Realized and potential neutralization of mutant genes in man by nutritional selection. Inborn errors of metabolism are examples of monogenic disease in man that, more often than not, impair adaptation. Appropriate modification of the nutritional environment has been used in several instances to offset the phenotypic effects of the mutant allele, with resultant relaxation of selection. Despite an impressive, if brief, record of its efficacy, nutritional treatment of inborn errors of metabolism remains suboptimal in the absence of relevant and superior food technology and well-established systems for its application to the patient. Some of the more commonly encountered multifactorial diseases are likely to yield in the future to the type of genetic analysis that has been effective for monogenic disease. Delineation of various monogenic subsets in a multifactorial disease profile may permit the application of specific treatment to persons in the universal population at particular risk with the disease. Coronary heart disease is an example of a major disease burden now undergoing such delineation, which may benefit from the assignment of specific nutritional and pharmacological treatment for particular forms of the disease.


The metabolism of cytosine arabinoside as a predictive test for clinical response to the drug in acute myeloid leukaemia.


Distribution of isoenzymes of the glycogenolytic cascade in different types of muscle fibre. Distinct isoenzyme patterns of the glycogenolytic enzymes exist in different fibre types. Fast twitch glycolytic and slow twitch oxidative fibres differ in the proportion of the two isoenzymes of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase and in the type of phosphorylase kinase that is present. Slow twitch oxidative fibres and cardiac fibres resemble one another in these two respects, but differ in that the type I phosphorylase of cardiac muscle is absent in slow twitch oxidative fibres. In all examples, the functional differences between the isoenzymes seem to be related to the regulatory rather than the catalytic behavior of the molecules. In the case of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase and phosphorylase kinase, it is a regulatory subunit that appears to be affected [16,23], while in the case of phosphorylase, the type I isoenzyme is known to have a five to eight-fold Ka for the allosteric activator 5' AMP [6]. However, the precise physiological significance of these differences remains to be elucidated.


Editorial: A bicentennial annual session.


Assisting in cementation of bridges.

Assisting in cementation of bridges.


Basal cell carcinoma.

Basal cell carcinoma.


The versatile no. 1 x-ray film.

The versatile no. 1 x-ray film.


Radiology in forensic odontology.

Radiology in forensic odontology.


A self-retaining lip retractor for intraoral photography.


Making radiographs on paper.

Making radiographs on paper.


Supernumerary maxillary molar.

Supernumerary maxillary molar.


Oral biopsy procedure in general dental practice.


Debt, divorce, and depression--three reasons why I needed help.


A vitro study of marginal penetration in amalgam restorations at various interval of time with S35.


You can't transfer IRA into Keogh.

You can't transfer IRA into Keogh.


Trapped by your banker and accountant? Part 2.


The case of the itchy teeth.

The case of the itchy teeth.


Life insurance--don't get stuck with the wrong kind!


Are job interviews a hassle for you?

Are job interviews a hassle for you?


Taking the sting out of insurance paperwork.


Hyperhistaminemia and hyperchlorhydria in basophilic granulocytic leukemia. A patient with basophilic granulocytic leukemia had hyperhistaminemia, hyperchlorhydria and gastroduodenal ulceration. Because the patient's whole blood, plasma, and urinary histamine levels were increased and the serum gastrin was normal, it was concluded that endogenous hyperhistaminemia was responsible for an ulcerogenic diathesis clinically indistinguishable from that seen in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.


Marquette Dental School admissions.

Marquette Dental School admissions.


Heterogenous glycogen storage disease in one family. Three brothers, aged 17, 14 and 4 ye presented. Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase was associated with deficiency of acid maltase in one and debranching enzyme in the other. Enzyme analyses could not be performed in the youngest sibling.


Removable appliances and mixed dentition treatment.


Leukocyte migration inhibition by cancer patients' sera. Sera from 38 of 89 melanoma patients, 4 of 15 patients with other cancers and 3 of 43 control donors inhibited the migration of autologous leukocytes. Sera from patients with clinically detectable metastatic disease and from the recipients of BCG were most frequently inhibitory. Autologous sera from 31 of 71 melanoma patients and 3 of 31 control donors increased the leukocyte migration inhibition induced by formalinized melanoma cells. This activity occurred in sera from patients at all stages of malignancy, whether bearing detectable tumour or not and whether receiving BCG or not. Abrogation of tumour-cell-induced leukocyte migration inhibition by serum was less frequent, occurring with 8 of 71 melanoma patients (6 Stage III, 1 Stage I and 1 Stage II) and no control sera. Preincubation of formalinized tumour cells had no effect on their activity in the leukocyte migration assay but the preincubation of melanoma leukocytes with either autologous serum or foetal calf serum inhibited leukocyte reactivity in around 50% of tests. However, this was also seen with control leukocytes and the effect appears to be immunologically non-specific.


An interview with Dan Garliner.

An interview with Dan Garliner.


Diagnostrix.

Diagnostrix.


Search for anti-tumor response in a bone tumor patient with a long clinical history. Immunological studies are presented on a patient with a long clinical history suggesting the existence of a tumor-specific immune response. His tumor, first considered benign, progressed to a highly malignant osteosarcoma. Cell-mediated immune reactivity against biopsy cells and against tumor extract was detected in vitro by the autologous tumor stimulation test (ATS) and in vivo by the skin test. In one ATS-test with tumor extract, blastogenesis of T-cells was demonstrated. The amount of Ig(s) in consecutive biopsies increased. Biopsies taken in the later period of the disease stimulated only after trypsin treatment. This stimulation was inhibited by autologous serum or acid eluate of the biopsy. The inhibitory factor in the serum was not intact immunoglobin. Blood lymphocytes did not show a discriminatory or disease-related cytotoxicity, either directly or after co-cultivation with the tumor material. Lymphocytes isolated from one biopsy were non-reactive in both the ATS and the cytotoxicity test.


Editorial: Professional unity--a perspective.


Extra oral force therapy.

Extra oral force therapy.


