A sensitive, rapid radioimmunoassay for angiotensin II. A rapid but sensitive radioimmunoassay for the measurement of plasma angiotensin II has been developed. Antiserum to angiotensin II coupled to albumin was raised and boosted by subsequent injections of unconjugated hormone. The antibody was found to react equally with the Val5 and Ileu5 forms of angiotensin II as well as with the hexa and heptapeptide fragments. Only minor cross reactivity with angiotensin I was observed. The minimum amount of angiotensin II that could be reliably measured was 4pg per tube. Because plasma incubates resulted in large and variable losses in sensitivity, an ethanol precipitation step was employed for plasma samples prior to radioimmunoassay. The normal range of venous angiotensin II levels in ambulant volunteers was 20-83pg/ml. Highly significant correlations of plasma angiotensin II with simultaneously drawn samples for renin determination were noted. Venous angiotensin II levels in a number of clinical situations are documented.


Acute glomerulonephritis: the role of the Streptococcus.


The distribution of multiple sclerosis in relation to the dairy industry and milk consumption. This report emphasises the striking correlation between the world distribution of dairy production and consumption and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. The irregular distribution of multiple sclerosis has been extensively investigated and many comparative studies of specific variables undertaken. It seems likely that there could be a combination of predisposing or precipitating factors involved in its aetiology, and that some environmental phenomenon plays a part. This report suggests that milk consumption may be a common aetiological factor.


Dialysate calcium levels, dialysis hours and the healing of osteitis fibrosa. Unselected patients receiving intermittent haemodialysis at home were examined by hand radiographs to study the progression of osteitis fibrosa. Patients were using Kiil dialysers and Drake-Willock proportioning systems. The calcium phosphorus product was controlled by an adequate dialysis schedule supplemented by aluminum hydroxide gel. Dialysate calcium ranged between 5.7 and 7.3 mg/100 ml depending on the calcium content of local tap water. In 73 percent of patients the osteitis fibrosa improved radiologically and in most patients complete healing occurred. The rate of change was slow. Patients whose bones healed had significantly higher serum and tap water calcium levels than those whose bones deteriorated. There was no significant difference in the serum phosphorus levels in the two groups. Improvement of osteitis fibrosa requires both control of calcium phosphorus product and suppression of the parathyroid gland. Long dialysis hours with a positive calcium balance during dialysis were necessary to achieve the best results.


Kasabach-Merritt syndrome with terminal gram negative infection. A case of giant haemangioma with disseminated intravascular coagulation (Kasabach-Merritt) syndrome) is presented. Death occurred despite therapy and postmortem evidence of clinically unrecognised gram negative bacteraemia was seen.


Pretibial lacerations.

Pretibial lacerations. Pretibial lacerations are common and cause considerable morbidity, especially for elderly women. Factors predisposing to this injury are discussed and guidelines for management outlined.


Fertility in developed countries.

Fertility in developed countries.


Contraception in general practice.

Contraception in general practice. A survey of the use of intra-uterine devices and contraception in a country practice has been made. Twenty percent found an IUD unacceptable. The contraceptive pattern of 157 women was analysed and 13.8 percent were using inefficient methods. The possibility of contraceptives being made available on the Drug Tariff is discussed.


Entamoeba histolytica in New Zealand.

Entamoeba histolytica in New Zealand.


Antagonism of debrisoquine sulfate by pizotifen (Sandomigran)


Private hospitals admissions 1974.

Private hospitals admissions 1974.


Prolonged oestrogen use and endometrical cancer.


Gut circulation and absorption: A review, Part 1.


The writing need not be on the wall.

The writing need not be on the wall.


Mouthguards in sport.

Mouthguards in sport.


Oral contraception.

Oral contraception.


Prescribing prazosin.

Prescribing prazosin.


Clomipramine in phobic and obsessional states: preliminary report. An uncontrolled trial of clomipramine for phobic and obsessional states is reported. Twenty out of 21 patients benefited.


Gynodaktarin (miconazole nitrate) for vulvovaginal candidiasis. A new potent fungicidal preparation, miconazole nitrate 2 percent (Gynodaktarin) was used in 40 patients, both pregnant, with vulvovaginal candidiasis. It was as effective in pregnant as in non-pregnant patients. Retreatment in three cases of recurrence was successful. There were no side effects reported, and the drug was found to be safe for pregnant patients and their offspring.


Developing or normocellular bacterial meningitis. Occult, normocellular bacterial meningitis is described in two cases, and additional records of similar cases reviewed. It is considered necessary to perform bacteriological cultures of all cerebrospinal fluids investigated for possible infective conditions even if of normal cell count, biochemistry, and naked eye appearance.


The spread of bovine viral diarrhoea on the East Coast.


Selenium in soils, pastures and animal tissues in relation to the growth of young sheep on a marginally selenium-deficient area.


Haematological and biochemical findings in bovine post-parturient haemoglobinuria and the accompanying Heinz-body anaemia.


Coronary heart disease and tocopherol: a viewpoint.


Blindness in South Hampshire sheep: a neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis.


Positive attributes.

Positive attributes.


Third party: friend or foe?

Third party: friend or foe?


Desquamative gingivitis.

Desquamative gingivitis.


On a triumph of "junk".

On a triumph of "junk".


Occlusal trauma and the periodontium: facts and fancy.


Mercury--a sleeping giant.

Mercury--a sleeping giant.


A neuromuscular evaluation of oralfacial tension: a pilot study.


Pre-prosthetic correction.

Pre-prosthetic correction.


Primary and metastatic intraoral carcinoma.


From the Council on Dental Health. A report.


Antimicrobial effect of root canal débridement in teeth with immature root. A clinical and microbiologic study. The aim of present investigation was to compare the antibacterial effect of biochemical root canal cleansing in permanent non-vital upper incisors with immature with those with mature root. The material comprised three groups made up of 34, 46 and 28 teeth in which the mechanical cleansing was accompanied by flushing with sterile saline and sodium hypochlorite solutions giving 0.5 or 5.0% active chloride, respectively. Samples were taken in root canals initially after removal of necrotic tissue and after completed cleansing, transferred to solid and liquid media for aerobically and anaerobically and incubated until growth appeared or up to 10 days. The microorganisms were identified by biochemical tests and gas-chromatographic analysis. The antibacterial effect of mechanical cleansing with sterile saline was very low (9%) and limited to the teeth with mature root. The flushing with sodium hypochlorite increased the antibacterial effect to about 25%. No statistical difference was found in the antibacterial effect between flushing with 0.5 % or 5.0% sodium hypochlorite solutions. The antibacterial effect was, however, irrespective of the sodium hypochlorite concentrations, less good in teeth with immature root at the statistically significant 5% level. It was concluded that mechanical cleansing of root canals in teeth with immature root with the instruments now available is inadequate. This inadequacy cannot be compensated for by use of highly concentrated solution, with dissolving effect on necrotic tissue, for flushing. The use of such substances which also have toxic effect on the tissue should be avoided.


Improving restorative procedures through orthodontics.


A method for reinforcing dental composite restorative materials. A method is presented for reinforcing dental composite restorative materials by incorporation of a polymer impregnated porous inorganic component. A method for producing such an inorganic component in the form of a three-dimensional glass fiber network is described. The structure of the network is demonstrated with the aid of scanning electron microscopy.


Fluorine gradients in outermost surface enamel after various forms of topical application of fluorides in vivo. Fluorine gradients were analysed in sound facial enamel of 58 pairs of homologous contralateral premolar teeth. A macroscopic stepwise acid etching technique was used to determine the F-concentration to the depths of 40-200 microns. Usually three successive enamel layers (10, 10, and 20 microns) from enamel surface and inwards were removed. Eight pairs of teeth (control group) which had not been subjected to any form of fluoride treatment in the study, were used to assess the difference between teeth extracted at three-week-interval. The F-gradients were almost identical, with only small differences between the teeth. F-concentrations usually decreased from about 900 ppm within the first 10 microns to about 200 ppm at a depth of 40-50 microns. In ten experimental groups (5 pairs of teeth in each group) the F-uptake was studied after various forms of topical application. Contralateral teeth served as control teeth. The highest F-uptake was observed when a fluoride varnish, Duraphat (5% NaF) was applied three times at one weeks' interval. The F-concentrations were about 2000, 900 and 550 ppm, respectively, in the first, second and third enamel layer. The increase in F-concentration in the first enamel layers analysed was significant, but not in the deepest. When testing the effect of paintings procedures with 2% NaF (pH = 7 and 5); 8% SnF2; 5% Na2PO3F; 2% APF-gel (Flura-Gel) in a similar way, a moderate F-uptake was found (100-450 ppm). The uptake of F was limited to the first 10 microns of the enamel. Only 2% NaF (pH = 5) And the APF-gel gave a significant F-uptake within the first layer. Daily mouthwashing procedures during 21 days resulted in insignificant uptake of F when 0.025% and 0.05% NaF solutions were used. Not even rinsing with 0.025% NaF solution for more than 100 days and rinsing with 0.2% NaF solution once a week for three weeks resulted in any significant uptake. The results showed that the F-uptake in vivo from conventional topical application is small and limited to the first few microns of the enamel surface. However, by prolonging the exposure of the enamel surfaces to fluorides in varnishes with high F-concentrations it appears possible to highly raise the F-concentration of the enamel surface and in deeper layers.


In opposition.

In opposition.


The importance of root concavities in periodontal therapy.


Utilization review: P.S.R.O. and the oral surgeon. The P.S.R.O. program is being implemented to improve the quality of care through effective peer review. Effective peer review requires that the oral surgeon must not only detect problems, but analyze causes and develop, implement, and evaluate corrective programs. To actively participate in development of P.S.R.O. criteria for admission, the Department of Oral Surgery at the University of Tennessee Memorial Hospital, Knoxville, conducted a restrospective survey of oral surgery admissions. Utilization review of the oral surgery admissions was conducted to determine the average length of stay and the utilization of the operating room and the ambulatory surgery clinic for patients admitted to the hospital.


Chemotherapy of dental plaque infections.


