Studies on the 1967--68 foot and mouth disease epidemic: incubation period and herd serial interval. The incubation period during this epidemic was studied using both a spectral analysis-cum-filtering method and analysis of case histories. Using spectral analysis, the modal herd serial interval was estimated to be 8--10 days based on the record of the daily number of outbreaks and an adjusted cattler series. The case histories tended to confirm these estimates but indicated that the serial interval varied considerably between species. The filtering method revealed that the herd serial interval apparently changed during the epidemic. For the first 4 weeks the interval was 8 days, while in the latter stages it was about 2 weeks.


Laboratory characteristics of an attenuated influenza type A (H3N2) virus ('Alice' strain). The Alice strain of live attenuated influenza virus was obtained by selection of a gamma inhibitor-resistant strain from a virus recombinant between A/PR/8/34 (HON1) and A/England/42/72 (H3N2). Its behaviour in vitro and in vivo was studied. Three marker systems were investigated: resistance to serum inhibitors, growth capacity at high temperature and low sensitivity to amantadine hydrochloride. In ferrets the strain was found to be attenuated and immunogenic. Passages in man, animals and eggs have not affected its resistance to gamma inhibitors.


An appraisal of sewage pollution along a section of the Natal coast after the introduction of submarine outfalls. A bacteriological survey on the distribution and occurrence of coliforms and pathogenic indicators of pollution within the surf-zone and near-shore waters along a section of the Natal coast before the use of submarine outfalls with reported previously. In that report more than half the beaches in the region were found to be of Class IV or III quality. After the submarine outfalls became operational, ten further sampling runs were made. A considerable improvement in the sea-water quality was apparent, most of the beaches being regarded to Class II or I, notably in the bathing areas.


A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 2. Pyrogenicity and antigenicity. Conventional influenza vaccine containing whole virus particles purified on a zonal centrifuge is pyrogenic and can cause systemic and local adverse side effects. An improved vaccine was therefore prepared which contained only the surface antigens of the virus adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide. The antigenicity of this vaccine was compared with conventional vaccine in chickens. Both vaccines induced similar titres of serum haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition antibody. The dose response curves, however, were different. The surface antigens at vaccine strength without aluminium hydroxide were of negligible pyrogenicity in rabbits.


Clothing for use in clean-air environments. Disposable plastic two-piece suits were compared with conventional cotton suits, gowns, and plastic aprons by nurses in a burns unit. The plastic suits allowed fewer micro-organisms to be dispersed into the environment than the other garments but were less comfortable.


Coated bedpans: their cleaning and disinfection. This paper reports on tests of cleaning and disinfection of stainless steel bedpans which have been coated with either a silicone grease or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The coatings were applied manually using an aerosol spray (silicone grease and PTFE), and by an industrial process (PTFE). Soils used comprised (i) British Standard Soil (B.S., 1966), (ii) human serum albumin labelled with technetium-99m (HSA-Tc), and (iii) a suspension of Streptococcus faecalis in broth. Tests of cleaning and disinfection were carried out in automatic washing and steam disinfector machines. Results show that aerosol spraying impairs the cleaning process but that bedpans coated by the industrial process with PTFE are superior to uncoated bedpans.


The mutation situation.

The mutation situation.


Experimental phycomycosis in mice; examination of the role of acquired immunity in resistance to Absidia ramosa. Attempts were made to stimulate acquired immunity to experimental Absidia ramosa infection in mice. Unprotected animals inoculated with large doses of A. ramosa spores frequently developed acute phycomycosis of the central nervous system. Mice previously exposed to sub-lethal doses of spores showed a high resistance to subsequent challenge with A. ramosa. No consistent increase in resistance was observed in mice vaccinated with killed A. ramosa spores, hyphal walls, intracellular mycelial antigens or various combinations of these, with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Antibodies to soluble mycelial antigens were inconsistently present in the sera of mice vaccinated with sub-lethal doses of viable spores. They were generally present in the sera of animals vaccinated with mycelial extracts of hyphal walls but not killed spores. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to A. ramosa mycelial antigens could usually be elicited by intradermal tests in mice exposed to viable spores but irregularly in those vaccinated with non-viable preparations. Positive reactions were also frequently given by older mice not deliberately exposed to A. ramosa. Although mice previously exposed to viable A. ramosa spores were highly resistant to intravenous or intracerebral challenge with this fungus, they were more likely to develop persistent local granulomata on subcutaneous injection of spores than were unvaccinated animals.


Gutta-percha: a comparative study of three methods of obturation.


Activation of the alternative pathway of complement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sequential studies in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have demonstrated that at diagnosis or relapse there is defective utilization of complement by the alternative pathway. Thus, the sera of 17/18 patients fail to completely consume C3 to C9 when incubated with zymosan or cobra venom factor (CoF). This underutilization is due to a specific inhibitor of C3 activation which has been partially isolated. By remission, the inhibotor disappears and the CoF and zymosan assays return to normal. In addition, serum levels of C3 and factor B are elevated at the time of diagnosis or relapse but fall to below 3 S.D. from the mean in nearly 60 per cent of the cases during induction therapy. Similarly, serum C4 levels which are normal at diagnosis fall to less that 3 S.D. from the mean in 7/12 cases during treatment. Low C3 levels correlate well with factor B values, suggesting that if C3 to C9 are utilized after the inhibitor has been eliminated, such utilization occurs primarily through the alternative pathway. Presumably, as illustrated by the low C4 levels, this activity is mediated by the ampliciation loop of the alternative pathway involving classical pathway generation of C3b.


Determination of the accuracy of the Sono-Explorer for establishing endodontic measurement control.


Effect of preparation with endodontic handpieces on original canal shape.


Histologic evaluation of different methods of enlarging the pulp canal space.


Intraradicular cyst: the result of an implant used in treatment of horizontal root fracture.


Pain in endodontic therapy: preliminary study.


Comparative studies on cytotoxin from the Indian cobra venom and cardiotoxin from the Formosan cobra venom, with special reference to the effect on the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in mice.


Cyto- and dendroarchitectonic analysis of the dorsal column nuclei of the rabbit.


Effect of ketamine on the tracheobronchial trees of guinea-pigs.


A study on pesticide residues in umbilical cord blood and maternal milk.


Acid maltase deficiency (type II glycogenosis). Morphological and biochemical study of a childhood phenotype. Pathological and biochemical data are reported on a 4(4)/12-year-old male patient with a severe myopathic disorder, hepatomegaly, recurrent pulmonary infections ending fatally. Combined morphological and enzymatic studies on muscle biopsy led to the diagnosis of acid maltase deficiency (Type II glycogenosis). On post mortem examination, lysosomal glycogen storage is found in skeletal muscles and liver, while heart and central nervous sytem are spared. Both hydrolytic and transferase activities of acid maltase are absent in cultured fibroblasts, heart, liver and postmortem skeletal muscles. That in the biopsied skeletal muscle only, the transferase activity alone is deficient while the hydrolytic function is maintained at low normal levels correlates well with the abnormal structure of the glycogen stored in that muscle. However, these findings on biopsied muscle cannot be reconciled with the absence of both functions and the presence of normal glycogen in other biopsied tissues or in postmortem specimens from the same patient.


Studies on the effect of salt iodization on endemic goiter, Taiwan. I. Mass survey on goiter of school children.


Effects of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) on bone cells of the tibial and femoral metaphysis of the growing rats.


Patient health status evaluation procedures for the dental profession. Part IV. Laboratory medicine in a dental practice.


Patient health status evaluation procedures for the dental profession. Part I. Dental/medical history.


Patient health status evaluation procedures for the dental profession. Part III. Physical examination of the head and neck.


Patient health status evaluation procedures for the dental profession. Part II. Vital signs.


Attrition: possible mechanisms of compensation. Attrition, or wear of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth, may not only be physiologically normal, but necessary for function. Since occlusal wear must lead to reduction in tooth length, significant dimensional changes in facial morphology are inevitable unless mechanisms exist to compensate for attrition. Secondary dentine formation, alveolar growth, and adaptive changes in the masticatory muscles can provide this compensation, and may be part of a complex system by which an effective level of masticatory function is maintained even when attrition is extreme.


Disturbances in the contraction and co-ordination pattern of the masticatory muscles due to dental restorations. An electromyographic study. Recent Swedish publications report that a large number of patients suffer from the mandibular dysfunction syndrome. Some theories assume that this syndrome is the result of a disturbance in blood flow through the maxillary artery. The present authors suggest, that the syndrome is caused by a disturbance in the pattern of contraction of the masticatory muscles. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that the human periodontal membrane contains mechanoreceptors which are able to exert reflex control over the pattern of contraction of the muscles during chewing. If the pattern of stimulation of these receptors is modified following dental restoration, then this could result in a disturbance of the neuromuscular pattern of the masticatory apparatus. In order to test this hypothesis, an electromyographic study was carried out in three volunteers and eight patients. The results of this study support the view that there are receptors in the human periodontal membrane which are able to control the pattern of contraction of the masticatory muscles. The hypothesis that the mandibular dysfunction syndrome is the result of a disturbance in the pattern of contraction of these muscles is pursued further in the discussion.


Characterization of porosity of isostatically pressed and sintered nickel-base powdered metal. Characterization of the pore structure of compacted and sintered parts made from a nickel-base powder was accomplished using the mercury porosimetry method. The theoretical density values for the sintered specimens varied from 56.3 to 96.7% which corresponds to a porosity of 43.7 to 3.3%. A maximum interconnecting median pore diameter of 21 mum resulted from a -80/+200 mesh powder compacted at 138 MN/m2 and sintered for 2 h at 1250 degrees C. Photomicrographs of the same sample showed that it had a maximum pore diameter of 200 mum. The interconnected pore volume decreased with decreasing particle size of the powder, increasing compaction pressure, and increasing sintering temperature. Mechanical properties of tensile strength, yield strength, elastic modulus and percentage elongation were correlated with the pore structure. Proper selection of particle size, compaction pressure, sintering times and sintering temperatures should permit parts with controlled porosity characteristics to be produced that possess adequate mechanical properties for application as implants.


