A comparison of structural examination findings obtained by experienced physician examiners and student examiners on hospital patients.


Proceedings: Serotonin-induced electrical silence of rat skeletal muscle with experimentally induced Duchenne muscular dystrophy.


Proceedings: The response to osteopathic manipulative treatment of a case of brachial plexus neuritis.


Proceedings: The development of a neurologic examination for use in research and general health care.


The clinical research report.

The clinical research report.


Proceedings: The role of cytochrome P-450 in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury.


Understanding your very own pathologist.


Editorial: A response for all seasons.

Editorial: A response for all seasons.


Editorial: Digitalis intoxication.

Editorial: Digitalis intoxication.


Editorial: The drift toward NHI.

Editorial: The drift toward NHI.


Editorial: A confusion of issues.

Editorial: A confusion of issues.


Comparison of cononoscopy and contrast x-ray study in diagnosis of 500 cases of colorectal disease.


Tennis elbow.

Tennis elbow.


The osteopathic concept in its second century: Is it still germane to specialty practice.


Spontaneous perforation of the ascending colon: Report of case and review of the literature.


Ovarian histology in pelvic inflammatory disease.


Proceedings: Influence of neural extracts on myoblast development.


Proceedings: Design and testing of an instrument for microcirculatory flow evaluation.


Proceedings: The role of innervation on the development of involuntary muscle.


Recommendations for specifying EM wave irradiation conditions in bioeffects research.


Microwave drying of microorganisms: I. Influence of the microwave energy and of the sample thickness on the drying of yeast. The use of microwave energy for the rapid drying of yeasts is described. The influences of the microwave energy and of the sample thickness are studied. The advantages of the method over the conventional drying techniques are presented.


Ovicidal levels of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic energy for the southern corn rootworm. Eggs of southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) were subjected to electromagnetic energy at 2.45 GHz in slotted waveguide applicators to determine ovicidal threshold levels. Ovicidal levels at different intensities and exposure times are presented. Infrared measurements of temperature changes and estimates of the heating produced at the mical.


Safety from microwave hazards in using microwave power equipment-an IMPI policy statement.


Toward a prescriptive grammar for the radiobiology of non-ionising radiations: quantities, definitions, and units of absorbed electromagnetic energy -an essay.


Letter: On D. R. Justesen's "Prescriptive grammar for the radiobiology of nonionizing radiation".


Letter: On D.R. Justesen's "Prescriptive grammar for the radiobiology of nonionizing radiation".


Cochlear microphonics generated by microwave pulses. Oscillations at 50 kHz have been recorded from the round window of guinea pigs during irradiation by 918-MHz pulsed microwaves. The oscillations promptly follow the stimulas, outlast it by about 200 musec and measure to 50 muV in amplitude. They precede the auditory nerve's response and disappear with death. They are interpreted to be a cochlear microphonic and hence to demonstrate that the microwave auditory effect, in the guinea pig at least, is accompanied by a mechanical disturbance of the hari cells of the cochlea.


Teratology, survival, and reversal learning after fetal irradiation of mice by 2450-MHz microwave energy. In the first of two factorially designed studies, 80 primigravid mice of the C3H-HeJ strain were subjected to 2450-MHz sinusoidally modulated microwave radiation or to sham radiation (with or without an accompanying injection of 5 mg of cortisone as a teratological marker) on the 11th, 12th, 13th or 14th day of gestation. The radiation treatment consisted of a single intense dosing of microwave energy (38 mW/g for 600 sec.= 22.8 J/g) in a multi-mode cavity. On the 19th day of gestation fetuses were taken via Caesarean section and were observed for gross structural abnormalities. While radiation of dams failed reliably to increase the incidence of fetal mortality or morbidity above that of controls, the dams treated with cortisone gave birth to reliably greater numbers of stillborn and deformed fetuses. In the second experiment and during their 14th day of gestation 60 primigravid mice received the radiation of sham-radiation treatment, half with, half without, the accompanying injection of cortisone. A virtually complete failure to survive to weaning characterized the pups born of the sham-radiated cortisone-treated group of dams, but the incidence of cortisone-induced mortality was reliably reduced in pups whose dams were also radiated by microwave energy. Pups sampled from all but the depleted group were observed later as young adults for competency in mastering a series of reversal habits in a water maze. No differences in maze performances were observed in the mice as a function of their placement in the control or the radiation condition, but offspring of cortisone-treated, radiated dams made reliably more errors. Careful measurement of elevations of colonic temperatures of radiated dams shortly after treatment with cortisone revealed an averaged deltaT that is close to that observed in a comparably radiated volume of water of equivalent mass. If the finding has generality beyond the gravid mouse-it, that is, cortisone effectively and reversibly renders the mammal ectothermic-an important advance in biological dosimetry of non-ionizing radiation may be at hand.


Dose rate distribution in triple-layered dielectric cylinder with irregular cross section irradiated by plane wave sources. Previous investigations have shown that absorptions of microwave energy in biological bodies depend, in part, on the size and shape of the biological bodies. Calculations of dose rate distributions in regularly-shaped biological tissues have been reported. In this investigation, dose distributions are calculated for a human thigh simulated by a dielectric cylinder with irregular cross section. Method of moments is used in the investigation. The results indicate possibility of using method of moments to calculate dose distribution in a two-dimensional irregularly-shaped biological body. It is concluded that additional research is needed to determine dose rate distribution in three-dimensional irregularly-shaped biological bodies.


Discharge planning for continuity of care.


Editorial: Induction of labour.

Editorial: Induction of labour.


Adoption in the seventies.

Adoption in the seventies.


Antenatal preparation and epidural anaesthesia.


With grateful thanks.

With grateful thanks.


Support for breast feeding.

Support for breast feeding.


Drug hazards during pregnancy. Part I.

Drug hazards during pregnancy. Part I.


An experimental group for parents of adolescents.


An evaluation of the epidemiology of atherothrombotic brain infarction. Review of the epidemiology of atherothrombotic brain infarction (ABI) based largely on 18 years of prospective data from the Framingham cohort reveals that stroke is a potent force in morbidity and mortality, that hypertension is its dominant precursor, that it can be predicted and suggests that only a preventive approach can substantially reduce stroke morbidity. Data from Framingham on the relative frequency of the major types of stroke found in the community reveal that 57 percent are due to ABI and only 17 percent to intracranial hemorrhage--two-thirds of which is subarachnoid. Lacunar infarcts are common accounting for 13 percent of ABI's in men and 23 percent in women. Despite the sizeable geographic, seasonal and secular trends in stroke mortality, few environmental determinants of stroke have been uncovered. However, established hallmarks of the candidate for an atherothrombotic stroke include: hypertension (systolic or diastolic), glucose intolerance, high normal hemoglobin, the cigarette habit (men only), abnormal lipids (under age 60) and cardiac impairments. Many unresolved issues remain. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify a tenth of the general population from which half the strokes will emerge. This provides a rational basis for establishing a program of prevention.


Factors associated with patient evaluation of health care. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationships among patient characteristics, characteristics of a health care encounter, and patients' evaluation of that encounter. On the basis of 1739 patient-provider encounters in eleven ambulatory care settings, three relatively independent correlates of patient satisfaction were found: age; community satisfaction; and the nature and degree of continuity of care which characterized the visit. Patients' sex, marital status, religion, and the number and kind of services provided were not related to the evaluations patients made. Greatest differences in patient satisfaction were from setting to setting, and these differences probably can be attributed to the types of patients which they recruit or service (i.e., age, level of community satisfaction) and setting policy and procedures regarding continuity of care.


Foreign medical graduates and their impact on the quality of medical care in the United States. The literature on the level of quality of care delivered by foreign medical graduates (FMGs) has been reviewed in order to derive policy recommendations concerning their use in the United States. This review revealed a paucity in information on direct measures of the level of quality of care provided by FMGs. Differences between U.S. medical graduates (USMGs) and FMGs, especially with regard to the less than fully licensed FMGs and those FMGs at the start of graduate training, were found on examining proxy measures of quality, such as achievement of standard professional credentials or the quality of clinical training. Given this lack of evidence as to differences in performance between FMGs and USMGs, it is difficult to formulate recommendations, but four are advanced. These include (1) acknowledgment of the crucial significance of their heterogeneity, especially in regard to the quality of care provided, (2) assurance of the principle that peer-review activities are administered even-handedly to FMGs and USMGs alike, (3) improvement of the medical care capabilities of the less able provider, and (4) performance of quality of care studies, in both hospital and office practice settings, which compare FMGs with USMGs, not to ideal standards.


Yearly review-1974. Some statistics on community health services.


Putting it all together for the patient.


Quality assessment: programs and process. Presentations from the March 1974 and March 1975 Forums for Nursing Service Administrators in the West; sponsored by the Western Regional Assembly of Constituent Leagues.


The future of nursing administrators.

The future of nursing administrators.


A peer review tool for directions of nursing service.


Quality controls, quality patient service, and quality assurance.


Updating job descriptions: a useful tool.


Assessing the psychological problems of the elderly.


Street clothes as a nursing intervention.


Aging across cultural and ethnic lines.

Aging across cultural and ethnic lines.


There is a difference.

There is a difference.


Ear-cleaning techniques. Number two in a series.


Complete atrioventricular heart block due to hypokalemia following ovariohysterectomy.


Rectal polyp in an English Bulldog (a case report).


A rongeuring technique for performing thoracolumbar hemilaminectomies.


Palpebral, frontal, and zygomatic nerve blocks for examination of the equine eye.


Impaction due to Oxyurid infection in a Fiji Island iguana (a case report).


Reversible lenticular aberrations in Beagle dogs given diazoxide intravenously.


A mobile restraint cage for swine and small ruminants.


Effect of Rumensin on feed efficiency of cattle.


Bovine cryptosporidiosis (a case report).


Use of embryo-transfer technique in the diagnosis of bovine uterine-tube pathology.


Acute, clinical effect of swine dysentery on heavy and light pigs.


A technique for relieving esophageal obstruction in the horse.