President's message. A look back, a look forward.


Comparison between the metabolism of xylitol, sorbitol, fructose and glucose.


Serum lipids, uric acid and glucose during chronic consumption of fructose and xylitol in healthy human subjects. Rapid intravenous administration of fructose and xylitol to human subjects and experimental animals induces profound alterations in the intermediary metabolism. Similar, although less drastic changes are seen after peroral ingestion of large amounts of these sugars. On the other hand, metabolic studies carried out in connection of a 2-year clinical trial of the effects of xylitol and fructose on the development of dental caries (Turku Sugar Study) suggest that the chronic consumption of moderate amounts of these sugars is not accompanied by significant changes in blood chemistry. The lack of metabolic alterations in the long-term experiments is probably explained by slow absorption of fructose and xylitol from the intestine and/or the adaptation of the metabolic system during the chronic use of these sugars.


Quantitatively minor areas of metabolism of both sugar alcohols and sugars.


Xylitol in relation to the incidence of dental caries. Two clinical trials were carried out in order to evaluate differences in caries increment as influenced by various sugars. The first study involved almost complete substitution of sucrose (S) by fructose (F) or xylitol (X) during a period of 2 years. The second study comprised partial substitution, the effects of a S- or X-containing chewing gum being compared during 1 year. In the first trial there were no significant differences initially between the sugar groups; 35 subjects in the S-group, 38 in the F-group, and 52 in the X-group. During the entire study 10 subjects discontinued, in one case due to osmotic diarrhoea in the X-group, the other cases being due to difficulties in adhering to the strict diet, other personal reasons and in 3 cases due to excessive caries incidence. After 2 years the mean increment of decayed, missed and filled tooth surfaces was 7.2 in the S-group, 3.8 in the F-group and 0.0 in the X-group. The caries incidence was additionally expressed in combined quantitative and qualitative terms by considering also the changes in lesion size. Irrespective of the way of using these indices, a massive reduction of the caries increment was noted in the X-group as compared to the S-group. The second trial comprised initially 102 subjects divided randomly into S- and X-groups. The subjects consumed 4.5 chewing gums per day in the X-group and 4.0 in the S-group. The frequency of the sucrose intake was 4.94 per day in the X-group, and 4.24 in the S-group. The caries incidence equalled the one-year observations in the first study. The results show a massive reduction of the caries increment not only in relation to total, but also in connection with partial substitution of sucrose and low xylitol consumption. The findings indicate a therapeutic, caries-inhibitory effect of xylitol.


Comparative biochemical investigations on the degradation of sugars and sugar alcohols by microorganisms of the oral cavity. A comparative study on the extent of degradation of glucose, sucrose, sorbitol and xylitol by microorganisms of human saliva and plaques was made by means of the Warburg-technique. Glucose and sucrose are degraded very rapidly producing significant portions of intermediate acid products. Compared to this, sorbitol is degraded slowly at first but then continuously. On the other hand, xylitol is degraded, if at all, in traces only.


Oxalate excretion during carbohydrate infusions. Oxalate metabolism was assessed in normal rats and rats deficient in vitamins B-1 and B-6 during intravenous infusions of solutions containing glucose, fructose, sorbitol or xylitol. Urinary excretions of oxalate, glyoxylate and glycine were considerably increased in vitamin B-6 deficient rats infused with xylitol. Significant amounts of 14C-oxalate were excreted only in vitamin B-6 deficient rats infused with U 14C-xylitol. Correction of vitamin B-6 deficiency resulted in a return to normal of urinary oxalate excretion and percentage of U 14C-xylitol excreted as 14C-oxalate. The results suggest that xylitol metabolism produces an increased activity in pathways leading to oxalate formation in vitamin B-6 deficient rats.


Metabolism of glucose substitutes compared to that of glucose.


The effect of cultural transmission on continuous variation. Cultural transmission may depend on the non-genetic transfer of information from parent to offspring. The consequences of such cultural transmission for continuous variation are investigated theoretically for randomly mating populations. Cultural inheritance may act on genetical and environmental differences between individuals. The consequences for cultural inheritance of polygenic variation and variation due to chance environmental factors are considered. An equilibrium may occur in which the population variance and the covariances between relatives can be expressed as functions of estimable parameters of genetical and environmental variation. Whatever the ultimate origin of culturally inherited differences they are expected to lead to environmental differences between families ("E2" variation). In addition, if cultural transmission maintains differences due ultimately to segregation at many gene loci we may find genotype-environmental covariation is generated.


Effects of fructose and xylitol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and its hormonal control.


The use of environmental variables in the interpretation of genotype-environment interaction. The method proposed by Hardwick and Wood (1972) for relating genotype-environment interactions to measures of environmental variables is extended and two examples are discussed.


Estimating the number of genes in a polygenic system by genotype assay. A new method, genotype assay, is described for estimating k the number of genes or more strictly the number of effective factors responsible for variation of a continuous kind. The central feature is the determination of the proportion of individuals in the Fn generation of a cross between two pure breeding lines that are heterozygous at, at least, one locus by an assay of their Fn+2 grand progeny families. The observed proportion is then equated to a theoretical expectation which is a function of the number of genes involved. Expectations generalised to cover any generation n for experimental designs in which every Fn individual is assayed by comparing two Fn+2 grand progeny families have been derived for two limiting cases; one in which all genotypic differences are expressed as phenotypic differences and the other where the expression is minimised by imposing the maximum and relational balancing out of the contributions of individual gene loci. Equating the observed proportion of heterozygotes to these expectations therefore, leads to an upper and a lower estimate of k corresponding with these two limiting conditions. The reliability and sensitivity of the estimates depends primarily on n the generation chosen for study, the number of individuals (m) assayed from that generation and the number of individuals (l) raised in each Fn+2 grand progeny family. The two variables m and l being the principal determinants of the variances of the family means set the lower limit to the size of the gene effects that can be detected. The method is illustrated by assays of the F3 and F5 generations of two crosses between conditioned lines of Nicotiana rustica for three characters. The estimates are, without exception, as great as or greater than those obtained by alternative procedures. They show large, consistent increases between the F3 and F5 that cannot be traced to greater sensitivity of the latter generation and hence are presumably genuine.