Periodontal conditions in patients 5 years following insertion of fixed prostheses. Pocket depth and loss of attachment. The oral hygiene, gingival condition, pocket depth and loss of attachment were studied during a period of 5 years in a group of patients (114) who had been treated with fixed dental protheses. Eighty-four per cent of the subjects had received periodontal therapy prior to the prosthetic treatment. During the study the subjects participated in an oral hygiene programme. Crown margins were located sub-gingivally, at the gingiva, and supra-gingivally. Initially 65% of the crown margins were sub-gingival compared to 41% 5 years later. When the crown margins were located sub-gingivally there was an increase in Gingival Index scores 2 and 3, in pocket depth, and in loss of attachment compared to a supragingival placement. However, most of the alterations were small.


Adaptation of amalgams to cavity walls.

Adaptation of amalgams to cavity walls. The adaptation of amalgam fillings to the cavity walls has been studied. Cavities were made in human teeth and filled with four different amalgams: (1) amalgam with an expansion of approx. 10 mum/cm after 48 h; (2) amalgam with no dimensional change after 48 h (balanced); (3) amalgam with a contraction of approx. 10 mum/cm after 48 h; and (4) amalgam with a contraction of approx. 20 mum/cm after 48 h. The filling surface and parts of the surrounding enamel were planed, polished and studied under the microscope. The degree of contact between the amalgam and the cavity wall and the number and dimensions of the marginal defects were observed. Fillings made from expanding or balanced amalgams mostly had good contact with the cavity wall, and the marginal defects were small and scattered. Around fillings made from contracting material, a slit formation was observed, and in these areas fractures of both the amalgam and the enamel margins had regularly changed the slit to a V-shaped gap 10-20 mum wide. Greater defects exceeding 50 mum were also frequently observed. The results showed a gradual decrease in the quality of adaptation from fillings made of expanding material to those made of contracting material. It was further shown that the polishing procedure caused fracturing of both the unsupported enamel and amalgam margins thus widening the defects considerably.


Late results of treatment with partial dentures. An investigation by questionnaire and clinical examination 13 years after treatment. Ninety-nine people who were fitted with partial dentures in 1959 were invited to take part in an investigation 13 years later. A questionnaire was answered by fifty-eight, which means a frequency of 81% if allowance is made for an explainable loss. Of the sixty-eight partial dentures in these fifty-eight patients, twenty-three were still being used, fourteen patients had had their original partial dentures replaced by new ones and three by a fixed bridge, while seven had been replaced by complete dentures. Twenty-one were no longer used and had not been replaced. Of the fifty-four patients who originally had a complete upper denture and a partial lower denture, thirty were still available. Following an invitation to take part in a clinical review, twenty-seven (90%) co-operated. Most of the patients were in need of treatment (for caries, periodontitis and/or prosthetic treatment). The periodontal injuries were rarely serious. A correlation was found between good oral hygiene and good results of treatment.


Carotid triangle abscess secondary to heroin injection.


Soft lining materials: composition and structure. An analysis of five proprietary acrylic soft lining materials revealed that they can be classified into two groups. The first of these groups (Soft Oryl and Coe Soft) resemble the tissue conditioners in composition in that their liquid component contains no monomer. A study of their mechanical properties may reveal that these materials should, in fact, be classified as tissue conditioners. The second group (including Palasiv, Virina and Coe Super Soft) were more conventional acrylic materials which differed in the amount of plasticizer and the type of acrylic monomer used in the liquid component and in the nature of the polymer component.


Assessment of reliability of cineradiographic recording of temporomandibular joint movements. As part of a cineradiographic study of temporomandibular joint movements, the reliability of the apparatus and techniques has been assessed. The areas of concern were the radiographic procedure, tracing apparatus and tracing technique. To assess the accuracy of the radiographic procedure, anatomical and radiographic measurements of mandibular condyles were compared. A range of variation of 0-46--0-8 mm was found, which compared favourably to the only previously published investigation. The use of mechanical devices simulating the fundamentals of mandibular movements suggested that the cineradiographic record showed paths of opening and closing separated more widely than occurred in vivo. The reliability of the tracing apparatus was assessed by calculated misalignments and found to be acceptable. The subjective error in tracing cineradiographic films by a regular observer was investigated by a point location error method. The error was found to be small and within acceptable limits.


Some morphological aspects of the meatus acusticus externus in connection with mandibular movements. A method is described to measure volumetric variations in the meatus acusticus externus caused by the movements of the mandible. Simultaneous registration of EMG activity and gnatho-sounds demonstrated that after tooth contact a slight decrease in volume, followed by some increase in volume takes place within 20-30 ms. The fast volume changes, during and after tooth contact, seem to be correlated to the speed of closure.


The effect of anodic polarization on the tensile strength of dental amalgam. The effect of corrosion upon dental amalgam was studied by measuring the effect of anodic polarization on its tensile strength. A conventional tensile testing method using dumb-bell shaped specimens deformed along the long axis was employed. The results showed a significant reduction (27%) in the mean tensile strength, due to the anodic polarization of conventional amalgam, whereas the strength of the high Cu-containing Dispersalloy amalgam was unaffected by polarization. When the diametral tensile strengths of polarized and unpolarized conventional amalgam and Dispersalloy specimens were compared (ADA Specification No. 1), no significant difference in strength was observed. These results indicate that the anodic corrosion of gamma2 phase network in the conventional amalgam fillings can be directly attributed to a reduction of tensile strength which would be manifested clinically as marginal breakdown. It appears also that the diametral tensile test is not sufficiently discriminating to allow for an in vitro simulation of clinical properties.


Relation between functional disturbances of the masticatory system and some anthropometric, physiological and psychological variables in young Swedish men. The relation between functional disturbances of the masticatory system and anthropometric, physiological and psychological variables was studied in 248 Swedish men, aged 18-25 years. No physiological variables and only a few anthropometric variables were found to be correlated with symptoms of functional disorders or to the state of the dentition. Thus, for example, face height was greater in the presence than in the absence of disturbances of the occlusion (mainly occlusal interferences). The psychological variables were found to be most closely correlated with symptoms of functional disorders and the state of the dentition. Men with clinical dysfunction had a lower general level of intelligence than men without. Social adaptation at school was poor in those who reported parafunctions. Men with parafunctions, frequent headache, general muscle and joint symptoms and balancing side interferences had low emotional stability compared with those without such symptoms. Individuals completely free from symptoms of functional disturbances had high emotional stability.


Cytotoxicity of temporary crown and bridge materials. In vitro cytotoxicity of freshly prepared temporary crown and bridge materials was studied using mouse fibroblasts prelabelled with 3H-thymidine grown in shake flask cultures. Cytotoxicity was measured as (1) lack of cell multiplication, (2) stainability with Trypan blue and (3) release of 3H-labelled material to the culture medium. All the materials tested (zinc oxide-eugenol cement (ZOE), Scutan and Sevriton) were cytotoxic in this system, ZOE most strongly. This finding favours the view that the in vitro cytotoxicity of dental materials should not be used alone as a screening test for their biological compatibility under clinical conditions since clinical experience and previous in vivo findings have established that ZOE is biologically well tolerated by the dental tissues.


The effect of the bite plane splint on the electromyographic silent period duration. An electromyographic study of the masseter and anterior part of the temporalis muscles was performed on ten patients presenting temporomandibular joint dysfunction symptoms. The EMG silent periods (SP) produced in the open-close-clench cycle and jaw-jerk reflex were compared for duration before and after treatment with an occlusal bite splint. Following use of the splint, there was a shortening of SP indicating the possible use of the duration of SP as a diagnostic measurement, and also as an indication of treatment effectiveness.


Power spectral distribution of the masseter electromyogram from surface electrodes. The power spectral distribution of an electromyogram offers a useful presentation of the myoelectric signal at any level of muscle activity. Various factors which may affect this distribution are considered. A computerized method for obtaining the power spectral distribution for masseter and a study of the effect of bite force and electrode position on this is described.


The fallacy of facial measurements of occlusal height in edentulous subjects. A controlled trial was made using fifteen subjects and making 120 measurements with a caliper gauge between marks disposed on the upper lip and the point of the chin when maxillo-mandibular relationships were altered vertically by known amounts within a range of 6 mm. It was found that mean facial measurements could account for only half of the skeletal movement involved. The variability of soft tissue translation in relation to skeletal movement led to the conclusion that such facial measurements are inappropriate to clinical practice.


Microstructural changes of dental amalgam by copper additions.


Abdominal pain of possible dental origin. A case report.


Extraosseous osteomas of the tongue.

Extraosseous osteomas of the tongue.


Clinical and cytological features of the oral lesions caused by chicken-pox (varicella).


Aspergillosis of the maxillary antrum.

Aspergillosis of the maxillary antrum.


The influence of percussion, occlusion and mastication on the occurrence of silent periods in masseter muscle activity. The occurrence of silent periods in masseter muscle activity was investigated during percussion of the bony structures of the head and neck, during occlusion of the teeth on surfaces of varying hardness, and during chewing of different food-stuffs. Silent periods were demonstrated on percussion during isometric and isotonic contraction of the masseter muscles and the occurrence of silent periods was influenced by the force of occlusion and by the nature of the surface contacted. Mandibular velocity was investigated during tapping and chewing sequences by ultra-high-speed cinematography, but it was not found possible to identify a critical change in mandibular velocity associated with the occurrence of silent periods. More silent periods were observed during the chewing of hard foods than of soft foods and there were more silent periods near the beginning of chewing sequences than towards the end. Differences in latency and duration of silent periods were observed in relation to artificial changes in the occlusion.


Oral manifestations of Darier's disease.


Metastatic chondrosarcoma to the maxilla: review of the literature and report of case. Metastatic tumors to the jaw are relatively uncommon. When they occur, the primary tumor is most likely to be an adenocarcinoma from the breast, lung, or kidney. Metastatic tumors most frequently involve the mandible rather than the maxilla. The route of metastasis is considered hematogenous, although spread via lymphatic channels or the vertebral venous plexus may occur. An unusual instance of primary chondrosarcoma of the scapula metastasizing to the maxilla and to various soft tissue sites from tumor emboli, probably arising from an extensive metastatic lesion of the left atrium of the heart, has been presented.