Local injection of corticosteroids with vestibuloplasty. Triamcinolone acetonide was injected into the mucobuccal fold adjacent to the surgical site where a vestibuloplasty with mucosal grafting had been performed. Macroscopically, the mucobuccal folds of the experimental group were both softer than those of the control animals and exhibited less tendency toward regression in the depth of the vestibule. Microscopic examination revealed qualitative rather than quantitative changes in collagen formation.


Clinical trials with bupivacaine in oral surgery. Bupivacaine HCL is compared to lidocaine with respect to clinical use in oral surgery. Onset, potency, and duration of anesthesia with it are documented. The major advantage of its use is the long duration of its anesthetic effect, with a very slow return to full sensation, which eases the patient through the early postoperative period.


Fibrous dysplasia of the jaws in Nigerians. The clinicoradiologic features and surgical treatment of fibrous dysplasia of the jaws in forty-seven Nigerian patients are described. Marked facial deformity and functional disturbances were the main indications for operation. We noticed one case of malignant transformation. It is our opinion that a more-than-usual aggressive excision is indicated in Nigerian patients.


Dental auxiliaries: today's issues vs. yesterday's arguments.


Histochemical demonstration of acid hydrolase activity in internal dentinal resorption. The enzymes acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.133) and beta-glucuronidase (E.C. 3.2.1.31) have been demonstrated in dentin-resorbing cells by means of histochemistry. Addition of specific enzyme inhibitros revealed that the acid phosphatase of these cells was sensitive to fluride, copper, and m?OLYBDATE BUT RESISTANT TO Tartrate. The same pattern of enzyme activity has previously been found in bone-resorbing cells.


An unusual foreign body in the buccal vestibule. Report of a case.


Studies on melanocytes. V. The presence of melanocytes in the human dental primordium: an explanation for pigmented lesions of the jaws. Melanocytes were observed within the dental lamina or tooth bud in three of eleven Caucasian and in all six Negro fetuses, 12 to 18 weeks of gestation, studied. The presence of these cells in the dental primordium points to a contribution by the neural crest to the formation of the tooth in mammals. The occurrence of melanocytes in the dental anlage may also explain the histogenesis of such pigmented lesions as the melanotic "progonoma," calcigying odontogenic cyst, and the pigmented odontogenic tumor of Richardson.


Effects of a warm gutta-percha technique on the lateral periodontium. The microanatomy of lateral periodontal tissues was examined after root canal obturation by a warm gutta-percha technique had been accomplished. Inflammatory responses were slight and of shot duration. The use of hot instruments for the condensation of the filling material did not appear to endanger the integrity of the lateral periodontium.


Effects of lowered temperatures on rat pulp and gingivae. The histologic appearance of pulp and interdental papilla was observed for 2 months after cryosurgery of dental tissues in the molar region of twelve Colworth-Wistar rats. The reduction in temperature achieved was also calculated from thermocouples in the pulp chamber of freshly killed animals. Reduction to -13 degrees C. in 1 1/2 minutes was followed by destruction of the odontoblast layer and fibrosis of the pulp. Destruction of the epithelium was followed by regeneration and was characterized by a sterile inflammatory reaction. Cryotherapy is suggested to be a useful alternative to standard gingivectomy, especially in patients with blood dyscrasias, and may also be used to treat internal resorption or "pink spot."


Multiple cementomas (periapical cemental dysplasia). Report of a case. A case of periapical cemental dysplasia of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in a 48-year-old woman is presented, where the stages of calcification can be well documented.


Simultaneous production of negative and positive radiographic images. A two-film radiographic procedure which simultaneously produces "white bone" and "black bone" images is described. The white bone image (the negative image) is a conventional radiograph. The black bone image (the positive image) would be used to print radiographic images on photographic paper. This technique should be limited to the examination of inanimate objects because of the large exposure that is necessary.


Fusion of a third mandibular molar with a distomolar.


Total mouth impactions.

Total mouth impactions.


Bilateral mandibular swellings in sickle cell anemia.


Paresthesia and the traumatic bone cyst. Abbreviated case report. A case of a traumatic bone cyst is reported because of the unusual nature of the chief complaint. The initial symptom of the disease was mandibular nerve neuropathy with numbness of the left side of the lower lip and chin.


Postanesthetic palatal ulceration.

Postanesthetic palatal ulceration. An ulceration developed 5 days after the administration of a local anesthetic to the right posterior hard palate. Spontaneous healing did not occur and an incisional biopsy was performed. Uncomplicated healing followed.


Bilateral lipomas of the tongue.

Bilateral lipomas of the tongue. Multiple lipomas of the tongue are quite rare and are seldom reported in the literature. Presented herein is the case of a 76-year-old man with four symmetrical asymptomatic bilateral double lipomas of long standing on the tongue.


Cheilitis granulomatosa (Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome). An oligosymptomatic manifestation of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is described. The importance of serial sections of the tissue specimen is emphasized. Satisfactory postoperative results are obtained.


Histocompatibility of polyvinyl acetate, an ingredient of chewing gum. The histocompatibility of polyvinyl acetate (PVA), an ingredient of chewing gum, was evaluated from both a direct irritant (toxic reaction) and an allergic (antigen-antibody) standpoint. Subcutaneous injections in rats and topical application of hamster pouches were utilized. Polyvinyl acetate was shown to cause a moderate to severe inflammatory reaction when injected subcutaneously, which peaked at day 7 and was minimal at day 42. The histologic appearance of the hamster cheek pouch was not significantly altered by the PVA. Although PVA has been used as a plasticizer in chewing gum, it was not possible to induce any histologic changes in tissues which resembled the specific changes present in atypical gingivostomatitis (plasma-cell gingivostomatitis).


Compound and complex odontomas.

Compound and complex odontomas. One hundred forty-nine cases of odontoma were reviewed: sixty-five cases were accepted from the literature, and eighty-four additional cases were included from the files of the Pathology Department of the Emory University School of Dentistry. The cases were combined and analyzed together. Odontomas are most often diagnosed in the second decade of life. Sixty-five per cent of all odontomas occur in the maxilla. Compound odontomas are more common in the anterior maxilla, whereas complex odontomas occur more frequently in the posterior jaws. A slight predominance in males was seen. The most common presenting symptom was an impacted tooth with retention of deciduous teeth.


Keratonodular tonsillitis.

Keratonodular tonsillitis. Reported is an unusual lesion on the right palatine tonsil in a man with latent primary syphilis. The lesion was white, nodular, firm, and asymptomatic, and histologically had a keratinized surface; it was not caused by primary syphilis or any other known or described entity. The term keratonodular tonsillitis has been coined to designate this lesion of unknown cause or significance.


Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa: oral manifestations and dental therapy. The oral and dental manifestations of epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria were evaluated in seventeen patients with this disorder. Clinical findings were correlated with the electron microscope--documented diagnosis of each variant of epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria. Significant differences in the dental and oral presentations of each variant indicate the importance of considering these findings in differential diagnosis of the variants and in treatment planning for dental disease in these patients. A rationale for surgical and restorative intervention based on experience with these seventeen patients is presented.


The epithelized oral sinus tract.

The epithelized oral sinus tract. Sinus tracts that extended from periapical lesions to the alveolar mucosa were surgically removed and examined microscopically. The results indicate that sinus tracts may be lined with stratified squamous epithelium. More commonly, however, these tracts are lined with granulation tissue.


Morphologic and enzyme histochemical observations on the pulp of human primary molars 3 to 5 years after formocresol treatment. The state of the pulp of twenty-seven primary teeth treated by formocresol pulpotomy (clinically and radiographically successful) was assessed 3 to 5 years after treatment. A wide variation was found in the pulpal condition, from normal pulp tissue to total necrosis. Resorption and apposition of hard tissue were common findings. Five teeth were freeze-sectioned and incubated for histochemical demonstration of oxidative enzymes. The pulps of two teeth were vital; two teeth had necrotic areas subjacent to the amputation paste; and one pulp was totally necrotic. Six teeth were extracted 5 minutes after formocresol pulpotomy and incubated for demonstration of oxidative enzymes. An unstained zone, 1 to 2 mm. deep, was seen in all incubated sections. In conclusion, it seems that the formocresol method should be regarded only as a means to keep primary teeth with pulp exposures functioning for a relativley short period of time.


Localization of impacted canines with Status-X radiography. There are, at present, a number of clinical and radiologic methods available to establish the buccopalatal relationship of an impacted maxillary canine. A new method, employing the Status-X x-ray machine, can now be used. This technique makes use of the fact that the anode of the Status-X machine is considered to have an almost point source of x-radiation. Applying the laws of central projection, an object closer to the focal point will produce a larger image on a film than that produced by an object of equal size but farther away from the focal point. In a recent series of twenty-eight canine transplant procedures, this method was used with great success to establish, preoperatively, the position of the impacted canines.


Tooth in coronoid process.

Tooth in coronoid process.


Comparison of panoramic radiography and Water's projection in the diagnosis of maxillary sinus disease. Pantomograms and Water's views were independently reviewed by two radiologists with regard to detection of maxillary sinus abnormalities. Panoramic radiography was found to be a better radiologic approach than the Water's projection for the detection of cystlike densities in the maxillary sinus. Cloudiness of the maxillary sinus and sclerotic change of adjacent bony structures were better demonstrated on the Water's view. These two techniques supplement each other and both should be used in order to obtain a more accurate diagnosis of maxillary sinus disease.


Sublingual sialogram.

Sublingual sialogram.


T cell leukaemia in the rat: stable marker chromosome in leukaemic cells. The karyotype of a transplantable T cell leukaemia which arose originally in a PVG strain rat undergoing chronic internal beta irradiation of the spleen was examined and a marker chromosome was found. Although the leukaemia progressively became more acute during 4 years of continuous passage the marker did not change. Cytogenetic analysis of normal rats given an acute exposure to external irradiation revealed, among other abnormalities, a marked of the same morphology indicating that the original marker was probably radiation induced. This is the first description of a stable marker chromosome in an experimental animal leukaemia.