The significance for breeding of linear regression analysis of genotype-environment interactions. Methods of regression analysis of genotype-environment interaction are considered in relation to existing theory dealing with the relative efficiencies of selection for general or specific adaptation to the environment, and the choice of environments for assessment. The two alternative models is involving regression on to environmental effects (model 2) or genotypic effects (model 3) are equivalent when regression lines are concurrent, but are shown to be mutually exclusive when concurrence is absent...


Tooth pulp projection to the trigeminal complex and jaw opening reflex in the cat. The J.O.R. elecitied by pulpal, palatal or periodontal stimulations was recorded on the cat digastric nerve. As shown by the frontal sections of the brain stem the caudal subnucleus is not directly involved in this reflex. However after exclusion of the more rostral part of the interpolar subnucleus the pulpal induced J.O.R. is abolished although the palatal or periodontal induced J.O.R. is only partially suppressed.


Acute myelomonocytic leukemia manifested as myelophthisic anemia in a dog. A 10-year-old, Golden Retriever-type castrated male dog was found to have a hemogram consistent with myelophthisic anemia. Within 30 days the hemogram changed in such a manner that a myeloproliferative disorder was evident. On the basis of hematologic, cytochemical, and cytologic findings, acute myelomonocytic leukemia was diagnosed.


Servo respirator constructed from a positive-pressure ventilator. We have constructed an electronically controlled respirator from three commercially available components: a positive-pressure ventilator, a recorder pen motor, and a differential amplifier. Using negative feedback derived from a tracheal pressure signal, the instrument functions as a servo respirator which provides precise control of tracheal pressure. The system's power and response characteristics are well suited for ventilation of anesthetized cats and dogs. The servo respirator can be used as an externally controlled respiratory pump which provides flexibility in selection of the parameters of the ventilatory cycle. Alternatively, it can function as a "demand" respirator which generates transthoracic pressure proportional to efferent respiratory discharge.


[Structural modifications of secretory epithelial cells of the salivary glands induced by a carbohydrate-rich cariogenic diet in rats]. Rats receiving a carbohydrate rich cariogenic diet (Stephan 580) showed structural modifications of their salivary glands when compared to a control group. These observations suggested that a disturbance of the after birth organogenesis sequences occurred during the experimental period for the submandibular glands. The elaboration of elaboration of secretion granules was strongly decreased in the parotid acinar cells. Such an indirect action of the hyperglucidic diet could contribute to the carious process development by modifying the oral environment.


Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the cervical spine. A case report.


The molecular basis of drug toxicity.

The molecular basis of drug toxicity.


Disapperance of osteogenic sarcoma after irradiation: immunologic observations. Sarcoma - lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and serum blocking of this activity was studied by the in vitro microcytotoxicity test in three patients with osteogenic sarcoma who received preoperative irradiation. All three patients had complete histologic disappearance of the tumor between three to five months after irradiation. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity was present before and after treatment in two patients and post-treatment in one. No serum blocking activity was detected in any of these three patients. They are all alive over four years post-therapy without evidence of active disease.


Legislation and drug safety.

Legislation and drug safety.


Letter: Comments on "a preclinical laboratory method for a molar uprighting procedure".


Gastric pathology and aphagia following lateral hypothalamic lesions in rats: effects of preoperative weight reduction. The body weights of male albino rats were reduced gradually to 80% of normal body weight by resricting food intake (dieting), and then the rats were given lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions. Compared with rats of normal body weight sustaining similar brain lesions, the dieted group displayed a shorter period of postoperative aphagia and less gastric pathology. In a second experiment, a group of rats was reduced to 80% of normal body weight by withholding all food (fasting) and then given LH lesions. Compared with dieted rats sustaining similar brain damage, the fasted group displayed a longer period of post operative aphagia and greater gastric pathology. Since the duration of aphagia could be shortened or lengthened by simple manipulations of preoperative body weight, the adequacy of sensorimotor or motivational hypotheses to account for aphagia is questioned. The results are more consistent with the suggestion that gastric abnormalities produced by LH lesions inhibit eating.


Balance in university dental schools.

Balance in university dental schools.


Presidential address.

Presidential address.


The challenge of tomorrow in dental care delivery.


Effect of drugs on red cell membranes: insights into normal red cell shape.


National Dental Curriculum Study.

National Dental Curriculum Study.


Granuloma formation in patients receiving BCG immunotherapy. Eleven patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia have received repeated intravenous injections of BCG containing 4-9 X 10(6) live organisms per millilitre. Non-caseating epithelioid granulomas, sometimes with giant-cell formation, have been demonstrated in eight bone marrow aspirates. Seven patients had granulomas in the liver, three in the lung, one in the spleen, one in lymph nodes, and one in a skin biopsy. One patient had a raised serum alkaline phosphatase, but none of the patients had any illness which could be related to the presence of granulomas. Granuloma formation appeared more extensive in four patients who were probably anergic before BCG treatment. Until the significance of this finding becomes clear great care should be taken when giving BCG by the intratumour of intravenous routes to potentially immunoincompetent patients.


Dentists cum physicians: the implications for dentistry.


"Contract" agreements in management learning experiences for senior dental students.


An examination model for monitoring clinical competency in operative dentistry. A model for a clinical competency examination has been presented. Extensive efforts were exerted in standardizing the procedures, the criteria, and the examiners. In addition, the examination was designed to permit isolation and documentation of errors in various phases of a class II amalgam restoration.


Solving patient admitting problems in dental school clinics.


Early and late student performance on written tests.


Current teaching techniques in dental radiology: a survey of dental schools.


Oral myology screening: a transdisciplinary approach to prevention and intervention.


Academic vocational experiences for predental students.


The take-home examination.

The take-home examination.


Dental manpower shortage?

Dental manpower shortage?


