Five-hour reinforcement cholecystography. Pathologic diagnoses were reviewed in 115 patients in whom gallbladder disease was diagnosed radiogically based on nonopacification with the calcium ipodate rapid reinforcement technique. In all instances, the gallbladder was diseased. Therefore, the rapid reinforcement technique is valid and considerably reduces the time necessary to complete reinforcement cholecystography. Because the time required in only 5 h, increased convenience and decreased cost may be realized without compromising diagnostic accurracy.


Colonic lymphangioma.

Colonic lymphangioma. Eleven cases of colonic lymphangioma, including 3 that have not been reported previously, are reviewed. Radiologic analysis reveals that 9 presented as polypoidal mucosal lesions and only 2 had characteristic features at a submucosal lesion. A predominant occurence in females (70%) and during the sixth and seventh decades are noted.


Tomography of the gallbladder in oral cholecystography. Tomography was used to supplement 327 oral cholecystograms in which the findings, including nonvisualized gallbladder, were inconclusive. In 136 cases, operative and tomographic findings were correlated. In 286 cases (87%), tomography provided conclusive diagnostic information. A diagnosis was possible in 108 of 111 cases in which the gallbladder had been visualized on conventional films and in 179 of 216 cases in which the gallbladder had not been visualized. Tomography of the gallbladder is an easily accomplished procedure that usually adds enough information to the inconclusive cholecystogram to permit accurate diagnosis and eliminate the need for reexamination.


Sulfatide cholecystosis.

Sulfatide cholecystosis. Polypoid masses metachromatic sulfatides have been found at autopsy in the gallbladder of patients with metachromatic leucodystrophy. In a 10-year-old girl with this disease oral cholecystrography demonstrated a filling defect, which was felt to represent a polyp. In the proper clinical setting, sulfatide cholecystosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder.


I. Observations on the adenoma as precursor to ordinary large bowel carcinoma. The very common hyperplastic polyp is not a neoplasm and is unrelated to either adenoma or carcinoma. Adenomas, which are only one-tenth as common, are true neoplasms. Depending on size, and probably related to a sessile mode of growth, in adenomas one may readily observe intramucosal carcinoma and/or early invasive cancer. Although microscopic examination has been performed on many thousands of minute mucosal lesions (e.g., 5 mm or less), "early" cancer, defined cancer, defined as intramucosal carcinoma with or without microinvasion, does not seem to occur unassociated with adenoma. The apparent nonexistence of small foci of intramucosal carcinoma, with or without microinvasion, in normal mucosa, and their frequency in adenomas, are two fundamental pathologic facts. They seem to disprove the proposition that cancer calls ordinarily arise de novo from the normal cells of the crypt of Lieberkühn without the interposition of a stage in the neoplastic process that we recognize as adenoma.


II. Malignant potential of gastric polyps. The malignant potential of gastric polyps is correlated to their features. The vast majority can be divided into two types: hyperplastic polyp and ademona. Hyperplastic polyp is composed of well-differentiated glands and rarely becomes malignant. It is small, smooth-surfaced, often multiple, and randomly distributed. Adenoma is composed of dysplastic glands and often becomes malignant. The small adenoma is flat-surfaced and slightly raised. The large adenoma is papillary and broad-based. Adenoma is usually single and located in the antrum. In either case, a separate independent carcinoma may be present in the same stomach.


Tuberculous esophagitis.

Tuberculous esophagitis. Roentgenographic changes in a case of tuberculosis involving the esophagus were ulceration and narrowing of the esophagus, and sinus tracts to the mediastinum. Disseminated tuberculosis was discovered only at autopsy. The diagnosis of tuberculous esophagitis in a patient with no other demonstrable tuberculous lesions is difficult, as clinical and roentgenographic findings are not specific.


Clinical and roentgen features of the intestinal polyposis syndromes. The intestinal polyposis syndromes represent a challenging diagnostic problem for the radiologist. These syndromes include: familial multiple polyposis, Gardner's, Peutz-Jeghers, Turcot's, Cronkhite-Canada and juvenile polyposis. The polyposis syndromes can usually be differentiated from one another on the basis of the clinical history, examination of the mucocutaneous tissues and roentgen findings. Numerous other conditions, however, may mimmic a polyposis syndrome, and must be considered in the differential diagnosis.


Postvagotomy unmasking of nontropical sprue. Adult celiac disease which became clinically evident after exophagectomy and vagotomy is described. The diagnosis was suggested by small bowel roentgenography and confirmed by intestinal biopsy and response to a gluten-free diet. The possibility that vagotomy unmasks asymptomatic adult celiac disease is discussed.


Intestinal tuberculosis.

Intestinal tuberculosis. Intestinal tuberculosis is a disease with protective clinical manifestations. The radiographic changes in the bowel are similarly varied but often highly suggestive if not characteristic. The key radiologic changes in the bowel, with emphasis on the ileocecal area, are described and the clinical and pathologic features are reviewed.


Factors interferring with the opacification of a normal gallbladder. Various factors extrinsic to the biliary system are known to interfere with the contrast opacification of a normal gallbladder. Some of these factors are rather infrequent, but as group, they become significant. Unless ruled out, they may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of nonopacification because of a diseased condition, when the gallbladder is inreality normal.


Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: a pathophysiologic explanation of the roentgenographic signs. Pneumatosis intestinalis was first described by DuVernoi in 1730. The roentgenographic, gross, and microscopic apthologic changes are secondary to noncommunicating gas-filled cysts which occur either in submucosa or subserosa. The clinical findings, roentgenologic signs, and treatment are discussed. A differential diagnosis and pathophysiologic explanation for the changes are presented.


The role of radionuclide imaging in disease of the alimentary tract. The current status of radionuclide imaging studies of the liver, spleen, and pancreas is reviewed. Although current instrumentation and radiopharmaceuticals allow considerably better images than in the past, the overall accuracy of detecting liver metastases remains at 80%. The specificity of detecting hepatic space occupying disease has been enhanced by additional radionuclide studies which reveal the vascular and metabolic properties of the lesion.--The frequency of spleen imaging has increased since 99mTc-labeled colloids have been used. In most instances, it is obtained as a coincidental portion of the liver scintigraphic examination although it has significant primary indications such as in the elucidation of masses in or trauma to the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.--Selenium-75 selenomethionine pancreatic scintigraphy is best performed with serial Anger Camera images. Interfering hepatic activity is best removed by electronic subtraction techniques; if available. Careful attention to patient selection for the procedure is important. The mean true-positive and negative rates are 86% and 20%, respectively.


Computed tomography of the abdomen: initial experience. Computed tomography has provided a new dimension in the roentgenologic evaluation of the abdomen. Normal structures not visible on conventional examinations are clearly identified. Abnormalities are recognized by their alterations in anatomic form or by their effect on tissue absorption values. Our early experience suggests that in the abdomen computed tomography will be most valuable in detecting lesions in those sites least accessible to conventional roentgenographic methods such as the liver, spleen, pancreas and retroperitoneum.


Portal thrombosis: high incidence following splenectomy for portal hypertension. The authors report the incidence of portal thrombosis in their experience, of patients who have been operated on for splenectomy as treatment for portal hypertension with splenomegaly and hypersplenism without a portal systemic shunt. In 161 patients studied angiographically for portal hypertension due to cirrhosis, portal thrombosis was shown in 19 patients. Of these 19 patients 13 previously splenectomized. Only 6 were never operated upon.


The arterial blood supply to the liver in cirrhosis. Of 21 patients with cirrhosis of the liver 9 had collateral arterial flow to the liver from the superior mesenteric artery. The degree of collateral arterial flow in cirrhosis was related to the presence of centrifugal portal flow, the degree of bilirubinemia and the presence of a markedly enlarged spleen with increased splenic blood flow. Of 27 non-cirrhotic 6 had collateral arterial flow to the liver from the superior mesenteric artery. The greatest degree of collateral arterial flow was associated with celiac stenosis in 4/6 patients. One patient had pancreatitis and an explanation was not evident in one patient.


Gastrointestinal edema in cirrhotics. Radiographic manifestations and pathogenesis with emphasis on colonic involvement. The radiologic manifestations of gastrointestinal edema observed as a complication of liver cirrhosis are described. We reviewed 22 consecutive patients with colonic and small bowel edema and present forms of intestinal involvement previously not reported. The pathophysiology of bowel edema is discussed and an attempt is made to correlate several factors. Our studies suggest that the production of intestinal edema is the result of a complex mechanism involving multiple factors on both sides of the capillary membrane. What appears crucial is not the absolute level of any disruptive force, but rather, the combination of several factors: 1. the ability of the lymphatic system to handle excessive flow; 2. the oncotic pressure; 3. the hydrostatic pressure and portal hypertension with or without venous collaterals. In this context, portal hypertension seems to play a dominant role since it correlates best with intestinal edema and explains its usual distribution.


Lymphangiectasia of the small intestine: description and pathophysiology of the roentgenographic signs. Waldmann in 1961 redefined primary protein-losing gastroenteropathy and renamed the condition "lymphangiectasia". This abnormality, usually seen in infancy, is characterized by enlargement of folds and signs of hypersecretion in the small bowel. Enlargement of folds occurs secondary to edema of the valvulvae conniventes and lymphatic dilatation. Hypersecretion may be the result of rupture of dilated lymphatics or transudation of protein across an intact capillary epithelium. The clinical, roentgenographic, and pathologic findings are described. The pathophysiology of this condition is discussed.


Infiltrating carcinoma simulating achalasia. Three cases of carcinoma infiltrating the esophagus and simulating achalasia are presented and the differential diagnostic problems discussed. The radiologic distinction between achalasia and carcinoma can be extremely difficult. Any rigidity, irregularity, nodularity, or ulceration of the distal-most esophagus or gastric fundus or symptoms of short duration in older patients should alert the  radiologist to the possibility of carcinoma. It is suggested that all patients with suspected achalasia undergo esophageal and gastric endoscopy with biopsy and esophageal manometry to confirm the diagnosis, expecially if pneumatic dilatation is contemplated.


Metastasis to the esophagus.

Metastasis to the esophagus. Tumor metastatic to the esophagus is a rare lesion. Two cases, primary in pancreas and rectum, are described. There are no distinguishing radiologic features.