Osteosarcoma associated with acromegaly: a case report. A case of acromegaly who developed an osteosarcoma is recorded, with persistently raised levels of growth hormone. It is possible that there was some aetiological relationship between the increased rate of bone formation and the development of the osteosarcoma.


Barium enema findings in type I hepatorenal glycogen storage disease. Four children with Type I hepatorenal glycogen storage have been studied by barium enema. All showed strikingly similar changes of a smooth-walled, slightly narrow but normal length colon without any haustration. The findings simulated colitis but the patients had either mild diarrhea or no gastrointestinal complaints. Small bowel series was normal. Endoscopy and biopsy failed to provide an adequate explanation, there being no evidence of glycogen storage in the biopsy material and the degree of colitis in two patients who were endoscoped was minimal. The explanation for these radiographic findings is not known at present, although they have similarities to the "cathartic colon syndrome" described in adults.


First-rib "fenestrations".

First-rib "fenestrations".


Angiography in stomach carcinoid. Report of a case.


Clinically disturbed tumor growth and feasibility of Gompertzian function growth model.


An alternative.

An alternative.


The erythrocytic line in refractory anemia (preleukemia or hemopoietic dysplasia) and myelomonocytic leukemia. II. Some unusual morphologic variants of the polychromatic normoblasts and reticulocytes. In a combined scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the red blood cell line in patients with refractory anemia (preleukemia) and myelomonocytic leukemia, certain elements with abundant, convoluted membranes that formed projections over the cell surface were observed. These cells were both normoblasts (nucleated) and reticulocytes (anucleated) and constituted what appeared to be a distinct subpopulation of the red blood cell line. It is possible that in these erythrocytes there is a nucleocytoplasmic asynchronism. We are not certain, however, that they are linked to the leukemic process.


The prevention of dental caries.

The prevention of dental caries.


A possible conformation for double-stranded polynucleotides. A model is presented for double-stranded polynucleotides which involves side-by-side meshing of the two strands rather than double helical intertwining. The sugar-phosphate backbone has a twisted strip-like character, yet base-pairing of the Watson-Crick type is still possible. Structural features of the basic model are described and coordinates are presented for a representative example. The structure has, on the whole, reasonable sterochemical contacts, and can be shown to produce a fiber diffraction pattern with x-rays not unlike that of the B form of DNA.


Lateral hapten mobility and immunochemistry of model membranes. A study has been made of the interaction of specific anti-nitroxide (anti-spin label) IgG antibodies, Fab fragments, complement, and liposomes containing dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine plus 0-50 mole % cholesterol, together with various concentrations of a head group spin-labeled phospholipid (0.5-0.01 mole % in the plane of the membrane). The spin-labeled lipid is the amide formed from the reaction of an iodoacetamide spin label, N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)iodoacetamide, with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine. We have reached two conclusions: (i) complement fixation depends on the lateral mobility of the lipid hapten at low hapten concentrations in the plane of the membrane (less than or equal 0.1 mole %) and does not depend strongly on this mobility at high hapten concentrations; (ii) cholesterol may have two distinct effects on complement fixation, one arising from an enhancement of hapten exposure to antibody binding sites and a second due to a modulation of membrane fluidity.


Ultraviolet photoelectron studies of biological purines: the valence electronic structure of adenine. The UV photoelectron spectra of adenine, 9-methyladenine, and 6-methylaminopurine contain highly resolved bands arising from the six highest occupied molecular orbitals. The spectra have been analyzed using UV absorption data, photoelectron data from previous studies of heterocyclic compounds, and results from both semi-empirical and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The analysis indicates that the first, third, and fifth photoelectron bands in adenine and the two methyl substituted derivatives arise from pi orbitals. The second, fourth, and sixth bands arise from nitrogen atom lone-pair orbitals. Compared to adenine, the six uppermost orbitals of 9-methyladenine and 6-methylaminopurine have lower ionization potentials. This destabilization of the valence electrons is expected to play an important role in causing the increase in base stacking forces observed in methyl substituted adenines.


Purification and characterization of initiation factor IF-E3 from rabbit reticulocytes. Initiation factor IF-E3 from rabbit reticulocytes was isolated from a high salf extract of ribosomes prepared according to the procedure of Schreier and Staehelin (J. Mol9 Biol, 73, 329-349, 1973). The factor was highly purified from the crude extract by ammonium sulfate fractionation, sucrose gradient centrifugation, salf gradient elution from DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose columns, and glycerol gradient centrifugation. IF-E3 stimulated cell-free protein synthesis dependent on an exogenous globin mRNA fraction 4- to 5-fold. The factor under nondenaturing conditions behaved as a large multipolypeptide complex, but was separated into 11 major protein components by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The stoichiometry and molecular weights (range: 28,000-140,000) of the IF-E3 proteins were determined. None of the components corresponded to ribosomal proteins found in high salt-washed ribosomes. 14CH3-IF-E3 was prepared by reductive alkylation without detectable loss of its initiation factor activity, and bound stoichiometrically to 40S ribosomal subunits, but not to 60S or 80S ribosomes. 14CH3-IF-E3 isolated from the 40S complex contained only nine of the 11 original protein components.


Influenza virus genome consists of eight distinct RNA species. The genomic RNA of the avian influenza A virus, fowl plague, was fractionated into eight species by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-agarose gels containing 6 M urea. The separated 32P-labeled RNA species were characterized by digestion with RNase T1 and fractionation of the resulting oligonucleotides by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; this demonstrated that each species has a distinct nucleotide sequence. A tentative correlation of each genome RNA species with the virus protein that it encodes was made.


Three dimensional structure of erabutoxin b neurotoxic protein: inhibitor of acetylcholine receptor. The three-dimensional structure of erabutoxin b, a neurotoxin in the venom of the sea snake Laticauda semifasciata, has been determined from a 2.75 A resolution electron density map. Erabutoxin b is one of a family of snake venom neurotoxins, all low-molecular-weight proteins, which block neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic membrane. They specifically inhibit the acetylcholine receptor. The molecular shape is that of a shallow elongated saucer with a footed stand formed by the six-membered ring at the COOH-terminal end. The central core of the molecule is an assembly of four disulfide bridges. Three long chain loops emerge as broad fronds from the core region. Approximately 40% of the main chain is organized into a twisted antiparallel beta-pleated sheet of five short strands. In 28 snake venom neurotoxins of established sequence which inhibit the acetylcholine receptor, the four disulfide bridges and seven other residues remain invariant. Three substitution positions conserve residue type. In one wing of the molecule, there is a broad shallow depression which may characterize the reactive site. It is populated by the sevent invariant residues and two of the three type conserved residues. This region is "anchored" on the undersurface of the molecule by the hydroxyl group of Ser-9, the remaining conservatively substituted residue.


Organization of DNA in chromatin.

Organization of DNA in chromatin. Conformational changes in DNA that accompany drug intercalation have led us to ask if DNA first bends or "kinks" to accept an intercalative drug or dye. Kinking is made possible by altering the normal C2' endo deoxyribose sugar ring puckering in B DNA to a mixed sugar puckering pattern of the type C3' and partially unstacking base-pairs. A kinking scheme such as this would require minimal stereochemical rearrangement and would also involve small energies. This has prompted us to ask more generally if a conformational change such as this could be used by proteins in their interactions with nucleic acids. In this papter we describe an interesting superhelical DNA structure formed by kinking DNA every 10 base-pairs. The structure may be used in the organization of DNA in chromatin.


Model studies of enzymatic NH2-terminal acetylation of porteins with des-Nalpha1-acetyl-alpha-melanotropin as a substrate. The present study describes the acetylation by an enzyme present in calf lens of a synthetic tridecapeptide [analogous to alpha-melanotropin (alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone) but lacking the naturally occurring NH2-terminal acetyl group: des-Nalpha1-Ac-alpha-melanotropin]. The reaction is specific for the alpha-amino group of the NH2-terminal amino acid. The minimum length required for the substrate to become acetylated appears to be a sequence of five to eight amino acid residues. Modification of the internal lysine decreases the incorporation of acetate, irrespective of the size of the blocking group.


Initiation of translation directed by 42S and 26S RNAs from Semliki Forest virus in vitro. The proteins synthesized in vitro in response to 42S and 26S RNAs from Semliki Forest virus were labeled with formyl-[35S]methionine from initiator tRNA. One protein which comigrated with viral capsid protein was labeled under the direction of 26S RNA, and only one labeled peptide was detected after digestion with trypsin. Further digestion with pronase gave rise to the dipeptide fMet-AsN. Several labeled polypeptides were found in the 42S RNA directed product and these had molecular weights of up to 150,000. However, tryptic digestion of the product yielded only one formylmethionyl-labeled peptide, which had a different mobility from that directed by the 26S RNA. Further digestion with pronase gave a single dipeptide, fMet-Ala. This indicates that nonstructural proteins as large as 150,000 daltons are probably synthesized from one initiation site on the 42S RNA. Translation starting from the internal initiation site on the 42S RNA, which is equivalent to that on the 26S RNA, could not be detected under the conditions used. Internal initiation sites which are similarly inactive have also been detected in other viral RNAs (e.g., brome mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and polyoma 19S RNA) and this suggests that, although eukaryotic mRNAs can contain more than one initiation site for protein synthesis, only the site nearer the 5' terminus is active in vitro.


A major species of mammalian messenger RNA lacking a polyadenylate segment. Translation of total polysomal RNA from sarcoma 180 ascites cells in a wheat germ cell-free system produces two major polypeptides, A and B, with molecular weights of 50,000 and 45,000, respectively. Fractionation on Millipore filters or on oligo(dT)-cellulose leads to retention of the mRNA specific for protein A in the poly(A)-containing fraction and to accumulation of the B mRNA in the unadsorbed poly(A)-deficient fraction. The mRNA for B sediments at approximately 18 S; it is released as a 50S ribonucleorprotein upon EDTA treatment of polysomes. Its translation is particularly sensitive to an inhibitor present in the polysomal RNA. The poly(A)-deficient mRNA for the 45,000 dalton polypeptide is also present in mouse myeloma MPC-11 cells, where it seems to be localized in membrane-bound polysomes.