Understanding preventive care.

Understanding preventive care.


Appreciates ADA services.

Appreciates ADA services.


Split-root syndrome.

Split-root syndrome.


Response to criticism.

Response to criticism.


Rubber dam use.

Rubber dam use.


Questions Council report.

Questions Council report.


Bronchospasm and death.

Bronchospasm and death.


Bitewings also needed.

Bitewings also needed.


Wife comments on insurance.

Wife comments on insurance.


Opposes mandiatory continuing education.


Amorous lingual motions.

Amorous lingual motions.


Action on denturism urged.

Action on denturism urged.


Patroitism and dentistry.

Patroitism and dentistry.


Radiographs: interpretation and duplication.


The dentist-to-patient ratio: what should it be?


WAADA in 1976--continuing efforts in dental health education.


The use of epsilon-aminocaproic acid for the management of hemophilia in dental and oral surgery patients. The use of epsilon-aminocaproic acid has proved to be an efficient and practical method for treating hemophiliacs who require dental work. In the past, patients requiring extractions were admitted to a hospital for approximately ten days and received replacement infusions every 12 hours during their stay. This resulted in a large expense because of the cost of the material and the hospitalization itself, not to mention the trauma sustained by the patient both physically and psychologically. Also, by decreasing the number of factor infusions, the risk of complications such as the transmission of hepatitis, allergic reaction, or inhibitor formation decreased. The same protocol using a single infusion of the appropriate factor replacement with supplementary epsilon-aminocaproic acid can be used for the management of patients with other coagulation disorders such as factor IX deficiency (Christman disease), factor XI deficiency, and von Willebrand's disease. Since this paper was submitted, seven more patients have been treated using this protocol. An additional seven odontectomies, 33 extractions, operative dentistry in 18 quadrants, and alveoloplasties in two full arches have been performed. This brings the total to  23 treatment sesions with 18 patients undergoing 124 procedures. One additional minor bleeding episode occurred, resulting in a total rate of four bleeding episodes in 23 treatment sessions and 124 procedures. Our incidence of complications secondary to epsilon-aminocaproic acid specifically remains zero.


Clinical evaluation of a root canal cement that contains paraformaldehyde. The effectiveness of a Formalin-containing root canal cement in endodontic treatment is evaluated. A total of 76 teeth from 73 patients was used in a series of root canal treatments in which it was impossible to fill the canal to the apex; results of treatment were compared with the results in teeth with conventionally filled canals. The evaluation of the results shows Formalin-containing cements to have a useful place in endodontic therapy.


The incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia. The incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia was studied in 892 patients from the dental clinic at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Oklahoma City. The patients were selected if they wore dentures that completely covered the palate. A large number of patients with inflammatory papillary hyperplasia were those who left their dentures in their mouths continuously. Therefore, a high correlation was found between the incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia and the amount of time the patient wore the dentures. Although it is not certain if inflammatory papillary hyperplasia is premalignant, the dentist should try to seek to prevent this abnormal condition by instructing patients to leave dentures out of their mouths for a six-to eight-hour period during each day.


Consumer and provider attitudes toward dentist and expanded auxiliary functions. Consumers, dentists, dental students, dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental assistant trainees, and dental hygiene students in Massachusetts were surveyed for their attitudes toward the concept of expanded-duties auxiliaries. The Osgood sematic differential technique was used, in which study participants were asked to respond to line drawings of a dentist or an auxiliary performing each of three different procedures: cutting tooth structure, placing a restoration, and taking radiographs. The results indicate that most of the groups perceived significant differences between cavity preparation by the dentist and by the auxiliary: they were modierately positive toward the former, near neutral toward the latter. Groups were more positive toward cavity restoration, generally perceiving fewer, but still significant, differences between the dentist and auxiliary as operatiors. All groups were most positive toward taking radiographs and perceived no difference between the two operators. Of all groups, the dentists perceived the greatest difference between operators; dental hygienists and dental hygiene students were the most positive and saw the least  differences between operators. Consumers were the least positive to all procedures and perveived only modirate differences between the two operators. In other words, the consumers did not seem overly concerned with who provided the dental care; they just did not like the services themselves. In the study, the consumer was more concerned with the procedure than with the different operators, whereas the dentist was more concerned about the operator.


Stress in the job and career of a dentist.


Chronic myelocytic leukemia: report of case and review of current literature.


Nasal abnormalities in facial clefts.

Nasal abnormalities in facial clefts. After a short review of their development rare clefts of the nose occurring together with facial clefts are described in a number of clinical cases. These may be divided into 6 groups: 1. clefts of the nose; 2. oblique facial clefts; 3. nasal abnormalities in cleft lip and palate cases; 4. nasal abnormalities in median cleft palate cases; 5. aplasia of the premaxilla; 6. syndromes associated with nasal abnormalities and facial clefts. The discussion deals with the literature, aetiology, prognosis and therapeutic aspects. The publication of individual rare cases is suggested.


Problems in cranio-facial surgery.

Problems in cranio-facial surgery. Four geographically widely separated medical centres with a primary interest in cranio-facial surgery present their combined complications to illustrate the dangers and unsolved problems of this surgery. There wre 149 cases with 2 deaths and 3 other life threatening situations (infections). Approximately 60% of the patients had no complications (90/149). Secondary corrections are often necessary to obtain the desired result or correct problems produced by the surgery. The complexity and rarity of the surgery and supporting disciplines is such that in the interest of the patient and the speciality concentration of this surgery in a few centres is desirable.


The lip profile after correction of retromaxillism in cleft and non-cleft patients. Based on 25 cases with unilateral cleft of lip, alveolus and palate with retromaxillism (CLAP) and 25 cases with pure retromaxillism (RM), the effect on the lip of advancing the maxilla by Le Fort I osteotomy is analysed. It can be shown that on average the base of the upper lip follows the base of the maxilla in a ratio of 4:7. The free end of the upper lip is pushed forwards by the upper front teeth in a ratio of 5:9. This means that to achieve a specified lip advancement, the maxilla has to be brought forward about double the amount. No important between CLAP and RM could be seen. Leaving the nasal spine intact has a favourable influence on movements of the upper lip. The amount of maxillary advancement has no bearing on the ratios. It seems though that thin lips follow the movement of the maxilla better than voluminous lips. There is no satisfactory explanation why the extremes in all groups for all measurements are placed so very far apart. This leads to the conclusion that in spite of careful planning the result in the individual case can differ considerably from that expected.