Mandibular metastasis from carcinoma of the bladder. A case of metastasis to the jaw from carcinoma of the bladder is reported. Only one other case has been reported in the past 90 years. The case is also unusual in that the symptoms of the jaw were the first indication that metastasis had occurred.


Ameloblastic fibroma: report of case.

Ameloblastic fibroma: report of case. A 3-year-old girl had a large, painless, radiolucent lesion that involved the right side of the mandible. The lesion extended from the canine region to the condyle and coronoid process. A microscopic diagnosis of ameloblastoma was made by the hospital pathologist. Because it is unusual to find an ameloblastoma in a 3-year-old child and because the extensive surgical procedure that would be necessary to remove an ameloblastoma of this size, further consultation was required. As a result, the lesion was diagnosed as an ameloblastic fibroma and a more conservative surgical procedure was performed. Sixteen months after surgery, radiographic evidence showed complete resolution of the bony surgical defect, with no evidence of recurrence. This case once again points out the necessity for exact diagnosis of similar histologic lesions that may require a different approach in treatment.


Angiosarcoma of the maxillary sinus: report of case. The third reported case of primary angiosarcoma of the paranasal sinuses is presented. The neoplasm occured in the left maxillary sinus of a 26-year-old white woman. The patient was treated with external irradiation with cobalt of a total dose of 7,000 rads. No evidence of recurrence has been reported.


Sarcoidosis with involvement of the mandibular condyle.


Simplified approach to clinical photography. These photographic aids are intended to offer an alternative photographic system to the individual who is initially reluctant or unable to invest in the financial commitment of a more sophisticated system. Actual cost of individual components may be ascertained by comparative shopping.


Fiber optic surgical retractor.

Fiber optic surgical retractor. A ramus retractor with a variable high-intensity light source has been designed. It offers access, direct high-intensity visibility, reliability, compactness, and sterilizability. We have used this modification for the past five years. It has allowed direct visibility and identification of structures in the surgical field without the use of cumbersome overhead surgical lights, headlights, or spotlights.


Bacterial endocarditis of dental origin: report of case. Although appreciated by most practitioners, the fact that dental infection may be the source of bacteremia without a history of recent dental procedures is occasionally overlooked. The case reported here illustrates what we feel is an example of such a phenomenon. The eradication of the oral foci of infection enhanced the patient's response to therapy and prompted his ultimate recovery.


Lipsarcoma of the cheek.

Lipsarcoma of the cheek. A case of liposarcoma of the cheek in a 39-year-old man has been presented. This tumor, which is one of the most common malignant tumors of soft tissues in the body generally, is extremely rare in the oral regions. Initial surgical excision in this case was followed closely by a second more extensive local dissection in view of the pronounced tendency of the liposarcoma to infiltrate locally beyond the apparent limits of ite pseudocapsule. Early and adequate surgical intervention is most important in the long-term control of this tumor. Accurate histopathological diagnosis provides important information relative to the prognosis and preferred treatment.


Concern about manpower in oral surgery.

Concern about manpower in oral surgery.


A time for decision.

A time for decision.


Is the ABOS responsive.

Is the ABOS responsive.


Fractures of the edentulous mandible: the Chalmer J. Lyons Academy study. Results of a study show a 20% incidence of nonunion of fractures of atrophic edentulous mandibles. Accurate bony reduction is essential in elderly paatients with thin mandibles. Closed reduction should be tried first as open reduction tends to limit vascular supply to the fracture. Maintenance of periosteal coverage seems advisable if open reduction is necessary. Bone grafting should be considered unless contraindicated because of the patient's age or physical condition. Wire mesh is preferable to bone plates for stability.


Palatal patch-grafts in post areas of subperiosteal implants. Transplantation of palatal patch-grafts before insertion of subperiosteal implants can be helpful in producing a better stress-bearing area for a prosthesis. Careful use of the technique assures adequate attached mucosa around the implant posts and reduces the possibility of infection and wound dehiscence.


Surgical-orthodontic approach to skeletal class III malocclusion. Twenty-nine adult patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion were treated by combined surgical-orthodontic management. A thorough analysis enabled us to point out the exact location and degree of the deformity and was of great help in determining the appropriate types of treatment. Corrections were made in 12 patients by the mandibular body ostectomy in the premolar region; the curved oblique osteotomy, in which the ascending ramus was cut obliquely on a curved line from the anterior border of the ramus to the angle, was used for the treatment of the remaining 17 patients. The resulting profile and occlusal improvements were satisfactory, Preoperative orthodontic treatment such as leveling of the dental arches, expansion of the upper dental arch to accommodate the maxilla to the mandible, correction of the upper and lower incisal inclinations, extraction of the premolars to decrease horizontal discrepancy or alignment of malpositioned teeth, and postoperative adjustment were effective in providing definite changes in profile and a stable occlusion-an important factor in the prevention of postoperative relapse.


The hypereosinophilic syndrome in association with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.


Clinical-pathological conference. Case 18, part 1.


Hyperuricemia and renal failure-presenting manifestations of occult hematologic malignancies.


Subgingival plaque and loss of attachment in periodontosis as observed in autopsy material. Histologic sections from six autopsy cases which from a clinical point of view fitted into the criteria of periodontosis were examined with the aim at evaluating the role of subgingival plaque in the etiology of the loss of attachment in this condition. The following pertinent observations were made: 1. The subgingival plaque in most instances was not calcified to form calculus. 2. The thickness of the subgingival plaque varied between 20 and 200 mu (0.02-0.2 mm). 3. Where loss of attachment had taken place, the distance from the most apical part of the subgingival plaque to the most apical point of the epithelial cuff varied between 0.2 and 1.1 mm; this distance was never found to be more than 1.1 mm. This would indicate a cause and effect relationship, the plaque being the obvious cause. 4. There was very severe chronic inflammation in the soft tissue bordering upon the plaque with resulting collagenolysis. 5. The cellular infiltration and the collagenolysis may be limited to a zone of 1 to 2 mm in the immediate vicinity of the plaque. Between the inflamed area and the surface of the gingivae buccally and lingually there may be a fairly wide zone of healthy tissue which hides the symptoms of inflammation from being observed on a clinical examination. In turn this could leave the clinician with the impression that attachment has been lost and bone resorbed because of degenerative changes. The following conclusions can be made: In these six cases of "alveolar bone loss vastly out of proportion to what one would expect from the local etiologic factors in the patient at that age" there was no morphologic evidence that degenerative changes were responsible for the loss of attachment. On the contrary inflammatory changes induced by the subgingval plaque dominated the histopathologic picture.


Leiomyosarcoma developing in a child during remission of leukemia.


Host response in chronic periodontal disease. V. The dental and periodontal status of mink and mice affected by Chediak-Higashi syndrome.


Histopathology of periodontal disease in sheep. A histological investigation was carried out of the periodontia of young and mature sheep obtained from areas where a periodontal syndrome is endemic in sheep flocks. Observations of the incisor periodontia, which are most commonly affected by the syndrome, revealed no evidence of degenerative or pathological changes of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament or cementum compared with the periodontia of control animals. Minor inflammatory changes of the gingivae, associated with small amounts of a filamentous-type dental plaque, were noted in young animals from areas where the disease is endemic. In mature animals moderate to severe inflammatory periodontal disease with deep pocketing was evident together with dental plaque in the sheep from periodontal disease-prone areas; whereas control specimens showed minimal inflammatory response and dental plaque. It was concluded that periodontal disease in sheep can be described as a localized inflammatory disease initially of the gingivae and later of the deeper periodontal disease.


Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura manifesting as gingival hypertrophy: case report.


The depth of the vestibular fornix in the mandibular anterior region in health. Using a radiographic technique, the depth of the vestibular fornix in the lower anterior region was determined for 100 periodontally healthy subjects. The width of attached gingiva was measured clinically. The vestibule in the mandibular anterior region was found to be approximately uniform in depth for each individual from canine to canine, being reduced where there were frenal and muscle attachments. The depth, measured from the gingiva to mucobuccal fold, varied from 2.5 to 11.5 mm; and. measured from the crest of the lip to mucobuccal fold, varied from 10 to 29 mm. The proportion of the vestibule, measured from gingiva to mucobuccal fold, occupied by attached gingiva, varied from a mean of 34% in the canine region, to approximately 60% in the lateral incisor region, and to approximately 55% in the central incisor region. The minimum depth of the vestibule determined was 2.5 mm, and this was associated with a zone of attached gingiva 1 mm wide. Considering that all subjects in this study were periodontally and gingivally healthy, it would appear that satisfactory periodontal and gingival health may be maintained even where the vestibule is shallow.


Periodontic/orthodontic management of diphenylhydantoin gingival hyperplasia: case report. A case report of the periodontic/orthodontic management of a patient with diphenylhydantoin gingival hyperplasia is presented over a 38-month period. The interdependence between the two specialties is discussed along with the rationale for treatment, based upon empirical and available scientific knowledge.


Beware--danger ahead for prosthodontics.


A method of filing radiographs.

A method of filing radiographs.


Location of flap margin after suturing.

Location of flap margin after suturing. Facial and lingual flaps were reflected on 23 patients who required an apically positioned flap procedure. Immediately after suturing, the distance from the flap margin to the crest of the alveolar process was recorded by routine pocket probing techniques. Root coverage was about 2 mm, significantly greater than the coverage previously recommended.


