha Constant Spring leads to the conclusion that Hb Wayne I is the result of a -1 frameshift mutation in the alpha chain and that Hb Wayne II is formed secondarily by spontaneous deamidation of the new asparagine residue. A frameshift is consistent with a single mRNA base sequence for the last eight codons involved and supports the view of Clegg, Weatherall, and Milner [Nature (1971) 234, 337-341] that Hb Constant Spring is the result of a terminator mutation leading to translation of 31 codons not normally translated.


Cytological evidence for switches in polarity of chromosomal DNA. From the types of ring chromosomes induced in x-irradiated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we deduce the existence of switches in the polarity of chromosomal DNA; if there is a continuous DNA double helix along the full length of the chromosome then the polarity switches imply 3'-3' and 5'-5' phosphodiester linkages. The resolution of the method is such that we estimate that there is one polarity switch for every 10(9) normal 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds.


Cytoplasmic microtubules in tissue culture cells appear to grow from an organizing structure towards the plasma membrane. A structure which appears to organize cytoplasmic microtubules in interphase mouse 3T3 cells can be visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy. Purified monospecific antibody against homogeneous tubulin from brain visualizes, in addition to cytoplasmic microtubules, a cytoplasmic polar structure as the focal point from which the microtubules seem to radiate. The structure is preserved after treatments that depolymerize cytoplasmic microtubules, i.e., exposure of cells to mitotic drugs or to low temperature. When cells recover from these treatments one end of each microtubule organizing structure acts as a nucleating center from which cytoplasmic microtubules grow toward the plasma membrane. Thus cytoplasmic microtubules assemble in vivo in an ordered unidirectional manner, and therefore the cell must be able to avoid the assembly of unwanted, unoriented, and disconnected microtubules. These results suggest that the assembly of tubulin into microtubules is regulated in vivo.


A new group of potent inducers of differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. This report identifies a group of compounds, polymethylene bisacetamides (acetylated diamines), which are potent inducers of erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. A known inducing agent, N-methylacetamide, was dimerized through varying numbers of methylenes in an attempt to increase the local effective concentration at adjacent target sites. The simple dimer was no more effective than N-methylacetamide alone; introduction of five to eight methylenes between acetamide groups substantially increased the effectiveness of these compounds. The hexamethylene bisacetamide was active between 0.5 mM and 5 mM; the percentage of cells induced and the rate at which they were recruited to differentiation was dependent upon the concentration of inducer within this range. At 5 mM hexamethylene bisacetamide essentially the entire population (greater than 99%) was induced to a pathway of erythroid differentiation which was greater differentiation of the cultured cells than with any inducer yet tested.


The partial amino-acid sequence of an H-2K molecule. Eighteen of the NH2-terminal 27 amino acids of a murine H-2K molecule have been assigned. The approach used was to label murine splenocytes with a single radioactive amino acid, isolate the H-2K molecule by specific immunoprecipitation, electrophorese the dissolved precipitate on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, and subject the isolated H-2K peak to amino-acid analysis and automated sequencing.


Structure of HLA antigens: amino-acid and carbohydrate compositions and NH2-terminal sequences of four antigen preparations. Amino-acid and carbohydrate compositions in addition to limited NH2-terminal sequence data of four preparations of HLA antigens, including products of both of the major histocompatibility loci (HLA-A and HLA-B), show that the antigens have great homology in the primary structure. A striking observation is that HLA antigens also have a considerable structure homology with mouse H-2 antigens. HLA antigens appear to have one carbohydrate side chain which has the same composition in all four cases. The possible relation of the structure of the heavy chain of HLA antigens to immunoglobulins is discussed, based on the limited data which are available so far.