Experiences with the use of lyophilized bank cartilage for facial contour correction. In the Maxillo-Facial Surgical Clinic in Zurich lyophilized bank cartilage (LBC) is used for facial contour reconstruction and elsewhere. In 122 paitents LBC was transplanted 265 times in different sites. The rate of infection was 2.6% the degree of resorption up to 20%. In 7 cases transplanted LBC was removed for histological examination because of over-correction. Xeroradiography is suggested as a method of control even when the cartilage is not calcified.


Malignant tumours in infancy and childhood in the maxillo-facial region. A series of more than 3.500 tumour cases treated between 1955 and 1974 included 18 children up to the end of 14 years of age. Heading the list of malignant tumours were 15 sarcomata (83.33%). There was conclusive evidence of a relationship between the grade of microscopic differentiation of the tumour and the age of the affected patient. The majority of tumours appearing up to the age of 3 years were sarcomata of the embryonal connective tissue. Those appearing later showed a higher degree of differentiation. The carcinomata were of the adeno-type and the organ affected, the salivary glands. The therapeutic results were more successful than one would have expected for 8 children (53.33%) who had had radical surgery alone or combined with irradiation and chemotherapy. The subjects concerned have developed no recurrences for 5-16 years. Present day progress in highly specialized surgery seems to justify radical surgery even in the child. Oncology centres ought to be created where diagnosis and treatment can be subsidised because malignancies in infancy and childhood are rare.


Structures of the midface on cylindrical pantomograms. The paper presents the anatomical structures of the middle third of the face as they are visualized in cylindrical pantomograms, in the projections found to give maximum information in my earlier experimental study (Altonen 1972). The pantomograms are taken with the prototype equipment developed since the earlier study, which can be used to take orthopantomograms, concentric patomograms of the desired shape, and linear tomograms. With this equipment, the patient can be examined while lying down, and experiments with corpses of road traffic victims have shown that it is particularly useful for diagnosing fractures in the middle third of the face. Maximum information is given by a projection in which the radiation beam traverses the region to be visualized parallel to the Frankfort plane, and in which the diameter of the cylindrical image layer corresponds to the width of the middle third of the face. The central part of the middle region is visualized best in ca. 30 degrees retroversion, with the exception of the alveolar process of the maxilla, the hard palate and the dentition. The best reproduction of the lateral areas of obtained in ca. 25 degrees anteversion. The contusing shadows cast by the cranial base in radiography of the middle facial region can be shifted from the area to be examined by tilting the head forward or backward, or positioning the rotational axis of the beam dorsally to the porion-porion line. Thin shadows can also be shifted by using stereoscopic pantomography.


Aspects of extra-oral pressure osteosynthesis. The author reviews advantages and disadvantages of some monomandibular fixation methods. He indicates the most important disadvantages of so-called pressure osteosynthesis with the aid of plates and screws. The author obtains the required pressure on the fracture surface by means of an extra-oral screws fixed in a plastic frame, the stability of which is supported by 3 steel pins. The application of this method will be explained and reviewed with some typical examples.


The therapeutic result of excision of the superficial temporal artery in atypical migraine. A short review of the biochemical and clinical concepts of migraine and the different therapeutic approaches as well as the surgical procedure for the treatment of migraine is followed by the description of the treatment of eight patients suffering from atypical migraine. The selection of patients for this operation is limited to those cases suffering from classic migraine with the migraine attacks occurring in one and always the same side of the face and head. A step by step account of the procedure for the excision of a part of the super-zygomatic part of the superficial temporal artery is given with the results and the four year follow-up. In selected cases of atypical migraine, the above simple operation, may be curative.


Thermographic exploration of the parotid region. Thermography was applied in the pathology of the parotid area in order to see if it is able to complement the clinical examination. The authors present their experience on 17 cases. They could be classed in 3 groups: lesions with normal thermography or non significant modifications, lesions with hypothermia, lesions with hyperthermia. The results indicate that in some cases the information obtained is very useful although up to now differentiation of hyperthermia of different origins is difficult.


Editorial: The silent majority.

Editorial: The silent majority.


Fluorides--use with caution.

Fluorides--use with caution.


Comparison of physical properties of polycarboxylate-based and conventional root canal sealers.


Surgical management of endodontically involved teeth. Revised Kaplan-Milobsky technique.


Thermal analysis of experimental and commercial gutta-percha.


Acupuncture and endodontics--a review and preliminary study.


New method of irrigation during endodontic treatment.


Rhabdomyosarcoma: report of case.

Rhabdomyosarcoma: report of case.


Efficacy of biomechanical instrumentation: a scanning electron microscopic study.


Titanium endodontic implants: a scanning electron microscope, electron microprobe, and histologic investigation.


Acute renal failure due to ingestion of raw bile of grass carp (Clenopharyngodon idellus).


An in vivo technique for biocompatibility studies of materials.


Partially patent nasopalatine ducts: report of cases.


Study on the complement activation in renal diseases.


Immune responses in cholera vaccinated persons.


A study on brain scanning in intracranial neoplasms.


Plasma unesterified fatty acid in normal, obese and diabetic Chinese.


The efficacy of physical therapy in thoracic surgical patients.


Effect of urokinase upon euglobulin lysis time and thrombin time.


A keynote address: standards of psychiatric-mental health nursing practice.