Occipital fracture in a foal.

Occipital fracture in a foal.


Rubberized fencing as a gastrointestinal obstruction in a young horse.


Look before you lease.

Look before you lease.


Practice management's most unpleasant task: how to do it.


Editorial: Dateline Geneva.

Editorial: Dateline Geneva.


Facing a grand jury.

Facing a grand jury. A registered nurse, who was 1 of a group of nurses brought before a grand jury for possible indictment in a litigation involving a hospital abortion performed in the 24th week of pregnancy, describes the trauma of her experience, and offers a  list of recommendations other nurses should heed to become more familiar with their legal status and to ensure that their rights are protected. Her personal account includes descriptive remarks concerning a lengthy harassment campaign to  which she was subjected by antiabortion factions. A concise explanation of the 1973 Supreme Court decision on abortion is also included.


Whetting hospitalized preschoolers' appetites.


Treatment of psoriasis.

Treatment of psoriasis.


Problems families face in home care.

Problems families face in home care.


Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever.


Sexism in medicine.

Sexism in medicine.


Black nurses: their service and their struggle.


Ice water for MI patients? Why not?

Ice water for MI patients? Why not?


Helping a quadriplegic veteran decide to live.


Encouraging client self-discovery.

Encouraging client self-discovery.


Watching your finances. Escrow-guarantee of contract fulfillment.


The future as an academic discipline.

The future as an academic discipline.


Blindness in the Third World.

Blindness in the Third World.


[I.L.O. Employment and working and living conditions of nursing personnel].


[Foresight prevents blindness].

[Foresight prevents blindness].


Electrocardiogram problems created by pacemakers.


Chronic renal failure. Part I: Pathophysiology and medical management.


The Oneida Nursing Center.

The Oneida Nursing Center.


An introduction to the Eastern Kentucky dialect.


The three R's & HBP: a unique approach to school health and high blood pressure education.


Nursing research: obstacles and challenges.


The NSNA structure study: what's it all about?


Research in nursing practice.

Research in nursing practice.


Imprint focuses on nursing's image.

Imprint focuses on nursing's image.


Breakthrough to Nursing. A year-end round-up.


Imprint interview. Conversations with two actresses who play nurses - one is a real life RN - one is not.


The nurse: vassal or independent practitioner?


P.S.R.O.'s in nursing: what are they?

P.S.R.O.'s in nursing: what are they?


The public image: "a devoted heart, disciplined hand, not necessarily an inquiring mind!".


Ten anh la gi? "What's your name?".

Ten anh la gi? "What's your name?".


Hypertension: education and control.

Hypertension: education and control.


Editorial: Enjoy your children.

Editorial: Enjoy your children.


Prevention and health--everybody's business.


Health education in schools and the community.


Schools and health.

Schools and health.


Editorial.

Editorial.


Nurses' attitudes towards a patient who has a psychiatric history.


The role of the health visitor: a study conducted in Berkshire, England.


Continuing education for American nurses serving overseas.


Learning for reality.

Learning for reality.


Criterion referenced measurement for one continuing education offering: pre- and postoperative visits by operating room nurses.


The impressions of a sample of British and overseas student nurses of some social aspects of their training.


A fresh look at psychology in nursing.

A fresh look at psychology in nursing.


Medical patient/nurse dependency in Israel.


Nursing personnel systems.

Nursing personnel systems.


Effectsof videotaped role playing on nurses' therapeutic communication skills.


Hospitalwide education: an organizational model or an educational philosophy.


Some determinants of care of patients with stroke who were nursed in their own homes.


Danish nursing homes: getting for what you pay, and pay, and pay, and pay,...


Consortium - a new direction for staff development.


Resolving Life Safety Code deficiencies.


Self-esteem and career aspiration among nurse participants of continuing education.


Editorial: A mission for continuing educators.


Fire safety manual for nursing homes - "how to do it".


Planning: the key to a successful volunteer program.


An added ingredient in nursing home care.


'73 Life Safety Code to replace '67 edition.


Computed tomography of the total body: Part I. Technical advances, devices, and normal scans.


Computed tomography of the total body: Part II. The abnormal scan.


Tangential projection of pelvic cancer.

Tangential projection of pelvic cancer.


Aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery.

Aneurysm of the gastroduodenal artery.


Familial benign chronic pemphigus: report of a case.


Proceedings: Liver function after hepatic artery ligation in dogs.


Hypertension and renal diseases.

Hypertension and renal diseases.


The dilemma lingers on: to select or not to select.


Hemodialysis in rural America.

Hemodialysis in rural America.


Dependency in a hemodialysis patient: leading cause of anxiety.


Come, let's play God.

Come, let's play God.


A group therapy approach with hemodialysis patients and their families.


The use of androgens and iron for treatment of anemia of uremia.


Nineteen months clinical experience with the Sparks mandril graft.


Communication problems encountered when caring for the elderly individual.


State commissions on aging.

State commissions on aging.


Editorial: First issue of the Journal of Gerontological Nursing.


Introduction to drug therapy for older adults.


A case against "sleepers".

A case against "sleepers".


A practical approach to geriatric recreational programming in long-term care facilities.


Deprivation and existence or stimulation and life: our choice for the elderly.


Homemaker-home health aide services.

Homemaker-home health aide services.


The plight of the elderly.

The plight of the elderly.


Editorial: Patient advocacy--a challenge to the gerontological nurse.


RX for the aging person: attitudes.

RX for the aging person: attitudes.


Pathway to accountability: implementation of a quality assurance program.


An innovative approach to measurement of quality through utilization of nursing care plans.


The department head and health care delivery.


The art and science of promotion.

The art and science of promotion.


Head nurses: less griping, more action.

Head nurses: less griping, more action.


The pregnant patient's bill of rights.

The pregnant patient's bill of rights.


Adaptation of the infant at birth and intervention techniques for distressed neonate.


Orienting personnel to automated systems.


Guest editorial: Peer review and continued education.


The self-instructional package: an educational resource. Breast disease.


Editorial: Stress in cancer screening.

Editorial: Stress in cancer screening.


A discourse on the politics of nursing.

A discourse on the politics of nursing.


Acute myocardial infarction. Keys to assessment and intervention.


Diet planning in coronary care.

Diet planning in coronary care.


Cytologic screening for cancer.

Cytologic screening for cancer.


Non-traditional curriculum.

Non-traditional curriculum.


Wanted: colleagueship in nursing.

Wanted: colleagueship in nursing.


On-the-job management training.

On-the-job management training.


Caring for the confused patient.

Caring for the confused patient.


The influence of charting upon liability determinations.


Evaluating the quality of patient care through retrospective chart review.


Contributions of nursing research to patient care.


Editorial: Paradoxes of prevention.

Editorial: Paradoxes of prevention.


Play power: how to set up a child life program.


Traumas of tranquilization.

Traumas of tranquilization.


Pinworms? Not in my family.

Pinworms? Not in my family.


Emotional reactions to alterations in body image.


Scoliosis: strain on self-image.

Scoliosis: strain on self-image.


The use of imagery in teaching psychiatric nursing.


"Patient care - today": self examination by professional nurses.


Innovations in ulcer therapy.

Innovations in ulcer therapy.


Administration in nursing practice. Administering a school of nursing - June, 1975.


Operational definition of "support".

Operational definition of "support".


Transactional analysis in crisis intervention.


Effects of separation from spouse on pregnancy, labor and delivery, and the postpartum period.


Principles in good diapering for parent education.


A concept of maternity care.

A concept of maternity care.


An epidemiologic view of family planning behavior.


Obstetric anesthesia--a two-way street.

Obstetric anesthesia--a two-way street.


Hospital "at home" delivery: a celebration.


Childbirth: two approaches. Introduction.


Crisis intervention theory in maternal-infant nursing. Emotional crisis and maternal-child nursing.


Adolescent contraceptive counseling.

Adolescent contraceptive counseling. Adolescents need total counseling in the area of sexual matters.  Th is counseling is a social, mental, and physical need.  Adolescents today are more interested in satisfying sexual relationships and need more from a counseling situation than contraceptive advice and supplies.  Medical and nursing school curricula do not provide adequate training in sex counseling.  Doctors and nurses should make themselves comfortable and sophisticated in the field.  A team approach, using male and female counselors, is recommended.  Counseling could be provided in many different seetings: 1) student health services, 2) mental health centers, 3) periodic clinics, and 4) community health clinics.


Childbirth at home--a family-centered affair.


Editorial: Gynecologic-oncology nursing.


Intrapartum fetal monitoring: one year's experience at a Canadian teaching hospital.


Ethics and nursing.

Ethics and nursing.


Tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis.


A conceptual model for obstetric nursing.


Nursing in Ontario.

Nursing in Ontario.


Control of population growth and family planning. (Part I). There is considerable misunderstanding of the aim and role of family planning. It is often confused with or deliberately identified with population control. The hypotheses that family planning will control world population is fallacious, it  means timing each pregnancy not prevention of births. Family planning clinics should provide assistance with infertility problems as well. The individual's motivation in family planning is to provide his children with a better standard of  living. No family planning program to date has succeeded in reducing fertility in the traditional societies of the third world, for those peasants feel that their security in old age depends on having enough children that survive. Claims of  successful programs have come from countries where rising levels of education and income had already effected the birthrate.  Only when the voluntary approach is abandoned in favor of sanctions or incentives can there be any significant effect.  Extension and improvement of facilities is necessary, along with research into more effective and acceptable family planning methods.


The effects of continuity of care on the missed appointment rate in a prenatal clinic.


Basic haemodialysis and some of its effects.


The role of the midwife in family planning.


Editorial: The nurse and her/his image.

Editorial: The nurse and her/his image.


An Ob-Gyn nurse practitioner program.

An Ob-Gyn nurse practitioner program.


Editorial: Legislation for educational requirements for entry into nursing practice.


Views of a participant on new methods of medical education experienced in Thika.


The Foundation of the International Council of Nurses.


Varieties of malnutrition.