Ontogeny of lymphocyte subpopulations in human fetal liver. Lymphocytes were isolated from five fetal livers (13-17 weeks) and examined for different surface markers. Immunoglobulin M was found on 0.5-4.0% of lymphocytes. No membrane-bound surface IgD, IgA. or IgG was detected. Mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming lymphocytes ranged from 0.5 to 6.0%. Thymus-processed (T) lymphocytes, which were defined as those forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, as well as lymphocytes with IgG Fc receptors, were present in a small proportion. No complement-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were found in the two cell populations of fetal liver studied. It is evident that during the ontogeny of bone-marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes IgM is the first surface immunoglobulin to appear. Receptors for the binding of mouse erythrocytes are present at the same time as surface IgM. The slight excess of mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming cells over cells having surface immunoglobulin M could mean that IgM appears later than do the receptors for the binding of mouse erythrocytes.


Localization of the papain cleavage site of H-2 glycoproteins. The antigenic products of the murine H-2K and H-2D genes are glycoproteins of about 45,000 molecular weight which are tightly integrated within the cell surface membrane. A glycoprotein fragment (FAg, antigenic fragment) of 37,000 daltons carrying the carbohydrate, antigenic sites, and the associated putative beta2-microglobulin of 12,000 daltons can be generated by papain cleavage either of the native molecules in the cell membrane or of immune precipitates made from the antigen solubilized by nonionic detergent. Partial NH2-terminal sequence analyses of the native H-2 glycoprotein and of the papain-cleaved glycoprotein fragment establish that the fragment is, in fact, the NH2-terminal portion of the native molecule. Thus, the cleavage by papain proteolysis is near the COOH-terminus, and removal of the COOH-terminal portion (Fm, membrane fragment) converts the glycoprotein to a water-soluble form. This observation suggests that the NH2-terminus of the native glycoprotein extends out of the hydrophobic bilayer of the cell membrane, and that the COOH-terminus contains the membrane binding region and is buried within the bilayer.


Study design for a hepatitis B vaccine trial. A short-time trial of small sample size for an evaluation of the hepatitis B vaccine is proposed and designed. The vaccine is based on the premise that antibody to the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus is protective against viral infection. This premise is verified by using the presence of the surface antigen as the marker of infection and comparing infection rates in renal dialysis patients who had naturally acquired antibody to patients without antibody. Patients with antibody have an extremely low risk of infection. The probability of remaining uninfected decreases at an exponential rate for patients without antibody, implying a constant risk of infection at any point in time. The study design described makes use of this time independence and the observed infection rates to formulate a clinical trial which can be accomplished with a relatively small number of patients. This design might be useful if, in preliminary studies, it is shown that the vaccine produces antibody in the patients and that protection against hepatitis B virus would be beneficial to the patients.


Localization of triiodothyronine in nerve ending fractions of rat brain. Radioactive triiodothyronine reaching the rat brain after intravenous administration is rapidly and selectively taken up in the nerve ending fraction. A concentration gradient of radioactivity from brain cytosol to synaptosomes is observed at 5 min, increases linearly over the first hour, and is maintained for at least 10 hr. Radioactivity in the synaptosomes is due to triiodothyronine (90%) plus a single unidentified metabolite (10%). Approximately 85% of the synaptosomal radioactivity is released by osmotic disruption of the particles. The process of selective uptake, concentration, and retention of triiodothyronine in nerve terminals of the rat brain may be related to the sympathomimetic and behavior-altering effects of the thyroid hormones.


Antibody differentiation: apparent sequence identity between variable regions shared by IgA and IgG immunoglobulins. We have analyzed a pair of human myeloma immunoglobulins (biclonal proteins) of the IgG and IgA classes from a single patient, GR. The light chains are identical in amino-acid sequence over 40 residues at their NH2-terminus, hwereas the heavy chains are identical throughout 45 residues of their NH2-terminus. Additional chemical and serological studies suggest the light chains and variable regions of the heavy chains (VH) are very similar, if not identical. The implications of these and of other published studies are discussed with regard to (i) the association of one VH region with multiple constant regions of the heavy chain (CH regions), (ii) two alternative types of V-C joining mechanisms, (iii) the differentiation of antibody-producing cells, and (iv) three categories of biclonal immunoglobulins.