Benign lymphoid hyperplasia of the duodenal bulb. Four cases of benign lymphoid hyperplasia (BLH) of the duodenal bulb are reported. The roentgen findings of this entity are presented and the literature on BLH of the gastrointestinal tract is briefly reviewed.


Esophago-gastric invagination in patients with sliding hiatus hernia. Intussusception of the distal esophagus into a reducible hiatus hernia is described in nine female and three male patients. The main radiographic feature is demonstration of a lobulated fundal mass of changeable size and configuration surrounding the narrowed distal esophageal segment. This pseudotumor is produced by inversion of the hiatus hernia into the stomach, and may be mistaken for a neoplasm. Disinvagination invariably occurs when maneuvers directed toward demonstration of a sliding hernia are utilized during upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopy. It is emphasized that esophago-gastric invagination frequently accounts for masses shown in the cardia of older women with intermittent dysphagia and crampy epigastric pain.


Unusual gastrointestinal features in a child with pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia in childhood is a rare disease. The radiologic demonstration of gastric mucosal atrophy led directly to this diagnosis in an 11-year-old girl. In addition, there was deformity of the pyloric antrum and superficial ulceration in the stomach and duodenum. Endoscopy and biopsy confirmed these findings.


Pneumoperitoneum and appendicitis.

Pneumoperitoneum and appendicitis. Pneumoperitoneum was observed in five patients with acute perforative appendicitis (APA). In each case this radiographic observation led to an incorrect diagnosis. Free intraperitoneal gas is found in a small number of patients with APA and has no apparent effect on the course or prognosis of the disease.


Angiographic manifestions of regional enteritis. Regional enteritis may be a protean disease, easily diagnosed when the common clinical presentation is noted. Occasionally, however, "atypical" features lead to the clinical suspicion of neoplastic disease. Four patients underwent angiographic evaluation in this clinical setting, all demonstrating similar changes in the mesenteric arteries. A serrated, "corkscrew" pattern was present and corresponded well to the perivascular fibrosis noted histologically. Recognition of this angiographic pattern may be important in differentiating neoplastic from inflammatory disease processes.


Starch granulomatous peritonitis.

Starch granulomatous peritonitis. An unusual case of recurrent starch granulomatous peritonitis that presented as a long-standing paralytic ileus is described and the literature pertaining to this unusual entity is reviewed. The roentgenographic finding of severe prolonged paralytic ileus usually developing late in the post-operative period should suggest the possibility of this disease.


Idiopathic inferior mesenteric venous thrombosis demonstrated by angiography. Idiopathic thrombosis of the inferior mesenteric vein, not associated with portal vein thrombosis, is an uncommonly diagnosed lesion. We are reporting a case of inferior mesenteric vein thrombosis diagnosed preoperatively by angiography. We believe this to be the first case in the literature of this particular lesion demonstrated conclusively by angiography before surgery.


A study into the epidemiology of rubella defects.


Reform of the medical acts.

Reform of the medical acts.


Intravenous cholangiography; the principles of safe practice.


Subcutaneous lateral internal anal sphincterotomy for fissure. A report on 217 cases.


U.E.M.O. recommends minimum two years training for family doctors.


Therapeutic groups and individual treatment in psychiatric out-patient clinics: a controlled study.


Colds and vitamin C.

Colds and vitamin C.


Reactions to contrast media used in diagnostic radiology.


Comhairle na n-Ospidéal discusses the role of the smaller hospitals.


Epidemic cold sore.

Epidemic cold sore.


Obesity; the diet and other treatment.

Obesity; the diet and other treatment.


Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the aged.


Sural nerve entrapment--case report.

Sural nerve entrapment--case report.


Schizophrenia and coeliac disease.

Schizophrenia and coeliac disease.


Maternal mortality 1964--1973. IMA Maternal Morality Committee.


Breast feeding.

Breast feeding.


IMA maternal mortality report 1974.

IMA maternal mortality report 1974.


Review of twenty-one subjects with monoclonal gammopathies.


Psychiatric services in Sweden.

Psychiatric services in Sweden.


Blood alcohol levels in road traffic fatalities.


Alcohol and driving.

Alcohol and driving.


Ketotic hypoglycaemia.

Ketotic hypoglycaemia.


Triiodothyronine (T3)--toxicosis.

Triiodothyronine (T3)--toxicosis.


Neutrophil function--part I.

Neutrophil function--part I.


Alcohol--blood.

Alcohol--blood.


Locoid trial.

Locoid trial.


Practical application of diagnostic virus serology. A number of virologists have suggested that current methods of virus serology are impractical and should be discontinued. An evaluation of the results in our laboratory showed positive confirmation in 1,571 of 6,599 suspected clinical cases or 23.6% including hundreds of cases which were still in the hospital or under the care of the physician. Further analysis of these 1,571 cases revealed that 75.9% had antibody titers in the acute specimen. These results suggest that optimal utilization is not being made of information currently available and that a practical service can be provided locally in most cases with existing techniques simply by more frequent sampling and testing of the patients' sera.


Microbial contamination of mist therapy units on six pediatric wards. A study was conducted in six pediatric wards to investigated factors that influence microbial contamination of mist therapy units. Most samples from nebulizer reservoirs were positive for gram-negative bacilli which multiplied rapidly in distilled water and reached levels as high as 3.0 X 10(8) viable microorganisms per ml. High prevalence rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and coliform bacteria as well as high levels of gram-negative bacilli were found to be associated with infrequent and inadequate cleaning and disinfection of the nebulizing equipment. In one of the wards exhibiting high rates, a move to new quarters permitted the implementation of improved cleaning and maintenance procedures for mist therapy units. The result was a significant reduction of microbial contamination. This study reemphasizes the role of microbiological surveillance in assuring proper care of nebulizing equipment in the hospital.


Quantitative relationship between airborne viable and total particles. The numbers of viable and total particles in a microbiological laboratory and in a class 100,000 clean room were examined for a predictable relationship to aid the monitoring of airborne microbial contamination. Six-stage Andersen samplers were used to enumerate viable particles and a modified Royco particle counter was used to enumerate total particles. Over 99% of the total particles present in both areas were less than 1 micron in size; however, only 1 in 10,000 of the particles this size were viable. At the other end of the particle size scale, it was found that less than 0.1% of the total particles were greater than 5.4 micron in size, but only 4.5% of these particles were viable. Viable particles make up only a very small portion of the total particles making any correlation undetectable. An analysis of the combined data from both areas using only total and viable particles over 5.4 micron showed a positive correlation. An analysis of the data from each area individually showed no correlation. Estimation of viable particulates from enumeration of total particulates in the large particle ranges may be possible only in areas where a high degree of environmental control is exercised.


A biological safety centrifuge.

A biological safety centrifuge. The Washington State Public Health Laboratories has devised a metho to capture and remove aerosols produced during centrifugation. The method to adapt any centrifuge having an enclosed chamber with an air intake hole in the lid, and an exhaust hole in the bottom of the chamber, is discussed.


Overview of quantitation of intestinal helminth infections. Some of the problems in comparing the incidence of helminthic infections at different time periods are discussed. The relation between egg counts and clinical infection is also discussed. True random sampling is essential if statistically valid data are to be collected.


Tentative method of analysis for sulfur trioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions from stack gases--titrimetric procedure.


Anthelmintics and mass therapy.

Anthelmintics and mass therapy.


Tentative method of analysis for sulfur trioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions from stack gases--colorimetric procedure.


Biology of soil-transmitted helminths: the massive infection. Soil-transmitted helminth infections when light-to-moderate usually are well tolerated, but heavy-to massive infections invariably cause disease. A massive infection with Ascaris lumbricoides may cause intestinal obstruction, liver abscess, or some other condition requiring surgical treatment; more regularly, however, ascaris disease is a form of malnutrition. Trichuris trichiura causes diarrhea and dysentery and, at times, rectal prolapse. The hookworms, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, cause blood-loss from the intestine resulting in anemia. Necator infection is acquired percutaneously, and is more frequently massive than is that of Ancylostoma which may be acquired percutaneously or orally. Estimates of egg output in the feces, based on egg-counts by dilution, direct smear, or thick-film techniques, provide a reliable index of light, medium, or heavy infection. Acquisition of heavy infection with Ascaris and Trichuris depends on favorable qualities of the soil, and on the sorting action of rain which transports and concentrates the eggs of helminths in locations where survival and transmission are favored. The high frequency of heavy hookworm infection in southeastern United States and probably elsewhere may depend largely on the presence of feces-burying dung beetles. Human infection with soil-transmitted helminths of dogs and cats has become a serious public health problem attributable to the persistence of rural mores in the urban setting.


Tentative method of analysis for sulfate aerosols pyrolyzable below 400 C by effluent gas analysis.


Tentative method of analysis for elemental mercury in the working environment by collection on silver wool and atomic absorption spectroscopy.


Tentative method for the determination of carbon monoxide (detector tube method).


Tentative method for gas chromatographic analysis of O2, N2, CO, CO2, and CH4.


Use of selective ion electrodes to determine pollutant species (ambient and source level).


Tentative method for constant pressure volumetric gas analysis for O2, CO2, CO, N2, hydrocarbons (Orsat).


Evaluation of Appendix E--Reference Method for Determination of Hydrocarbons Corrected for Methane; Fed. Reg. 36, No. 84, p. 8198 (April 30, 1971).


Performance evaluation of Wisconsin laboratories performing implied consent alcohol determinations. Hospital, clinic, and public health laboratories are licensed to perform implied consent blood and urine alcohol determination. Methods include enzymatic, gas chromatographic, and distillation. The techniques of evaluation/certification are outlined. The performance exhibited no consistent bias toward high or low values. The distribution of participants' values, i.e. precision, indicated a 3% coefficient of variation performance. Laboratories showed an increase in quality of performance with time, especially after the initial 6 month period. Quality of results varied in the order: gas chromatographic, enzymatic, and distillation methods.