Varieties of malnutrition.


The role of the psychiatric hospital.

The role of the psychiatric hospital.


Medical records practices.

Medical records practices.


What role do our nurses play in the health services in Kenya today?


Case report on mr. X, "a presenile dementia". What is a presenile dementia?


Carcinoma of the breast.

Carcinoma of the breast.


Abortion in 1975: the psychiatric perspective, with a discussion of abortion and contraception in adolescence.


[On degree-granting nursing course. Acquisition of more advanced knowledge and technics. A survey on students in the degree-granting course].


Seven and eight-year-old children in a school setting.


A school dental program utilizing student dentists.


Knowledge, behavior, and attitudes of sixth-grade students toward family life education. Although certain exceptions may be noted with respect to sex and type of school, generally lower socioeconomic students obtained lower mean scores on the knowledge and attitude sections of the survey instrument than their counterparts from the higher economic strata. Disadvantaged children from lower socioeconomic levels are reared in an atmosphere hardly conducive to study. Their homes are overcrowded; the children are often hungry, obtain insufficent rest, and possess little interest or motivation for the future--they just live for today. The lower socioeconomic child suffers most when he comes to school. His experiences in living have not prepared him for the demands of the typical school. Shaped by his environment, seeing himself as a person of little worth, he is called upon to conform and communicate. His value system that was bred in deprivation shows sharp contrast to the established "middle class" value system held by the school. Furthermore, disadvantaged children enter school with habits and attitudes that may conflict with many of the traditional modes of teaching. They have had few opportunities to learn the relationship between effort and achievement or to observe that learning has its own reward. Educators have a responsibility to provide the best type of family life education program to meet the needs of all youth. Innovative and challenging ways must be found to make family life education programs relevant to all socioeconomic strata. It would appear essential that educators should possess a thorough knowledge of the economic, social, and cultural conditions that exist in the area in which the educational process is to be conducted.


Hyperkinesis and the schools.

Hyperkinesis and the schools.


What the schools can do to promote mental health. The schools can help to ease mental health problems in several ways--preventing them from occurring and minimizing their severity and chronicity, and in assisting with the management of students who have problems. However, the most important role of the school lies in providing the best possible education. A given purpose must be examined to see where it falls  within educative, socializing, classifying, or therapeutic roles. Some tasks, such as drug education, have been poorly, carried out because they are called "education," although actually they involve socialization. The school must be an integrated institution providing the best environment for the development of its pupils. This aim means providing the best education, but it also requires roles be clearly defined and followed out with a minimum of convert conflict.


Do you happen to know...? School health.


The common cold: its effects on perceptual ability and reading comprehension among pupils of a seventh-grade class.


Is there a relationship between allergy and learning disabilities?


The future of mind-altering substances.

The future of mind-altering substances.


Foundations of health education.

Foundations of health education. Health education is "the process of providing or utilizing experiences for favorably influencing understanding, attitudes, and practices relating to individual, family, and community health. As an applied science it draws its content from a variety of sources. The paradigm which depicts the foundations of health education can be visualized as five vertical pillars consisting of sociocultural, educational, psycho-behavioral, legal, and scientific foundations supporting the work of the health educator. While the components within each pillar may be altered with new developments and advances over time, the model is broad enough in scope to incorporate the changes without altering its purpose. The foundations of health viewed in this light can easily display the depth of the health education profession and will serve to orient the novice and future health educators of the underpinnings of their profession. This framework could easily be adapted for study on the college level and should serve as an orientation to those students planning to major in health.


Maternal tasks in pregnancy.

Maternal tasks in pregnancy.


Mothers' reports of early experiences of infants with congenital heart disease.


Oral dependent behavior in a child with disfigurement of the mouth.


The use of descriptive theory in planning nursing intervention.


A mother's reactions to surgery of her adopted son.


A four-year-old boy experiences surgery for a genital defect.


A life threatening pregnancy.

A life threatening pregnancy.


First encounters of mothers with their infants.


Is the baby alive or dead: psychological work of a woman with an intrauterine fetal death.


The sleep-wakefulness pattern of young hospitalized children during nap time.


A mother struggles to cope with her child's deteriorating illness.


The sleep of infants and young children: a review of the literature.


In-service management course "on the job staff training".


Nurse utilisation study.

Nurse utilisation study.


Nurses 'Education Board of New South Wales: the functions of the registered nurse.


What happened to Mrs. Brown? A study of acute psychotic reactions in patients nursed in intensive care units.


The operating theatre--a health hazard.

The operating theatre--a health hazard.


Breast feeding-success or (failure) due to attendants and not to prevailing fashion.


Trends in nursing and nursing education in the United States and elsewhere.


How would a matron know about nurse education?


"Emotional involvement with patients".

"Emotional involvement with patients".


Nurses in the national health scheme.

Nurses in the national health scheme.


Coordinated health services for the aged.


Geriatric care in the community.

Geriatric care in the community.


NHS reorganisation--an appraisal after two years.


Who shall remember us?

Who shall remember us?


A consummation devoutly to be wished.

A consummation devoutly to be wished.


Stoma care--a personal viewpoint.

Stoma care--a personal viewpoint.


Homosexuality - is it an illness?

Homosexuality - is it an illness?


The cot death syndrome.

The cot death syndrome.


Labour report.

Labour report.


Teacher's page 14. Special & intensive nursing care of the newborn--the work of the Joint Board of Clinical Nursing Studies.


Physician participation in health service management: expectations in United States and experiences in England. Increasing governmental regulation such as called for in PSRO and health planning legislation, pressures to contain rising costs, physician strikes, and other manifestations of change suggest that traditional hospital organization and management patterns ought to be re-examined. Moreover, as the United States moves toward a governmentally financed and regulated system, experiences in Great Britain and other nationalized systems become more pertinent to us. The 1974 major reorganization of the British National Health Service provides for considerable physician participation in management. A similar participative approach to the management of the hospitals in the United States is worthy of consideration as a way to meet increasing challenges of a governmentally financed and controlled health care system.


The erosion of professional authority: a cross-cultural inquiry in the case of the physician. The extent to which the erosion of professional authority observed in the United States is also occurring in the United Kingdom and the U.S.S.R. is examined in the case of the primary care physician. Informal interviews with health practitioners in these diverse societies revealed that the model of the professions which bases physicians' autonomy and authority on the occupational characteristic of a monopoly of specialized knowledge is subject to some revision. Education of the patient emerged as a critical factor in eroding physician authority in both countries, while patient age affected authority relations differentially in the two societies. Despite variations in the level of bureaucratization of health care, the role of the physician, as gatekeeper to non-medical benefits, served to counteract the erosion trend in both. The legacy of deference to the upper classes in Great Britain and in the U.S.S.R., an ideology of health as a citizen's obligation plus the "mothering' ambience of a largely female personnel are varying societal characteristics which also affect physician authority.


The generation of a ColE1-Apr cloning vehicle which allows detection of inserted DNA. A 3.2 Mdal sequence of DNA, TnA, which contains the ampicillin (Ap) resistance determinant has been translocated from an R plasmid to the plasmid ColE1. A total of 12 isolates were studied. There are at least 8 sites in ColE1 at which TnA has inserted. Insertion at five of these has resulted in a Col-phenotype. One ColE1-Apr plasmid, RSF2124, was examined further and its replication properties are found to be similar to that of the parent plasmid. RSF2124 appears to be a useful plasmid vehicle for the molecular cloning of DNA from diverse prokaryotic sources: it codes for readily detectable Ap resistance and contains a single EcoRI site in a gene affecting colicin biosynthesis so that it is unable to produce colicin upon ligation to other DNA.


Jack wanted to direct his care his way.

Jack wanted to direct his care his way.


Examining the chest. Part 1: the lungs.

Examining the chest. Part 1: the lungs.


What are your feelings about death and dying? Part 1.


Easing the shock of a radical vulvectomy. Nursing grand rounds.


Wound care: clear-cut ways to speed healing.


What to do when acid-base problems hang in the balance.


RNAs and LPNs in Canada.

RNAs and LPNs in Canada.


Dorsal column stimulation.

Dorsal column stimulation.


Oral hypoglycemic agents.

Oral hypoglycemic agents.


The trouble with doctors (may be nurses).


Breach of duty. When are you liable for drug-related injuries?


Getting it together for end-of-shift reports.


Sharing another's death.

Sharing another's death.


Vital signs: how to take them more accurately and understand them more fully.


Difficult patients. "Try to keep her clothes on"; that was the staff's only goal.


Surviving.

Surviving.


Physical examination. Part 16: the musculoskeletal system.


Ideas, A to Z, for personalizing pediatric units.


Reducing the perils of intracardiac monitoring.


Home care of the patient with C.O.L.D.

Home care of the patient with C.O.L.D.


Emotional support for the multiple myeloma patient.


Communications: understanding the gravity of the situation. From the bottom up: an aide's view.


Tips for the timid or how can one little nurse hope to change the rules?


Difficult patients: Mr. Myers played the buzzer game.


Nurse-midwifery: new specialty in an old profession.


Making ethical decisions--systematically.


What to do for common eye emergencies.

What to do for common eye emergencies.


Understanding tuberculosis.

Understanding tuberculosis.


Viral hepatitis; how to reduce its threat to the patient and others (including you).


The victory.

The victory.


Probe: quality of care. How do you rate nursing, medical, and health care today?


Safety precautions: protecting your patients & yourself. Part one.


Critical care family style. A life threatened by peritonitis. Nursing grand rounds.


Working safely around implanted radiation sources.


Two types of problem patients... and how to deal with them.


How to make the most of body image theory in nursing practice.


Make your charting the "topic-of-the-day".


Berlin is not just a city in Germany.

Berlin is not just a city in Germany.


Pediculosis questionnaire from NYSSNTA Conference.


Vitamins are dangerous.

Vitamins are dangerous.


Diary of a WHO fellow.

Diary of a WHO fellow.


Teenage abuse of alcohol.

Teenage abuse of alcohol.


Child abuse--care enough to act!