A gene of bacteriophage T4 whose product prevents true late transcription on cytosine-containing T4 DNA. T-even coliphages have 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in their DNA instead of cytosine. In some T4 mutants, the replicated DNA contains cytosine, but then no late gene products are made. We show that the inability to make late gene products with cytosine-containing T4 DNA is due to a T4 gene products. This gene product, while probably nonessential under normal conditions, interacts with an essential part of the transcription apparatus. Mutations in this gene allow viable T4 particles to be made whose DNA has been substituted almost 100% with cytosine.


Correlation of degradative rates of proteins with a parameter calculated from amino acid composition and subunit size. A parameter is developed which relates the amino acid composition and subunit size of a protein to the degradative rate in vivo. This parameter was calculated for 11 rat liver proteins and a plot versus the half-lives of these proteins is linear and has a coefficient of correlation of -0.96. Evidence is presented which suggests that the density of excess acidic amino acids on the surface of the protein is the most important factor in determining differential turnover.


Affinity purification of synthetic peptides. A general strategy and a specific tactic for affinity purification of polypeptides synthesized on solid supports are desbribed and demonstrated. The desired peptide chains were distinguished from terminated peptide chains before removal from the support by attachment of an affinity reagnet (cysteinyl-methionine) bearing an affinity group (thiol) and a binding group (carboxylic acid). After cleavage from the synthetic support, the affinity-labeled peptides (Cys-Met-peptides) were bound to an affinity receptor (organomercurial-agarose) and thus separated from terminated peptides and all other peptides lacking the affinity group. The desired synthetic peptide was obtained by separation of the affinity reagent (loss of Cys-Met by cyanogen bromide cleavage). This general affinity purification strategy is independent of the length or amino acid sequence of the desired peptide. After assembly of ribonuclease-(111-124)-tetradecapeptide, using radiolabeled acetic anhudride for termination of uncoupled in termediates, essentially all (greater than 98.5%) of the acetylated delection peptides were removed by employing the organomercurial Cys-Met tactic. Similarly, the purity of crude synthetic histone H4-(1-37)-heptatriacontapeptide was increased six-fold by using this tactic to remove terminated peptides. A related dimeric Cys-Met tactic is outlined for affinity purification of peptides containing internal cysteine and methionine residues.


Preparative fractionation of DNA restriction fragments by reversed phase column chromatography. Reversed phase column chromatography on RPC-5 resin was used to fractionate milligram quantities of DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases. Fractionation was on the basis of size, the presence or absence of sticky ends, and at least one as yet undertermined property.


Interferon, double-stranded RNA, and protein phosphorylation. We reported earlier that the addition of double-stranded RNA and ATP increases the endonuclease activity more in an extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been treated with an interferon preparation than in a comparable extract from control cells. We report here that the addition of double-stranded RNA to an extract from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been treated with an interferon preparation [or with the interferon inducer poly(I)-poly(C)] promotes the phosphorylation by [gamma-32P]ATP of at least two proteins: P1 (molecular weight of 64,000) and P2 (molecular weight of 37,000). Double-stranded RNA also promotes the phosphorylation of at least one (i.e., P1) of these two proteins in an extract from cells which have not been treated with interferon, but the extent of phosphorylation is much smaller. Double-stranded RNA which has been degraded by RNase III, or DNA, does not promote the phosphorylation.


Insulin effect on the cell cycle: analysis of the kinetics of growth parameters in confluent chick cells. Several techniques, including flow microfluorometry, were utilized to study the effect of insulin on the growth of cultured cells. It was demonstrated that chick fibroblasts can be stimulated to synthesize DNA and undergo mitosis after insulin addition. The kinetics of the cell movement through the cell cycle as well as the length of the cycle itself, however, were distinctly different in insulin- and serum-treated cultures. The insulin-treated cells had a shorter G1, an extended S, and a much extended G2 residence time compared to cells treated with serum. A model of growth regulation which includes both primary cultures and cell lines is proposed.


Enzymatic replication of viral and complementary strands of duplex DNA of phage phiX174 proceeds by seprate mechanisms. Multiplication of the duplex, circular, phage phiX174DNA (replicative form, RF) in stage II of the replicative life cycle has been observed with a crude enzyme preparation [Eisenberg et al. (1976) Proc, Natl. Acad, Sci. USA 73, 1594-1597]. This stage has now been partially reconstituted with purified proteins and subdivided into two stages: II(+) and II(-). In stage II(+), viral (+) strand synthesis is carried out by four proteins: the phage-induced, cistron A-dependent protein, rep-dependent protein, DNA unwinding protein, and DNA polymerase III holenzyme. In stage II(-), complementary (-) strand synthesis utilizes the product of stage II(+) as template and the multiprotein system previously identified in the stage I synthesis of a complementary strand on the viral DNA template to produce RF. The multiprotein system includes DNA unwinding protein, proteins i and n, dnaB protein, dnaC protein, dnaG protein, and DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. A discussion of these two separate mechanism for synthesis of (+) and (-) strands suggests that they may account for essentially all the replicative stages in the life cycle of phiX174.


Tolerance and dependence evoked by an endogenous opiate peptide. Incubation of neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells for 12-97 hr with methionine-enkephalin results in an increase in adenylate cyclase activity [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] that is mediated by the opiate receptor. The results show that cells become tolerant to, and dependent upon, enkephalin.


Amino acids and control of nucleolar size, the activity of RNA polymerase I, and DNA synthesis in liver. The volume of nucleolar material per nucleus and the activity of RNA polymerase I (RNA nucleotidyltransferase I) become doubled in the liver cells of rats that are fed for several days a diet that lacks essential amino acids. Omission of methionine from a fully supplemented diet is equivalent to leaving out all the amino acids, and the responses to a deficiency of tryptophan are about 40% as great. Deprivation of one of the remaining essential amino acids gives either small responses or none at all. Supplementation of the methionine-free diet with cystine blocks the nucleolar enlargement and the enhancement of the polymerase activity that would otherwise take place, but the dispensable amino acid does not affect the responses to a deprivation of one of the other essential amino acids. After deprivation of all the essential amino acids or only methionine, hepatocytes make DNA when the rat is fed a meal with protein. A preparatory diet lacking in tryptophan is much less effective; a deficiency in any of the other indispensable compounds tested fails to prepare the liver for DNA synthesis. The results give hope that elucidation of the means by which methionine deprivation affects the nucleolus will also provide information on the regulation of nuclear DNA replication in liver. One attractive possibility is that the amino acid deficiency acts by producing some imbalance in protein metabolism.


Asynchronous synthesis of erythrocyte membrane proteins. The synthesis of membrane proteins of the mature mouse erythrocyte is asynchronous. During erythropoiesis, synthesis of the bulk of the spectrin and actin polypeptides is completed before that of the major transmembrane glycoprotein. Synthesis of the glycoprotein ceases before that of several minor proteins found on the inner surface of the red cell membrane, and one of these minor proteins is made predominantly by reticulocytes. These findings were the result of experiments in which a normal mouse was given a single injection of [35S]methionine. The appearance of radioactivity in the membrane proteins of circulating mature erythrocytes was followed. The earliest labeled proteins to emerge into the blood represent those synthesized at the last stages of erythropoiesis.


Temperature dependence of cycloheximide-sensitive phase of circadian cycle in Acetabularia mediterranea. The biochemical nature of the circadian regulatory system that controls many cellular activities is still unclear. Recent results obtained from the application of protein synthesis inhibitors to individual Acetabularia cells expressing circadian rhythms of photosynthesis indicate that some protein(s) must be synthesized on 80S ribosomes during a discrete part of each cycle to insure correct time-keeping. A comparative study of the effects of brief cycloheximide treatments on cells investigated at different temperature has revealed that the phase of cycloheximide sensitivity is 4-6 hr longer and occurs about 8 hr later in the cycle when cells are kept at 20 degrees rather than 25 degrees. Temperature is known to influence the function of the circadian regulatory system in Acetabularia, but the effect on frequency is small (Q10 approximately equal to 0.8) due to the existence of a temperature-compensating feature. The large effects of temperature observed here thus favor the interpretation that protein synthesis on 80S ribosomes, while providing an essential component of the circadian timing mechanism, does not itself generate the period of the photosynthesis rhythm.


Identification of an intracellular precursor to DNA excreted by human lymphocytes. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro synthesize DNA that is excreted into the culture medium. When such cells are pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine during the peak of DNA synthesis on day 3 of culture, then cultured for 3 more days in the absence of isotope, labeled DNA moves slowly into the Hirt supernatant cell fraction from the pellet fraction containing chromosomal DNA,and then into the culture medium. The number of copies of excreted DNA sequences in the Hirt pellet fraction was determined for lymphocytes harvested on days 3,4, and 6 after stimulation and compared to the number found in resting lymphocyte DNA and in placenta DNA. While resting lymphocyte and placenta DNAs contain one to two copies of sequences similar to excreted DNA per haploid genome, stimulated lymphocytes on days 3 and 4 of culture contain 3- to 4-fold more copies; by day 6 of culture, stimulated lymphocytes contain only 1- to 2-fold more copies than resting lymphocytes. Thus, phytohemagglutinin induces lymphocytes to selectively replicate several copies of a limited portion of their genome, copies which are then excreted into the culture medium. As determined by reassociation kinetics analysis, a high-molecular-weight DNA fraction from the Hirt supernatant contains sequences found in excreted DNA. This DNA may represent an intermediate formed prior to release of excreted sequences from the cells.