Prevention and suppression by azathioprine of venom-induced protein-losing gastropathy in dogs. Irrigation of the dog's oxyntic glandular mucosa contained in a chronically prepared, vagally denervated, separated pouch of the dog's stomach with a solution (0.5 mg ml-1) of lyophilized venom of the hooded cobra (Naja naja) increases the permeability of the mucosa. If irrigation with venom solution is repeated at weekly intervals, the mucosa responds with increasing plasma-shedding which reaches a peak of 1-2 ml min-1 from roughly 60 cm2 of mucosa in 4-6 weeks. Plasma shedding in response to irrigation with venom gradually declines, leaving a permanent residual response of different magnitude in different dogs. Giving naive dogs the immunosuppressant azathioprine by mouth in a dose of 5 mg kg-1 day-1, beginning 1 week before the first irrigation with venom solution and continuing for 4 weeks, postpones the plasma-shedding response until the sixth or seventh week of venom irrigation. The plasma-shedding response is wholly or partially suppressed by further administration of azathioprine by mouth in a dose of 3.3 mg kg-1 day-1. These data support the hypothesis that the plasma-shedding response to repeated venom irrigation involves the immune system of the stomach.


Photoprotection by carotenoid pigments in the copepod Diaptomus nevadensis. Individuals of the copepod Diaptomus nevadensis that contain high concentrations of carotenoids survive significantly better in natural intensities of visible light than less pigmented copepods. Vertical migration and behavior in light of different wave lengths are related to the degree of pigmentation.


Ethological isolation and mating experience in Drosophila paulistorum. With few exceptions, previously published experiments documenting ethological isolation between Drosophila populations have used young virgin females. We have observed directly females of Drosophila paulistorum semispecies in choice experiments with both homogamic and heterogamic males. Aged females' sexual selection did not differ from that of young females. Previous heterogamic copulatory experience did not change the degree of sexual isolation; however, females with homogamic copulatory experience showed a significantly higher preference for homogamic males.


Pulseless disease with optic atrophy, aortic incompetence and recurrent peptic ulceration.


Diaphragm function and alveolar hypoventilation. A syndrome of alveolar hypoventilation has been identified in a group of patients with bilateral diaphragm paralysis. Eight patients were studied in whom diaphragm weakness had been suggested by paradoxical (inward) movement of the abdominal wall on inspiration, of whom seven had evidence of a generalized neuromuscular disorder. Diaphragm function was assessed quantitatively by measurement of the change in transdiaphragmatic pressure during a maximum inspiration (deltaPDi). In five patients, deltaPDi was zero and in the others ranged from 2-6 cm H2O (normal greater than 25 cm H2O) indicating paralysis and severe weakness in the respective groups. Fluoroscopy of the diaphragm was found to give misleading results, and the resons for this are considered. Vital capacity ranged from 65-30 per cent of the predicted normal in the upright posture, typically falling by about a half in the supine posture. Alveolar hypoventilation was present in five patients when supine and in six when asleep, the deterioration in blood gases associated with sleep generally being much greater in these patients than in normal subjects. Respiratory rate was significantly greater than age-matched controls. The ventilatory response to CO2 was impaired. The PCO2 could be brought to normal levels by voluntary hyperventilation, and the unreliability of voluntary respiratory manoeuvres of this kind as indices of ventilatory reserve is emphasized. Alveolar hypoventilation was associated with disturbed sleep, morning headache and day-time fatigue. Symptomatic benefit was achieved by the use of a cuirass respirator at night.


Institutional socialization and college sport.


'Fibrositis'.

'Fibrositis'.


Effects of physical training on cardiorespiratory fitness in children.


Comparison of segment ratio weights and segment centers of gravity in the living human male and female.