Child abuse--care enough to act!


Editorial: Accentuate the positive - or - nowhere to go but up!


A general overview of speech and language difficulties for the school nurse-teacher.


Teaching the preventive aspects of hypertension to students.


Pediatric allergies.

Pediatric allergies.


Diabetes mellitus--personal & physical problems of the diabetic.


Another approach to learning disabilities: the role of food colorings and flavors in producing hyperkinesis with learning disabilities in children.


President's message: The dedication of the school nurse-teacher to her profession and her responsibilities.


Know smoking: peer to peer approach.

Know smoking: peer to peer approach.


Cardiac problems of the school age child: implications for the school nurse-teacher.


Safety: who is really responsible?

Safety: who is really responsible?


Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.


Heart failure in industry?

Heart failure in industry?


Functional clothing design.

Functional clothing design.


Laboratory hazards.

Laboratory hazards.


Law for the shop floor.

Law for the shop floor.


Women at work.

Women at work.


The curse of Eve.

The curse of Eve.


Plugged in.

Plugged in.


The meaning of menopause.

The meaning of menopause.


Rubella vaccination.

Rubella vaccination.


Reassurance on wheels.

Reassurance on wheels.


University nurses in Canada.

University nurses in Canada.


Safety: the proposed noise legislation.

Safety: the proposed noise legislation.


Editorial: The poker game of nursing.

Editorial: The poker game of nursing.


A new advance in communication for cerebral palsy patients.


SILASTIC implants and reconstructive materials.


Orthopedic traction and nursing care.

Orthopedic traction and nursing care.


Behavioral objectives for orthopedic nursing personnel. Part two.


Continuing education: a right and a responsibility.


Silicone rubber implant arthroplasty for the great toe.


Fat embolism.

Fat embolism.


Compartment syndromes.

Compartment syndromes.


Traumatic pneumothorax.

Traumatic pneumothorax.


Pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary embolism.


Cotrel or red rope traction.

Cotrel or red rope traction.


Genetics and genetic counseling in orthopedics.


Professional liability problem.

Professional liability problem.


Editorial: From the other side.

Editorial: From the other side.


The leg-up.

The leg-up.


Editorial: Hold my hand and walk me through it.


Preparing for the orthopedic patient in surgery.


Physical assessment of the extremities.

Physical assessment of the extremities.


Scoliosis: classification and diagnosis.


Patient education.

Patient education.


The child with missing arm or leg.

The child with missing arm or leg.


New issues in nursing.

New issues in nursing.


Leg hanger for prepping.

Leg hanger for prepping.


Inservice education plus continuing education structure and content.


The pneumatic tourniquet in the O.R.

The pneumatic tourniquet in the O.R.


Urinary catheters and the orthopedic patient.


Policies and procedures of accreditation for programs in nursing education. Associate degree programs, baccalaureate and higher degree programs, diploma programs, practical nursing programs.


Why nursing education programs should be accredited.


Issues in health care. The Edna A. Fagan Health Care Lecture Series; 1970-1975.


Issues in health care. The consumer looks at nursing.


Issues in health care. Implementing quality of care today.


Issues in health care. Where in health are we?


Biomedical research and society.

Biomedical research and society.


Issues in health care. The health care revolution.


Operation update: the search for rhyme and reason.


Pediatric skin care; Swedish rubdown for baby.


Baccalaureate education in nursing: key to a professional career in nursing - 1975-6. Information about NLN-accreditated baccalaureate programs in nursing.


Baccalaureate programs accredited for public health nursing preparation, 1975-76.


Adolescent mothers: can they be helped?

Adolescent mothers: can they be helped?


One decade of accreditation statistics 1964-1974.


The integration of sex education in pediatric nursing practice.


Curriculum in graduate education in nursing. Part I. Factors influencing curriculum in graduate education in nursing.


Pediatric care in the emergency room; a contemporary re-evaluation.


Factors and forces affecting graduate education in nursing.


Referral of children with speech problems.


Identification of needs affecting curriculum in graduate education in nursing.


Essential elements in pre-planning for curriculum development in graduate education in nursing.


The nurse practitioner: the current situation and implications for curriculum change.


Pertinent questions about immunization.

Pertinent questions about immunization.


Quality assurance: models for nursing education.


"High-risk" students in associate degree nursing programs.


"High-risk" students at the master's level in nursing.


Quality assurance in nursing and health care. Quality assurance in health care.


Factors in identifying and retaining "high-risk" nursing students.


Academically high-risk students: identity and retention. Increasing opportunities for the disadvantaged in nursing.


Where is nursing in quality assurance?

Where is nursing in quality assurance?


Quality assurance--the role of faculty.

Quality assurance--the role of faculty.


Faculty involvement in quality assurance.


Faculty involvement in quality assurance programs.


Faculty responsibilities in quality assurance.


Definitions of words germane to evaluation of health care.


Infection control. Papers presented at a workshop conducted by CHRINS in cooperation with the ALA Nursing Department at NLN, New York, March 1975.


Education for nursing--the diploma way. Information about NLN-accredited diploma programs in nursing, 1975-76.


Epidemiology--what it's all about.

Epidemiology--what it's all about.


Infection control in a governmental hospital.


Infection control in a nursing home.

Infection control in a nursing home.


Infection control in a voluntary hospital.


Infection control in the community.

Infection control in the community.


Developing a surveillance program in a health care facility.


Accreditation of home health agencies and community nursing services. Criteria and guide for preparing reports.


Management information systems for public health/community health agencies. Papers presented at workshops sponsored jointly by the National League for Nursing and the ivision of Nursing, Bureau of Health tmanpower, PHS, DHEW; Winter 1974-1975.


Management information systems for public health/community health agencies. Foreword.


Testing in the development and implementation of a management information system. Planning the MIS: determining objectives and methods.


Testing in the development and implementation of a management information system. Program testing and system testing.


Information needs in public health.

Information needs in public health.


Implementing the management information system.


A team approach to MIS planning in Boston. A team approach in planning a management information system.


The structure of systems management.

The structure of systems management.


Systems management in New Jersey health care agencies.


Criteria for the evaluation of educational programs in nursing leading to an associate degree.


Proposed model for home health care benefits.


Accreditation of home health agencies and community nursing services: policies and procedures.


Associate degree education for nursing, 1974-5. Information about state-approved associate degree programs in nursing.


Collaboration in health care education.

Collaboration in health care education.


A college is not a college--community colleges are different.


Credentialing restructured allied health professions.


Collaboration in planning for health care education.


Collaboration in innovative approaches in health care education.


Health care education in a community college.


The challenge of changing times and changing needs.


Theory and process of change.

Theory and process of change.


Coping with change through assessment and evaluation.


The development of mastery learning.

The development of mastery learning.


Changing the methodology of learning.

Changing the methodology of learning.


Mastery learning and modules.

Mastery learning and modules.


Changing the program of learning.

Changing the program of learning.


Change and the developmental student.

Change and the developmental student.


Quality control and accountability in the classroom.


Assessing the needs of the LPN entering associate degree nursing.


A nurse by any other name.

A nurse by any other name.


Role change--LPN to ADN.

Role change--LPN to ADN.


Nurses in today's changing society.

Nurses in today's changing society.


Practical nursing career, 1975-76. Information about state-approved schools of practical nursing.


Health policy making in action: the passage and implementation of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974. Papers by the NLN Summer Study Fellows in Public Policy.


Health policy making in action. Introduction--the writing of the papers.


Health policy making acition. Implementation of the law: an executive responsibility.


State governments and the Health Planning Act.


THealth policy making in action. Congressional debate and passage of the law.


Health policy making in action. Congressional oversight: a method of continuing control.


Health policy making in action. Conclusion - implications for nursing.


Health policy making in action. The conception and introduction of the legislation.


Leadership role of the nursing officer.

Leadership role of the nursing officer.


Understanding crime in relation to mental illness.


An outpatient appointment system in Toa Payoh Hospital.


The medical aspect of high-rise and high-density living.


The importance of people in management.

The importance of people in management.


The disturbed child.

The disturbed child.


Steroid effects of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of women on the pill.


Rheumatic fever.

Rheumatic fever.


Prostaglandins.

Prostaglandins.


Rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation.


Nurse-patient relationships in chronic illness.


Recruiting, appointing, and renewing faculty: a shared responsibility.


Modern management of the patient with coronary artery disease.


Editorial: Quantifying the unquantifiable.


A teacher in search of a job.

A teacher in search of a job.


A broad perspective on health: a teaching-learning tool.


The educational crisis in the preparation of deans.


Nurses earn their B.S. degrees--on the job.


Human sexuality: faculty knowledge and attitudes.


Nursing roles: a basis for curriculum.

Nursing roles: a basis for curriculum.


Three patient conferences.

Three patient conferences.


Response to "three patient conferences".


Family health assessment.

Family health assessment.


Holistic nursing: a basis for curriculum.


The B.Sc. (N) curriculum at McGill.

The B.Sc. (N) curriculum at McGill.


A framework for the nursing curriculum at St. Francis Xavier University.


Curriculum of the basic baccalaureate degree program at Dalhousie - Mount Saint Vincent.


Developing a conceptual framework.

Developing a conceptual framework.


A process of curriculum analysis.

A process of curriculum analysis.


Curricular theories for nursing as process.


Registered nurses' opionions on an extended role concept. Using a Likert-type questionnaire, opinions of 800 professional registered nurses in Texas, selected at random, were surveyed on the extended role concept as reflected by the family nurse clinician (FNC). Thirty percent of the questionnaires were returned and used for data analysis. The survey found that the nurses' years of nursing experience, employment status, field of employment, and education background influenced their opinions on the extent they thought the FNC could assume the defined responsibilities, the areas of the health care delivery system in which the FNC could exert a positive influence, and anticipated problem areas for the practicing FNC. Strongly supportive of the role, the nurses favored the FNC's assuming considerable responsibility in the delivery of primary health care.


Decision making about patient care.