Selective cannibalism in the rotifer asplanchna sieboldi: contact recognition of morphotype and clone. Populations of A. sieboldi reproduce primarily by diploid femal parthenogenesis. Females may exhibit a pronounced, nongenetic polymorphism which is controlled by the diet. The cruciform and especially the campanulate morphotypes are larger than the saccate morphotype and are cannibalistic. Direct observations of various predator-prey interactions between the different morphotypes of two taxonomically distinct clones show that the feeding responses of cannibals after actual prey contact are predictable and extremely selective. Companulates from clone B respond regularly to saccate but only rarely to cruciform or campanulate clonemates; the same predators typically respond to cruciforms and campanulates from clone C. Cruciforms from clone C rarely respond to saccate and cruciform clonemates but readily attack all morphotypes from clone B. In contrast, campanulates from clone C show no selectivity. Morphotype- and clone-specific recognition responses, which are mediated by coronal contact chemoreceptors, permit efficient prey discrimination and protection withotu involving prey handling or development of energy-demanding, defensive structures, such as the body-wall outgrowths of the cruciform morphotype. Selective feeding of cannibals may increase the fitness of a clone, both by effecting a more adaptive distribution of its morphotypes and by enhancing its ability to compete directly and indirectly with cooccurring clones. The magnitude of cannibalism in this rotifer may be dependent upon a complex suite of heterogeneous predator-prey interactions and greatly affected by shifting densities and distributions of different clones and female morphotypes.


Abnormalities in the glycosphingolipid content of human Pk and p erythrocytes. Erythrocytes of the rare Pk phenotype lack the blood group P antigen, and p erythrocytes lack both P and Pk antigens. On the basis of immunological data we suggested previously that the P and Pk antigens are the glycosphingolipids globoside and trihexosyl ceramide, respectively, and we have now confirmed these designations by chemical analysis of erythrocytes lacking these antigens. The Pk erythrocytes contain only traces of globoside and have a marked excess of trihexosyl ceramide in comparison with normal erythrocytes. The p erythrocytes lack globoside and trihexosyl ceramide and contain an excess of lactosyl ceramide and other complex glycolipids. Our analyses of normal erythrocytes also revealed complex gangliosides with the approximate chromatographic mobilities of GD1b and GT1, and several gangliosides containing N-acetylglucosamine.


Control of the amplification convertase of complement by the plasma protein beta1H. An inhibitory activity for an erythrocyte in termediate bearing the properdin (P)-stabilized amplification C3 convertase, PC3bBb, was recognized in whole normal human serum and separated from C3b inactivator by its distinct physicochemical and functional characteristics. The inhibitory activity was found to reside in a protein that was purified to homogeneity and elicited a monospecific antibody in a rabbit. This protein was identified as beta1H and found to have a serum concentration of 516 +/- 89 mug/ml (mean +/- 1 SD). beta1H produced a dose related, first-order loss of convertase function and release of 125I-Bb from the P-stabilized intermediate, indicating a mechanism of action by decay-dissociation of Bb from the complex, PC3bBb. beta1H exhibited only a limited capacity to accelerate decay of C3bBb sites stabilized with C3 nephritic factor or to release 125I-Bb from such sites. Amplification of C3 cleavage by C3bBb may well determine whether initial complement activation by the classical or alternative activating sequence is beneficial or detrimental to the host. Regulation of this amplifying function is now recognized to occur at at least three steps: intrinsic decay which reflects the inherent lability of the C3bBb convertase; extrinsic decay-dissociation of Bb which is mediated by the effect of beta1H; and inactivation of exposed C3b by C3b inactivator. The stabilization of C3bBb by activated properdin minimizes intrinsic decay and protects C3b in the bimolecular complex from C3b inactivator. beta1H restores control of the system by decay-dissociation of the bimolecular complex, therby exposing C3b to C3b inactivator whose irreversible action prevents regeneration of the convertase at that site.


Cell surface antigens of human malignant melanoma: mixed hemadsorption assays for humoral immunity to cultured autologous melanoma cells. We studied how frequently patients with malignant melanoma have specific antibody to cell surface antigens of cultured autologous melanoma cells as demonstrated by mixed hemadsorption assays. Of 35 patients studied over periods ranging from 1 to 36 months with Stage II, III, and IV disease, two showed consistent and high titered reactivity against autologous melanoma cells, two showed less consistent and intermediate reactivity, seven showed sporatic, low titered reactivity, and the remainder were consistently negative. A detailed analysis was carried out with the sera of one patient with sufficiently high titer against autologous melanoma cells. By direct tests and by absorption analysis with a variety of melanoma and nonmelanoma cell lines which included autologous fibroblasts, the antigen could not be demonstrated on any cell type other than the autologous melanoma.


Anaerobic growth of a Rhodopseudomonas species in the dark with carbon monoxide as sole carbon and energy substrate. A species of Rhodopseudomonas that grows under strict anaerobic conditions in the dark and requires CO was isolated from lake and pond sediments. Although anaerobic growth in the dark occurs in a chemically defined mineral medium with CO as the only carbon and energy source, growth is stimulated by adding trypticase. Under these conditions, cells exhibit a generation time of 6.7 hr and reach a final concentration of 1 to 3 X 10(9) cells per ml of liquid medium. Resting suspensions of CO-grown cells metabolize about 6.7 mumol of CO per mg of protein in 1 hr and produce equimolar amounts of CO2 and H2 according to the equation CO + H2O leads to CO2 + H2. As predicted by this equation, when cells were suspended in tritium-labeled water containing potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and incubated with pure CO, 3H2 gas was produced at linear rate with a constant specific activity.


Morphinomimetic activity of synthetic fragments of beta-lipotropin and analogs. In the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle bioassay, beta-endorphin, i.e., beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH)-[61-91], has a potency of 450 with confidence limits of 281-966 when Met5-enkephalin is used as a reference standard with a potency of 100. The primary amide and the ethylamide of Met5-enkephalin have potencies statistically overlapping with that of beta-endorphin. The primary amide of alpha-endorphin has twice the potency of the free acid form of alpha-endorphin. An intact NH2-terminal tyrosine is not necessary for full intrinsic activity. The shortest fragment of beta-LPH with morphinomimetic activity is beta-LPH-[61-64].


The biochemical and biobehavioral profile of 5-methoxytryptamine.


Anesthetic stimulation of insect water receptors. Halothane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, in the vapor and liquid phases, stimulate the water receptor of the blowfly Phormia regina. There are three successive phases of response to long-lasting stimulation by halothane: stimulation of the water receptor for the first 19 sec, narcosis for the next 80 sec, and stimulation of all receptors after 80 sec. The behavior of the fly is correlated with these phases. A thirsty fly extends its proboscis and attempts to drink during the first phase, withdraws its proboscis during the second, and extends in a manner characteristic of aversion in the third. A water-satiated fly responds only in the third phase. These results indicate that both the labeled line and the across-fiber hypothesis of sensory coding apply to the blowfly. At the level of sensory transduction the data do not rule out the possibility that streaming potentials are normally involved in stimulation of the water receptor. They are also consistent with a hypothesis that neutral narcotics stimulate the water receptor by facilitating the passage of sodium ions through the dendritic membrane.


Segmental moment of inertia scaling procedures.


Evidence for and against the involvement of N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in schizophrenia.


All-out versus a steady-paced cycling strategy for maximal work output of short duration.


Movement analysis as a generic ability of physical education teachers and students.


Ego development stages of a sample of college football players.


Objectivity, validity, and reliability of gymnastic judging.


Description of the hidden curriculum in secondary physical education.


Goal-setting behavior and need achievement in relation to competitive motor activity.


Pursuit-motor performance of deaf and hearing girls.


Professional self-favorability compared with perceived and actual evaluations of others.


Time comparison among the cross-over step, jab-step and two types of sprinter's starts in base stealing.


Investigation of personality traits of college female athletes and nonathletes.


A three-year study of the Astrand-Ryhming step test.


Multivariate relationships between leisure activities and personality.


Socialization into sport: an exploratory path analysis.


Comparison of self-concepts of college women: athletes and physical education majors.


Verbal, visual, and kinesthetic error feedback in the learning of a simple motor task.


Personality and leisure time activities.


Description of the movement characteristics of two-year-old children performing the jump and reach.


Effects of a season's training on the body composition of female college swimmers.


Prior exercise and endurance performance: a test of the mobilization hypothesis.


Modeling effects on motor performance.

Modeling effects on motor performance.


An instrument for the student evaluation of teaching effectiveness in physical education activity courses.


Suicide perspectives in Rhode Island in 1974.


Public service and ethics in government.


A pathophysiologic approach to disorders of potassium homeostasis.


Pseudocysts of the pancreas, a community hospital experience.


Isochromosome 17 in a case of chronic erythroleukaemia. In a patient with chronic erythroleukaemia in isochromosome 17q was identified in all bone marrow metaphases analyzed. In addition, these cells were characterized by hypodiploidy and the presence of 3 different marker chromosomes. Approximately 50% of dividing cells in the marrow were bizarre-looking polyploids. The identification by Giemsa banding of i(17q) in this case of erythroleukaemia supports the concept that there are common cytogenetic characteristics among malignant myeloproliferative disorders.


Vitamin D-the old vitamin and the new hormone. The Will E. Donahoe lecture Nov. 1, 1975 University of South Dakota--School of Medicine.


The new T-3 is nothing like the old T-3.


The value of neuropsychological testing to the physician.


Polyploidy of the bone marrow.

Polyploidy of the bone marrow. In a consecutive series of 841 patients whose bone marrows were cytogenetically investigated because of verified or suspected haematological disease, 11 patients were found to have at least 10% polyploid bone marrow mitoses. The chromosome numbers varied greatly between the cells of the same patients and between the patients. In 4 cases, the number was nearly or exactly tetraploid and in 1 patient a prevalent octaploid line was seen. Structurally abnormal marker chromosomes were seen in 8 of the patients. A total of 31 bone marrow chromosome counts were performed on a young woman with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia who had had several drug-induced remissions during the 3 1/2 years of disease. The results were related to the clinical findings. On several occasions a clear-cut correlation was noted between high proportions (nearly 100%) of polyploid cells and relapse on the one hand and low proportions (as low as 0%) of polyploids and remission on the other. Of the 11 patients, 2 had chronic myeloid leukaemia, 3 acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, 3 acute myeloid leukaemia and a further 3 some other malignant haematological disorders. We conclude that polyploidy is a feature associated with rare cases of leukaemia and other malignant diseases. It is often a sign of a poor prognosis.


Leukaemia in Hodgkin's disease.