Psychological scaling of AIAW code-of-ethics for players.


Health knowledge of crisis intervention volunteers.


Order of acquisition of the parts of a serial-motor task.


Measuring motor rhythmic ability in children.


Some comments on: health knowledge of young adults from two socioeconomic levels.


Effect of isometric training on the elbow flexion force torque of grade five boys.


Kinesiological determinants of the path of the foot during the football kick.


Birth order and preference for dangerous sports among males.


Effect of interaction of frequency and intensity of training.


Self-actualization and self-concept among athletes.


Dynamometer for static and dynamic measurements of rotational movements.


Decisionmaking in elementary children: effects on attitudes and interaction.


Validation of distance run tests for elementary school children.


Fitting biomechanical data with cubic spline functions.


Validity of selected laboratory and field tests of physical working capacity.


The cardiomyopathies.

The cardiomyopathies.


Pathology of cardiac valve prosthetic replacement--a study of 68 necropsy patients.


A pilot study on the effect of toothbrushing on the gingiva of a beagle dog. The maxillary canine and premolar areas of a beagle dog were brushed according to the roll and the scrub toothbrushing techniques. Characteristic, reproducible soft tissue lesions could be associated with the brushing.


A 24-month evaluation of fissure sealing with a diluted composite material. The idea of pit and fissure sealing has found wide acceptance in caries prevention. The present investigation evaluates the retention of a diluted composite material (Concise Enamel Bond system) used as a pit and fissure sealant. On the basis of a clinical evaluation in 69 children of the retention of the material in pits and fissures for 24 months, it seems justified to assume that the diluted composite material is an acceptable alternative to other fissure-sealing materials.


Lipoproteins in fluid from non-keratinizing jaw cysts. Forty-seven cyst fluids and autologous sera were examined for lipoproteins (LP) by cellulose acetate membrane (CAM) electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and quantitative analyses for beta-lipoprotein and cholesterol. By CAM electrophoresis all cyst fluids showed alpha1-LP and betal-LP bands but no pre-beta-LP band. Four cyst fluids exhibited and additional, well-defined lipid-staining band located within the gamma-globulin zone (post-beta-band). The relative amount of alpha1-LP was higher in cyst fluid than in serum. Single radial immunodiffusion showed that the content of beta-LP was low. On an average, cyst fluid contained more cholesterol than did serum. Some cyst fluids were particularly rich in cholesterol. It is hypothesized that the cholesterol is derived partly from beta-LP originating from plasma.


Effect of a fluoride-containing chlorhexidine gel on bacteria in human plaque. The effect on the plaque flora of a fluoride-containing chlorhexidine gel in mouthpieces was studied in seven subjects. Use of the gel during a 3-month period resulted in a change in the pattern of sensitivity to cholorhexidine in the plaque flora as displayed by determination of the minimal inhibitory amount (MIA) of the drug in agar diffusion assays. Three months after the use of gel was discontinued, the MIA value for plaque bacteria had returned to its original level. The relative proportions of S. mutans and S. sanguis in plaque changed during the chlorhexidine period. Thus S. mutans could not be detected in plaque samples after 3-month use of the gel, and the frequency of S. sanguis was altered.


A quantitative microradiographic study of oral leukoplakias. Biopsies from 13 oral leukoplakias and from normal tissue specimens in the contralateral region of each patient were examined histologically and microradiographically. Microradiographs of freeze-sectioned and freeze-dried sections were made and quantitative photometric analyses of the distribution of the dry mass concentration in different epithelial cell layers of both normal and pathologic specimens were performed. In each microradiograph, the thickness of the stratum corneum was determined. The results indicated that in oral leukoplakia two main changes occur in the epithelial surface layer, i.e. an increase of the thickness of the surface epithelial cell layer, and a formation of an epithelial surface zone of cell layers with different degrees of keratinization and varying dry mass concentrations.