Decision making about patient care. Written descriptions of four patient situations and a table of nursing actions and outcomes were presented to 47 registered nurses to investigate quantification of 185 nursing decisions about patient care. The nurses ranked the actions according to that which they considered best for the patient described, gave probabilities of the occurrence of outcomes, and assigned values to outcomes. The probability of an outcome's occurring, multiplied by the value of that outcome, and added for all outcomes of an action constituted the expected value (EV) of an action in achieving a goal. Significant agreements between the EVs and ranking of actions were obtained. The preferred action had the highest EV for 109 of the 185 decisions studied. Most decisions were justifiable in that chosen actions were desirable for achieving goals, were consistent with the nurses' knowledge of the probability of the outcomes' occurring, and were in keeping with the nurses' values for the outcomes. The findings indicated that decision theory is applicable to nursing practice, that nursing decisions can be adapted to analytical models, and that nurses can order outcomes of their actions according to their desirability and likelihood of occurrence.


Rehabilitation nursing.

Rehabilitation nursing.


How to start your own home nursing service.


Caring for the patient with cancer of the breast. Part 3.


Communicating with deaf patients.

Communicating with deaf patients.


Factors that influence attraction and retention of qualified nurse educators. In a study to determine factors that influence attraction and retention of nurse educators, 92 faculty members in Iowa institutions of higher learning reported that the work itself was most important in attracting them to and holding them at the institution. Recognition was least important in attracting them, and salary was least important in retention.


Teaching student nurses to keep people healthy.


How does the doctorally prepared nurse develop into a productive researcher?


Preventing recurring post-op injuries.

Preventing recurring post-op injuries.


The tongue is a tattletale.

The tongue is a tattletale.


Relationship between nurses' opinions about mental illness and experience. To examine the effect of long-term experience on a psychiatric ward on nurses' opinions about mental illness, experimental groups of nursing students (N = 11) and experienced psychiatric nurses (N = 8) and a control group of medical-surgical nurses (N = 8) were compared along the five dimensions of the Opinions about Mental Illness Scale. The medical-surgical and psychiatric nurses were matched for age and education. The experienced psychiatric nurses were found to hold significantly more authoritarian opinions about mental illness; they adhered less to a belief in interpersonal etiology than the other two groups. Compared to the nursing students, the psychiatric nurses held significantly more socially restrictive opinions about mental illness; they adhered less to current mental health ideology. However, age could not be ruled out as a variable in the latter two opinions. Factors which may contribute to opinion change in psychiatric nurses are discussed.


Nurse practitioner management of common respiratory and genitourinary infections, using protocols. Included in this study were all patients with symptoms of respiratory tract infection and female patients with symptoms of urinary tract and vaginal infections who sought care from a hospital-based outpatient department walk-in unit which was operated in two different modes: experimental (the "nurse-protocol mode")-in which a nurse practitioner guided by a protocol initially evaluated all such patients and independently managed many patients- and traditional-in which only physicians managed patients. Safety, effectiveness, efficiency, and cost of care rendered for these tracer conditions in the two modes were compared. No serious illnesses were overlooked by practitioners in either mode. Eighty-six percent of patients in the nurse-protocol mode and 73 percent of patients in the traditional mode reported good symptom relief. Patients reported equivalent satisfaction with care. The time physicians spent managing patients with these complaints was reduced by 91 percent from 15.5 minutes to 1.4 minutes per patient. Personnel costs were equivalent in the two modes. Costs of laboratory tests and medications ordered were 27 percent less in the nurse-protocol mode. The study indicated that care in the nurse-protocol mode was of equivalent quality, led to equivalent patient satisfaction, allowed a substantial reduction in physician time, and reduced overall costs of care.


Psych patients are people, too!

Psych patients are people, too!


Anthrax.

Anthrax.


An alcoholism training program: its effect on trainees and faculty. Evaluation of the effect of a three-year specialized training program in alcoholism on opinions and attitudes of trainees and faculty members at the University of Washington School of Nursing showed that the program influenced both trainees and faculty in a positive direction. Trainees were found to be more accepting of alcoholism as a disease and an increasing number of faculty believed alcoholism-related courses should be a part of the curriculum.


Geriatric vision care.

Geriatric vision care.


Relationship of staff development activity to opinions about mental illness. When 1971 and 1974 student psychiatric aides, staff psychiatric aides, and professionals at Topeka State Hospital in Kansas were given the five-factor Opinions about Mental Illness Scale as pre- and posttests, no significant differences were found in scores of the student aide groups. Significant differences, however, were found among 1974 student aides, staff aides, and professionals, with students scoring higher than professionals (p less than .05) on factors A-authoritarianism, D-social restrictiveness, and E-interpersonal etiology. Staff aides scored higher than professionals on factor B-benevolence, factor A-authoritarianism (p=.005), and factor D-social restrictiveness (p=.05). Implications for nursing are discussed.


The collaborative process in generating a nursing research study. The chronicle of a cooperative research venture is presented in three sections: the sequence of events and the system within which the collaboration was sponsored, the pilot study and the actual cooperative research proposal, and the stresses and strains of the collaborative process. The vagaries of events, people, and places leading to the scientific review are described. Previous research on which the study proposal was based is described so that the natural evolution of a study which extends previous work may be depicted. Interpersonal problems, opportunities, and challenges of collaboration in research are described.


Social and psychologic influences on employment of married nurses. Seven summary factors were obtained from a principal components factor analysis and Varimax rotation of 21 variables, based on 145 pieces of information given by 1,998 nurses in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, in 1973. Study nurses were under 60 years of age, were married and living with spouse, and had at least one child 18 or younger. The factors were: career desirability, professional attitude, professional behavior, achievement personality, conducive home situation, economic value of work, and satisfaction with nursing. When these factors were compared with employment status-1) current employment activity of all subjects, 2) subjects whose employment status was constant for five years, highest scores were registered in both categories on career desirability, professional behavior, and economic value of work. Both groups of nurses scored lowest on satisfaction with nursing, with the five-year employees scoring lower. When the seven factors were correlated with employment status while controlling financial need and age of youngest child at home, highest correlation scores resulted for professional behavior, career desirability, and, in the case of those with financial need, on the economic value of nursing.


Patient education.

Patient education.


Focus.

Focus.


Symposium on cancer in children. Foreword.


Care by parent. A new trend.

Care by parent. A new trend.


Editorial: Research councils on the state level.


Symposium on gerontological nursing. Foreword.


Community mental health programs and the elderly.


Self images of the elderly.

Self images of the elderly.


A behavioral therapy approach to bladder retraining. In summary, emphasis has been given to the following essential points: incontinence is a difficult problem for many elderly persons and those who are responsible for their care; the concepts of bladder retraining are simple and few in number-communication, fluid intake, and habit; contingency management is applicable to the problem of urinary incontinence and consists of a reward system not only for the patient but also for the staff. An attempt has been made to break down the necessary components that are required in a bladder retraining program that relies on contingency management. In order to institute such a program, further study and/or consultation probably should be sought.


The use of medications in the elderly population.


Psychosocial implications of disorientation in the elderly.


Delivering health care to the elderly in a high-rise: a learning experience. Students in a gerontological nursing program can gain measningful experience in a metropolitan high-rise for the elderly, as well as provide needed services to the residents. Being involved in the planning stage for the experience proved to be almost as valuable as the experience itself. Working with well and not so well elderly persons in their own homes gives the student the experience she needs in looking for alternatives to institutional care. It also points out to the student the need for a "preventive" approach to health care. We found that it takes at least two quarters to solve problems that residents want settled. After their immediate needs were met, we could become more involved in increasing physical assessment skills. This is not to say that we could lose sight of the broad day-to-day problems that arose and had an effect on the residents. We learned not to plan any programs for the days when government checks or food stamps arrived, as most people left the building on those days. This experience was gratifying educationally as well as personally for both students and instructor.


Nutrition for the aged or aged nutrition?


Care of the dying child.

Care of the dying child.


Osteoarthritis: an interesting case?

Osteoarthritis: an interesting case?


Nursing preparedness in disaster relief. (2).


Diabetes mellitus in elderly persons.

Diabetes mellitus in elderly persons. The person who develops diabetes late in life needs carefull assessment of his abilities to assume the new self-care activities required by the advent of a chronic disease. Knowledge of both the aging process and the complications and management of diabetes is needed to assist him toward this goal. His commitment may have to be to a part of the whole plan, but to the elderly person, any participation will provide a measure of independence and control over his life.


Continuing nursing education.

Continuing nursing education.


Conceptual aspects of continuing education in nursing.


Personality of the psychiatric male & female nurses--a comparative study.


Students role in improving the image of a nurse. (I).


A model for nursing education in India.

A model for nursing education in India.


Students role in improving the image of a nurse. (II).


Diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus.


Nurse and the emergency.

Nurse and the emergency.


Editorial: Hope, but not false hope.

Editorial: Hope, but not false hope.


Societal determinants for nursing education.


The nurse's job in leprosy.

The nurse's job in leprosy.


A lesson from Canada.

A lesson from Canada.


Nursing care in leprosy.

Nursing care in leprosy.


Leprosy: the physiotherapist's contribution.


Leprosy: occupational therapy.

Leprosy: occupational therapy.


Leprosy: fighting the stigma - the role of mass education.


Modern geriatric unit-Tolworth Hospital.


Tetanus.

Tetanus.


Half a loaf.

Half a loaf.


RAF nurses training for in-flight care.

RAF nurses training for in-flight care.


Cerebral palsy and epilepsy.

Cerebral palsy and epilepsy.


Rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis.


Nursing homes and the care of the elderly.


Paediatric psychiatry. 5. Childhood neurosis reconsidered.


St Blazey Hospital Unit for handicapped children.


Editorial: Management of the violent patient.


Thrombosis and embolism in obstetrics.

Thrombosis and embolism in obstetrics.


Aspirin reincarnated.

Aspirin reincarnated.


Treasure hunting.

Treasure hunting.


The scapegoat.

The scapegoat.


Subacute bacterial endocarditis.

Subacute bacterial endocarditis.