Laboratory screening of hemoglobinopathies. A procedure for the laboratory screening of hemoglobinopathies is described. The procedure employs hemoglobin electrophoresis followed by solubility testing to confirm presence of sickling hemoglobins. All initial screening tests are carried out on whole blood specimens collected on filter paper. The use of filter paper facilitates collection and results in considerable saving in time and mailing cost. The results of the first year screening confirm the findings of earlier studies that blood specimens collected on filter paper are satisfactory for electrophoresis and solubility tests. All tests are relatively easy to perform using readily available commercial reagents. The procedure is particularly suitable for public health laboratories in carrying out hemoglobinopathy screening programs.


A method of determining the threshold of laser damage to functional vision.


Biodegradable semipermeable microcapsules containing enzymes, hormones, vaccines, and other biologicals. Semipermeable microcapsules were prepared using biodegradable material as the enclosing membranes. For instance, polylactic acid was used as membrane material to microencapsulate biologically active materials. Asparaginase microencapsulated within polylactic acids functions effectively in converting external asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonium. By variations in permeability characteristics, insulin microencapsulated within polylactic acid can be released at pre-adjusted rates. Thus, release rates of 50% in 5 hours, 50% in 20 hours, and 2.5% in 24 hours have been demonstrated. Drugs and vaccines have also been similarily microencapsulated. The advantage of the biodegradable microcapsules is the ability of the body to convert the injected polymer material to normal body metabolites (e.g., CO2 and H2O in the case of polylactic acid) after completion of its function.


Platelet retention by albuminated glass and polystyrene beads. Ex vivo platelet retention by albuminated glass and polystyrene beads has been evaluated as a function of flow rate, bead surface area, blood exposure time and albumin treatment. The stability of the albumin coatings as well as scanning electron microscopy of the various surfaces before and after blood exposure has also been included. Results indicate that platelet retention is sensitive to changes in the above parameters and that albumin pretreatment of different substrates can decrease platelet retention. This decrease is substrate dependent in that platelet retention is different for the albuminated glass and polystyrene substrates. Chemical analysis of the substrate materials by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as bulk chemical analysis is also reported.


The adhesion of thin carbon films to metallic substrates. As part of the development of carbon-coated prosthetic devices, the adhesion of thin carbon films to metallic substrates has been studied. The bond strength of carbon films about 5000 A thick on Ti-6A1-4V and stainless steel was measured in a pull test and found to be greater than 4700 psi. Auger electron spectroscopy showed a reactive film/substrate interface. The ultimate bond strength was found to be dependent on the substrate and the deposition parameters.


Electron microscopic studies on Vero cells infected with the SSPE-agent (Hokken-strain).


Studies on mechanisms of immediate type allergy caused by peritoneal exudates from acute Toxoplasma-infected mice.


Construction of a double-stranded deoxyribonucleotide sequence of 45 base pairs designed to code for S-peptide 2-14 of bovine ribonuclease A. An artificial DNA duplex, each strand consisting of 45 monomers, is constructed from chemically synthesized deoxyriboöligonucleotides. The resulting bihelical polymer may code for a modified S-peptide of Ribonuclease A. This is the first synthetic duplex designed to code for a eukaryotic message.


In vitro synthesis of large peptide molecules using glucosylated single-stranded bacteriophage T4D DNA template. Denatured Bacteriophage T4D DNA is able to stimulate aminoacid incorporation into TCA-precipitable material in an in vitro protein synthesis system according to base DNA sequences. Newly synthesized polypeptides remain associated with ribosomes and have a molecular weight in range of 15,000 to 45,000 Daltons.


A new method of DNA denaturation mapping. Described is a new method for DNA denaturation mapping utilizing glyoxal (ethanedial) to stabilize the denatured regions. The extent of glyoxal reaction can be easily and sensitively measured using an assay based on the intercalation of ethidium into duplex DNA. Thus denturation maps can be produced in a controlled way under a wide variety of conditions.


The spatial configuration of ordered polynucleotide chains. II. The poly(rA) helix. Approximate details of the spatial configuration of the ordered single-stranded poly(rA) molecule in dilute solution have been obtained in a combined theoretical analysis of base stacking and chain flexibility. Only those regularly repeating structures which fulfill the criterion of conformational flexibility (based upon all available experimental and theoretical evidence of preferred bond rotations) and which also exhibit the right-handed base stacking pattern observed in nmr investigations of poly(rA) are deemed suitable single-stranded helices. In addition, the helical geometry of the stacked structures is required to be consistent with the experimentally observed dimensions of both completely ordered and partially ordered poly(rA) chains. Only a single category of poly(rA) helices (very similar in all conformational details to the individual chains of the poly(rA) double-stranded X-ray structure) is thus obtained. Other conformationally feasible polynucleotide helices characterized simply by a parallel and overlapping base stacking arrangement are also discussed.


Specific binding of the first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis to the DNA of histidine operon. Studies were done to examine direct binding of the first enzyme of the histidine biosynthetic pathway (phosphoribosyltransferase) to 32P-labeled phi80dhis DNA and competition of this binding by unlabeled homologous DNA and by various preparations of unlabeled heterologous DNA, including that from a defective phi80 bacteriophage carrying the histidine operon with a deletion of part of its operator region. Our findings show that phosphoribosyltransferase binds specifically to site in or near the regulatory region of the histidine operon. The stability of the complex formed by interaction of the enzyme with the DNA was markedly decreased by the substrates of the enzyme and was slightly increased by the allosteric inhibitor, histidine. These findings are consistent with previous data that indicate that phosphoribosyltransferase plays a role in regulating expression of the histidine operon.


Studies on bacteriophage fd DNA. III. Nucleotide sequence preceding the RNA start-site on a promoter-containing fragment. A short DNA fragment containing a strong promoter was isolated from phage fd replicative form DNA with the use of restriction endonucleases, and the sequence of 110 nucleotides in the region preceding the RNA start-site was determined. The sequence was : (5') CGGTCTGGTTCGCTTTGAGGCTCGAATTAAAACGCGATATTTGAAGTCTTTCGGGCTTCCTCTTAATCTTTTTGATCGAATTCGCTTTGCTTCTGACTATAATAGACAGG (3').


Alterations of DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities in the immature quail oviduct in response to estrogen stimulation. Administration of diethylstilbestrol, an estrogen analogue, to immature female quails causes an increase of extractable DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities from the oviduct. At least two forms of polymerases have been determined, a high molecular weight polymerase (210,000 daltons) and a low molecular weight polymerase (34,000 daltons) calculated from column chromatography Sephadex G-200. During the primary hormone stimulation the amount of extractable enzyme reaches a maximum on the fifth day after daily injections of the hormone. In the period of withdrawal the activities decrease and reach values similar to those determined in the unstimulated oviducts. During secondary stimulation the polymerase activities increase again the first day; subsequently the values decrease drastically. The alterations in enzyme activity correlate with the DNA synthesis in the oviduct, as measured by analytical determination of the DNA content.


Partial purification and characterization of two cytoplasmic DNA polymerases from ungerminated wheat. Two DNA polymerases have been purified from the 105,000 x g supernatant of ungerminated wheat. The purification stages included: high speed centrifugation, salt fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-150 filtration and phosphocellulose chromatography. Several properties of the two enzyme (called A and B according to the order of elution from the phosphocellulose column) have been studied. Enzyme A has a sedimentation coefficient of about 7 S, utilizes activated DNA and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides as well as poly rA-dT12, while B has a sedimentation coefficient of about 6.2 and uses only activated DNA and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides as templates. Other parameters like KCl effect, MnCl2 effect, optimum pH, etc. Allow us to distinguish clearly between both DNA polymerases.


The terminal sequences of Bombyx mori 18S ribosomal RNA. The 5' and 3' terminal T1 oligonucleotides of 32p-labelled B. mori 18S ribosomal RNA were isolated by a two dimensional electrophoretic (diagonal) technique. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the 3' terminal fragment, (G)AUCAUUAOH, is identical to that previously obtained from the 18S rRNA of several other eukaryotic species. The sequence of the B. mori 5' terminal fragment is pUCCUCG.


Physico-chemical and biological study of excision-repair of UV--irradiated phiX174 RF DNA in vitro. We have studied excision-repair of UV-irradiated phiX174 RFI DNA in vitro with UV-specific endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus (UV-endo), DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli and DNA ligase from phage T4 infected E. coli. Excision-repair was measured a) by physico-chemical methods, i.e. by determination of the conversion of RF I DNA into RF II DNA by UV-endo and by the subsequent conversion of RF II DNA ligase, b) by biological methods i. e. by measuring the ability of the reaction product to form phages upon incubation with spheroplasts from the appropriate strains of E. coli. Using the first method, we have shown, that more than 90% of the pyrimidine dimers can be repaired in vitro; with the latter method we have shown, that the molecules which are repaired as defined by method a) have regained full biological activity. Exonuclease III was found to be not essential for excision-repair in vitro and also did not stimulate repair. From this result we conclude that UV-endo generates 3'OH endgroups, in agreement with results obtained by Hamilton et al. (1974). The usefulness of the method presented in this paper with regard to the study of excision-repair is discussed.


Comparison of nucleotide sequences in HeLa cell mRNA and hnRNA. Nearest neighbour analysis of nucleotides in vertebrate DNA has revealed a marked deficiency in the frequency of occurrence of the sequence CpGp. By use of the fingerprinting technique of Sanger et al. (1965) to characterise the nucleotide sequences of HeLa cell hnRNA after T1 RNAase digestion, we have shown that this deficiency also occurs in hnRNA and that it appears to be a general transcript of DNA. This is also true of the hnRNA that contains poly(A). Whilst a deficiency of CpGp occurs also in poly(A) containing mRNA from HeLa cells the deficiency is less marked than in the case of total hnRNA, or poly(A) containing hnRNA. Another difference between mRNA and hnRNA lies in the level of occurrence of the sequence UpApGp. These results are discussed with reference to the possible relationship of hnRNA to mRNA.


Low-angle neutron scattering from chromatin subunit particles. Monomer chromatin particles containing 140 base pairs of DNA and eight histone molecules have been studied by neutron scattering. From measurements in various H2O/D2O mixtures, radii of gyration and the average scattering density of the particle were determined. The radius of gyration under conditions when scattering from the DNA dominates is 50A, and when scattering from the protein dominates, 30A. Consequently the core of the particle is largely occupied by the histones while the outer shell consists of DNA together with some of the histone.