Initiation and aggravation of denture stomatitis by sucrose rinses. The purpose of this study was to assess whether frequent exposure to sucrose would aggravate or initiate a palatal candidosis in denture wearers. Eight subjects with generalized simple or granular inflammation in the palate (inflammation group) and six with clinically healthy palatal mucosa (control group) carried out 1-min mouthrinses with 10 ml of a 25% sucrose solution four times daily for 15 d. In the inflammation group an aggravated palatal erythema was seen in two subjects after 7 d, and in another subject after 15 d. Among the controls a generalized simple inflammation had developed in the palate of one subject after 7 d, and in another one after 15 d. An increased number of yeast colonies on palatal and denture agar models and/or hyphae on palatal and denture smears was found in all subjects with clinical signs of aggravated or initiated denture stomatitis.


Tuberculosis pleurisy due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia. A case of tuberculous pleurisy due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in a 47-year-old woman with chronic granulocytic leukemia is described. The mycobacterial aetiology of the pleurisy was confirmed by pleural biopsy and by positive culture of M. fortuitum in pleural fluid. Antituberculosis chemotherapy with INH, RMP and EMB, combined initially with prednisolone, was successful in spite of total resistance of the strain to the drugs used. A short review of mycobacterioses and of recent literature on the topic, especially on M. fortuitum, is also presented.


Iron deficiency in the Finnish adult population.


Specificity of naturally occurring antibody in normal gibbon serum. Gibbon natural antibody examined by immunoelectron microscopy reacted with the entire envelope of type C virus and with areas on the cell surface equivalent to or smaller than the diameter of a virion in gibbon and human culture cells infected with or releasing type C viruses. The antibody activity was absorbed completely by two cell cultures infected with gibbon ape leukemia virus and by the virus itself, and partially by normal gibbon spleen cells and dog thymus-derived cells infected with baboon endogenous type C virus, and fresh white blood cells obtained from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in acute blastic crisis.


Hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia in acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia. Two cases of acute leukaemia, one monoblastic and one myelomonocytic, in which hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia were documented, are reported. Urinalysis demonstrated renal loss of potassium and magnesium without other evidence of renal tubular dysfunction. The mechanism and clinical significance of these abnormalities are briefly discussed.


The management of respiratory failure in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome.


Corrosion studies of a dental gold alloy in contact with amalgam under different conditions.


Oral and manual recognition of forms. Part I. Test results based on the test pieces.


["Preventive" cranial irradiation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood]. In accordance with the recommendations of Pinkel, 147 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated by a combined cytostatic and radiation therapy during a joint study between May 1971 and Jan. 1, 1974. After a primary cytostatical treatment which brought about a remission of 94% of the patients within four to six weeks, the cranial irradiation was performed, depending on age, with a focal dose of 1500 up to 2400 rd in the course of three or four weeks. Simultaneously, the patients were given methotrexate intrathecally which was followed, later on, by a long-term therapy with cytostatics. By means of this combined treatment, a three-year survival was obtained in 50% (8 of 16) and a complete remission in 44% (7 of 16). The prognosis is the same for boys as for girls. A less favorable prognosis concerns the patients with an initial leukocytosisf more than 50 000 leukocytes/mm3 of blood, an age of more than ten years, and leukemic cells already demonstrable in the cerebrospinal fluid.


Aspects of teratology of vitamin A acid (beta-all-trans retinoic acid). Retinoic acid must now be considered a normal metabolite of vitamin A. In fact, evidence now exists which can well support the idea that retinoic acid may itself be- or may be converted to-a metabolically active form which would carry out the growth-promoting functions of vitamin A. In contrast to retinol, retinoic acid is rapidly metabolized,being totally degraded within 48 hours after its adminstration to vitamin A-defiecient rats. Its primary excretory route is through the bile, the resulting metabolite retaining its intact side chain. At least one metabolite going through this excretory route has been identified as retinoyl-beta-glucuronide. However, retinoic acid undergoes oxidative decarboxylation of the terminal carbon to the extent of approximately 20%. Another 20% undergoes further degradation to lose the C-14. New chromatographic procedures as well as new extraction procedures which are gentle and give 100% recoveries have been described, which may be an important new tool in the elucidation of the metabolism of retinoic acid and retinol. So far at least eight metabolites of retinoic acid have been detected with these methods. However, none of these metabolites has yet been identified and their biological significance remains unknown.