Charles Frears School of Nursing.

Charles Frears School of Nursing.


Opportunistic infection.

Opportunistic infection.


Resuscitation of the newborn and mother.


Self-injuries behaviour in a retarded child.


Autotransfusion.

Autotransfusion.


Communications - choke or channel?

Communications - choke or channel?


Job evaluation for nurses and midwives.

Job evaluation for nurses and midwives.


Number seven.

Number seven.


Chemotherapy and the nurse. 1. A policy for intravenous drugs.


Chemotherapy and the nurse. 2. The interaction of drugs and intravenous fluids.


Parkinsonism.

Parkinsonism.


Epileptic personality.

Epileptic personality.


Haemophilia.

Haemophilia.


Through the barrier.

Through the barrier.


The treatment of enuresis in childhood.

The treatment of enuresis in childhood.


Treating them as normal. 3. Mary's daughter.


Evaluation.

Evaluation.


Modern trends in nursing. Address of welcome.


The Welsh solution.

The Welsh solution.


Clinical research through partnership.

Clinical research through partnership.


The problem of incontinence.

The problem of incontinence.


Drug administration. 1.

Drug administration. 1.


The development of feeding behaviour in early infancy.


Drug administration. 2. The contribution of the computer.


Chemotherapy and the nurse. 3. Nursing care in anti-tumour drug therapy.


Homoeopathy.

Homoeopathy.


Editorial: The patient.

Editorial: The patient.


Chasing rainbows.

Chasing rainbows.


Valuing the job.

Valuing the job.


Happy inductions.

Happy inductions.


Nursing care study: the intra-aortic balloon pump in left ventricular failure.


Paediatric psychiatry. 4. Stress outside the family structure.


Nursing officer: clinical specialist or administrator?


Computerised nursing.

Computerised nursing.


Parentcraft education in Holland, Germany, and Finland.


Treating them as normal: 2. Not to be ridiculed.


Selection in QARANC.

Selection in QARANC.


Village community for mentally handicapped.


Editorial: Comparisons.

Editorial: Comparisons.


A question of attitudes.

A question of attitudes.


Influenza today.

Influenza today.


Physical activity in old age.

Physical activity in old age.


Hormone replacement in menopause.

Hormone replacement in menopause.


Keep-fit exercises for geriatric patients.


Nursing care study: Philip - a severely subnormal child.


Antenatal paediatrics.

Antenatal paediatrics.


Gastro-enteritis of infancy.

Gastro-enteritis of infancy.


Sexual deviation.

Sexual deviation.


The role of games in personality development.


Problems and joys of adoption.

Problems and joys of adoption.


Cruse; the work of the National Organisation for Widows and their children.


Editorial: Peaceful co-existance.

Editorial: Peaceful co-existance.


First in a GNC series of management advice notes: nurse training schools advised on admissions and dismissals.


The baby-milk controversy.

The baby-milk controversy.


Depressed fractures and missile wounds of the skull.


Nursing care study: behaviour modification in a severely subnormal child.


Bacterial resistance to antibiotics.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics.


The management of constipation.

The management of constipation.


Ancient and modern: a brief history of contraception.


The volunteer in action.

The volunteer in action.


Patient care study: life in a wheelchair.


Staffing structure--part two.

Staffing structure--part two.


Psychology for district nurses.

Psychology for district nurses.


A childhood wish fulfilled.

A childhood wish fulfilled.


Rehabilitation: a new criterion for an old concept.


Establishing good communications.

Establishing good communications.


Opinion: Convenience foods as a source of food poisoning.


Infectious diseases--the role of the environmental health department.


Alternate care, group homes.

Alternate care, group homes.


Clinical aspects of some infectious diseases.


Head lice--a growing problem.

Head lice--a growing problem.


What's happening in Kent?

What's happening in Kent?


Report on inservice education questionnaire.


Hospitals and Health Services Commission; its role and programs.


Goals in nursing education.

Goals in nursing education.


Problems associated with providing care for the elderly in nursing homes.


A multi-purpose health centre.

A multi-purpose health centre.


Goals for the future provision of effective nursing care.


Nursing care not needed?

Nursing care not needed?


Treatment of chronic alcoholism according to a three-process model.


Nursing's declaration of independence.

Nursing's declaration of independence.


Multi-million complex for the elderly.

Multi-million complex for the elderly.


[The corporation's activities].

[The corporation's activities].


What's new in fluids and electrolytes?

What's new in fluids and electrolytes?


Mud bed beats air and water beds on burn units.


Surgery--and sclerotherapy--for varicose veins.


Take the Ouch! out of suture removal.

Take the Ouch! out of suture removal.


The well-positioned endotracheal tube.

The well-positioned endotracheal tube.


Care of the child in a hip spica cast.

Care of the child in a hip spica cast.


The nutritional implications of alcohol abuse.


OBG nursing.

OBG nursing.


Nursing decisions: experiences in clinical problem solving - an occurrence of placenta previa.


22 laws they wouldn't dare enforce.

22 laws they wouldn't dare enforce.


Newest treatment for cancer: immunotherapy.


An R.N. makes the medical peer-review team.


The good days of life--and the last.

The good days of life--and the last.


Cancer chemotherapy.

Cancer chemotherapy.


Okanagan College looks to the future.

Okanagan College looks to the future.


More background provided in sequel to 'RN2=RN3?'.


What happens if a nurse isn't safe to practice?


Nurses and health planning.

Nurses and health planning.


Nurses: challenge the status quo and stop being passive.


Consumer expresses concerns over quality of care.


Major trauma--an intensive problem from site of accident to rehabilitation.


Why the maze of monitors?

Why the maze of monitors?


The Landry-Guillian Barrè Syndrome.

The Landry-Guillian Barrè Syndrome.


Operating theatre technical assistants. The South African standpoint.


Current nursing management of myocardial infarction as practised at Johannesburg Hospital.


The academic in the nursing profession.

The academic in the nursing profession.


Nursing care study. A new day for Mr. R.


The nurse-anaesthetist.

The nurse-anaesthetist.


Nurse-counselling as a career.

Nurse-counselling as a career.


The new graduate looks at service and education.


The disciplinary conference letter.

The disciplinary conference letter.


Participative management: a valid alternative to traditional organizational behavior.


Nursing care guidelines.

Nursing care guidelines.


The ABC's of interpersonal relations.

The ABC's of interpersonal relations.


Observations on conflict.

Observations on conflict.


Participative planned change.

Participative planned change.


Law for the nurse supervisor. Brain death.


They want me to start I.V.s; I can't start I.V.s.


Supervisor overseas. Health building cuts.


The art & science of supervision. Three kinds of discipline.


Editorial: In search of balance.

Editorial: In search of balance.


The art & science of supervision.

The art & science of supervision.


Supervisor overseas. A unisex profession.


Open minds to new ideas: an injunction for nursing leaders.


Patient-centered procedures.

Patient-centered procedures.


The nurse as lackey: a sociological perspective.


A quality of patient care project.

A quality of patient care project.


Behavior modification in the hospital: a patient's application.


Recycling.

Recycling.


Editorial: Nurses on the bell curve.

Editorial: Nurses on the bell curve.


Law for the nurse supervisor. Recovery room problems.


The International Council of Nurses: its role in relation to nursing education.


We're getting to know you.

We're getting to know you.


Treatment of hematoma of the canine ear.


Addison's disease in a dog.

Addison's disease in a dog.


An unusual diet-derived inflammatory dermatosis in a Dalmatian dog responds to orgotein.


Transillumination of the canine tympanum.


Transmissible venereal tumor in a dog.

Transmissible venereal tumor in a dog.


Severe urticarial reaction in a dog following ingestion of tall field buttercup.


Small animal clinical otology. Examination forms: number three in a series.


"The ambit and orbit of nursing in the 70s".


Surgical repair of a fistula of the urethral diverticulum in a horse.


Preliminary report of a modified surgical approach to posterior digital neurectomy in the horse.


Cryotherapy of equine sarcoid and other lesions.


A hardware-induced case of enterolithiasis in a horse.


A study of foals resulting from the mating of stallions and mares known to be positive to the agar immunodiffusion test for equine infectious anemia.


Further studies on the effect of ipronidazole on swine dysentery.


Surgical procedure for devocalizing roosters.


Gentamicin-related visceral gout in two bold snakes.


Indications and procedure for castration of the domestic rabbit.


A veterinarian's role in low-velocity sub-orbital rocketry.


Tax court: help for small claims.

Tax court: help for small claims.


How the right words can make the wrong impression.


Magically, a diagnosis is made.

Magically, a diagnosis is made.


Sodium cephapirin: a new treatment for mastitis.


Detection and diagnosis of arsenic and mercury poisonings via the Reinsch test.


Use of commercially-bottled water in emergency intravenous fluid therapy for large animals.


Multiple iridal cysts and a cortical cataract in a dog.


Evaluation of the effects of topical insulin on wound-healing in the distal limb of the horse.


Necrotic gingivitis in a white whale (Delphinapterus leucas).


Cervical lymphadenitis in the guinea pig.


Dental cavities in a dog.

Dental cavities in a dog.


Acupuncture treatment of post-myositis syndrome.


An alternate approach for castration of the dog.


Thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy in the dog using a power skull trephine (a photo essay).


Dirofilariasis in a cat.

Dirofilariasis in a cat.


Conservative treatment of perianal fistula in a Miniature Poodle.


Facts & artifacts using the Difil Test.

Facts & artifacts using the Difil Test.


A mathematical formula as an aid in the treatment and prognosis of canine heartworm disease.


An animal's best friend.

An animal's best friend.


Clinical signs of ear disease. Number four in a series.


Organization and staff development.

Organization and staff development.


Fire insurance is not enough!

Fire insurance is not enough!


Are your credit practices in step with the times?


Impact of education on nursing students' emotions, attitudes, and approaches to mental retardation.


The ideal room.

The ideal room.


Follow-up of graduates of MCV School of Nursing.