Complete dentures and the associated soft tissues. Some of the conditions of the soft tissues related to complete dentures encountered during a period of 25 years at a university clinic were presented and discussed from the standpoint of the clinical prosthodontist. During this time, over 1,000 denture patients were treated each year. For some conditions, a method of management was offered with treatment by sound prosthodontic principles rather than unneccessary medication. That denture fabrication involves much more than mere mechanical procedures is an understatement. Complete dentures are foreign objects in the oral cavity that are accepted and tolerated by the tissue to a degree that is surprising. As prosthodontists, we can gain satisfaction from the realization that the incidence of oral cancer due to dentures is less than extremely low. At the same time, we must be ever mindful of the statement by Sheppard and associates. "Complete dentures are not the innocuous devices we often think they are." Every dentist must remember that one of his greatest missions is to serve as a detection agency for cancer. The information discussed indicates (1) the need for careful examination of the mouth, (2) the value of a rest period of 8 hours every day for the supporting tissues, and (3) the importance of regular recall visits for denture patients. Robinson stated that while the dental laboratory technician can be trained to aid the dentist in the fabrication of prosthetic devices, his lack of knowledge of reactions and diseases of the oral tissues limits him to an auxiliary role. Complete prosthodontics is a highly specialized health service that greatly affects the health, welfare, and well-being of the patient. It can be rendered only by the true professional who is educated in the biomedical sciences.


The continuing role of the prosthodontist in the treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate. The prosthodontist can fill a unique position on the cleft-palate team by aggressive participation in every phase of treatment for the developing child. Neonatal prostheses allow for normal feeding and help to direct proper tongue position. Palatal obturation is essential during all growth and tooth development. When orthodontic treatment is necessary and a pharyngeal extension prosthesis is present, obturation can be maintained with flexible denture liners. Each individual situation will allow utilization of an innovative type of prosthesis.


Variations in mandibular rest positions with and without dentures in place. As part of a seven-year study concerning variations in denture techniques, seven radiographs were made for 52 patients. Three films of the series were made with dentures in the mouth and the patient at the vertical relation of rest; three films were made with the dentures out of the mouth and the patient at the vertical relation of rest; and one film was made with the patient at the vertical relation of occlusion. Differences were computed using an average of the three films for both groups. It was determined that the vertical relation of rest is affected by the presence of dentures in the mouth. However, this difference was not predictable, since with the dentures out, 25 per cent of the patients showed an increase in vertical relation, 59.6 per cent showed a decrease, and 15.4 per cent showed very little change.


Occlusal management in conformative dentistry.


Radiation complications in edentulous patients. Complete dentures were fabricated for 88 patients following completion of cancericidal doses of radiation therapy to the head and neck regions. All were followed for at least 6 months after delivery. All patients received dentures resting within the radiation field. Three patients developed osteoradionecroses directly attributable to their dentures. These three had been dentulous prior to therapy and had either pre- or posttreatment extractions. Of the 58 patients who had been edentulous prior to therapy, none developed osteoradionecrosis. Five patients developed soft tissue necroses secondary to the use of dentures.


The measurement of jaw movement. Part I. A new method of recording the movements of a point on the mandible appears to be a valuable addition to the many means which are available for attempting to fathom the secrets of jaw movements. While in its present form this method does not fully describe any of the movements of the jaws, the over-all patterns recorded may be of significance.


An evaluation of terminal hinge position and neuromuscular position in edentulous patients. Part I. Maxillomandibular recordings. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information about the terminal hinge position (THP) and the neuromuscular position (NMP) in the edentulous population. The difference between the two positions was evaluated anteroposteriorly and mediolaterally to determine horizontal differences and reproducibility between days. In 25 edentulous subjects, five recordings were made at the neuromuscular position with no dentist guidance and five recordings at the terminal hinge position with dentist guidance; on a second day, the recordings were repeated. The differences between positions were evaluated by statistical methods. It was concluded that: (1) there is a discrepancy between the THP and the NMP for all edentulous subjects examined, (2) the NMP is anterior and medial or lateral to the THP, and (3) the NMP is not as reproducible as the THP.


A reliable reline-rebase technique.

A reliable reline-rebase technique. A reliable reline-rebase technique is very important to the general dentist. There are many excellent techniques, but this particular one has provided the most consistent results and patient satisfaction. No technique has any value unless a careful treatment plan is followed and technical procedures are performed with skill and concern.


Scanning electron microscope study of the junction between restorations and gingival cavosurface margins. This study demonstrates a definite interfacial void between the cervical margins of the tooth preparation and gold inlay, composite resin, and amalgam restorations. In addition, these marginal defects permit plaque formation within them. Furthermore, microleakage may be a complicating factor in this lack of fit. Restorations which may be "clinically acceptable" may not, in fact, be ideal because of the properties of the restorative materials. It would seem desirable, therefore, to encourage the development of new restorative materials that will bond to the tooth surface.


A method of transferring mandibular-movement data to computer storage. A method was briefly described which photographed engraved blocks of mandibular-movement recordings and transferred the information into computer memory. A photographic platform was designed to allow uniform photographing of the engraved blocks. The photographed information was then projected onto graph paper where it was traced. The traced information, with the centric point labeled, was transferred into computer memory via a Computek 531 tablet. An RMS (root-mean-squared) deviation test was conducted to estimate the reliability of this technique. The maximum deviation (0.363 mm.) was found for z coordinate of the left-side recording. Labeling the centric point in computer memory is very important. This allows careful and detailed study of movements in the area where clinical evaluation is of utmost importance to the dentist. As more data are collected and evaluated, questions related to occlusion, such as tooth stability, effect on periodontal health, relationship to orthodontic success, and the like, may be clarified.


An evaluation of techniques for finishing margins of gold inlays. The following conclusions on finishing margins of gold inlays were reached: 1. Instruments should be rotated perpendicular to the margin from gold to enamel. 2. Green stones produce rough surfaces that are not easily smoothed by finer instruments. 3. Hand burnishers and rubber points are not effective in producing gross marginal closure. 4. The best instruments for finishing occlusal margins are round steel burs, finishing burs, or white finishing stones. 5. When finishing occlusal margins, it is important to use an instrument small enough to gain access to the depth of grooves and fissures. 6. Proximal preparations made with a secondary flare yield castings with better "as cast" and finished margins than those preparations made with a butt joint. 7. The best instruments for finishing proximal margins are flexible paper discs. Usually, one fine sand or fine cuttle discs are necessary. 8. There is an indication that castings made from slightly overwaxed patterns can be finished to produce better margins than those made from patterns waxed exactly to the margins.


Light-weight RTV silicone for maxillofacial prostheses. Weight is a problem in retention of large skin-textured maxillofacial prostheses. The purpose of this investigation was to test the feasibility of mixing foam RTV silicone rubber with conventional RTV silicone rubber to obtain a light-weight material. Various mixtures of foam and conventional silicone rubber were formulated and tested for strength, accuracy of molding, color application, color stability, and texture. A special flask to support the mold was necessary in order to overcome expansion problems associated with gas formation of the foam silicone rubber. The mold required venting to release the gas and to reduce the expansion of the prosthesis in order to maintain accuracy. Molding, accuracy, texture, and color problems were overcome. Reduction of weight proportionate to reduction of tear strength of the material formulated, however, did not allow routine use of mixtures of foam and conventional silicone. When the weight of a prosthesis is critical and excessive and thickness is sufficient to give adequate strength, the foam and conventional silicone mixture can be used.


A review of concepts of silver amalgam retention. Retention grooves and undercuts are not advantageous to an amalgam cavity preparation. These mechanical locks do not prevent fracture of the proximal portion in vivo, do not inhibit marginal fracture, are not necessary for retention, and are a factor in the split-tooth syndrome. The tensile stress needed to dislodge the restorations would be impossible to achieve in the oral environment, and therefore, additional retention is not worth the added risk of endangering the integrity of the tooth and the pulp. All factors considered, a properly prepared, conservative Class II Black's type of cavity preparation not only remains the easiest to prepare with conventional instrumentation but also is totally adequate to withstand the stresses of mastication, magnifying the desirable properties of the amalgam restoration.


Alloplastic tooth implants.

Alloplastic tooth implants.


A simplified method for making a hollow obturator.


Reflectance spectra of natural and acrylic resin teeth. A method has been described for determining the reflectance spectra of teeth at various parts of the tooth surface. The shape and size of the teeth were accounted for by appropriate experimental and mathematical techniques. In all instances where a subtle difference in tooth color was discernible, this difference was also apparent on the corresponding spectra. The spectra of acrylic resin teeth showed characteristic absorption shoulders caused by pigmentation. These shoulders did not appear in the spectra of natural teeth where the reflectivity gradually increased with increasing wavelength. Differences were observed in the colors as well as the spectra of teeth from different shade guides which were marked with the same shade number by the manufacturer. The method may be applied for control of the color quality of artificial teeth as well as the selection of pigments in order to obtain an appropriate shade range and to reduce effects of metamerism.


Titanium endosteal dental implants in the mandibles of beagle dogs: a 2 year study. Forty of 44 vented endosteal blade implants were well tolerated by the mandibular tissues of beagle dogs, as demonstrated clinically, radiographically, and histologically. Infection and inflammation were not observed. The epithelium did not invade along the neck of the implants more than 2 mm. below the mandibular crest. After 3 to 6 months, except for increasing density of bone at the metal interface, no distinct pattern of reaction could be discerned histologically. Except for heavy collagenous investment in three dogs, there was no sign of the implants being treated as sterile foreign bodies. In this study, histology did not provide good criteria for evaluating the failure of vented endosteal blade implants. In four implants which failed, the most reliable signs of failure were increased mobility and/or sulcus depth around the neck of the abutments. Radiographic evaluation of implants provided the best means of determining bone resorption. Bone resorption was apparent 3 to 6 months after implantation, did not appear to be progressive, and did not indicate implant failure or impending implant failure in those animals in which it occurred. Radiolucent areas observed in 29 of the specimens contained connective tissue, marrow spaces, thin bone trabeculae, and nonpathologic tissues. Although in some of the dogs stress on implants did not cause failure, there is a need for further experimentation involving vented endosteal blades subjected to occlusal loading.