Leukaemia in Hodgkin's disease. Three new cases of Hodgkin's disease terminating in leukaemia are described and the literature is briefly reviewed. The patients developed acute lymphocytic leukaemia, acute eosinophilic leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukaemia, 6 1/4 years, 6 years and 7 months respectively after the initial diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. The 2 patients who developed acute leukaemia had been in complete remission from the Hodgkin's disease and had received no treatment for 5 3/4 and 2 1/2 years respectively. Possible causes for the occurrence of leukaemia in patients with Hodgkin's disease are discussed.


Acute leukemia in adults: comparison of survival between a treated and an untreated group. Survival and response to chemotherapy were evaluated in 84 adults with granulocytic leukemia (AGL) and 22 with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Twenty-two of the 84 patients with AGL reveived no chemotherapy (untreated group). The median survival for patients with AGL who achieved complete remission (CR) was 17.1 months, compared to 6.5 months for those who achieved partial remission (PR (p less than 0.05), 2.8 months for those who failed chemotherapy (p less than 0.01), and 2.1 months for the untreated group (p less than 0.01). The median survival for patients with ALL who achieved a CR was 18.2 months, compared to 7.3 months for those who achieved a PR and 7.0 months for those who failed chemotherapy. Of patients with AGL who reveived an adequate trial of chemotherapy, 43% achieved a CR and 16% a PR; 75% of patients with ALL achieved a CR and 13% a PR. Improved survival depends on the induction of a complete or partial remission with the use of aggressive chemotherapy.


Studies of lymphocyte-dependent antibodies to leukemia-associated antigens using frozen stored leukemia target cells. The ability of frozen stored leukemia blast cells to participate in a lymphocyte-dependent antibody assay (LDA) is demonstrated. Frozen stored acute myelogenous and lymphocytic blast cells retained antigenicity and high viability (larger than or equal to 80%). High titer LDA reactivity against frozen stored leukemic blasts was demonstrated with heterologous (rabbit) and homologous (leukemic patient) antisera. Similarly, we demonstrated the ability of frozen stored peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mediate effectively the destruction of antibody-coated leukemia blast cells stored frozen in liquid nitrogen before use. These findings will facilitate the study of LDA and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human leukemia patients using a completely autogeneic system.


Clinical experience with intrauterine devices as a means of contraception in Kanawha County, West Virginia.


Lens implant in cataract surgery--further experience.


Tympanometry and the physician.

Tympanometry and the physician.


Medical Grand Rounds from the West Virginia University Medical Center. Pheochromocytoma.


A current concept of the pathophysiology of the hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus.


Intra-uterine transfusion in the management of pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization. I. Indications, technique, and complications. Intra-uterine transfusion may be a life-saving procedure in severe cases of rhesus isoimmunization. Yet it may be technically difficult and poses a real hazard to the fetus. This material consists of 51 intra-uterine transfusions performed in 34 severe rhesus (anti-D) isoimmunized pregnant women. The selection of patients was based upon an evaluation of the severity of fetal erythroblastosis (past obstetric history, serological and amniotic fluid examinations). The major criterion for selection was the concentration of amniotic fluid bilirubin. The technique employed was based upon a fluoroscopic television control system. The most serious complications were blood-stained amniotic samples in 15% of the amniocenteses and vaginal leaking of amniotic fluid and preterm labour after the performance of the intra-uterine transfusions in 33%.


Acute cardiovascular responses to radioprotective mixture of cystamine and 5-methoxytryptamine in rats. I.p. administration of radioprotective mixture of cystamine (18 mg base/kg) and 5-methoxytryptamine (3 mg base/kg) to anesthetized rats induced the depression of hemodynamics. Decrease of cardiac output, hypotension, bradycardia, increase in peripheral vascular resistance, the escape of plasma from the vascular stream, pronounced diminution of blood flow in the spleen and other tissues were determined. Pharmacological properties of the protective can contribute to its radioprotective efficiency in the whole mammalian organism.


A follow-up study of infants who received intra-uterine transfusions because of severe rhesus haemolytic disease. The developmental characteristics of infants surviving the neonatal period after the performance of prenatal intra-uterine transfusions because of severe rhesus haemolytic disease were studied in 17 of 19 children, using the revised Denver Developmental Screening Test and a physical-neurological examination. The children ranged in age from 5 to 91 months. Two cases are reported as having retared psychomotor development. No cases of cerebral palsy were found. Among the minor abnormalities were squints, abdominal hernia and enamel defects. The results justify the use of intra-uterine transfusions in appropriately selected fetuses when combined with treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia and respiratory distress during the neonatal period.


Intra-uterine transfusion in the management of pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization. II. Results and discussion. The results of 51 intra-uterine transfusions in 34 pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization are presented. The survival rate is 56%. Factors influencing the fetal and neonatal mortality are considered, e.g. the gestational age at the initial intra-uterine transfusion, the presence of fetal hydrops, and the interval from the initial intra-uterine transfusion to delivery. The difficulties of the selection procedure are emphasized and it is stated that in some cases intra-uterine transfusion should perhaps not be performed because of a predictable poor fetal prognosis. The significance of accumulating experience is discussed.


Psychodiagnostic follow-up of Neovletta -- a new low dose oral contraceptive. In 45 somatically healthy women the possible occurrence of psychic effects of a new low dose combined oral contraceptive was studied using different psychodiagnostic test methods. All the participants were previous users of some of the standard combined oral contraceptives, but had discontinued either due to experienced, side-effects, due to fear of such effects or due to other reasons. Four patients dropped out before the end of the six-month-observation period. Women who discontinued previous use of oral contraceptives due to side-effects or due to fear of side-effects exhibited a more pronounced degree of neuroticism compared to those who terminated due to other reasons. Those who experienced side-effects during earlier medication had initially a higher depression score than the two remaining groups suggesting that women's basic psychic nature seems to play an important role in the development of psychic symptoms during oral contraceptive therapy. None of the three groups developed additional signs of depression during treatment. Moreover, no impairment of the sexual function, assessed by a number of parameters, was found. The findings clearly indicate that Neovletta did not cause any psychic disturbance in the patients studied.


NMR-analysis of monomers in restorative resins. A study on the composition of the resin component of the several brands of composite resin has not been published so far. It was the purpose of the present work to fill out this gap in our knowledge of this important group of restorative materials by analyzing the monomers of the materials as delivered by the manufacturers. 24 brands of restorative resins were investigated by means of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometer at 90 MHz. Spectra were taken of deuterated chloroform solutions of the organic part of the filling materials and compared with spectra of pure monomers that were conceivable constituents of the investigated brands. It was found that the BIS-GMA containing brands all contain at least one other monomer, most often TEDMA, in varying concentrations. The brands with MMA as main component in most cases also contain other monomers.


Histological evaluation of gingival damage by toothbrushing. An experimental study in dog. The purpose of the investigation was to present an experimental model for a comparative histological evaluation of the effect on gingiva using two different types of bristle material at tooth brushing. Fifteen dogs constituted the material. Two different teeth or groups of teeth were selected on each dog. One tooths was brushed with a nylon brush. The diameter of the bristles was approximately 0.25 mm. The other tooth was brushed with a polytene brush. The diameter of the bristles vary between 0.7 mm at the base of the bristle to 0.25 mm in the near end of the bristle. Manual brushing during 10-60 seconds was carried out in 7 dogs and the other eight dogs were brushed with a mechanical device for 10-30 seconds. A histological evaluation of the relative degree of tissue damages based upon a grading of these damages in terms of a 0-3 point scale was carried out by two independent observers. Wilcoxon's matched-pair signed rank test was applied for a statistical analysis of the result of the histological examination. The conclusion was that the two different types of brushes most likely cause different damages on the gingival tissue and that the polytene brush appeared to cause less tissue damage than the nylon brush.


Symptoms of functional disturbances of the masticatory system. A comparison of frequencies in a population sample and in a group of patients. With the aid of questionnaires symptoms of mandibular dysfunction and some general and oral conditions were studied in a group of previous patients and in a randomly selected population sample. From the two materials answers were obtained from 82 persons (81%) and 1.106 (91%) respectively. The results confirmed that women are heavily overrepresented in patient materials. This differs from the fairly equal sex distribution found in population studies of mandibular dysfunction. The most frequent symptoms of mandibular dysfunction were TMJ-sounds which appeared in 39 and 79% and pain on opening the mouth which appeared in 12 and 42% of the population and patient samples respectively. All symptoms of mandibular dysfunction, headache, clenching of the teeth and unilateral chewing appeared significantly more often in the previous patients, but the number of natural teeth did not differ in the two samples. The general state of health was poorer and general joint -- muscle symptoms were more common in the previous patients as well as in those of the population sample with symptoms of mandibular dysfunction. This finding suggests that functional disturbances of the masticatory system often may be related to impaired general health.


Electron probe microanalysis of secondary carious lesions associated with silver amalgam fillings. Secondary caries associated with silver amalgam fillings is characterized by outer lesions and cavity wall lesions. In this study the content of minerals and the penetration of elements from the amalgam into such lesions were analyzed. In sections of 11 teeth including cases of natural secondary caries and experimental in vitro and in vivo lesions around silver amalgam fillings the distribution of Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Sn, Cu, Ag and Hg was studied by means of two-dimensional X-ray images, linear scans and point analyses. Dentine wall lesions where microradiographs had shown increased radiopacity relative to intact tissue, exhibited considerably reduced Ca and P values. The outer portion of the radiopaque areas contained 5--8% Zn and Sn, decreasing to less than 0.1% at a varying distance up to 130 mum from the cavity wall. Hg was not detected, nor was Ag, except in one specimen. The increased radiopacity of this zone as observed on microradiographs is, therefore, obviously caused by the presence of Zn and Sn. Zn and Sn had also penetrated into the moderately demineralized enamel lesions, but the concentrations were generally lower than those observed in the dentine.