Multiple drug-resistance in staphylococci, an analysis of all-nation computer-processed data. In a previous communication from this Institute it was assessed that multiple drug resistance plays a decisive role in overall antibiotic resistance of staphylococci and that true data of the extent of multiresistance depend decisively on sufficient number of antibiotics toward which strains of a given species is tested. It was found, by analysis of more than 60 000 staphylococcal strains isolated by Public Health Laboratories in the Slovak Socialist Republic (S.S.R.) during the period of one year, that triple and quadruple resistance is the most prevalent one in staphylococci - not regarded, however, the penicillin resistance which is absolutely predominant. Present analysis also shows that resistances to streptomycin, tetracyclines, erythromycin and kanamycin (STEK type) are both most frequent and mutually selective, i.e. strains resistant to any of these drugs (and also to penicillin, i.e. PSTEK type) show resistance also to other antibiotics of this group. In contrast, chloramphenicol resistance seems not to be connected with resistance to these substances nor is resistance to newer specific anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, used only recently in this country, as is oxacillin, lincomycin and cefaloridin. Nevertheless, lincomycin seems to select a co-resistance as many lincomycin-resistant strains were resistant also to oxacillin but not vice versa. Increasing resistance of staphylococci in S.S.R. to kanamycin and particularly to erythromycin, and their frequent occurrence in multiresistance types is a warning feature which might lead to an increase of therapeutic crisis in staphylococcal infections.


Assessing the anesthesia patient.

Assessing the anesthesia patient.


Editorial: AANA granted continued recognition as the accrediting agency for schools/programs of nurse anesthesia by HEW.


Hazards of massive transfusion.

Hazards of massive transfusion.


Anesthetic considerations with pheochromocytoma.


Operating room pollution--a menace to the surgical team.


The combination of Innovar and sodium thiopental in cataract extraction.


Endotracheal tube cuff perforation during subclavian venipuncture attempt.


The National Labor Relations Board - what it does.


Anesthesia for the patient with cardiac disease.


Infections associated with the administration of anesthesia.


Resuscitation of the depressed newborn.

Resuscitation of the depressed newborn.


Amnesia in the oprating room: a controlled study with diazepam (Valium) and morphine-scopolamine.


Sources of the standards of care in malpractice actions.


Guest editorial: Baccalaureate education--why not?


'Position paper on nursing'.

'Position paper on nursing'.


Health--lifestyles and fitness.

Health--lifestyles and fitness.


'Alberta Task Force on Nursing Education'.


In-home health services--a view to the future.


Nurse practitioner.

Nurse practitioner.


Paradoxes in nursing education and research.


Nursing education at Johns Hopkins: a new beginning.


Presentations by Johns Hopkins University nursing students.


Nursing education for quality nursing practice.


Guidelines for short-term continuing education programs preparing adult and family nurse practitioners.


Clindamycin therapy of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Clinical relapse and development of resistance to clindamycin, lincomycin and erythromycin. A 42 year old heroin addict with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis of the mitral valve was treated with clindamycin phosphate, 600 mg intramuscularly, every 6 hours. The initial clinical response was excellent and blood cultures became negative. On the 26th day of clindamycin therapy, fever developed and six blood cultures taken during a 72 hour period grew Staph. aureus. The patient was subsequently cured with a six week course of nafcillin plus gentamicin followed by cloxacillin. The Staph. aureus isolated before clindamycin therapy and during relapse phage-typed 29/52/52A/79/80 and was resistant to penicillin G. The susceptibility of both Staph. aureus isolates to 19 antibiotics was unchanged. However, the Stahph. aureus developed marked resistance to clindamycin, lincomycin and erythromycin, to which the original isolate was susceptible. The resistance to clindamycin and lincomycin was heterogeneous whereas the entire cell population became homogeneously highly resistant to erythromycin. These antibiotics were not inactivated in vitro by the rapidly growing resistant Staph. aureus. The most likely site of resistance was at the 50 S subunit of the bacterial ribosome.


Continuing education in nursing; an overview.


Continuing education in nursing; guidelines for staff development.


Report on the survey of salaries of nursing faculty and administrators in nursing educational programs; December 1973.


Pediatric nurse practitioners; their practice today.


ANA's economic and general welfare program. Organizing the local unit.


ANA's economic and general welfare program. The grievance procedure.


Continuity of care and discharge planning programs in institutions and community agencies.


A plan for implementation of the standards of nursing practice. A report of the Congress for Nursing Practice of the American Nurses' Association.


Professional development in psychiatric and mental health nursing.


Specialist certification--observations and comments.


Nurse family therapist.

Nurse family therapist.


Implications of specialist certification in psychiatric-mental health nursing.


The clinical nurse specialist in child psychiatry.


High risk patients in the crisis service--assessment and intervention.


Drug abuse--problems and issues for the psychiatric nurse practitioner.


Replication of study regarding perception of nonverbal behavior.


Issues in specialty certification.

Issues in specialty certification.


Thoughts on rendering clinical judgments in a psychotherapy interview.


Practical concerns in private practice.

Practical concerns in private practice.


Expansion--a pioneering experience.

Expansion--a pioneering experience.


Professional development: Federal legislative issues.


Professional development: California legislative issues.


Editorial: At the summit...

Editorial: At the summit...


RNs often involved. Reporting child abuse is everyone's responsibility.


Burns, bruises may lead to total family counseling.


NHI to create greater demand for health personnel.


Veto rejected - Nurse Training Act is law.


'No secret' to complex process of bill analysis.


Chicago teacher-nurses: bandages aren't in their bag.


Editorial: Nurse-teacher role overlaps.

Editorial: Nurse-teacher role overlaps.


ANA accreditation board appointed.

ANA accreditation board appointed.


Ullman NHI Bill meets some ANA criteria.


Editorial: A unified voice--strong and clear.


Nurses successful in gaining positions on HSAs (Health Systems Agency).


ANA to initiate credentialing study.

ANA to initiate credentialing study.


'ANA stronger than ever', says Dr. Jacobi.


'Get involved' says ANA Task Force.

'Get involved' says ANA Task Force.


Health Systems Agencies move nearer to reality.


Editorial: Study of credentialing in nursing.


Home deliveries tops in Helen Browne's book.


Grady Diabetes Unit. Nurses' concern: how are you today?


Board of Regents votes to dissolve U. of Tex. System School of Nursing.


Diabetes serious disease for 5 million Americans.


ANA proposed resolutions.

ANA proposed resolutions.


The flu: sure nuisance, possible disaster.


Hospital consultation: central New Jersey's experience. A major step toward insuring quality care.


Hospital consultation. Maine's experience: key hospitals are developing quality respiratory care.


Cigarette smoking as an addiction.

Cigarette smoking as an addiction.


"I can't even run ten steps".

"I can't even run ten steps".


Sponge baths, ventilators and death close by.


Air pollution: the facts.

Air pollution: the facts.


Effects of ampicillin-amikacin and ampicillin-rifampin on enterococci. Fifty-seven clinical isolates of enterococcus were tested for susceptibility to 10 antibiotics in a microtiter broth dilution system. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, and rifampin inhibited all strains at concentrations easily achievable in blood. Resistance to rifampin developed rapidly. Of the aminoglycosides, gentamicin was most active, followed in decreasing order by tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. High-level resistance to streptomycin was present in 26% of the strains and to kanamycin in 23% of the strains. Growth curve studies of selected strains revealed synergy with ampicillin-amikacin and antagonism with ampicillin-rifampin. It is suggested that ampicillin-gentamicin constitutes adequate initial therapy for enterococcal infections until the results of tests for high-level resistance to kanamycin and streptomycin are known and that clinical trails of ampicillin-amikacin are warranted.


Editorial: The case for the clinical nurse specialist in the OR.


AORN education. A standard: what is it and how to use it.


Nurses struggle to override practice act veto.


The clinical nurse specialist in the OR.


ANA definitions of nursing roles.

ANA definitions of nursing roles.


Proposed definitions of roles in operating room nursing.


A program for teaching cardiac surgery patients.


Potentials in OR nursing.

Potentials in OR nursing.


Editorial: OR standards lauded for ambition, criticized for omissions, requirements.


Preop evaluation of drug history.

Preop evaluation of drug history.


Is religion viable today?

Is religion viable today?


OR/pharmacy drug quality assurance.

OR/pharmacy drug quality assurance.


ANA position on health care legislation.


Intraocular lens for cataracts.

Intraocular lens for cataracts.


Factors for using reusables, disposables.


Letters to the editor: Adequate grounding area.


Action natural product of change, discovery.


Nurses ignore importance of sexuality in OR.


Model for quality: a matrix.

Model for quality: a matrix.


Laminar air unit: achiever or appeaser?

Laminar air unit: achiever or appeaser?


Surgery for facial paralysis.

Surgery for facial paralysis.


Deviant behavior in the OR.

Deviant behavior in the OR.


Barriers to small group effectiveness.

Barriers to small group effectiveness.


Accountability in staff development.

Accountability in staff development.


Medical ethics: fact or fantasy?

Medical ethics: fact or fantasy?


To be or not to be--a nurse.

To be or not to be--a nurse.


Drug abuse in hospitals.

Drug abuse in hospitals.


An extended role for the nurse--involvement with the community. The role of the Appliance Centre at the Royal Children's Hospital and in the community.


Nurses at work. A plunge at the deep end.


Monitoring the quality of nursing care.

Monitoring the quality of nursing care.


An extended role for the nurse--involvement with the community. The Appliance Centre sister in the community.


Aboriginals' health not worst in world.

Aboriginals' health not worst in world.


Aboriginal eye health.

Aboriginal eye health.


The small city aborigine.

The small city aborigine.


New image for nurses.

New image for nurses.


Community health nursing course opens in South Australia.


Bowel retraining for spinal cord patients.


"Tried and proven" health program.

"Tried and proven" health program.


Health workers in Adelaide.

Health workers in Adelaide.


The Heimlich maneuver.

The Heimlich maneuver.


Death: a developmental viewpoint.

Death: a developmental viewpoint.