Chronic myelocytic leukemia and the myeloproliferative diseases during the child-bearing years. Chronic myelocytic leukemia and the myeloproliferative diseases may present as asymptomatic elevations of peripheral blood counts or with relatively nonspecific symptoms. Full diagnostic evaluation is necessary to eliminate the many other causes of blood count elevation. Coincidence of a myeloproliferative disease and pregnancy is unusual. The pregnancy has no adverse effect on the course of the mother's hematologic disease. However, the myeloproliferative diseases, especially if uncontrolled, result in increased fetal prematurity and mortality. Treatment of the pregnant patient should be conservative, and cytotoxic therapy should be avoided until at least after the first trimester whenever possible. Busulfan has been the drug most widely used during pregnancy, and it appears not to cause fetal malformations when used alone.


The role of macrophages in suppression of established Friend virus leukemia.


Impression materials used for complete-arch fixed partial dentures.


The Newark, New Jersey, Neighborhood Health Center project.


Physiologic monitoring of the critically ill patient.


The immunology of maliganancy.

The immunology of maliganancy.


Cancer in New Jersey: the problem and solution (?)


Positive contrast shoulder arthrography.


Some psychological implications of the gasoline shortage of 1974.


Incomplete rupture of aorta with necropsy findings.


Tularemia presenting as a lymphoma.

Tularemia presenting as a lymphoma.


Basal cell nevi syndrome associated with maxillary antral carcinoma.


Carcinoma of the lip and tongue: a comparison of differences.


The problem patient in your waiting room.


The psychiatric symptoms of patients having neurosurgical lesions.


Behavior change through patient education and contracting.


Hepatic friction rub.

Hepatic friction rub.


The initiation phase of experimental acute renal failure: an evaluation of uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure in the rat.


Tubulo-glomerular feedback in the early stages of experimental acute renal failure.


Micropuncture study of acute renal failure following temporary renal ischemia in the rat.


Uranyl nitrate and HgCl2-induced alterations in ion transport.


Early angiographic and renal blood flow changes after HgCl2 or glycerol administration.


Renin, angiotensin II and III in acute renal failure: note on the measurement of of angiotensin II and III in rat blood.


Ischemic renal injury.

Ischemic renal injury.


Intrarenal hemodynamics following temporary occlusion of the renal artery in the dog.


Renin acitivity in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the rat kidney during post-ischemic acute renal failure.


Hemodynamic aspects in development and recovery phases of experimental postischemic acute renal failure.


Substrate and oxygen dependence of renal metabolism.


Folic acid-induced acute renal failure in the the rat: morphological studies.


Protection of rat kidneys against HgCl2-induced acute renal failure by induction of high urine flow without renin suppression.


Tubular function in experimental acute tubular necrosis in rats.


Tubular obstruction in ischemia-induced acute renal failure in the rat.


Microcirculation of the renal papilla of rats under control conditions and after temporary ischemia. Blood flow velocities were measured and, with the help of vessel diameters, volume flow rates were calculated in the ascending and descending vasa recta of the renal papilla of young rats using microkymography. Measurements were done under control conditions, and one or three days after temporary ischemia of the kidney (one hr of renal artery occlusion). To test whether the osmolality of the final urine which surrounds the papilla influences the papillary microcirculation, the papillary surface was rinsed with 300 or 1500 mOsm solutions. However, the rinse fluid osmolality had no effect on blood flow. Flow velocity in descending vasa recta(hypertonic rinse fluid) averaged 0.60 +/- 0.04 SEM mm/sec under control conditions, 0.68 +/- 0.08 mm/sec one day after temporary ischemia, and 0.73 +/- 0.04 mm/sec three days after temporary ischemia. The corresponding blood flow rates are 9.3 +/- 1.0, 8.3 +/- 1.2, and 10.5 +/- 1.5 nl/min; these values are not significantly different from each other. Flow rate in the ascending vasa recta was 6.4 +/- 0.6 nl/min under control conditions and 9.3 +/- 1.2 nl/min one day postischemia. The significance increase in ascending vasa recta blood flow after ischemia was probably due to an increase in the permeability of the papillary epithelium. An exact quantitative comparison between blood inflow and outflow from the papilla is not possible at present, because it is not yet clear to what extent the number of ascending vasa recta outnumber the descending vasa recta.


Morphology of acute renal failure: comparative data from biopsy and autopsy.


Acute renal failure in experimental shock due to scalding.


Pathophysiology of a vasomotor and nephrotoxic model of acute renal failure in the dog.


Local mechanisms in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure.


The endocrine system in patients with acute renal insufficiency.


Quinsy tonsillectomy.

Quinsy tonsillectomy. The usual treatment for peritonsillar abscess in the United States is incision, drainage and antibiotic therapy followed by tonsillectomy several weeks later. Why this treatment began is not clear but it probably originated from fear of complications which might arise from operating during the acute stage. This therapy requires two hospitalizations and tonsillectomy after previous abscess can be difficult. Tonsillitis or peritonsillar abscess can recur any time after the initial abscess is treated. A series of 50 cases of peri-tonsillar abscesses treated by immediate tonsillectomy is presented and evaluated. The results show this operation has a low morbidity and no significantly greater complication rate than elective tonsellectomy.


Immunotherapy with chemotherapy in the maintenance of remission in acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Thirteen patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia or one of its variants in remission have been given maintenance treatment with a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy was given for one week in four, and immunotherapy was given during the intervening three weeks. The immunotherapy consisted of BCG vaccine given by Heaf gun, and snap-frozen pooled allogeneic irradiated leukaemic cells. The median duration of survival was 147 weeks, and the median duration of the first complete remission was 76 weeks. It is difficult to compare these results with other figures reported, but they add to the evidence which suggests that immunotherapy is of value in the maintenance treatment of patients with this disease. Further controlled trials are necessary.


L-asparaginase reinduction and maintenance therapy in previously treated acute lymphocytic leukemia. Four patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia previously treated with conventional chemotherapy received intramuscular L-asparaginase in combination with other chemotherapy for reinduction and maintenance therapy. These patients received the L-asparaginase for 8, 14, 27, and 34+ months without demonstrating any significant adverse effects. Only 1 of the 4 was clearly resistant to the other chemo-therapy, and 3 of 4 had recurrence of their disease while receiving L-asparaginase. L-asparaginase can be added to reinduction and maintenance regimens of patients resistant to other chemotherapy and is well tolerated for long periods when given intramuscularly weekly with other immunosuppressant agents.


The President's address.

The President's address.


Cytogenetic studies in acute lymphocytic leukemia: special emphasis in long-term survival. Cytogenetic studies were performed in 331 patients with ALL diagnosed at the National Institutes of Health between January 1961 and January 1976. Four patients had constitutionally abnormal genotypes, three had Down's syndrome, and one had a D/G translocation. Aneuploidy was observed in the pretreatment bone marrow in 49/115 (42.6%) of this series exhibited several general characteristics: aneuploid cells usually coexist with normal stem cells, hyperdiploidy is predominant and wide ranging aneuploidy clusters around a major cell line. The most common chromosomal group involved in aneuploidy is the G group (p=0.001) and the next most common is the B group (p=0.01). Aneuploidy disappeared after successful achievement of remission, and new clones developed in 12 patients during relapse. Two of the four patients originally thought to have a Ph1 chromosome, on trypsin Giemsa handing were proved to have a 21q- chromosome. A higher incidence of aneuploidy was noted in patients under one year or more than 20 years of age and was also higher in patients with low or elevated WBCs at diagnosis. The appearance of aneuploid cells in the bone marrow at the onset or later in the disease is of no prognostic significance but persistence of these lines and the development of total aneuploidy signals a poor prognosis. Eradication of aneuploid cells is therefore essential for the achievement of a long remission and progress to a permanent cure.


Mammography in the diagnosis of breast cancer.


The toxicity of 90Sr, 226Ra and 239Pu.

The toxicity of 90Sr, 226Ra and 239Pu. Data now available on the risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer and hereditary disease and radionuclide metabolism suggest that limits on the rates of intake of 90Sr, 226Ra and 239Pu at work, presently recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, might be in need of considerable revision one with another and with the limit for uniform exposure of the whole body.


Microsurgical cerebral anastomosis for the prevention of stroke.


Child health, rural North Carolina and Chapel Hill: AHEC in Columbus County.


Infant care study.

Infant care study.


Leukaemia of the myeloid series in patients with Hodgkin's disease.


Effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine on electrically evoked responses in the cat visual system and modification by neuroleptic agents.


Child abuse in Megalopolis.

Child abuse in Megalopolis.


Achondroplasia: parental age.

Achondroplasia: parental age.


Reappraisal of esophagogastrostomy for esophageal malignant condition.


Ankle arthrodesis: fifteen years' experience.


Revaccination against measles.

Revaccination against measles.


Massive lipoma of heart.

Massive lipoma of heart.


Mental hygiene for the aged.

Mental hygiene for the aged.


Correlation conferences in radiology and pathology: Granulomatous consolidation of lung.


Severe silver nitrate ocular damage: in newborn nursery.


Transurethral resections of prostate.

Transurethral resections of prostate.


Aortic compression by pregnant uterus.

Aortic compression by pregnant uterus.


Gynecologic health problems. Socially abused adolescent female.


Attitudes toward living and death. In chronic cardiovascular disease.


Maternal vernix caseosa peritonitis: rare complication of cesarean section.


Hip pain, flank pain, and fever.

Hip pain, flank pain, and fever.


Fiscal remonstrance on hospital monetary policy.


Intracranial Hodgkin's disease. With suture diastasis and superior sagittal sinus occlusion.


Bronchogenic cysts involving esophagus.

Bronchogenic cysts involving esophagus.


Classification of deaths.

Classification of deaths.


Breast biopsies. Ratio of malignant to benign.


Methadone maintenance treatment. Will it survive?


Thoracic aoritis due to unusual salmonella.


Minimum basic data set.

Minimum basic data set.


A survey of dental health knowledge and attitudes in Owaka, a rural community in South Otago.


The Association's submission.

The Association's submission.


Observer postings--an innovation in undergraduate dental education in New Zealand.


Pins retained with a cyanoacrylate adhesive.


Submissions on the white paper.

Submissions on the white paper.