A study of intra-examiner error associated with recording of radiographic caries at different diagnostic levels. Pairs of posterior bitewing radiographs of forty children 13-15 years of age at the third and fourth examinations of three-year clinical trials were assessed by one examiner for primary caries. Duplicate assessments were carried out in independent sessions, recording simultaneously absence/presence of caries and caries degree, and in the same way for three different diagnostic levels recording only absence/presence of caries. Caries diagnostic inconsistency rate (D.I.R.) in per cent was always lower than 34 and usually below 20; a finding which is in agreement with previously published results. No preference could be expressed for any particular diagnostic level on the basis of the primary caries scores, but recording only relatively advanced lesions tended to give most favourable results for DFS increment scores. The recording of both absence/presence of caries and caries degree simultaneously had a small, but not consistently adverse effect on the D.I.R. and reliability coefficient. As there was no marked difference in examiner error associated with two of the demarcation lines used for recording of caries degree, i.e. half way through enamel and the A.D.J., the scoring codes described here may be suitable for studies of radiographic caries progression.


The cusp of Carabelli. Occurrence in first upper molars and evaluation of its heritability. In a Finnish rural population 79.0% of 233 persons had the cusp of Carabelli in first upper molars. Of these 20% showed "positive cusps" and 59% "negative cusps". The occurrence of the structure was bilateral with varying degrees of asymmetry, but if there was no structure on one side of the jaw, the other never showed the cusp. There was no sexual dimorphism either in the occurrence or in the degree of expression of character. Results of the statistical analyses suggested low heritability of the character. However, the dichotomy of having a cusp or not may have genetic basis, but there is large variation in the expression of the "cusp-genotype".


Progression of approximal caries in relation to radiographic scoring codes. A pilot study. Forty pairs of posterior bitewing radiographs taken at the third and fourth annual examinations of three-year clinical trials were assessed twice for caries by one examiner in independent recording sessions. Three or four degrees of caries were recorded in order to determine how different scales of measurement affected aproximal caries progression patterns. The use of one degree of enamel caries, instead of two reduced by about half the percentage of lesions which appeared to have progressed during one year. Most lesions seemed to remain unchanged during the 12 months of observation and those which advanced usually progressed across one demarcation line. Reversals of caries diagnosis and regression of lesions to a lower degree of caries contributed least to the pattern of change between the two examinations. It is concluded that the radiographic scoring codes with two degrees of enamel caries give a better picture of caries progression than those with only one.


Growth in width of the frontal bones after fusion of the metopic suture. Rat frontal bones reportedly exhibit lateral surface growth many weeks after fusion of the frontal suture. This is histologically confirmed in the present study. The mean width of the cranial vault at the postorbital constriction increased by 10% between the age of 30 and 58 days. The increase must be ascribed to periosteal growth, as the lateral, external surfaces exhibited active growth. External apposition without concomittant internal resorption causes an increase in bone thickness. The cells on the internal surfaces were in a state of rest. The study was based on a limited material; therefore, definite conclusions cannot be drawn.


A biochemical study of aminopeptidases in the palatal mucosa of the rat following tooth extractions. Aminopeptidase activities were studied biochemically from the supernatants of the homogenates prepared from the normal and post extraction palatal mucosa of the rat. The determinations were carried out at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 hours and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days following extraction using N-L-aminoacyl-2-naphthylamines of arginine, glycine, leucine, proline and valine as the substrates. In addition, in the second part of the study the hydrolysis of N-L-aminoacyl-2-naphthylamines of alanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine and valine was tested at 1, 3 and 5 days following extraction. The effect of chloride ions (0.2 M NaCl) on the hydrolysis of arginine and lysine derivatives was also tested. The specific activities of aminopeptidases obtained from the extraction-wound side were compared to those of the control side at each time interval. Tooth extraction caused a considerable reduction in the specific activities of aminopeptidases in the surrounding palatal mucosa immediately after extraction (at 0.5 hr.). The specific activities in the wound tissue remained generally below the control levels for 24 hours and reached their maximum within 5 days following extractions. The highest relative increase was obtained with N-L-valyl-2-naphthylamine. Arginine aminopeptidase was activated by chloride ions on an average 20 per cent more in the wound tissue than the control. This effect can be considered suggestive of the activation of aminopeptidase B in the post extraction palatal mucosa.


Flow and creep of dental amalgam.

Flow and creep of dental amalgam. The intention of the study was to assess the differences in results obtained from creep and flow measurements of dental amalgams. Flow registers deformation during setting. Creep denotes the deformation of the set amalgam. The present study did not demonstrate a correlation between flow and creep, and creep is considered a more desirable parameter to include in a standard.


Reaction of the human dental pulp to silver amalgam restorations. The modifying effect of treatment with calcium hydroxide. Cavities were prepared in 43 bicuspid teeth using two general categories of cavity depth. In the "deep" cavities the bottom was placed in the inner third of the dentin. In the "intermediate depth" cavities the bottom was positioned in the middle third of the dentin. The bottom of the cavities was either rubbed with calcium hydroxide, covered with calcium hydroxide, or left unlined before filling according to the wet amalgam technique. The teeth were extracted after 1 week and examined histologically. All cases, except 2 with deep and 1 with intermediate depth rubbed cavities, showed local vascular dilatation in the pulp underneath the cavity. In addition, all teeth with deep unlined cavities showed inflammatory cells as did 1 with an intermediate depth unlined cavity. There were fewer displaced odontoblast nuclei in the dentin in the calcium hydroxide-treated groups. The milder reactions in the rubbed or covered groups are probably due to the restrictive effect by calcium hydroxide on penetration of amalgam components. In the teeth with deep cavities there were only minor differences between the ones which had been rubbed and those which had been covered with calcium hydroxide.


Effect of a xylitol chewing gum on plaque quantity and quality. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the plaque-reducing effect of a xylitol-containing chewing gum. Ninety-six dental students were divided randomly into three groups: a sucrose group (n = 32), a xylitol group (n = 36) and a control group (n = 28), using a sucrose-containing chewing gum, a xylitol-containing chewing gum, or no chewing gum, respectively, during a three-day experimental plaque growth period with restricted oral hygiene. The fresh weight of plaque collected in the xylitol group was 40% lower than in the sucrose group, along with a significantly lower mean plaque index. The use of the xylitol chewing gum induced low invertase-like activity in plaque extra-cellular phase together with low carbohydrate content. These results concur to indicate advantageous effects through the use of a xylitol-containing chewing gum.


Turku sugar studies XVIII. Incidence of dental caries in relation to 1-year consumption of xylitol chewing gum. A longitudinal study was carried out in order to evaluate the caries incidence as affected by partial substitution of dietary sucrose (S) with xylitol (X), the effects of S- or X-containing chewing gums being compared during one year. The material comprised initially 102 young adults, predominantly dental and medical students, divided randomly into S- and X-groups. During the study 2 subjects were excluded, one due to lack of cooperation, the other not being allowed to enter the assigned S-group due to excessive caries prevalence. The subjects consumed 4.0 chewing gums per day in the S-group and 4.5 in the X-group. The frequency of sucrose intake was 4.2 times per day in the S-group, and 4.9 in the X-group. The caries incidence, assessed independently by clinical and radiographical means, expressed as the mean increment of decayed, missed and filled tooth surfaces, was 2.92 in the S-group, and --1.04 in the X-group. The corresponding values, when considering additionally the secondary caries reverals, were 3.76 in the S-group, and 0.33 in the X-group. The caries incidence was also expressed in combined quantitative and qualitative terms by considering in addition to the above parameters, also the changes in lesion size. The caries activity index thus calculated was 4.96 in the S-group, and 0.88 in the X-group. The results show a profound difference in the caries increment rate between the two experimental groups. The findings clearly indicate a therapeutic, caries inhibitory effect of xylitol.


The association between maternal influenza, drug consumption and oral clefts. The linkage between potentially teratogenic factors was studied in a material of 599 children with oral clefts and their matched controls. A method based on Yule's Q coefficient describing the degree of association between two dichotomous variables was applied. All factors studied (five groups of drugs taken by the mothers during early pregnancy, maternal influenza and fever) were significantly associated with the birth of children with clefts. The only factor whose association with clefts was explained by linkage to other factors was fever. In addition, the association between clefts and antipyretic analgesics other than salicylates could be partly explained by controlling the intake of salicylates. Although there was a strong association between influenza and consumption of salicylates, the correlation of neither of the two factors with oral clefts could be even partly explained by controlling the other. The method is considered suitable for epidemiological studies of congenital defects.


Denture stomatitis. A clinical, electron-microscopic, microradiographic and light-microscopic study. The present study includes a reexamination of 10 patients who, two years ago received complete upper and lower denture treatment to eliminate an existing denture stomatitis. Clinical healing of the denture stomatitis was obtained only in one patient, whereas the remaining nine patients wtill displayed an obvious denture stomatitis. Biopsies were taken from the palatal mucosa and examined histologically, microradiographically, and by electron microscopy. The results of these examination indicated that, in denture stomatitis there is a reduced thickness of the epithelium, an absence of a stratum corneum, a markedly widened intercellular space, especially in the stratum basale, and an intense infiltration of inflammatory cells, plasma cells and lymphocytes in the connective tissue, as well as in the epithelium. These changes are characteristic features of an inflammatory process, and similar to the changes which occur, for example, in chronic, marginal gingivitis. The composition of the inflammatory infiltrate suggested that, in denture stomatitis, immunological phenomena influence the pattern of the tissue reaction.


Serum complement levels in recurrent aphthous ulceration. An intraindividual pilot study of sequential C3, C4 & C1 esterase inhibitor estimations. No alterations on different occasions in serum complement levels could be detected in patients suffering from recurrent aphthous stomatitis. General laboratory tests were also normal and these findings are further evaluated in the discussion. It was also found that it is possible to store serum at very low temperature for months and still carry out rather sofisticated laboratory analysis.


The content of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in deciduous and permanent human teeth. The aim of the study was to compare the uptake of the trace metals lead, cadmium, zinc and copper, in deciduous and permanent teeth. The material consisted of teeth extracted in the Oslo area. The teeth were digested in hydrochloric acid, and analyses were made by differential pulse stripping voltammetry. Similar levels of cadmium and zinc were found in deciduous and permanent teeth. The copper content varied little in deciduous teeth, but in permanent teeth a wide variation in the copper levels was found. The content of lead in deciduous teeth was found to be higher than in permanent teeth.