Substitute care and the aboriginal child.


SA Council on the Ageing; administration and co-ordination.


A charter for caring.

A charter for caring.


Care of the aged.

Care of the aged.


Touch; a means of communication.

Touch; a means of communication.


A view of medical and nursing administration. Preventive medicine.


New nursing role aids communications.

New nursing role aids communications.


NHS crisis; immediate action call by Rcn.


As others see us.

As others see us.


Car fire hazards.

Car fire hazards.


Learning system design.

Learning system design.


Occasional address: Nursing and the delivery of health care.


Providing efficient total nursing care.

Providing efficient total nursing care.


St. Gorans Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.


Antibiotic susceptibilities of 120 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients at a Children's Hospital. Decline of hospital staphylococci as compared with staphylococci in outpatients. A reversal. The antibiotic sensitivities of 120 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from both hospitalized patients and outpatients at Children's Memorial Hospital, Oklahoma City were studied. The proportions of strains resistant to the commonly used antibiotics were considerably lower than that found by other workers in earlier years, except for penicillin G. Of the 120 strains, 98 (81.7%) were resistant to penicillin G, 13 (10.8%) to tetracycline, 9 (7.5%) to erythromycin, and 3 (2.5%) to clindamycin. No strains resistant against cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, or oxacillin were found. Sixteen strains (13.3%), of which 5 were inpatient  strains and 11 were outpatient strains, were found to be resistant to more than one drug. Phage group 1 or type 80/81 staphylococci were not found among multiple resistant strains from hospitalized patients.


[Nursing actions concerning excretion--an observation on continuous nursing].


Olfaction in the development of social preferences in the human neonate. Olfactory perception in the human neonate has been largely ignored. The present experiments examine the possibility that neonates can use smell to locate a food source and that they can differentiate between their own mother and another mother on the basis of smell. Head-turning to breast pads was used in perference tests. Although the neonate did not appear to be able to use smell to localize a food source, significantly more babies spent more time turning towards their own mother's breast pad than towards a clean breast pad at five days of age. By six days of age babies were showing a differential response between their own mother's breast pad and another mother's breast pad, although this differentiation was not present at two days of age.


Breathing and sucking during feeding in the newborn. Eighteen normal full-time infants aged from 1-10 days were fed both normal saline and distilled water from a conventional feeding bottle. Fifty-four sets of observations were made when 44 infants were fed both cow's milk (Half Cream Cow & Gate) and expressed human milk. During feeding, measurements were made of breathing, sucking, and the flow of milk from a feeding bottle which incorporated an electromagnetic flowmeter transducer. Integration of the flow of milk measured the volume of milk swallowed by the baby. The results suggest that the patterns of feeding and breathing differ in some infants when different fluids are given to them.


Early mother-infant reciprocity.

Early mother-infant reciprocity. By three weeks of age, the human neonate demonstrates behaviours which are quite different with an object and with a human interactant. He also demonstrates an expectancy for interaction with his caregiver which has clearly defined limits, as demonstrated behaviourally. In microanalysis of videotape, we saw regularly a set of interactive behaviours which were demonstrable in optimal face-to-face interaction between infants and their mothers. All parts of the infant's body move in smooth circular patterns as he attends to her. His face-to-face attention to her is rhythmic with approach-withdrawal cycling of extremities. The attention phase and build-up to her cues are followed by turning away and a recovery phase in a rhythm of attention-non-attention which seems to define a cyclical homeostatic curve of attention, averaging several cycles per minute. When she violates his expectancy for rhythmic interaction by presenting a still, unresponsive face to him, he becomes visibly concerned, his movements become jerky, he averts his face, then attempts to draw her into interaction. When repeated attempts fail, he finally withdraws into an attitude of helplessness, face averted, body curled up and motionless. If she returns to her usual interactive responses, he comes alive after an initial puzzled period, and returns to his rhythmic cyclical behaviour which has previously characterized their ongoing face-to-face interaction. This attentional cycling may be diagnostic of optimal mother-infant interactions and seems not to be present in more disturbed interactions.


Consistency and change in styles of mothering. The idea that the immediate postpartum period is particularly important for the developing relationship between mother and child is being increasingly discussed; however, little is known of the long-term significance of the individual differences in adjustment found in this period. A longitudinal study of 70 mother-baby pairs showed that difficulities during feeds were related to longer labour and to measures of the baby's state at birth. Differences between babies in the latency with which they responded by crying to interruption of sucking (in tests of non-nutritive sucking) were also related to the smoothness of the feed. Measures of affectionate maternal behaviour were associated with differences between babies in sucking rate, and were not influenced by labour and delivery. During later observations (8-30 weeks), strong consistency in individual differences across age was found in the levels of maternal touching, vocalizing, and responsiveness to baby's vocalizing. Maternal affectionate contact during early feeds (babies up to 10 days old) was related to these later maternal measures for breast-fed babies. Other aspects of coordination and warmth in the early feeds did not correlate with later measures, which suggested that predictions based on observations early in the neonatal period should be made with caution. Measures of maternal response to crying showed little consistency across the first seven months and were influenced by how much the baby cried at earlier ages.


Prepartum and postpartum regulation of maternal behaviour in the rat. Maternal behaviour in the rat consists of four principal components: nursing or crouching over the young, retrieving pups to the nest, body and genital licking of pups, and nest-building. Normally the onset of maternal behaviour occurs at parturition but studies reveal that the true onset is somewhat earlier, around 24 hours pre partum. The onset of maternal behaviour is hormonally determined and it is most likely that the ovarian hormone oestradiol plays a major role under the specific conditions that exist pre partum. The onset of maternal behaviour requires the resolution of tendencies of fear-avoidance of pups, based on their olfactory characteristics, and attraction to them and response to the pup stimuli that elicit maternal behaviour. In most animals this resolution occurs almost immediately but in some animals several hours of contact with the pups is required for maternal behaviour to be firmly established. After parturition, maternal behaviour appears to be regulated chiefly by stimuli from the pups, and hormones do not play a role apart from their role in lactogenesis. Size of litter, age of pups, amount of externally induced stress and other factors can affect the mother-young interaction: there is a period of special vulnerability to disruption of the mother-young interrelationship shortly after parturition which corresponds, we believe, to the period of transition from hormonal to non-hormonal regulation of maternal behaviour. Weaning and the decline of maternal behaviour is a specific phase of maternal care. Maternal behaviours gradually decline as avoidance behaviours increase.


How a rejecting baby affects mother-infant synchrony. In any mother-infant relationship, characteristics of both the mother and infant contribute to an ongoing process of mutual modification of behaviour. With intensive observation and objective recording of behaviours, it is possible to describe individual infants, depict patterns of interaction with their mothers, and identify some of the consequences of interaction for both the mother's and the infant's developing behaviours. Even a normal infant can have behaviour patterns that play a disruptive role in the relationship. For example, an infant has been observed who, from birth through the first weeks of life, showed avoidance responses to being picked up and held. The infant's behaviour was a source of frustration and confusion to the unsuspecting parents. It is obviously difficult for the parents to respond appropriately to the needs of such an infant. And, in turn, the resulting interaction affects the infant's developing behaviours. The theme of this paper is to emphasize, though each relationship is unique, that observations made from the first days of life can permit the infant's contribution to the mother-infant relationship, and the manner in which that relationship influences his development, to be assessed.


Mother-infant neonatal separation: some delayed consequences. An earlier study of mothers of premature and full-term infants showed that the type and amount of social interaction between a human mother and her infant in the immediate postpartum period can influence the mother's subsequent behaviour and attitude towards the infant. Separation of a mother from her infant for as short a time as three weeks in the immediate postpartum period can lead to lowered feelings of maternal competency and decreased amounts of attachment behaviour, sometimes continuing for as long as one month after the pair have been reunited. Follow-up of these mothers and infants at 11, 12 and 15 months after discharge from the hospital showed that the effects of separation on maternal attitude and behaviour had disappeared, except that non-separated mothers continued to touch their infants more than separated mothers. Differences in maternal behaviour varied with birth order and sex of the infant and social class membership of the family. These findings are discussed in terms of ethological and social learning theories as they apply to matenal 'social attachment' in the neonatal period. The importance of considering the consequences of neonatal separation for the entire family rather than mother alone is emphasized.


Cognitive aspects of preverbal social interaction between human infants and adults. Our previous studies on learning and on cognitive development in preverbal human infants indicated that motor activity and social interaction played particularly important roles in the cognitive development of infants. Closer analysis has revealed that motor activity and social interaction have some underlying common regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms can be detected more easily in infants than in older subjects. An attempt to synthesize our observations led us to the concept that there is a fundamental cognitive process in the integration of adaptive behaviour. This concept may help to elucidate the motivational and emotional aspects of social interaction, the role of mothers or other caretakers in their interactions with infants, and the unfavourable effects of early social deprivation of different types on cognitive development. Some of the assumptions on which this concept is based have been corroborated by analyses of adult-infant interaction.


Parents of babies of very low birth weight: long-term follow-up. On hundred and sixty babies of birth weight less than or equal to 1500 g who survived after perinatal intensive care have been followed up and observations have been made on their parents. In spite of attempts to minimize maternal separation and the distressing aspects of the birth and management of a baby of very low birth weight, an emotional crisis was observed in the mothers which was not fully resolved until the parents had been looking after the baby at home. The duration and degree of the crisis varied but the mothers who received sympathy and support from the baby's father appeared to have least difficulty. A rigid maternal personality and circumstances surrounding the birth which predisposed to feelings of failure and guilt appeared to prolong the crisis. Nevertheless, most of these parents subsequently formed satisfactory relationships with their children, although they tended to be over-protective and anxious. Failure to establish an adequate relationship was rare and occurred only among mothers with personality or psychiatric disorders. Although serious behaviour disorders among the children were rare, more children than would be expected were mildly over-dependent, shy and anxious at follow-up.


Parent-infant interaction. Summing up.

Parent-infant interaction. Summing up.


Neonatal care units.

Neonatal care units.