Hepatitis B surface antigen in notified cases of viral hepatitis. Eighty-five patients notified to the local medical officer of health as infectious or serum hepatitis during the period 1 September 1974-1 September 1975 were investigated by questionnaire. Serum from 73 cases was tested for the presence of HBsAg. Sixteen cases were notified as serum hepatitis but only 13 were shown to have HBsAg in their serum. Sixty-eight cases were notified as infectious hepatitis and 21 HBsAg positive cases were found amongst the 57 sera tested. Two-thirds of the HBsAg positive cases were not suspected clinically. The epidemiology of hepatitis in Christchurch is discussed and suggestion is made that all notified cases of hepatitis should have blood tested for HBsAg.


The availability of oral hygiene aids to the public.


Utilisation of multiple biochemical tests in a large general hospital. This report gives an account of the patterns of requesting of multiple biochemical tests in a large general hospital and the frequency of abnormal test results in different hospital departments. There are appreciable differences between some areas in the frequency of requests for multiple testing and in the proportions of abnormal results. If it is assumed that clinicians should be aware of abnormal values and their progress, facilities for multiple testing are desirable and economically justifiable.


The role of vehicle safety glass in eye injuries. Despite the introduction of compulsory seat belt legislation, the incidence of eye injuries, and their severity, is greater in Auckland, New Zealand, than in London, Canada. A comparison has been made between Auckland (83 cases) and London (50 cases) in a survey from 1 July 1970, to 31 December 1974. Consideration is given to the fact that New Zealand vehicles are equipped with heat-toughened (tempered) glass, whereas in Canada, vehicles are fitted with laminated windscreens.


The drug treatment of parkinsonism.

The drug treatment of parkinsonism.


The decline of smallpox.

The decline of smallpox.


The future of medical protection insurance in New Zealand.


Gut circulation and absorption. A review, part 2.


Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica from a possum.


Chest aspiration.

Chest aspiration.


Amalgam: manipulation and properties.

Amalgam: manipulation and properties.


Died in committee.

Died in committee.


Non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria.


Our dental society.

Our dental society.


Psychological aspects of disability and rehabilitation of cancer patients.


Mandibular prognathism.

Mandibular prognathism.


Reflections--as December's festive season marks the Bicentennial's end.


A report from the ADA Bureau of Economic Research and Statistics.


National Children's Dental Health Week--February 6-12, 1977. A report.


Periodontal disease--reexamined.

Periodontal disease--reexamined.


Gemination: a case report of bilateral geminated incisors.


The supervision of dental auxiliaries. A report from the Council on Education.


The Council on Dental Health. Preliminary report of hepatitis B serological survey.


CPR--abetting dentistry's image.

CPR--abetting dentistry's image.


The health professional as public speaker.


Management of communicating oral facial lacerations.


The residual radicular dental cyst. A case report and discussion.


The exfoliating hypoplastic tooth. A case report: with a low bow to the poetic muse.


Creep in amalgam class V restorations.

Creep in amalgam class V restorations. The purpose of the investigation was to examine the creep rate in an amalgam Class V restoration. The stresses in a central bucco-lingual plane of a loaded bicuspid with a Class V restoration were computed with aid of the finite element method. When the stresses were known, the creep rate was calculated. The results showed that the creep rate of a load of 150 N varied between 0.6% and 3.5% per 104 s for amalgams with large differences between their viscoelastic behaviors. A gap between the restoration and the cavity margin will thus occur if a tooth is often heavily loaded.


Cardiovascular responses to intraosseous injections of prilocaine containing vasoconstrictors. A study of the cardiovascular responses to prilocaine hydrochloride (Citanest) given by intraosseous injection showed that there were no effects related to the absorption of this anesthetic. The presence of epinephrine in concentrations of 1:2000,000 was detected by its rapid absorption and stimulation of the heart rate. The injection of octapressin with prilocaine hydrochloride was usually accompanied by no heart rate or blood pressure changes. However, the heart rate decreased slightly in a few subjects, and this slower heart rate returned to preinjection values within 5 minutes.


Long-term effects of activator (Andresen appliance) treatment. A clinical, biometric, cephalometric roentgenographic and functional analysis. The purpose of this investigation was to analyse the long-term effects of activator treatment on the dental arches and arch relationships, the dento-facial skeleton and the function of the masticatory system. A follow-up study was performed on 112 patients treated 10-20 years previously with activators as the sole orthodontic appliance. In connection with activator treatment extractions of permanent teeth were performed on 66 patients while 46 patients were treated without tooth extractions. The investigation consisted of four separate portions (Parts I-IV).


Immediate vestibuloplasty with fenestrated and intact full-thickness mucosal grafts. Intact and fenestrated full-thickness palatal mucosal grafts were placed following immediate vestibuloplasty in ten dogs of mixed breed. Macrscopic and microscopic findings indicated that the fenestrated grafts were as effective as the intact grafts in long-term maintenance of bestibular depth.


Corrrection of neurologic and cosmetic deficits secondary to untreated zygoma fracture. Abbreviated case report.


Collagen gel in osseous defects. A preliminary study. In a preliminary study, the effects of a biodegradable collagen gel on the healing of osseous defects were examined. Histologic and biochemical observations made on the seventh day after placement revealed that the collagen gel is well tolerated by the recipient and might be an effective stimulator of the formation of reparative bone. However, between the seventh and fourteenth days after placement, the deposition of reparative osseous tissues at the site of implant was significantly retarded. The possible implication of these findings is discussed.


The histologic evaluation of teeth transplanted between weakly disparate, genetically defimed mice. Teeth transplanted between inbred lines of mice that differ by strong histocompatibility barriers are promptly rejected. However, when only one weak antigen difference exists between donor and recipient, teeth are known tp survive indefinitely. The purpose of this study was to determine if the histocompatibility barrier could be increased to two weak antigens without inducing a rejection episode. Allografted teeth was examined from 30 to 210 days after transplantation and, contrary to expectations, the teeth were rejected at about 60 days. Thus, all but the weakest of histocompatibility barriers are sufficient to cause the rejection of tooth allotransplants in mice.


Allergic response to stainless steel wire. A review of the literature indicates that an allergic response to stainless steel is rare, although nickel is a common allergen and is encountered continually in daily life. An allergic reaction could occur at a most inopportune time. Rational approaches in management of an allergic response to stainless steel appear to be either: (1) wire removal and symptomatic therapy, (2) application of fixation with other substances, or (3) administration of steroids with necessary stainless steel immobilization left in place. The report suggests the need for research to determine the chromium content or chromium-nickel ratio that would eliminate allergic manifestations to the nickel component in wrought or cast base metal dental appliances.


Electron microscopic changes in rat parotid and submandibular glands subsequent total body irradiation with fast neutrons. Female Sprague-Dawley rats wre irradiated with fast neutrons to study the radiobiologic effect on the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. Cytologic alternations were seen in the parotid tissues as early as 3 hours after exposure and peaked in both parotid and submandibular glands by the fourth postradiation day. The injury was manifest as damaged and sequestered intracytoplasmic organelles appearing as pleomorphic inclusions. The two types of glandular tissue showed similar morphologic alterations. No injury to blood vessels or other radiosensitive cells could be found.


Scrotal tongue and geographic tongue: polygenic and associated traits. The familial nature of scrotal and geographic tongue was investigated in parents and siblings of 156 probands having these conditions. The prevalence in parents and siblings was significantly higher than that in the control populations. The prevalence in sibilings from families in which at least one parent was also affected was significantly higher than that in siblings from families in which neither parent was affected. The prevalence of scrotal tongue alone in siblins was similar irrespective of the condition in the proband. The prevalence of geographic tongue alone was highest in siblins of probands having only geographic tongue. A polygenic mode of inheritance with some genes common to both conditions is suggested.


Oral acantholytic itching disease responding to dapsone. Dermatitis herpetiformis, pemphigus, or a new disease? A patient had a blistering and severely itching disease confined solely to the oral cavity. The histopathologic findings had the features of both pemphigus and dermatitis herpetiformis. There were no gastrointestinal symptoms, no IgA could be found in uninvolved skin, and no intercellular or basement membrane antibodies were present in the serum or epidermis. The disease responded favorable to dapsone (diaminodiphenylsulfone), which could be discontinued after 2 1/2 years. The literature is briefly reviewed, and there is a discussion of whether the patient was suffering from pemphigus or dermatitis herpetiformis. The conclusion is drawn that the diagnosis cannot be established with certainty and that we are perhaps dealing with a new disease. It is stressed that in such aberrant cases a therapeutic trial with dapsone should be made.


Report of a kindred with bone lesions and subcutaneous abscesses of unknown etiology. This case report concerns a 12-year-old boy who had a 9-year history of mandibular lesions of unknown origin. The mandible showed changes resembling chronic osteomyelitis. The tibia and temporal bone also exhibited radiolucencies. Many subcutaneous abscesses were present. The boy died at the age of 14 years as a result of rupture of the aorta. In his family, there were seven members who had bone lesions and eleven who suffered from skin abscesses.


A median nodule of the upper lip as a familial trait.


A histopathologic, histobacteriologic, and radiographic study of periapical endodontic surgical specimens. Data available on 230 periapical endodontic surgical specimens were studied. It was found that bacteria occurred in the periapical tissue very infrequently. In addition, there was no correlation between the presence of acute inflammatory cells and the presence or absence of pain. Granulomas with epithelium occurred in 61 out of 230 cases, while 14 of these were cysts. Of the 110 cases with radiographic follow-up data, 67 were classified as successful, 40 were uncertain, and 3 were unsuccessful according to a modification of Strindberg's criteria, whereas 107 would have been successes according to the criteria of Bender and Seltzer and their associates. No valid biologic or clinical basis for endodontic therapy as suggested by Bhaskar was found in this material.


Endodontics and the irradiated patient.