Synthesis of substituted 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydropyrimidines. The reaction of 5-substituted uracils with fluorine in acetic acid and other solvents and the following treatment with different alcohols yielded the corresponding 5-fluoro-5,6-substituted-5,6-dihydropyrimidines. Thymine gave 5-fluoro-5-methyl-6-alkoxy-5,6-dihydropyrimidines. 5-Halogeno uracils and 5-nitrol uracil were converted into 5-fluoro-5-halogeno-6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyramidines and the 5-nitroanalogue, respectively. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by mass spectrometry.


A facile synthesis of 5-(perfluoroalkyl)-pyrimidines. In the paper a synthetic two stage procedure is described for the preparation of perfluoroalkylated derivatives of uracil and its nucleosides. Using copper bronze a perfluoroalkyl-copper-complex is formed from perfluoralkyl iodides in polar aprotic solvents, such as DMSO, and under inert conditions. The reaction of this complex with uracil, uridine and 2-deoxyuridine leads to the corresponding 5-substituted perfluoralkyl derivatives. It is shown by mass spectra that the substitution always takes place at the 5-position of the pyrimidine. The chemical and physical properties of the formed compounds are described.


Nucleotides. VI. Syntheses and spectral properties of some deazaadenylyl-deazaadenosines (dinucleoside monophosphates with unusual CD-spectrum) and closely related dinucleoside monophosphates. Nine dinucleoside phosphates containing 1-deaza-(1A) and 3-deazaadenosine (3A) were prepared. Hypochromicity and CD spectra of these dimers were determined. It was found that varying degrees of base-stacking are operative with these oligonucleotides and their CD spectra fall into three classes. The first class CD spectra which are more or less similar in profile to those of adenylyl-(3'-5')-adenosine includes the CD spectra of 1A2'p5'A, 1A3'p5A, 3A2'p5'A and 3A3'p5'A. The second class includes the CD spectra of A2'p5'1A and A3'p5'1A whose characteristic is that the positive Cotton band appears in the range of 280-310 nm. The third type CD spectra has the characteristics that the negative Cotton band appears in the longer wavelength region and th CD spectra are similar in profile to those of L-adenylyl-(3'-5')-L-adenosine which has the "left-handed helical" conformation. The CD spectra of A2'p5'3A, A3'p5'3A and 3A3'p5'A belong to this class. Another salient observation emerging from the CD-determination is that 3A3'p5'3A has the spectrum quite different from that of poly 3-deazaadenylic acid.


Mechanism of the mutagenic action of hydroxylamine. IX. The UV-induced cleavage of the N-O bond in N4-hydroxy-and N4-methoxycytidine and N6-methoxyadenosine. The principal UV-induced (lambda = 2546nm) reaction of N4-hydroxy- and N4methoxycytidines and N6-methoxyadenosine in neutral aqueous solutions is cleavage of the exocyclic N-O bond with the respective formation of cytidine and adenosine. Quantum yields are 2.8x10(-3) and 2.2x10(-3) M/E for the first two compounds and 9.1x10(-3) M/E for N6-methoxyadenosine.


Isolation of mouse reticulocyte globin messenger ribonucleoprotein by affinity chromatography using oligo(T)-cellulose. Mouse globin messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) has been isolated from reticulocyte polysomes by affinity chromatography to oligo(T)-cellulose, using a procedure modified from that of Lindberg and Sundquist. The messenger RNA and protein moieties fo the mRNP are indistinguishable from those isolated by less rapid techniques, such as zonal ultracentrifugation.


Effect of RNA synthesis on the binding of 3H-cortisol to nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles from rat liver carrying DNA-like RNA in vivo. 3H-cortisol was found to associate with rat liver nuclear 30S ribonucleoprotein particles carrying D-RNA in vivo. No interaction was detectable when RNA synthesis was inhibited by alpha-amanitine. The association appears to be specifically for RNP carrying RNA synthesized after the administration of cortisol to adrenalectomized rats. The DNA/protein/RNA ratio of rat liver nuclei was not effected by alpha-amanitine under our conditions. However, the drug caused a 5-10 fold decrease in nuclear uptake of cortisol. The results are discussed in relation to a supposed transfer of cortisol-receptor complexes from the chromatin template to the nascent RNA chains.


The preparation and properties of 4-thiouridine containing 2'-5' and 3'-5' dinucleoside monophosphates. 2'-5' and 3'-5' dinucleoside monophosphates containing 4-thiouridine were prepared by the thiolation of the cytosine containing compounds and purified by chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex column. The chromatographic and optical properties of the isomers are compared.


Metrizamide density gradients of sea urchin chromatin: fractions rich and poor in nascent DNA. A crude, lightly sheared chromatin preparation obtained from a mixture of [methyl-3H] thymidine pulse and [2-14C] thymidine long-labeled sea urchin embryos (swimming blastulae), was centrifuged in metrizamide to form an isopycnic gradient. The buoyant density of the 3H pulse labeled chromatin was slightly higher than that of the 14C labeled bulk chromatin. The 3H/14C ratios in the higher and lower density regions of the overlapping radioactivity peaks, indicated the presence of fractions rich and poor in nascent DNA in these two density regions. After 15 min chase, the difference disappeared, indicating that the chromatin fractions with nascent DNA have a half-life shorter than 15 min.


A modified procedure for the preparation of di- and triribonucleotides from pancreatic ribonuclease digest of RNA. A novel procedure for the separation of oligonucleotides from pancreatic RNase-digest of RNA is described. The method involves a group-separation of uracil-containing and of cytosine-containing nucleotides on Dowex 50W. The obtained groups are further separated on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 by a linear gradient of NH4HCO3.


The lethality and spectroscopic properties of toxins from Bungarus multicinctus (Blyth) venom.


The anti-coagulant properties of an extract from the venom sac of the oriental hornet.


Isolation and partial characterization of pelamitoxin A from Pelamis platurus venom.


Phospholipase A2 from puff adder (Bitis arietans) venom.


Pharmacological studies with scorpion (Palamneus gravimanus) venom: evidence for the presence of histamine.


A lesion of muscle transverse tubular system by oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) venom: electron microscopic and histological study.


Adenosine triphosphate in tarantula spider venoms and its synergistic effect with the venom toxin.


Immunological studies on scorpion (B. quinquestriatus) antivenin.


The stability of refined antivenin.

The stability of refined antivenin.


Partial amino acid sequence of the basic crotalus phospholipase A.


Scorpion venom effects on succinate dehydrogenase activity of sheep tissues.


A study of cardiotoxic principles from the venom of Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider).


Increased survival time in botulinum toxin poisoning by treatment with a venom gland extract from the black widow spider.


Acute pulmonary edema induced by injections of tityustoxin into the lateral ventricles of rats.


Spontaneous conversions to aldosterone.

Spontaneous conversions to aldosterone. Corticosterone (B) and a less polar form or derivative of 18-hydroxycorticosterone obtained by dissolving the mother-steroid in 0.01 N HCl, (L), were assayed as precursors to aldosterone in: 1) samples only containing buffer (C); 2) samples containing buffer and boiled adrenal tissue (phi); 3) samples containing surviving quartered rat adrenals (G). The yields of aldosterone from B were the following: 1.24% in sample (C); 0.21% in sample pHI; and 5.03% in sample (G). The yields of aldosterone from L were the following: 2.66 % in sample (C); 2.30% in sample (phi) ; and 2.47% in sample (G). A factor inhibiting the conversion of B, but not of L, to aldosterone was present in samples containing boiled tissue.


Incorporation of sialyl groups into a brain unidentified compound with lipophilic properties. Lactosylceramide (I), galactosylceramide (II) and lipids extracted from rat brain with methanol (III) were assayed as AcNeu acceptors from CMP-[3H] AcNeu. Rat brain microsomes in 3.2% Triton CF54 or the 100 000 g supernatant of these microsomes were used as enzyme source. For quantification of reaction  products two methods were used: a) precipitation with a TCA-PTA reagent followed by extraction of the precipitate with C:M (2:1) ; b) extraction with C:M (2:1) and partition by Folch's method without salt; radioactivity was measured in the washed lower phase. No incorporation into II was detected. Using method a), incorporation into I and III was obtained. It was also found that 35% of the activity toward I and 65% of that toward III was solubilized. Using method b) of quantification, radioactivity was found in the lower phase when III was the acceptor. The product of sialylation of III was soluble in ether. Run in a column of Sephadex LH20 was eluted with chloroform in the same fraction in which a proteolipid fraction was eluted. The possibilities that the compound is either a proteolipid protein or a glycopeptide containing sialic acid are discussed.


Transfer of glucose-1-phosphate from UDP-glucose to lipid acceptors in plants. Particulated preparations from pea seedlings formed lipid-linked glucose from UDP (14C)-glucose and endogenous acceptors at 0 C. The product has been identified as a polyprenyl pyrophosphate-glucose based on the following results: a) the glucolipid is labile to mild acid hydrolysis; b) when chromatographed in alkaline solvents, glucose-1,2-cyclic phosphate is obtained; c) the pattern elution of a DEAE-cellulose column fits in well with a pyrophosphate derivative; d) exogenous polyprenyl phosphate stimulated the incorporation of glucose into lipids; e) when incubated with (beta-32P)-UDP-glucose, radioactivity is incorporated into lipids; f) the reaction is reversed by 5 mM UMP. It is suggested that the glucolipid is an intermediate in glycan biosynthesis.


Possible mechanism of photophosphorylation in Rhodopseudomonas viridis. Photophosphorylation in the presence of (32P) inorganic phosphate (Pi) and ADP or Pi and (beta 32P) -ADP was carried out in membranes of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. When Pi and (32P)-ADP were used, 32Pi and (32P)-ATP were detected by ion exchange chromatography and the specific activity of the (beta 32P)-ADP recovered was substantially diminished. Moreover, when the (32P)-ATP was analyzed, the radioactivity was equally distributed between its beta and gamma position. When 32Pi and ADP were used instead, most of the radioactivity was found as (32P)-ATP although consistently (beta-32P)-ADP was detected. When the (32P)-ATP was analyzed, 90% of the label was found in its gamma phosphate and the remaining in its beta position. These results cannot be explained as a direct addition of phosphate to ADP as being the sole mechanism of photophosphorylation, and we propose that this pattern of labeling may be explained by a transphosphorylation reaction between one bound and one free ADP.