Postnatal development of the human temporomandibular joint. II. A microradiographic study. Temporomandibular joint specimens from 22 subjects aged 1 month to 23 years were examined microradiographically. There occurred considerable interindividual variations in mineralization of the joints but nevertheless, systematic changes in mineralization were demonstrated during the periods of development and growth. A continuous compact bony layer formed early in the fossa and tubercle while the outer mineralized layer of the condyle consisted of calcified cartilage. A continuous bony layer around the periphery of the condyle was not fully developed before about 20 years of age. Growth of the articular tubercle was characterized by a spongy appearance of the bony layer over the tuberculum up to the end of puberty. No corresponding growth changes could be seen in the fossa. No mineralized parts could be seen in the disk or the fibrous layers of the articular surfaces.


Salicylates in saliva.

Salicylates in saliva. The possible excretion of acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid into human whole-mouth saliva was studied after the ingestion of 1.0 g of acetylsalicylic acid in gelatine capsules. In addition, the oral clearance of both salicylates was determined after a sham intake of acetylsalicylic acid in solution. No acetylsalicylic acid was excreted in saliva. The maximum concentration of 1.2 mug/ml of the metabolite, salicylic acid, was excreted after 3 hours. Considerable concentrations of both salicylates were retained from 2 to 3 hours in the mouth after the sham intake of the drug in solution. During the retention period, part of the acetylsalicylic acid was hydrolyzed to salicylic acid. In vitro, at low concentration levels about 50% of salicylic acid was bound to salivary proteins. The degree of binding was dependent on the drug concentration. The reason for the absence of excreted acetylsalicylic acid from the saliva was evidently its hydrolysis in the body. Protein binding in the oral cavity may explain the slow clearance of locally applied salicylates. Retention of salicylates in the mouth after the use of drug solutions or effervescent preparations should be considered in, e.g. evaluations of local analgesic effects or bleeding disorders.


Some perceptual dimensions and acoustical correlates of pathologic voices. Perceptual criteria for classifying pathologic voices in comparison with normal voices were studied with the use of the semantic differential technique using 12 pairs of polar-opposite adjectives. The factors extracted from the data by means of the D-method and of the maximum likelihood method were correlated to fundamental frequency, a frequency perturbation quotient, and an amplitude perturbation quotient. The utterances produced by 9 normal and 15 pathologic subjects together with 9 synthesized vowel samples were investigated. The fisrt factor was related to evaluation of voice quality and was also closely related to the amplitude perturbation. The second and the third factors were associated with intensity and fundamental frequency of the stimuli, respectively. Some minor factors other than the three dominant factors were also supposed to be relevant to the distinction of pathologic voices.


The variation of salivary peroxidase activities in persons of different oral health. 18 subjects (10 males, 8 females) with considerable differences in oral health conditions were examined regarding the peroxidase activity of oral fluid samples. Subjects with high caries prevalence and/or severe gingivitis displayed a significantly higher peroxidase activity than control subjects. Chromatographic experiments revealed that the increased activity was caused by salivary lactoperoxidase. This elevated activity does not, however, necessarily lead to better oral health because the antibacterial activity of lactoperoxidase also depends on the concentrations of thiocyanate ions and hydrogen peroxide. Hence the specific activity of lactoperoxidase, determined in vitro, is not as such as adequate measure of its antibacterial efficacy.


Sinus arrhythmia in man: influence of tidal volume and oesophageal pressure. The effect of tidal volume (VT) and of the intrathoracic pressure (Poes) on the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was studied in healthy subjects. They breathed into a spirometer with a VT of 1, 1.5, and 2 1, at a standardized, slow respiratory rate, 6-min-1 (A). Poes was varied by (B) adding a negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) of 5 cm of water and by (C) intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) at identical VT and respiratory frequency. In separate study (D), intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) was induced by applying negative pressure on the thorax. In A, increasing VT provoked an augmented RSA by a more marked tachycardia as well as bradycardia. On increasing the amplitude of Poes in B, RSA was somewhat more marked due to a lower minimum heart rate. Whem comparing respiratory cycles that had similar Poes but a different VT, the larger VT caused a slight increase in the RSA amplitude due to a more marked deceleration of the heart rate. IPPV almost abolished RSA, whereas INPV did not reduce the arrhythmia. It is concluded that pulmonary stretch reflexes to a minor extent contribute to RSA, whereas the hypothesis of a central nervous origin does not gain support. Cardiovascular reflexes remain the main possible cause of RSA.


Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in man: relation to cardiovascular pressures. The relationship of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) to the accompanying oscillations of cardiovascular pressure has been studied in five healthy subjects. Tidal volume (VT) of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 1 at the breathing rate of 6 c-min-1 were used as reference. With identical VT oesophageal pressure was varied by negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV). Compared with control, NIP with 1.01 significantly increased RSA, the oscillations of brachial artery pressures (PBA), and the net filling pressures of the ventricles. IPPV did not significantly change the variations of PBA but reduced RSA and the respiratory variations of the right ventricular end-diastolic net pressure. During control breathing and with NIP the acceleration of heart rate during inspiration was associated with rising PBA and rising net filling pressures of both ventricles. The results indicate that RSA may be elicited by cardiovascular reflexes due to changes in venous filling of the heart rather than by the variations in systemic arterial pressure.


Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in man: relation to right ventricular output. The respiratory effects on heart rate (HR), right ventricular stroke volume (SV RV) and the pulmonary arterial flow (PAF) have been studied beat-by-beat in seven conscious, healthy subjects. Tidal volumes (VT) of 1.0 and 2.0 liters at a breathing rate of 6 c x min-1 were used as controls. With identical VT and respiratory rate intrathoracic was affected by (A) negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) of 5 cm of water and (B) with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). In the control experiments all subjects exhibited an inspiratory increase in HR (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) as well as in SV RV. With VT of 1.0 liter, NIP augmented the inspiratory increase in SV RV and the respiratory oscillations of PAF. IPPV decreased SV RV and HR during inspiration. It is concluded that NIP and IPPV affect the SV RV and the right heart blood flow. The similar effects on HR and SV RV suggest a causal relationship which might be explained by heart rate regulating reflexes from the heart.


Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in man: effects of carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation. 1. The role played by the carotid sinus baroreflex in the genesis of the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was studied in nine healthy subjects. The carotid sinus baroreceptors were stimulated by the application of subatmospheric to the neck. 2. Reducing the normal respiratory arterial pressure oscillations and changing the phase between the pressure oscillations and the respiration did not affect the RSA. 3. Stimuli applied during expiration only, augmented the arrhythmia, while inspiratory stimulation was without any effect. 4. It is suggested that changes in the arterial baroreflex set point and/or gain during the respiratory cycle contribute to RSA in man.


Fluorescence histochemical studies on serotonin in the small intestine and the influence of vagal nerve stimulation.


Gastrin release and HCl secretion induced by electrical vagal stimulation in the cat.


Atypical endogenous depression. Diagnostic criteria.


Marital therapy in groups. A comparative evaluation of behavioral and interactional formats. A comparative evaluation was conducted in a community mental health center between two types of brief, marital therapy in groups. The experimental group of four couples was exposed to behavioral methods based on social learning principles. The primary interventions were (1) training the spouses in discriminating and monitoring the occurrence of pleasing events and behaviors; (2) behavioral rehearsal of communication skills using prompting, modelling, feedback, and "homework" assignments; and (3) contingency contracting. The comparison group of five couples was led in an interactional format with the leaders encouraging ventilation of feelings, problem-solving through discussion, and mutual support and feedback. Both groups were led by the same three clinicians. Outcome was measured on multiple levels before, during and immediately after treatment. Follow-up assessments were conducted at one, two, and six months after treatment. Response measures included the self report by clients on marital satisfaction; on consumer satisfaction with the treatment experience; on their observations of pleasing behaviors given and received as recorded on wrist counters; and direct observation of client via "live" time-sampling and coding of videotapes of problem-solving discussions before and after treatment. Results showed few differences between groups on the self-report measures; however, there were significant improvements by both groups on these measures after treatment which were maintained into the follow-up evaluation. The direct observational data indicated that the members in the behavioral group displayed significantly more positive and mutually supportive verbal and nonverbal behaviors in their interaction as a result of treatment.


Variation of the relative biologic effectiveness with tumor size using accelerated helium ions. The RBE of an accelerated helium ion beam was determined on murine osteosarcomas ranging in size from single cells to visibly detectable lung colonies of approximately 1 X 10(-2) mm3. That the RBE increased as tumor size increased provides some biologic basis for the selection of advanced cases of neoplasia for clinical trials using relatively high LET radiation sources.


Effects of zinc deficiency in human reproduction.


Variations in maternal serum zinc during pregnancy and correlation to congenital malformations, dysmaturity, and abnormal parturition. Serum zinc concentrations in 234 gravidae showed a gradual fall during the first and second trimesters. From the 25th week of gestation until delivery there is a levelling out of mean zinc values. No correlations between serum zinc, serum HCS, or urinary excretion of oestriol were found. Women with mature infants born by normal delivery showed significantly higher serum zinc during pregnancy than women with abnormal deliveries and/or abnormally developed infants (p less than 0.001). Eight infants showed congenital malformations. Five of the 8 mothers showed the lowest serum zinc concentrations recorded during respective week of pregnancy. A diabetic woman gave birth to an immature infant with multiple skeletal malformations. She showed the lowest serum zinc in the 21st week, and at the same time a very low alkaline phosphatase activity. Her serum proteins and serum HCS were normal. Women with dysmature infants showed significantly lower zinc values during pregnancy (p less than 0.02) than women with mature infants born by normal delivery. Data from studies on zinc metabolism show that there is a requirement of at least 375 mg of zinc during pregnancy in order to meet the demands of normal weight gain. Teenagers, women with multiple pregnancies, women with impaired intestinal absorption due to disease or drugs and in particular women with a low-protein, high-phytate diet seem to risk developing zinc deficiency during pregnancy.