Endodontics and the irradiated patient. With increasingly larger numbers of irradiated patients in our population, it seems likely that all denists will eventually be called upon to manage the difficult problems that these patients present. Of otmost concern should be the patient's home care program and the avoidance of osteroradionecrosis. Endodontics and periodontics are the primary areas for preventing or eliminating the infection that threatens osteoradionecrosis. Endodontic treatment must be accomplished with the utmost care and maximum regard for the fragility of the periapical tissues. Pulpally involved teeth should never be left open in an irradiated patient, and extreme care must be taken with the between-visits seal. If one is called upon for preradiation evaluation, routine removal of all molar as well as other compromised teeth should be considered. Attention should be directed to the literature for further advances in the management of irradiated patients.


Dynamic tomography.

Dynamic tomography. Dynamic tomography is a radiographic procedure that allows details in a thin layer within the patient to be examined. This layer can be moved at will throughout the patient. Thus, details lying in an infinite number of layers can be scrutinized one layer at a time. Eight underexposed radiographs are made under rigid controls. Each film receives one fourth of a normal exposure. The "in focus" layer of details is about 0.5 mm. thick. Various future applications of the technique are discussed.


Megadontism and partial gemination.

Megadontism and partial gemination.


Roentgeno-oddities.

Roentgeno-oddities.


A radiographic study of nutrient canals. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the incidence of nutrient canals in a randomly selected population and to correlate the presence of nutrient canals with a variety of factors related to the life of the individual. One hundred sixty patients, 25 years of age or older, having at least six teeth in each arch and requiring a complete-mouth radiographic survey were used. Nutrient canals were found associated with race, high blood pressure, advanced periodontal conditions, multidirectional trabeculae, and small trabecular spaces.


Cystic fibrosis: enzymatic detection of a ciliostatic factor. The ciliostatic cystic fibrosis (CF) factor has been investigated in order to develop an enzymatic assay for its detection. In saliva, this factor is associated with alpha-amylase. Removal or addition of the factor by dialysis does not affect the alpha-amylase catalytic activity of CF or control (normal) saliva. Crude preparations of the dialyzable factor from CF saliva are ciliostatic. Alpha-Amylase-catalyzed starch hydrolysis from both CF and control saliva was found to be insensitive to hydroxyalkylamine inhibitors so this method could not be used to detect differences in CF and control amylase. Since another carbohydrase, mammalian debranching enzyme, is much more sensitive to inhibition, the effect of the isolated crude factor on this enzyme was determined. The mean values for percentage of inhibition of debranching enzyme activity by fractions obtained from saliva of CF patients, obligate heterozygotes, and control subjects are: 32% (27 samples), 13% (21 samples), and 6% (11 samples), respectively. Fifteen of the CF values exceed the maximum 13% inhibition observed for controls. Indeed, five samples almost completely inhibited debranching enzyme. This inhibitory action provides the basis of an enzymatic assay for the detection of the ciliostatic CF factor.


Ethidium bromide-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 complex in solution: intercalation and sequence specificity of drug binding at the tetranucleotide duplex level. The binding of ethidium bromide (EtdBr) to the dC-dG-dC-dG self-complementary duplex has been monitored at the resolvable drug and nucleic acid protons and backbone phosphates at high nucleotide/drug (N/D) ratios by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in aqueous solution. We observe averaged resonances (25 degrees-95 degrees) for the nucleic acid and drug nonexchangeable protons in the presence of excess tetranucleotide (N/D = 24), indicative of rapid exchange relative to the chemical shifts in the free and complexed states. Complex formation results in upfield shifts for the base protons at the terminal and internal base pairs and an increase in the transition midpoint for the duplex-to-strand conversion. We observe upfield chemical shift changes of 1.2 ppm at the Watson-Crick guanine N-1 proton(s) on complex formation (N/D = 24), with slow exchange between (dC-dG-dC-dG)2 and EtdBr-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 relative to this chemical shift difference at-5 degrees. The EtdBr phenanthridine ring protons shift upfield by about 0.9 ppm (H-2, H-4, H-7, H-9) and greater than 0.5 ppm (H-1, H-10) on complex formation, with the chemical shifts versus temperature plots (25 degrees-95 degrees) monitoring the dissociation of the EtdBr-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 structure. These upfield shifts at the exchangeable and nonexchangeable base protons and phenanthridine ring (but not side chain) protons demonstrate intercalation of the phenanthridine ring of EtdBr into the dC-dG-dC-dG duplex in solution. The intercalation model may be supported by the observation of downfield shifts (up to 1ppm) at the internucleotide phosphate(s) of the tetranucleotide duplex on addition of EtdBr at low temperatures. We observe stronger binding of EtdBr to the self-complementary dC-dG-dC-dG (2 dC-dG intercalation sites) and dC-dC-dG-dG (1 dC-dG site) duplexes compared to the dG-dG-dC-dC (no dC-dG sites) as monitored by UV absorbance changes at 480 nm. These studies extend to the tetranucleotide duplex level earlier observations that EtdBr exhibits a selectivity for formation of complexes to dinucleoside monophosphates with a pyrimidine (3'-5') purine sequence in the crystal and in solution. The experimental proton NMR upfield shifts at the phenanthridine protons on formation of the EtdBr-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 complex compare favorably with calculated values (atomic diamagnetic anisotropy and ring current contributions) based on the overlap geometry for EtdBr intercalated into the pyrimidine (3'-5') purine dinucleoside monophosphate duplex in the crystal.


Carbon monoxide binding to pentacoordinate mercaptide-heme complexes: kinetic study on models for cytochrome P-450. Mercaptide anions form exclusively penta-coordinate heme complexes [RS-heme] in polar and nonpolar solution over a wide range of mercaptide concentration. These complexes have a Soret peak at 408 nm and a formation constant of about 2.5 X 10(4) M(-1), and combine with CO to give a CO-cytochrome P-450 type spectrum. Kinetics of CO binding to mercaptide-heme complexes [RS-heme] have been studied by the flash photolysis method. Characteristic constants for this reaction suggest close similarities between [CH3-(CH2)3-S-heme] and cytochrome P-450. The reaction of alkoxide anion with heme has also been examined but no evidence was found for the existence of the [RO-heme-CO[ species.


A structural model of radiation effects in living cells. The chance mechanism of cell damage and of repair in the course of irradiation involves two details familiar to biologists that thus far seem to have been overlooked in mathematical treatment. One of these details is that, generally, the passage of a single "primary" radiation particle generates a "cluster" of secondaries which can produce "hits" that damage the living cell. With high linear energy transfer, each cluster contains very many secondary particles. With low linear energy transfer, the number of secondaries per cluster is generally small. The second overlooked detail of the chance mechanism is concerned with what may be called the time scales of radiation damage and of the subsequent repair. The generation of a cluster of secondary particles and the possible hits occur so rapidly that, for all practical purposes, they may be considered as occurring instantly. On the other hand, the subsequent changes in the damaged cells appear to require measurable amounts of time. The constructed stochastic model embodies these details, the clustering of secondary particles and the time scale difference. The results explain certain details of observed phenomena.


Nature of O2 and CO binding to metalloporphyrins and heme proteins. The O2 vibration of dioxygen adducts of Fe and Co model complexes of alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-tetrapivalamidophenylporphyrin ("picket fence" porphyrin, TpivPP) with 1-methylimidazole and 1-tritylimidazole as axial bases are reported, obtained with difference techniques between 16O2, 18O2, 169-18O, and NO with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Assignments of upsilono2 are (O2)Fe(TpivPP) 1-methylimidazole, 1159 cm-1 in Nujol; (O2)Fe(TpivPP) 1-tritylimidazole, 1163 in benzene; (O2)Co(TpivPP) 1-methylimidazole, 1150 in Nujol; (O2)Co(TpivPP) 1-tritylimidazole, 1153 in benzene. Comparisons with other known Fe, Co, Cr, and Ti dioxygen complexes are made, and it is concluded that the bent dioxygen ligand is best viewed as bound superoxide, O2-. The CO affinities of various hemoproteins and model systems are discussed. A correlation between the CO stretching frequency and its binding constant is described. The drastically lowered affinity of hemoproteins for CO compared with unencumbered models is attributed to steric hindrance in the distal binding site, which allows discrimination between the already bent FeIII-O2- and the normally linear FeII-CO systems. If the affinity of hemoproteins in living systems for CO relative to O2 were not decreased, then massive poisoning would result from endogenous CO.


Primary structure of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein from bovine bone. The amino-acid sequence of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein of bovine bone is presented. The sequence of 43 of the 49 residues was determined automatically on the intact protein and on a tryptic peptide. The remainder was determined by conventional procedures on tryptic and chymotrytic peptides. Residue 9 in the sequence has been identified as 4-hydroxyproline. The protein contains three gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, which are located at positions 17, 21, and 24. The role of these unusual amino acids in the binding interaction between the protein and hydroxyapatite crystals is discussed.


Dynamic properties of isolated acetylcholine receptor proteins: release of calcium ions caused by acetylcholine binding. Interaction of Ca and acetylcholine (AcCh) ions with purified acetylcholine receptor (AcChR) from Torpedo californica and Electrophorus electricus has been investigated in view of these ions' role proposed in bioelectricity. Spectrophotometric Ca titration using murexide as an indicator and an ultrafiltration method with 45Ca show that AcChR proteins have a high binding capacity for Ca ions. Per macromolecule of 260,000 daltons, up to 60 Ca ions can be bound with at least three Ca dissociation constants. A linear inhibition of AcCh binding to AcChR by Ca was observed in the 0.1-1 mM Ca range, indicating competition of AcCh and Ca for AcChR. The addition of AcCh to a Ca-AcChR solution at 1.2 mM Ca causes release of four to six bound Ca ions from AcChR when a maximum of two AcCh ions are bound per 260,000 dalton macromolecule. The subsequent addition of alpha-bungarotoxin causes reuptake of up to six Ca ions by AcChR. These results suggest that the neural activator AcCh and the inhibitor alpha-bungarotoxin induce opposing shifts between different conformational states of isolated AcChR.