The formation of sugar lipids intermediates in the chick embryonic lens.


Studies on cow liver porphobilinogen deaminase. Further properties of cow liver deaminase are reported. Highly purified deaminase migrated as a single badn on starch and polycrylamide gels electrophoresis. Molecular weight determinations by means of gel filtration on calibrated columns of Sephadex G-100, Sepharose 4 B and B 10-Gel P-100, gave values of 40 000 +/- 4 000. Data obtained suggest that cow liver deaminase exists as a single polypeptide chain. Heating partially purified preparations of deminase resulted in an enhancement of activity. Added cosynthetase to these fractions increased the percentage of uroporphyrinogen III formed but also diminished total uroporphyrinogens synthesis. The action of several compounds added to the system was studied. Thiol reagents and divalent metals as Hg 2+ , Pb2+, (d2+ and Zn2+ inhibited deaminase, indicating the presence of thiol groups essential for activity, probably involved in the cyclization step. Certain concentrations of sodium, potassium and magnesium salts enhanced activity. Several chelators tested were without effect on the deminase. Some dicarboxylic acids and 2-methoxy-5-nitrotropone inhibited the enzyme.


Tetrapyrroles as substrates and inhibitors of porphyrinogen carboxy - lyase from rat liver. Porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase is an enzyme of the haem pathway which catalyses the stepwise decarboxylation of porphyrinogens with different number of carboxyl groups. This enzyme has a low substrate specificity since at least eighteen porphyrinogens were proved to be decarboxylated by the enzyme. In order to clarify this complex process of decarboxylation, studies were carried out using a purified enzyme preparation from rat liver. We studied the behavior of the enzyme in the presence of uroporphyrinogens I, II, III, and IV. The effect of different porphyrins, porphyrinogens and haemin on uroprophyrinogen decarboxylation was also studied to see the influence of nature and position of the side chains of pyrroles as well as the oxidation state in the tetrapyrrolic ring. The liver enzyme decarboxylates the four isomers or uroporphyrinogen. The relative accumulation of intermediates porphyrinogens formed was different from that of isomer III. Uroporphyrinogen IV is an efficient substrate for the porphyrinogen carboxyl-lyase since it was decarboxylated at higher rate than the normal uroporphyrinogen III. The elimination of a carboxyl group of an acetic acid residue located between an acetic and a propionic acid side chain appears to be easier than the one corresponding to an acetic between two propionics or between a methyl and a propionic acid residue. The presence of vicinal propionic side chains in the position 6 and 7 of the reduced porphyrin ring is an important, but not essential requirement for the binding of the enzyme to porphyrinogen. It was found that coproporphyrinogen III inhibits markedly uroporphyrinogen decarboxylation and that haemin also has inhibitory effect on this reaction. The results of the inhibitory studies suggest one or both of the propionic acid residues located in positions 2 and 4 as important factors in the tetrapyrrole enzyme binding. Some other evidence would indicate that possibly the propionic acid side chain at the position 4 may be particularly important. The reduced state of the tetrapyrrolic ring is essential for the decarboxylation process: thus would allow the side chains to adopt a steric disposition facilitating its binding to the enzyme.


Endocrine function of the testis in streptozotocin diabetic rats. The effects of experimental induced diabetes on the production, metabolism and transport of androgens in the rat testis were examined. Streptozotocin diabetes diminishes the serum and testicular levels of testosterone and increases the enzymic activity that converts testosterone to 5 alpha reduced metabolites, in the seminiferous tubules. The concentration of the androgen binding protein (ABP) in caput epididymis was also reduced in diabetic animals. Although the changes observed could be attributed to differences in gonadotropin production, these phenomena appear to be related to insulin deficiency, since the testes from diabetic rats treated for two weeks with insulin were capable to restore the parameters studied at levels comparable to that observed in normal animals. These data indicate that the testicular function may be regulated by the action of insulin.


The relationship between the red cell forms and surface area during thyroxine induced metamorphosis in Rana cyanophlyctis. A study of the effect of exogenous thyroxine on the red cell form and surface area during Rana cyanophyctis metamorphosis is made. Haemoglobin presents changes in its affinity for O2 with age. A loss of 35 per cent in the mean surface is recorded on the eleventh day after thyroxine treatment. The early appearance of adult erythrocytes, compared with control is due to a change in the time scale of metamorphosis.


A new in-situ heart-lung preparation to study cardiac metabolism.


The importance of psychosocial care in pediatrics.


A simple method for measuring 125I by liquid scintillation counting. Scintillation solutions containing surface active substances, soluble in Toluene, could be used for efficient counting of 125I. The use of Triton X-114 in the proportion 30% v/v with a Toluene-2,5-Diphenyloxazole basic scintillation solution, provides a method for the measurement of liquid and solid samples with 50% efficiency and aqueous sample capacity up to 25%.


Effect of lidocaine on umbilical circulation.


Immunization against angiotensin II and its relationship with the norepinephrine content of the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata.


Fatal infectious mononucleosis.

Fatal infectious mononucleosis.


Cri-Du-Chat [5p-syndrome]: (report of two cases).


Letters to the editor: Persistence of excitation--contraction coupling in mammalian denervated skeletal muscle after a treatment that destroys transverse tubules.


Clinical and catamnestical data of intracranial hypertension of uncertain origin in childhood. In 9 cases out of 400 children with intracranial hypertension no obvious patomechanism was discovered, though in 6 cases inflammatory diseases were found in the case history. The etiology of this interesting type of intracranial hypertension is still unsolved, even the unity of the our 9 cases is unproven. All cases improved following the administered therapy. We can confirm that no relapse occured, the patients were observed regularly.


Histological lesion and testosterone biosynthesis impairment in testes from autoimmune rabbits. The aim of the present report is to study comparatively the biosynthesis of testosterone in normal and autoimmune rabbit testes, with different degrees of histological lesion, by in vitro double tracer incubation experiments. For this purpose (3H)-pregnenolone and (14C)-progesterone were used as precursors in the presence of testicular homogenates from both groups of animals. In the autoimmune animals, an impairment in the biotransformation of the precursors leading to a lesser synthesis of testosterone was demonstrated. An accumulation of dehydroepiandrosterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione was frequently found. It was also shown that the metabolic impairment seemed to be produced at an earlier stage than the histological modifications. On the other hand, a correlation between the degree of testicular damage and the intensity of metabolic impairment could not be demonstrated conclusively.


Raised intracranial pressure syndrome of non tumourous origin in children aged up to 3 years.


Fogarty balloon catheter: a technical aid in the removal of tracheo-bronchial foreign bodies.


Clinicopathological aspects in the treatment of infantile hypertensive hydrocephalus.


Notes to diagnosis and treatment of cerebral intracranial hypertension in children.


Effects of nutrition on infant and maternal mortality and other vulnerable groups in special developing areas.


Splenic functions in thalassemia major.

Splenic functions in thalassemia major.


Neonatal hepatitis: (etiology and prognosis).


Continuous recording of the intracranial pressure in non tumourous infantile hypertension.


The idiopatic hypoparathyreoidism as the cause of the intracranial hypertension in an infant.


Premature suture synostosis--an aetiological factor of chronic intracranial hypertension.


The importance of the ICP recording in the clinical practice.


Intracranial pressure monitoring with a subarachnoid bolt in children.


EMI-scanner, the proven advance in neuroradiology.


The results of the screening action including the questions of the pathological growth of the head in the territory of Slovakia.


EEG in children with hydrocephalus.

EEG in children with hydrocephalus.


Growth of the skull in babies with intracranial hypertension. There are unknown all laws which determine the growth of the skull in the case of a hydrocephalic syndrom. Many factors depend certainly on the pathomechanism of the proper hydrocephalus. There is individual difference. Particularly is very uneasy to explain the definitive type of the skull after the treatment of the hydrocephalic syndrom.


CSF lipids in children with and without intracranial hypertension.


Electroencephalographic findings of children with subdural hygroma.


Effects of treatment with acetazolamide (Diamox) in cases of non tumourous hydrocephalus early diagnosed and controlled by encephalography.


General principles in prevention of developmental disorders of CNS.


Subdural empyema.

Subdural empyema.


A follow up study of infantile hypotonia of central origin: hypotonic cerebral palsy.


State dependence of blood pressure in newborns.


Disturbances of calcium-, magnesium- and phosphatemetabolism during anticonvulsive treatment in epileptic children.


Hypotonic syndrome in cerebral palsy.

Hypotonic syndrome in cerebral palsy.


Evolutive changes of muscle extensibility in children.


Evaluation of clonazepam in the treatment of epilepsies.


Electromyography in hypotonic and spastic children.


Muscle biopsy in hypotonic children.

Muscle biopsy in hypotonic children.


The uses of dermatoglyphic investigation of hypotonic syndrome in early childhood.


Hypotonic children with low birth weight.


Some electrophysiological and immunological problems in Werdnig--Hoffmann disease.


Hypotony in children with infantile spasms.


Periodic paralysis and secondary hypoaldosteronism in childhood.


Acute cerebellar ataxia of childhood.

Acute cerebellar ataxia of childhood.


The dynamics of the increased intracranial pressure and its clinical correlations.


Hormonal disorders in women and their possible influence upon the childs development.


Hydrocephalometry and neurological examinations in the neonates which developed subdural effusions later on.


Subdural hematoma in infants.

Subdural hematoma in infants.


A follow up study of children with subdural hematoma in the early childhood.


Subdural hygroma and its composition.

Subdural hygroma and its composition.


Epileptic fits in children with hydrocephalus.


Initial symptoms and operation medical treatment of hydrocephalus of own patients.


Problems and experiences with operative treatment of active hydrocephalus in children.


Leptospira-induced repeated abortion in sows.


The physiological role of colostral trypsin inhibitor. II. Experiments with lambs.


Serological evaluation of Waldmann-type and Frenkel-type foot-and-mouth disease vaccines studies on cattle.


Studies on the occurrence of tick-borne encephalitis in Hungary.


Drug residues in the organs of broiler chickens after flock treatment with Rigecoccin R (clopidol).