Vitamin A acid in Darier's disease.

Vitamin A acid in Darier's disease. The etiology in Dariers disease (keratosis follicularis) is unknown, but it seems to be that the skin changes are related to a variation of nutritional vitamin A deficiency caused by processes within the organism. The skin condition, in which the main histological change shows follicular dyskeratosis, has a certain similarity to hypovitaminosis A. Several follicular keratoses are influenced by vitamin A or vitamin A acid therapy. The use of vitamin A is limited by its toxicity, but vitamin A acid being less toxic could be an important therapeutic advance in follicular keratoses. In Darier's disease vitamin A  acid topically or systemically applied leads to distinct improvement of the skin lesions. Clinically and histologically, some of the treatment effects are similar to effects obtained when using vitamin A. Systemic vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) administration results in elevation of serum levels vitamin A (retinol) and provitamin A (carotene) and after high dosage clinical symptoms develop nearly identical with hypervitaminosis A. Several possibilities regarding the mode of action of vitamin A acid are mentioned.


Vitamin A acid and keratoacanthomas.

Vitamin A acid and keratoacanthomas.


Vitamin A acid in lichen planus.

Vitamin A acid in lichen planus. Since 1971, Vitamin A acid (VAA) has been used for topical treatment of lichen planus (L.p.) at the 2nd Department of Dermatology in Vienna. During this period, 43 patients have been treated in the following way: for a period up to 3 weeks, a 0.05% or 0.1% VAA cream or solution was applied twice daily to the affected skin or mucosa. In the first days of this therapy, a characteristic local reaction of the L.p. lesions could be observed; first an edematous swelling appeared, followed by scaling and regression of efflorescences. Finally, an inflammatory skin reaction also developed. At this juncture, VAA was abandoned and the treatment was continued with steroid-containing ointments. Occlusive dressings were used only in cases of hypertrophic L.p. The same therapy was performed in L.p. of mucous membranes. By this method it was possible to achieve good therapeutical results in all treated cases. However, the frequency of recurrences of L.p. could not be diminished.


Pharmacology of vitamin A acid (beta-all transretinoic acid).


Vitamin A acid in the topic treatment of warts.


Retinoic acid for the therapy of psoriasis.


Biosynthesis and metabolism of retinoic acid.


Effects of vitamin A acid in skin: in vivo and in vitro studies. Profound metabolic changes take place in keratinizing epithelia in the presence of retinoic acid. In vivo as well as in vitro the proliferative activity of epidermal cells is greatly enhanced. Together with the increased rate of new cell production cellular differentiation (keratinization and cornification) is also altered. The effects are species-unspecific, probably tissue-specific and dose-dependent. The precise action of retinoic acid, however, still remains unknown.


Pharmacological studies on retinoic acid in Wistar and in atrichos rats. Retinoic acid produces some changes in the skin which could be interpreted as a mechanism of action: release of acid hydrolases and phosphatases, inflammatory reactions, increase in lipid synthesis and transport as an energy dependent phenomenon, increase in the lipid flux perhaps as a lipoprotein complex, since there is a rise in nucleic acid synthesis. Stimulation of bone remodeling is observed only when high dosage of retinoic acid is given orally.


Penetration of vitamin A acid into human skin.


Toxicology of vitamin A acid.

Toxicology of vitamin A acid.


Absorption of iron in pregnancy.

Absorption of iron in pregnancy.