The interdental brush and its place in operative and crown and bridge dentistry. The effect of the interdental brush was evaluated on sixty-seven extracted teeth which were stained and examined under the stereomicroscope. Thirty-one of the teeth were totally covered with plaque when the interdental brush was used on them immediately before extraction. Thirty-six of the teeth were from patients who had used the interdental brush routinely for several years. The interdental brush was found to have an excellent effect both in the central part of the interdental space and on the embrasures. However, the most noteworthy finding was that it removes plaque as far as 2-2 1/2 mm below the gingival margin. This means that restorations can be kept free of plaque, even if they are extended into the pocket. In modern dentistry 'extension for prevention of dental caries' has become a controversial principle because subgingival restorations retain plaque which induces destructive periodontal disease. In many cases this problem can be solved by introducing the interdental brush.


Quantitative changes in dental plaque formation related to removable partial dentures. Plaque formation on forty-four teeth acting as abutments for removable partial dentures was studied while the patients were wearing their dentures and while they were not. The amount of plaque was assessed according to Quigley & Hein (1962), modified by Kardel & Bay (1967). In addition, that formed occlusally was evaluated by an occlusal plaque scoring index designed for the present study. It was found that the wearing of partial dentures increased the formation of plaque on all tooth surfaces under investigation.


In vitro attachment of Streptococcus sanguis to dental crown and bridge cements. The ability of a common dental plaque bacterium, Streptococcus sanguis, to adhere to dental crown and bridge cements in vitro was investigated. Cylindrical blocks of five different commercial brands of cement, with and without acquired pellicles, were indubated with buffer suspensions of S. sanguis for 1 h. Attached bacteria were counted under the microscope. S. sanguis had particularly high affinity for uncoated resin cement. In contrast, the carboxylate cement tested was a poor substrate for the adherence of this bacterium. The other cement types (zinc phosphate, zinc oxide and silico-phosphate) had intermediary qualities as adhering surfaces. The presence of an acquired pellicle, obtained by pretreatment with saliva, influenced the initial adherence of bacteria to cement in vitro. On the resin cement a salivary pellicle strongly suppressed the bacterial adhesion. For the zinc phosphate, zinc oxide and silico-phosphate cements a pellicle slightly enhanced the attachment of S. sanguis. On the carboxylate cement only few organisms attached also after pretreatment with saliva.


Abrasion of restorative materials by toothaste. The procedure developed in this investigation is suitable for determining the abrasion resistance of restorative materials to toothbrush/dentifrice abrasion. Ideally, a restoration should have an abrasion resistance similar to that of enamel. Of the materials tested, gold was the only one that wore slightly less than enamel, whilst amalgam wore almost twice as quickly. The silicate material and composites (excluding TD.71) wear away 2-4 times faster than enamel. TD.71 and especially the unfilled resin exhibited very high rates of abrasion. After prolonged toothbrush/dentifrice abrasion, the surfaces of gold and amalgam were considerably smoother than those of the silicate and composite materials.


Soft lining to relieve soreness beneath dentures. The mandibular dentures of eighteen patients who suffered from chronic tissue soreness beneath the denture which could not be relieved by bringing the denture into a functionally faultless condition, were furnished with a soft lining. Of the patients re-examined after 2 weeks, 89% were symptom-free. After 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years the percentages of the symptom-free patients were 64, 79, 60 and 71% of the total re-examined. However, after soft lining, some relief of the complaint was reported by all patients of the series. The series included a woman with bronchial asthma whose oral mucosa again became sore after she had worn the denture with soft lining for a year, and a bruxist who had a definite relief. The percentage incidence of denture stomatitis increased in the course of the 3-year period studied. At the listed dates of re-examination, it was 25, 46, 43, 80 and 100%, respectively.


Reflex activity in the masseter muscle of young individuals. II.


Physical properties of a nickel-base alloy prepared by isostatic pressing and sintering of the powdered metal. The physical and mechanical properties of samples of a nickel-base alloy fabricated by powder metallurgy were determined. The particle sizes of the powders used to make the samples varied from -80/ +200 mesh to -325 mesh. The compaction pressure varied from 138 to 414 MN/m2 and the sintering temperature varied from 1150 to 1250 degrees C. The shrinkage during processing, the porosity, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and elastic modulus were used to characterize the samples. The strength of the samples generally increased with decreasing particle size of the powder and increasing compaction pressure and sintering temperatures. The porosity and strength, therefore, could be varied over a wide range by controlling the various parameters. The properties of the samples prepared by powder metallurgy were compared with those of the cast alloy and compact bone. Conditions can be selected that will yield equivalent or better properties by powder metallurgy than by casting.


Linear dimensional changes during setting of two polycarboxylate cements. The linear dimensional changes of two polycarboxylate cements have been studied. The measurements were performed on specimens placed on a mercury bath, and were started 3 min after commencing the mix. The specimens were allowed to set at 37 degrees C under various environmental humidity. Specimens from one of the polycarboxylate cements (Durelon), were made using both the universal liquid and the thin liquid meant for cementation. The powder/liquid ratios (P/L) were either 2-5 or 1-5.. Specimens from the second cement (Poly-C), were made using the liquid meant for cementation only with a P/L of 1-5. The dimensional changes of Durelon were dependent on the powder/liquid ratio and the environmental humidity during setting. Under dry conditions this cement showed a maximum contraction of 4-60% after 14 days when a high P/L was used and 6-10% when a low P/L was used. After 1 day under wet conditions no significant differences between cements with high and low P/L were registered, and the mean contraction was 1-10%. The dimensional changes of Poly-C were dependent on the environmental humidity, and after 14 days under dry conditions a maximum contraction of 5-50% was registered and after 1 day under wet conditions a contraction of 0-60%. The contraction of the polycarboxylate cements tested in this study started earlier and were in general more pronounced than that observed for a zinc phosphate cement (Oilo, 1975).


The night guard: its uses and dangers of abuse.


Letter: Limits of physical diagnosis.

Letter: Limits of physical diagnosis.


Letter: The problems of informed consent.


Don't judge a book by its cover.

Don't judge a book by its cover.