Effect of exercise alone on the weight of obese women. Eleven obese women progressively increased periods of walking each day for one year or longer while no dietary restriction was imposed. No weight loss occurred until walking exceeded 30 minutes daily. Generally, weight loss paralleled length of time spent walking. When a certain amount of walking was maintained and weight stabilized at a lower level, more weight loss occurred when walking was increased. Weight loss was slow and proceeded at a rate much less than anticipated if no compensatory increase in food intake had occurred. A marked decrease in skinfold thickness over the upper part of the arm occurred, suggesting that loss of fat accounted for most, if not all, of the weight loss.


Characteristics of coagulase production by Staphylococcus aureus strains.


Amebic colitis mistaken for inflammatory bowel disease. In ten patients, amebic colitis was mistakenly diagnosed as ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease of the colon because of the similarity of history, physical examination, and routine laboratory studies as well as findings on proctoscopic and barium enema examination. Multiple stool examinations failed to demonstrate ova or trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. Routine examinations of stools for ova and parasites are inadequate and even a meticulous search for amebas in fresh stool, in scrapings from bowel ulcer, or in biopsy material may give negative results. The indirect hemagglutination test was shown to be a reliable diagnostic test in the evaluation of these cases. Because corticosteroid treatment of patients with amebic colitis may lead to undesirable complications the indirect hemagglutination test results should be obtained in patients in whom such diagnostic confusion is likely.


Remediable defects in Crohn disease: a prospective study of 63 patients. To identify potentially remediable abnormalities in Crohn disease, 63 patients had evaluations performed for anemia, electrolyte deficiencies, defects of carbohydrate, fat, nitrogen, and vitamin B12 absorption, and jejunal bacterial overgrowth. Ninety percent of the group had two or more potentially correctable defects. More than 50% had anemia associated with iron or folate deficiency of vitamin B12 malabsorption; 33% had low levels of serum sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium either singly or in combination; 22% had lactose intolerance, fat malabsorption was persent in 31%; 75% had evidence of disturbed protein metabolism; and bacterial overgrowth of the upper part of the small bowel was identified in 30% of 47 patients.


Ballooning posterior leaflet syndrome: syncope and sudden death. Two of four patients with ballooning posterior leaflet syndrome died suddenly and the remaining two developed a near-fatal arrhythmia. These four patients demonstrate the potentially fatal nature of the ballooning posterior leaflet syndrome.


Single-dose metyrapone test: review of a four-year experience. Subnormal plasma 11-deoxycortisol (compound S) responses to metyrapone were found in patients with adrenal insufficiency or with Cushing syndrome caused by adrenal tumors and in those receiving long-term glucocorticoid or diphenylhydantoin sodium therapy. High normal or exaggerated responses were seen in women receiving oral contraceptives, patients with Cushing syndrome caused by adrenal hyperplasia, and those with untreated hypothyroidism. Diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, congestive failure, and obesity also were associated with exaggerated responses. Subnormal plasma S responses were observed in 15 patients who responded normally to a repeat test or to the standard metyrapone test. The abnormal response resulted from insufficient metyrapone, administration at the wrong time, or delay in obtaining the blood sample. The single-dose metyrapone test may be the procedure of choice in screening for adrenal insufficiency.


An unusual outbreak of brucellosis.

An unusual outbreak of brucellosis. A Brucella melitensis infection involved three persons. The infections were acquired by contact with a culture suspension that had been spilled during a laboratory exercise. One of the patients had only indirect contact with the spilled culture, probably contact with contaminated fomites. Another of the patients developed a clinical remission before treatment with antibiotics and relapsed after six months. This patient also had a positive bone marrow culture when blood cultures were negative. The type of antibody response persisting in the sera of convalescents was studied by treating the sera with mercaptoethanol and rabbit antihuman IgM sera. In the patient who relapsed, IgG antibody predominated, whereas IgM persisted for over two years in the patient without relapsing disease.


Guanidine in type B botulism.

Guanidine in type B botulism. On two occasions, guanidine produced clinical and electrophysiological improvement in a 54-year-old man with botulism, type B. However, guanidine was ineffective for autonomic dysfunction. There were no intolerable side effects. Our experience showed that guanidine is also effective in botulism, type B, as adjunctive therapy.


Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients. We measured the levels of serum folate and vitamin B12 in newly discovered hypothyroid (n =56) and hyperthyroid (n =47) patients and in age- and sex-matched control subjects (n =103). Except for one patient with latent pernicious anemia, serum folate and vitamin B12 levels did not differ greatly in our patients and in our control subjects. Another patient was receiving monthly injections of cyanocobalamin for previously diagnosed pernicious anemia. We conclude that abnormalities of thyroid function per se did not alter serum folate or vitamin B12 levels in our patients.


Clinical presentation of infection in granulocytopenic patients. Inability to accurately diagnose infection in granulocytopenic patients is a major cause for morbidity and mortality, and prompted this study of 344 infections (pharyngitis, skin infection, pneumonia, anorectal infection, and urinary tract infection) in a select group of cancer patients. Strikingly similar alterations in clinical presentation were found for all infections that developed in profoundly granulocytopenic patients. Physical findings of exudate, fluctuation, ulceration or fissure, local heat, swelling, and regional adenopathy were all less prevalent in the granulocytopenic patient, while fever was much more common. Only erythema and local pain or tenderness were present in practically all patients regardless of site of infection or level of granulocyte count. A better understanding of how granulocytopenia affects the presentation of infection should lead to earlier and more accurate diagnosis and potentially to more successful therapy.


Medicine and society.

Medicine and society.


T-wave inversions.

T-wave inversions.


Renal tubular dysfunction and cirrhosis.


Steroid binding in the hypothalamus and pituitary.


Episodic GH secretion: evidence for a hypothalamic dopaminergic mechanism.


Analogs of somatostatin. Part B. In vivo activities: prolongation of action with protamine zinc.


Analogs of somatostatin. Part A. Chemistry and in vitro results.


A study of geniculate unit activity during cryogenic blockade of the primary visual cortex in the cat. In cats under nembutal or chloralose anesthesia, unilateral temporary cryogenic blockades of the primary visual cortex were performed and their influence on unitary responses to restricted light spots was tested in the ipsilateral geniculate nucleus. No significant effect could thus be observed, at variance with previous positive results obtained by our group in structures like superior colliculus and pulvinar complex using the same experimental procedure.


Autoradiographic tracing of the cerebellar projections from the lateral reticular nucleus in the cat. The autoradiographic technique was used for tracing the efferent fibers from the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) in cats. The terminal fields lie within the granular layer of both the ipsi- and the contralateral cerebellar cortex. The projections are symmetrical, but more pronounced on the ipsilateral side. The main portion of LRN projects to lobuli I--V, to the rostral part of lobulus VI, the most caudal part of lobulus VII, to lobulus VIII, as well as to lobulus simplex, the medial parts of the lobulus ansiformis and to the lobulus paramedianus. Medio-laterally arranged bands of dense mossy fiber terminations, directed rostro-caudally, lend support to an organized projection of the lateral reticulocerebellar fibers and further evidence for a division of the cerebellar cortex into longitudinal zones (Voogd et al., 1967, 1969). Evidence for a cerebellar re-representation of the LRN spinal segmental arrangement is not obvious, although it can not be excluded. The fibers to the contralateral side seem to mainly follow the course of the olivo-cerebellar fibers, crossing at brain stem levels. Following the general criteria for the identification of a terminal field, few, if any, fibers can be traced to the cerebellar nuclei and to regions outside the cerebellum.


Cats raised in a one-directional world: effects on receptive fields in visual cortex and superior colliculus. Cats were reared in a visual environment in which irregularly-shaped patches of luminescent paint moved constantly leftward. The distribution of preferred directions and orientations of cortical neurons in these cats was examined. Most cortical neurons encountered had leftward components in their preferred directions, and although no anisotropy of orientation was present in the rearing environment, most cortical neurons responded optimally to stimuli oriented at or near vertical. Variations in the strength of the induced bias of direction and orientation were noted among the different subclasses of cortical neurons. Preferred velocities of cortical neurons did not appear matched to the velocity of stimuli in the rearing environment. The ocular dominance distribution among cortical neurons in the unidirectional cats was skewed toward the contralateral eye relative to normal cats. The distribution of preferred directions in collicular neurons was largely unaltered by the rearing procedures employed. As in normal cats, units in the left colliculus more frequently responded best to rightward stimulus movement while those in the right colliculus preferred leftward movement. The ocular dominance distribution among collicular units was somewhat skewed toward the contralateral eye.


Pyramidal tract control over cutaneous and kinesthetic sensory transmission in the cat thalamus. In the thalamic ventrobasal complex (VB) of the cat, effects of electrical stimulation of the pyramidal tract (PT) upon activities of 112 relay cells and 18 internuncial cells were examined. Single PT shocks to the cerebral peduncle elicited short-latency discharges in 31 relay cells (mean latency, 1.4 +/- 0.5 msec). When weak PT stimuli were employed as conditioning shocks, facilitatory effects upon responses to medial lemniscal (ML) stimulation were observed. It was revealed that VB relay cells were excited monosynaptically via collaterals of the fast PT fibers. Among 31 PT-excited cells 22 were fired by movements of joints (joint-movement units) and they made up 88% of all the joint-movement units. A majority of the relay cells responding to stimulation of hairs (hair units) did not receive excitatory effects from PT, except some special ones which represented long hairs at the distal or proximal end of the forearm-forepaw. In 44 relay cells repetitive PT shocks suppressed both evoked responses to ML stimulation and spontaneous discharges for 70--100 msec. Of these, 34 were hair units. The PT-induced inhibition in the hair units increased as their receptive fields shifted from the trunk towards the digits. Some intracellular recordings showed that the PT-induced inhibition was due to IPSPs generated disynaptically. Among 18 interneurons presumed to be inhibitory 10 responded with short latencies to PT stimulation. These were mostly the interneurons which presumably subserve the recurrent collateral inhibition in VB.