A possible explanation for the nuclease limit digestion pattern of chromatin. The general pattern of DNA fragments in the limit digest of nuclease-treated chromatin could arise from a single, unique nuclease-susceptible site per nucleosome. If DNA binds to the histone core of the nucleosome along a circularly re-entrant path, the location of the DNA entrance and exit can occur at any of a number of distinct sites. This very specific type of heterogeneity together with the natural 10-fold periodicity of DNA B can account for the observed digestion pattern. Such a general picture of the nucleosome structure could also easily explain how nucleosomes might move along the DNA. This type of structure should be easy to distinguish experimentally form more conventional explanations of the origin of the limit digest pattern of chromatin.


Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene: conversion of (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene to highly mutagenic 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides. Metabolites of (+/-)-trans 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene formed by a rat liver microsomes and by a highly purified monoxygenase system were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Four stereoisomeric tetraols of 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, known solvolysis products of the two highly mutagenic stereoisomers of the 9,10-epoxide of the 7,8-dihydrodiol, were identified as products. The ratio of the two highly unstable diol epoxides formed (7 beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, diol epoxide 1; 7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, diol epoxide 2) ranged from about 1.7 to 0.4. The diol epoxides are sufficiently reactive to alkylate phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees. Microsomes, particularly those from control animals, formed a substantial amount of an additional metabolite that appears to be phenolic. In analogy to benzo[a]pyrene, the metabolism of the 7,8-dihydrodiol shows similar induction after pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. Neither diol epoxide appears to be a substrate for epoxide hydrase based on the ratis of tetraols formed in the presence or absence of epoxide hydrase. In view of the known carcinogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-oxide and 7,8-dihydrodiol and of the marked mutagenicity of the stereoisomeric diol epoxides, both of these diol epoxides qualify for consideration as "ultimate carcinogen(s)" of benzo[a]pyrene.


Amino-acid sequence of equine renal metallothionein-1B. The amino-acid sequence of a metallothionein is reported. Metallothionein is a widely distributed, extremely cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight protein containing large amounts of cadmium and/or zinc. Metallothionein-1B is one of the two prinicipal variants occurring in equine kidney cortex. The single-chain protein contains 61 amino acids and has the composition Cys20 Ser8Lys7Arg1Ala7Gly5Val3Asp2Asn1-Glu1Gln2Pro2Thr1Met1(Cd + Zn)7. Its amino-terminal residue is N-acetylmethionine. The sequence shows distinct clustering of the twenty cysteinyl residues into seven groups separated by stretches of at least three other residues. Within these groups the cysteines occur seven times in alternating Cys-X-Cys sequences and three times each in Cys-Cys and Cys-X-X-Cys sequences, where X is an amino acid other than cysteine. Another unique feature is the close association of serine and the basic amino acids with cysteine, as manifested by the occurrence of seven Ser-Cys, four Cys-Lys, one Cys-Arg, and three Lys-Cys sequences. These findings are in agreement with the previous suggestion that metallothionein has structurally defined metal-binding sites, most of which contain three cysteinyl residues as the principal metal-binding ligands. The charge difference between the metal-free and the metal-containing protein is consistent with the formation of negatively charged trimercaptide complexes with cadmium and/or zinc ions. The possible additional involvement of serine and the basic amino acids in metal binding is discussed.


Methods for identification of recombinants of phage lambda. Two methods are described which allow the screening of a large number of phage plaques for a specific DNA sequence carried by the phage or a specific antigen produced within the phage plaque. These methods were set up with lambda and lambdalac phages. Phage plaques were transferred onto nitrocellulose filters by desiccation in 0.1 M NaOH, and the lac sequence was detected by hybridization to radioactive lac mRNA. Beta-Galactosidase was detected by reaction with anti-beta-galactosidase immune serum included in the soft agar of the titration plates; the precipitate thus formed was revealed by means of enzyme-coupled antibodies and in situ coloration. These methods are potentially useful for the identification of lambda transducers, including those which are generated by in vitro recombination with eukaryotic DNA.


Stimulation of hepatic glycogen synthesis by amino acids. Hepatocytes isolated from livers of fasted rats form little glycogen from glucose or lactate at concentrations below 20 mM. Glycogen is formed in substantial quantities at a glucose concentration of 60 mM. In the presence of 10 mM glucose, 20-30% as much glycogen as glucose is formed from fructose, sorbitol, or dihydroxyacetone. The addition of either glutamine, alanine, or asparagine stimulates the formation of glycogen from lactate 10- to 40-fold. The formation of glucose and glycogen is then about equal, and glycogen deposition in hepatocytes is similar to rates attained in vivo after fasted rats are refed. The amino acids stimulate 1.5- to 2-fold glycogen synthesis from fructose, and 2- to 4-fold synthesis from dihyDROXYACETONE. Ammonium chloride is about one-half as effective as amino acids in stimulating glycogen synthesis when glucose with lactate are substrates. It increased glycogen synthesis 25-50% from fructose but inhibited synthesis from dihydroxyacetone plus glucose.


Amplification of moderately repetitive DNA sequences during chick cartilage differentiation. A 5-bromo-2'-[3H]deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) probe was isolated to analyze DNAs obtained from various chick tissues and cell types. [3H]BrdUrd-substituted DNA, prepared from limb bud cultures, was sheared and freed from palindromic DNA. Nonradioactive DNA was prepared from embryonic liver, undifferentiated limb bud mesenchyme, sternal cartilage, differentiated limb bud cultures, and BrdUrd-blocked cultures, and was sheared. These DNAs were used in 100-fold excess to drive the reassociation of the [3H]-BrdUrd-DNA probe. Purified mature cartilage DNAs of embryonic sternae or differentiated limb bud cultures drove the reassociation of the probe approximately two times faster than did DNA from liver, undifferentiated limb bud, or BrdUrd-blocked cells. These data indicate that cartilage DNA contains a greater number of sequences complementary to the BrdUrd probe than do DNAs of noncartilage or undifferentiated precartilage cells. Calculations determined an average substitution of 10% of thymidine residues by BrdUrd in purified probe, whereas CsCl density gradients of unsheared probe revealed radioactive peaks of greater than 20% substitution. The BrdUrd appears to be clustered in the genome.


Nature of conformational changes in poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] in the premelting region. The conformation of the synthetic DNA, poly-[d(A-T)-d(A-T)], has been investigated both in the solid state and in dilute aqueous solutions at different temperatures below its melting point. The change of the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] solutions with decreasing temperatures from just below the melting point to 0 degrees involves a specific decrease of the intensity of the 262 nm CD band. This conformational change has been assigned to a gradual and partial transition from the B to C form, on the basis of the following results: (i) By the use of infrared dichroism measurements on oriented films we have defined humidity and salt conditions under which B and C forms of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T](Li+) are stable. In addition, we find that ammonium salts induce the C form of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] even at high relative humidity. (ii) CD studies of the films of the lithium salt of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] under the same conditions have given CD spectra corresponding to the B and C forms of this polynucleotide. In addition, the CD spectrum of the ammonium salt of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] in solution approaches that of the C form in films. (iii) The conformational change of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] as a function of temperature can be entirely explained on the basis of changes in the double-stranded base-paired structure. Our data rule out hydrogen bond breaking and unstacking or "breathing" as an explanation of the premelting changes. Curves of the continuous variation of CD(epsilon at 262 nm) as a function of temperature (from 0 degrees to the melting zone) show similar slopes in the presence of different agents stabilizing the double-stranded structure, such as Mg++, or at different salt concentration (KCl), indicating that the nature of the process is independent of ionic strength. Some specific effects were observed in the influence of certain neutral salts; ammonium induces the C form whereas magnesium favors the B form. CD data give direct evidence that a DNA like poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] need not change conformation upon transition from a dilute aqueous solution to a highly hydrated (film/gel) solid state. The change of conformation begins only at a defined partial dehydration.


Choleragen-mediated release of trapped glucose from liposomes containing ganglioside GM1. 125I-Labeled choleragen was bound to liposomes containing galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (GM1), but not in large amounts to ganglioside-free liposomes nor to those containing N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide (GM3), N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (GM2), or N-acetylneuraminylgalactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (GD1a). Choleragen released trapped glucose only from GM1-liposomes. This choleragen-induced glucose release from GM1-liposomes was relatively rapid for the first few minutes, then continued more slowly. The amount of glucose released from liposomes in 30 min was dependent on both the GM1 content and choleragen concentration. Prior incubation of GM1-liposomes with anti-GM1 antiserum prevented the choleragen-dependent release of trapped glucose. After incubation of GM1-liposomes with choleragen, addition of anticholeragen antibodies and complement led to more extensive glucose release. Under these latter conditions a much smaller glucose release was observed also from liposomes containing GM1 or N-acetylneuraminylgalactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide in the absence of choleragen. These releases were attributed to naturally-occurring antiganglioside antibodies in the antiserum and complement. Ganglioside-free liposomes did not release glucose in response to anticholeragen and complement. It appears that choleragen in the absence of other proteins binds specifically to liposomes containing GM1 and can induce permeability changes.


Identification of nonhistone chromatin proteins in chromatin subunits. Rat liver chromatin was digested by micrococcal nuclease. More than 80% of the enzyme-digested chromatin could be recovered after centrifugation. Treatment with sodium deoxycholate and Triton X-100 at concentrations of 0.5% in the final chromatin suspension gave a higher recovery. Chromatin subunits were fractionated on a 5-30% linear sucrose density gradient. Approximately 35% of the chromatin subunits could be recovered from the gradient. Chromatin subunits and their DNA fragments were identified by gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The presence of nonhistone chromatin proteins (NHCP) in chromatin subunits was demonstrated by the following criteria: (i) Quantitative analysis showed that the mass ratio of histone to NHCP, in the presence or absence of detergents, was 1:0,25 or 1:0.1, respectively. (ii) After the removal of acid-soluble protein from the subunits, it was found that most of the phenol-soluble NHCP were similar to total chromatin NHCP. However, four major fractions of these phenol-soluble NHCP were found to be enriched in the subunits as identified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (iii) Experiments using an exchange of isotope-labeled and nonlabeled chromatin showed that NHCP were tightly bound to the chromatin subunits.