The reproducibility of electromyographic recordings of the masseter muscle in humans. An investigation was undertaken into the reproducibility of electromyograms of masseter muscles in five human subjects. Under standardized conditions, integrated electromyographic recordings were taken during three sessions on each of 5 days. Analysis of variance showed that at the 0-05 probability level the results were reproducible for each subject not only during the same day but also between days.


Early condylectomy to prevent prognathism: a preliminary report. The effect of bilateral condylectomy in the child with prognathism is described. Reference is made to the anteroposterior growth component of the mandible as measured by peroperative and postoperative cephalometric radiographs. The interruption in the growth of the mandible, coupled with the retropositioning that occurs immediately after the operation, reduces absolute or relative prognathism. Preliminary observation indicates that this prophylaxis does not prevent reformation of the condyle, nor does it result in any clinically discernible change in mandibular movements. Should the condyle reform before body growth is complete, a recommencement of anteroposterior growth in the mandible occurs.


The double-degree dilemma: some empirical observations.


Response to nonsurgical treatment of patients with positive radiographic findings in the temporomandibular joint.


Primary neurological evaluation of the traumatized patient.


Vasovagal response during oral surgery.

Vasovagal response during oral surgery.


Cryosurgery with nitrous oxide: report of cases.


Clinicopathological conference. Case 16, part 2. Stafne's bone cyst of the mandible and concurrent pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.


Necrotizing sialometaplasia of the palate.


Necrotizing sialometaplasia: report of three cases.


Ancient neurilemoma of the floor of the mouth: report of a case.


Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lower lip: report of case.


Median mandibular cyst: report of case.

Median mandibular cyst: report of case.


A readily available intraoral catheter for irrigation of the maxillary sinus.


Granular cell ameloblastoma: report of case.


A simplified approach to the sagittal osteotomy.


Sensory perception in overdenture patients. The discussion of overdentures has been confined to their capacity to use abutment teeth to improve neuromuscular control of mandibular movement. Use of overdentures has been favored often because of their mechanical advantages, but seldom because of the sensory role of the retained abutment teeth. Even though the retained teeth may be periodontally diseased, they still may provide sufficient support for the transmission of masticatory pressures and sufficient periodontal ligament receptors to initiate a jaw opening reflex. Whereas conflicting evidence shows that the periodontal nerve receptors play a role in mandibular positional sensibility (proprioception), pressure perception by the periodontal ligament remains a primary stimulus for the jaw opening reflex. Additional investigations will be essential to a complete understanding of the role of the periodontal ligament receptors. However, recognition of the importance of the periodontal ligament receptors to the overdenture patient as a source of sensory input is vital.


Quest for ideal occlusal patterns for complete dentures.


Treatment of mandibular fractures with use of malleable titanium mesh: report of 56 cases.


Possible premature degenerative temporomandibular joint disease in violinists. On occasion, there is danger of TMJ injury from holding the violin in a playing position for long periods of time. A study of a patient with premature degenerative TMJ disease emphasizes the value of a routine occlusal and TMJ examination.


Reliability of fully adjustable, articulators using a computerized analysis. 1. Statistical analysis of the graphic data showed no significant difference between the Denar D5A and Hanau 130-21 articulators for the five subjects tested. 2. The average horizontal Gothic arch angle (beta) at incision was 135 degrees. 3. The functional stroke for the subjects was approximately 5 mm. in the incisor region and 2.5 to 3 mm. in each molar region. 4. Both the Denar D5A and Hanau 130-21 articulators adequately reproduced jaw motion for the five subjects tested.


When to glaze--an electron microscope study. 1. A smooth porcelain surface can be obtained by glazing after grinding. There is no need for sanding or polishing with a rubber wheel. 2. A low-fusing glaze gives a slightly smoother surface than a natural glaze. The low-fusing glaze may be added at any stage of polishing, and the results will be the same.


Dental casts made with natural teeth.

Dental casts made with natural teeth. A technique has been described for making a dental cast utilizing the patient's natural dentition. This procedure can be used for making a permanent record for any immediate denture patient. The dental cast with natural teeth, rather than stone teeth, has the advantage of serving as an excellent esthetic guide when the immediate denture is to be remade.


In-service teacher training in removable prosthodontics. A partial review of educational literature with respect to in-service education has been presented. The design and evaluation of an in-service teacher training or staff development program in removable prosthodontics have been described. Measurement instruments necessary for the program were also included. In such a program, various educational principles and methodology are presented to dental faculty members who, for the most part, have never before had this type of training.


A histologic comparison of palatal mucosa before and after wearing complete dentures. A histologic investigation to study the tissue changes occurring under complete dentures was done. Biopsies were obtained from 40 patients from the area of left side of the hard palate at the first molar region, midway between the median raphe and the residual ridge. The same patients were examined 3 months after placement of well-fitted dentures. Thirty of the 40 patients responded. A second biopsy was taken from the same area on the right side of these patients. On the basis of the microscopic examination, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. The average thickness of the palatal epithelium of edentulous non-denture wearers was 0.222 mm. in the rete peg region. 2. There was a general increase in the thickness of the palatal epithelium following 3 months of wearing complete dentures. 3. The increase in the palatal epithelium was more marked in the rete peg region than in the inter-rete peg region. 4. There was an increase in the thickness of the keratin layer in most patients. 5. No significant changes were found in the granular-cell layer or the prickle-cell layer. 6. The oral mucous membrane responded favorably to well-fitted dentures.


Prosthodontics--Past, present, and future. 1. The geographic areas served by licensed dental mechanics will increase in number and size in the future. 2. There will be increasing difficulties in supplying dental graduates of a high caliber from our faculties of dentistry to serve adequately in the field of prosthodontics. 3. More graduate (postdoctoral) programs will be needed to train dentists to treat difficult prosthetic patients. The need for prosthetic services is still with us and will continue to grow. Only with progressive thought and aggressive action can organized prosthodontics go forward to meet its challenges. A battle is not won on defense alone, for such has been the game plan to date. Currently, dentists have a reasonable way to deliver an important health service to the population at large. However, only with a rapid advancement in the concept of delivery of total prosthodontic care can the best interests of the public be maintained. Finally, the highest standards of practice and ethics must be the guiding principles to any future changes in the delivery of prosthodontic services to the public.