Ontogenesis of receptive field characteristics in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rabbit. The responses of rabbit dorsal lateral geniculate neurons to light or optic nerve shock were tested for 415 units in 43 rabbit pups 2--20 days of age. Units were driven by optic nerve shock at the youngest ages tested, but could not be driven by light until postnatal day six. Examples of each of the three prominent categories of receptive fields found in the adult were first observed at 8 days of age. Cells with receptive field properties not characteristic of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the adult were encountered until 17 days of age. The percentage of neurons with uniform and motion sensitive receptive fields approached adult levels soon after eye opening (11--12 days) but the percentage of cells with concentric receptive fields showed a steady increase throughout the neonatal period studied. The relevance of our data to the development of the visual response in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and striate cortex is discussed.


Cell properties in the medial interlaminar nucleus of the cat's lateral geniculate complex in relation to the transient/sustained classification.


Somatosensory evoked potentials and magnitude of perception. With step indentations of the index finger tip in randomized order, via a mechanostimulator, the tactile receptors of human skin were adequately stimulated. Recording the EEG over the contralateral and ipsilateral cortex, the evoked potentials and their 95% confidence limits were analysed. Simultaneously the psychophysical magnitude estimations were analysed. 1. The perceptual estimations were linearly related to step amplitude. 2. The early components of the E.P. show no obvious correlation to stimulus amplitude. 3. The later components (with peak latencies of 120 msec or more) show a monotone, non-linear rising function with respect to stimulus amplitude. 4. The early waves of the evoked potentials up to about 120 msec are well localized over the contralateral postcentral hand area while the late components resemble the alpha rhythm in wave length and distribution over both hemispheres. The possible role of alpha-synchronisation in the later components is discussed.


Tumours of the heart.

Tumours of the heart.


Tumours of the accessory male sex glands.


Purpura hyperglobulinemica (Waldenstrom). A case of hyperglobulinemic purpura of Waldenstrom with involvement of trunk and arms of 10 years duration has been presented. The patient had mild anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, positive rheumatoid factor and no evidence of immonological abnormalities associated for with systemic lupus erythematosus. A brief review of clinical manifestation and pathogenesis is cited.


Uterine prolapse in pregnancy caused by a very large mucinous cyst. The literature review and a case report of a 25 years old patient who started to suffer from an extemely large abdomen, sever oedema, dyspnea, and uterine prolapse from the 30th week in her third pregnancy because of a very large mucinous cyst. The prolapsed uterus improved with bed rest. She delivered at term with no complication. The cyst was removed three weeks after the delivery with about ten litres of mucoid secretion in it. The patient left hospital on the tenth post operative day.


The family role in the aetiology of schizophrenia in Iran. The family characteristics of 100 Schizophrenic patients were compared with the family characteristics of 100 subjects recognized as normal. It was confirmed that the family disruptions amond the schizophrenics was significantly more than in the non-psychiatric group. This study could not find a family which could be specifically called as schizophrenic family, but what was found was a general defective and conflictive parent-child communication, but not a specific type of communication. Based on such findings, it was concluded that it is such dysfunction in parent-child communication which negatively affects the child's identification process, specifically when the child is going through the formative years of life. The influence of inadequate family atmosphere was also discussed in relation with few studies and it was inferred that such inappropriate family conditions are among other precipitating factors in the etiology of schizophrenia, becasue the of predisposing factors are regarded as dependent on genetic constitution.


Increased induced abortion rate in 1966, an aspect of a Japanese folk superstition. Adecrease of about 463 000 live births occurred in Japan in 1966, constituting a sharp departure from the linear trend before and after. This was partly caused by contraception and partly by induced abortion. The induced abortion rate, 43.1 per 1000 births in the year (a total of 65 000), was significantly higher than the 30.6 expected (46.200 total) from the regression trend computed from the years 1963 to 1969. No epidemics were reported in 1966 which might have caused the increase in abortion. It is more likely to be due to observance of Hinoe-Uma (Elder Fire-Horse), which comes round every sixty years by zodiac almanac. This event represents a superstition observed only by the Japanese, in whcih it is a bad omen for female babies to be born in the year. 1966 was the most recent year of Hinoe-Uma.


Eruption of permanent teeth in West African (Gambian) children in relation to age, sex and physique. Dental records of 635 West African (Gambian) children within the age range of 4.5-14 yr yielded 2108 examinations for boys and 1863 for girls. There was no difference between eruption ages of homologous permanent teeth on the left and the right side of the same jaw. Except for PM1 and PM2, teeth in the lower jaw erupted earlier. There was a clear sex difference in eruption age, which was earlier in females. Calendar age can be estimated from the state of permanent dentition, though the error of the estimate increases with the number of teeth, being about 0.5 years for 1 or 2 teeth and increasing to slightly over 1 year for 12 teeth or more. There was an association between the number of teeth erupted at a given age and height and weight of the children. Also children with fewer teeth at a given age contain a greater proportion of children below standard weight or height for that age. This effect disappeared when children were classified in terms of weight for height.


Comparative study of haemoglobin types of two populations of eastern Senegal--Bedik and Niokholonko. The haemoglobin types of 1487 of the East Senegal Bedik and Niokholonko populations have been studied. There are significant differences between them, the most likely explanation of which is that the populations are of different origins. The Bedik appear to be the most ancient known settlers in East Senegal: they possess only A and S haemoglobins. The Niolholonko came later, probably from Mali: they have a lower frequency of S genes but AC and AD phenotypes are also encountered among them.


The 1972 Cuban national child growth study as an example of population health monitoring: design and methods. A stratified 3-stage random sample of 50 360 children ages 0-19 drawn from the whole population of Cuba was measured in a large-scale growth study during 1972-73. Fifteen anthropometric measurements were taken and puberty stages and menarche status were assessed. Hand-wrist radiographs were done on 10% of the sample. Information regarding the social and education status of the parents was obtained and parental heights were measured. One year later, 30% of the sample were re-measured and 10% re-X-rayed. The overall response rate was 96% at pre-school and primary school age, and a lettle less later. Quality control sessions were held at which the nine measuring teams compared results. No significant differences were found between teams working different parts of the island. Differences between duplicate measurements of stature by individual measurers had standard deviations approximating 0.20 cm. Individual measurers' means differed from the grand means of all measurers by up to +/- 0.2 cm for stature, +/- 0.4 cm for sitting height and +/- 0.5 mm (7% of mean) for triceps skinfold. One or more measurements lay outside the 3rd-97th centile limits in 21% of individuals. Scrutiny of these individuals' records resulted in elimination of measurements in amounts ranging from 0.1% (triceps skinfold) to 1.1% (crown-rump length). Problems of planning and execution of growth surveys designed to set national standards are described, and solutions given or suggested.


Sexual differentiation in the innominate bone studied by multivariate analysis. A series of 60 innominate bones of known age and sex were measured producing 17 absolute measurements from which 7 indices were created. These bones were used in forming reference groups to develop a computer-applied discriminant function for sexual allocation. One set of data was discarded because the sexual attribution of the bone was found to be inadequate. From the remaining 59 bones 58 were sexed correctly when the discrininant function was applied to them retrospectively; 54 were sexed correctly with a probability exceeding 0.95. It is likely, however, that the accuracy achieved here would not be reached by applying information from this reference group to new material.


Sex ratio of live births in south-western Nigeria. Among European and North American whites, the proportion of males among live births is about 51.4%, while among negroes in the United States the figure is 50.7%. To test the correctness of the common assumption that the proportion among Africans is the same as that for negroes in the United States, records over seven years for Yorubas of south-western Nigeria have been examined. Among 548 558 hospital live births the male proportion was 51.37%, while vital registration records for one urban and one rural town showed a figure of 51.39% in 315 735 live births. Of the total 864 331 live births, the overall proportion was 51.4 +/- 0.05%, significantly higher than the 50.7% for American negroes.


Population structure of the Juang tribe in Orissa, India. The coefficient of kinship of the Juangs, a very primitive tribe in the state of Orissa in eastern India, is estimated. The Juang population is sub-divided into two breeding groups: one practising shifting cultivation in the hilly regions of the former state Keonjher and Pal-Lahara, called here "primitive group"; the other settled in Dhenkanal and practising normal Indian agriculture, called here "advanced group". From the migration matrix the mean eoefficient of kinship in a population subdivided by geographically restricted clans is estimated to be 0.0045 for the primitive group and 0.0324 for the advanced group. These values correspond to Alpine and Micronesian isolates, respectively. Estimates from genealogies of randomly paired sibships are substantially smaller (0.0016 and 0.0131, respectively), but are biased downward by incompleteness of pedigrees and by neglect of restricted migration within each group. Therefore the estimates from the migration matrix are presumably more reliable in this material, and perhaps commonly in tribal populations.


Human foetal measurements between 50 and 150 days of gestation, in relation to crown-heel length. Weights and a number of linear measurements were related to crown-heel length in fresh apparently normal foetuses ranging from 8 to 21 weeks' post-menstrual age. The average relationships agreed remarkably well with results reported many years ago on the basis of preserved specimens mostly from spontaneous abortions. There was no evidence of sex differences.


The age at menarche in Somalia.

The age at menarche in Somalia. The mean age at menarche calculated by the recollected-age method for 524 Somalian girls, all over 16 years of age, was 14.78 +/- 0.07 years. The subjects, gathered from schools and other communities in the capital and from the Catholic Missions in Benadir and Upper and Lower Giuba, originated from all the regions of the country. Regions showed a significant difference in menarcheal age.


Foetal growth from 50 to 150 days of gestation. Weight and several linear measurements have been related to postmenstrual age in a series of fresh, apparently normal foetuses, ranging in age from 8 to 21 weeks. Although the correlation between these variables and age was high, the prediction of foetal age from such measurements can never be precise, due in part to difficulties inherent in the concept of postmenstrual age. The average relationships agreed in general with those in previous reports, including those based on spontaneous abortion material.


Effects of exercise therapy on total and component tissue leg volumes of patients undergoing rehabilitation from lower limb injury. Anthropometric and X-ray data were collected on 20 young male patients undergoing a systematic programme of exercise therapy following fracture of the leg and consequent immobilization for 25--254 (mean 117) days. Estimates of total leg volume, calculated from X-ray or from anthropometric measurements, were essentially interchangeable in both the injured and uninjured legs. A procedure for estimating muscle volume from total leg volume is given. At the start of rehabilitation, muscle volume was significantly smaller (860 ml, 16 per cent) in the injured than in the uninjured leg. By the end of rehabilitation (mean 50 days) the injured leg had siginficantly increased by 360 ml (8 per cent) over its initial volume, and the uninjured one had increased but not significantly (120 ml, 2 per cent), so that the injured leg was still approximately 11 per cent (620 ml) small than the uninjured. The initial degree of atrophy and the period of immobilization were not significantly correlated, although the latter showed a negative relationship (P greater than 0.05) with the rate of increase of muscle volume in the injured leg. No significant correlation was found between the ratio of injured/uninjured leg volumes and muscle width measurements at 1/3 subischial, at 12.7 cm above the knee joint space or at the maximum calf. In systematic studies involving atrophy muscle volume must therefore be estimated either by anthropometry or by X-ray measurements.


Skin reflectance results from Holy Island, Northumberland. The skin reflectance values at three EEL filters: 601, 605, and 609 of 100 inhabitants of Holy Island, Northumberland, are reported. They show no sex differences but a significant age difference and a marked regional difference. A method for examining regional differences in skin colour is introduced.


Serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Oraon tribe, India. Blood specimens from 134 Oraon, a Dravidian-speaking tribe in Bihar, India, have been tested for haptoglobin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, phosphoglucomutase, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, and malate dehydrogenase types by starch gel electrophoresis. Low Hp1 and high TfD gene frequencies emerge.


Prediction of adult height of girls from height and dental maturity at ages 6-10 years. The relationship between height and dental development was studied in 56 healthy girls by the use of the chronological age at the references point of the eruption curve of the permanent teeth. There was a high correlation between age plus height at this reference point and adult height. When growth rate was taken into account, the correlation increased. It is thus possible to predict final body height from the age at which the eruption of the first twelve permanent teeth occurs plus the height at that time. The residual standard deviation of predicted adult height was 2.3 cm.


Quantitative study of the ABO system in several groups of African populations. Agglutination percentages of red blood cells from European and from three African populations (Twareg from Mali, Sara from Central African Republic, and Niokholonko from Senegal) in the ABO system have been compared. The results show a greater agglutinability of group O erythrocytes with anti-H sera, for African subjects than for Europeans. No significant difference was noted between African and European B subjects, except for the Niokholonko, whose agglutination percentage was slightly higher with anti-B. The study of group A disclosed a large number of Aint in all African populations studied. The AB African red cells seem to be less agglutinable with anti-A and anti-A1 sera than European ones; A and A1 antigens may be depressed by a strong B antigen.


Were girl babies sacrificed to a folk superstition in 1966 in Japan? Although it was expected by observers in Japan that the potency of belief in the superstition of the year of Fire-horse would be made apparent by a decrease in births and an increase of the induced abortion rate, an increase of infant mortality rate was not anticipated. However, an analysis of the early neonatal mortality rate of accidents and violence revealed a remarkable increase for girls but not for boys in 1966, the most recent year of Fire-horse. This fact is consistent with the superstition that women born in the year of Fire-horse are ill-fated.


Estimating the age of the human foetus from crown-rump measurements. When data from various sources were compared, it was found that estimates of foetal age based upon crown-rump measurements varied considerably. These variations are probably related to the positions in which the foetuses were measured. Tables relating foetal age to foetal length should therefore specify the precise posture in which the foetus was placed for measurement. A standard readily reproducible position is proposed for the foetus when recording its length and it is suggested that crown-rump length should be related to "conceptual" age instead of the more conventional "menstrual" age.


Sex ratio in negroes.

Sex ratio in negroes.


Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in fibroblasts: isozymes in normal and variant states. Electorphoretic properties of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in cultured skin fibroblasts of normal humans and individuals with different enzyme variants have been studied. Normal fibroblast lysates showed four activity bands, each slower moving than the erythrocyte enzyme. The transferase variants revealed different mobilities analogous to those found in erythrocytes. These findings suggest that subunits of human transferase associate variously with one another in a manner specific for each tissue and that in transferase variant states, an altered subunit results in a characteristic alteration in electrophoretic mobility which is analogous for each tissue.


A consideration of the chi-square test of Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium in a non-multinomial situation. The multinomial Dirichlet distribution was used to study the effect of correlation between observations in a sample on the frequency of rejection of the Hardy--Weinberg Law when in fact it was true in the population being sampled. It was shown that the usual X2 goodness-of-fit test of Hardy--Weinberg is very sensitive to non-multinomial sampling. In view of the lack of statistical power of the test to detect deviations due to in breeding, it is likely that whenever H--W is rejected using samples of size 100 or less, the underlying causation is sample correlation rather than failure of the H--W law to be true. Related to these findings is, of course, the effect of pooling heterogeneous frequencies or, in the case of contingency tables, Simpson's paradox (see Simpson, 1951).


Body composition changes during lactation in a New Guinea population. Some body composition changes during lactation in women of Karkar Island, Papua New Guinea, suggest that body fat reserves, measured by changes in weight, diminish during the course of lactation and that subcutaneous fat reserves diminish with parity. The data are discussed in terms of the possible nutritional control of fertility of women in a subsistence economy.


Genetics of acheiropodia ("The handless and footless families of Brazil"): IV. Sex ratio, consanguinity and birth order. The sex ratio among acheiropods is shown to be not significantly different from the sex ratio among their normal sibs, as well as among other segments of the family (parental sibships, cousin sibships and other sibships). The frequency of consanguineous marriages among the parents of acheiropods (82%) is one of the highest thus far reported among parents of individuals affected with rare autosomal recessive anomalies or diseases. No evidence was found of any overall positive or negative birth order effect on the incidence of acheiropodia. These results further strengthen the hypothesis of a simple genetic mechanism for acheiropodia, namely autosomal recessive inheritance, without any detectable complication as regards sex ratio, consanguinity and birth order. Although the family size from heterozygous parents (producing at least one acheiropod) was twice as large as family sizes in other segments of the families (8 against 4), we have at present no evidence to support either heterozygous advantage or reproductive compensation.


The estimation of pairwise relationships. Relationships between the individuals of a population have been previously studied from the point of view of prediction. Edwards (1967) suggested that the problem of detailed population structure could also be studied from the point of view of inference. Even where inferences of practical applicability cannot be made, such an approach can increase understanding of the relation between genealogical and genetic structure. In this paper we consider a specific problem which provides an introduction to the ideas and methods of genealogical inference. This is the problem of estimating the pairwise relationship between two individuals on the basis of their phenotypes at several loci. There is no theoretical problem in the extension from pairwise to joint relationship.


Observation on the familial appearance of diseases associated with metabolic disorders of the mother. The familial appearnace of diseases in which a metabolic disorder of the mother causes foetal damage is examined and illustrated with typical pedigrees. The expected frequencies with which relatives of the probands are at risk are tabulated, and the effect of reduced maternal fertility is discussed. The familial appearance of disease is compared with that produced by maternal--foetal antigenic imcompatibility.


Aconitase polymorphism in man.

Aconitase polymorphism in man. 1. An electrophoretic method is described which resolves two groups of aconitase isozymes in human tissues, one group corresponding to the mitochondrial and the other to the soluble enzyme. This method has been used to screen human populations for electrophoretic variation. 2. Variant phenotypes of both the mitochondrial and the soluble aconitase are described, and family studies and sib-pair data demonstrate that the variation is genetically determined. 3. The variant isozyme patterns are accounted for in terms of allelic variation at two independent gene loci, ACONM and ACONS, which encode the mitochondrial and the soluble aconitase respectively. The electrophoretic survey has so far revealed two alleles at ACONM and seven alleles at ACONS. 4. The electrophoretic patterns shown by heterozygous individuals indicate that both soluble and mitochondrial aconitase are monomeric. The variant patterns also indicate that certain minor aconitase components resolved under the electrophoretic conditions employed represent 'secondary' isozymes of the primary translation products. 5. Population data on Europenas and Nigerians are presented and it is shown that both rare and common electrophoretic variants are segregating in the human species. The variation due to the three most common ACONS alleles in the Nigerians constitues a polymorphism.


The use of lod scores for the determination of the order of loci on a chromosome. A method is given for calculating the probabilities of the possible gene orders for a group of syntenic loci using lod scores calculated for each pair of loci in the group. Applying it, we find the most probable gene order for the five loci on chromosome 1 to be PGM1; Rh; PGD; PEP-C; Fy. However, the probabilities for other orders such that Rh lies between PGM1 and PGD with PEP-C and Fy outside these three are of a similar order of magnitude and no firm conclusions can be given. The probability for other possible orders is negligible.


Cytogenetics and infertility in man. I. Karyotype and seminal analysis: results of a five-year survey of men attending a subfertility clinic. A systematic survey of 1599 male patients attending a subfertility clinic has shown that 2.2% were chromosomally abnormal. This frequency was approximately five times higher than that found among the normal male population. The majority of chromosome abnormalities (at least in chromatin-negative males) appeared to be exerting their effect on male fertility through disturbance of spermatogenesis. The contribution made by chromosome abnormalities causing recurrent abortion in wives was negligible. The possible reasons underlying impairment of spermatogenesis in man are discussed in relation to the findings in other species, and the suggestion that some elimination of chromosomally unbalanced gametes occurs from the human male germ line is proposed.


Thy-1 variants of mouse lymphomas: biochemical characterization of the genetic defect. The surface proteins of Thy-1 positive mouse lymphomas and Thy-1 negative variants were labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate and by immunological studies. The loss of the serologically defined Thy-1 antigenic determinant correlated with the absence of a radioactive band corresponding to a T lymphocyte-specific surface glycoprotein, T25, on autoradiographs of the iodinated proteins of Thy-1 negative variants. Reexpression of Thy-1 on hybrid cells dervied from fusions of complementary Thy-1 negative variants correlated with the reappearance of T25. Quantitative absorption studies using an antiserum which specifically recognized T25 confirmed that the Thy-1 negative variants have no detectable T25 (less than 0.03 of that of the Thy-1 positive lines) on their surface. Biosynthetic labeling studies revealed that none of the Thy-1 negative variants synthesized T25. However, synthesis of an immunologically cross-reactive molecule could be detected in two variants. On the basis of these results, we propose a model which describes a possible structure of the Thy-1 antigenic determinant and explains the biochemical nature of the genetic lesions leading to the loss of Thy-1 in these variants.