The treatment of amelogenesis imperfecta.


Oral reconstruction for edentulous patients after partial mandibulectomies. The prosthodontic reconstruction of the patient who has had a partial mandibulectomy is a formidable challenge. A realistic view of the positive and negative factors must be maintained so that unrealistic promises are not made by the prosthodontist and no unfulfilled hopes are left for the patient. Because of the instability of the mandibular denture, the patient's relaxed central position is used as the jaw relationship for setting posterior teeth with flat occlusal surfaces to allow for lateral freedom of mandibular movements.


The measurement of jaw movement. Part II. To summarize, the principles and the application of an apparatus have been described which without appreciable physical restraint provides graphic representations of the movements of a point on the mandible in three conventional anatomic planes-sagittal, coronal, and horizontal. The apparatus also provides data which permit an estimation of the magnitude and direction of movement of a point on the jaw during function in relation to time. This information prepares the way for the calculation of the path of the selected point in space, as well as its mean velocity and acceleration.


Preoperative and immediate postoperative obturators. The prostheses described evolve from preoperative to immediate to transitional, and the distinction between them is not clearly defined. How long the temporary stage should be maintained depends upon the rapidity of healing of the defect and the judgment of the prosthodontist. Usually, healing is complete 3 to 6 months following surgery, and a definitive obturator may then be constructed. Construction, modification, and insertion of preoperative and immediate postoperative obturators for patients after partial and total maxillectomies were discussed. The purpose of an immediate obturator is to shorten the recovery period of the patient and restore speech, deglutition, and appearance as soon as possible after surgery.


Orbital prostheses.

Orbital prostheses. This article presents the steps used in fabricating an orbital prosthesis. Major considerations such as selection of the spectacle frame and the artificial eye, eye alignment, and clay modeling are emphasized to ensure an esthetically acceptable prosthesis. A simple technique for construction of wax templates for fabrication of orbital prostheses in acrylic resin also was described.


Articulators in dental education and practice. This study showed that only a small percentage of students continued to use or prescribe articulators after beginning their practices. Yet many restorative teaching programs have utilized semiadjustable articulators with the intent to stimulate a continued use of the instrument in practice. Perhaps the emphasis of instruction should not be placed upon a certain type of articulator for all restorative dentistry but instead upon the selection of an articulator dependent upon the degree of difficulty encountered with each patient. For example, a simple articulator may be used for simple treatment such as a single full gold crown in an otherwise healthy mouth with physiologic occlusion. This does not obviate the need for properly related master and opposing full-arch casts of high quality. Also, instruction is required which will assure that the new crown does not introduce occlusal interferences in centric relation, the intercuspal position, or laterotrusive and mediotrusive excursions. Emphasis should be taken away from teaching use of only one instrument. It should instead be directed toward an understanding of the basic principles of occlusion, cultivating an ability to differentiate the complexity of treatment, and then selecting an instrument which will provide the most practical and suitable result. An effort should be made to compensate for the instrument's limitations by careful clinical examination and correction.


HIAA Dental Relations Committee and Wisconsin Dental Insurance Negotiating Committee meet.


MU blood pressure screening program.

MU blood pressure screening program.


A possible mode of formation of tubuloreticular structures.


Dental practice management and taxes.

Dental practice management and taxes.


Severe feeding difficulty in infants with increased pulmonary blood flow. Three infants with significant left-to-right intracardiac shunts and moderate cardiac disability failed to thrive primarily because of a complete distaste for food. They refused to feed, spat out food introduced into their mouths, and vomited food that reached their stomachs. These severe feeding difficulties were relieved by intracardiac repair, and we conclude that in some unusual instances such feeding disorders constitute the indication for operation.


Amoeboid movement configuration and mitotic indices of lymphoid cells from children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Bone marrow smears from 21 untreated patients with ALL have been morphologically analysed. There was a positive correlation between the percentages of lymphoid cells with amoeboid movement configuration (AMC) and the mitotic indices. A high proportion of cells with AMC seems to indicate a more favourable prognosis in spite of differences in subsequent treatment. It is suggested that studies of the incidence of AMC may serve as a prognostic tool in ALL.


Letter: Chlordane.

Letter: Chlordane.


Immunotherapy for malignant disease.

Immunotherapy for malignant disease.


The management of intractable pain.

The management of intractable pain.


Study of leukocyte kinetics in acute myelocytic leukemia utilizing chromium-51. Leukocyte kinetic studies using chromium-51 were performed in four patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Intravascular leukocyte survival was prolonged in comparision with granulocyte survival in normal subjects. Significant splenic pooling occurred in three patients, none of whom had splenomegaly. In one patient studied, circulating leukemic cells were shown to return to the bone marrow. The prolongation of intravascular leukocyte survival in AML in relapse, as in chronic myelocytic leukemia, probably depends on several factors including the presence of immature leukemic cells and the recycling of these cells from the spleen and bone marrow.


Combinations of arabinosyl cytosine and 6-thioguanine for treatment of adults with acute leukemia. The combination of arabinosyl cytosine and 6-thioguanine has been effective for the treatment of acute leukemia. Three schedules of this combination were studied to determine which was most effective, especially in patients who had prior exposure to either or both of these drugs. Sequential and simultaneous 5-day courses of the combination were ineffective. A regimen consisting of a 5-day course of arabinosyl cytosine followed by a 5-day course of 6-thioguanine and another 5-day course of arabinosyl cytosine produced responses in 36% of 25 patients. Seven of the nine patients who responded were refractory to prior therapy with arabinosyl cytosine and 5 were refractory tp prior therapy with 6-mercaptopurine. However, the median duration of response was only six weeks. Four patients developed central nervous system complications and three of these patients died while in complete remission. Major toxicity from all three regiments was myelosuppression. This regimen was about as effective as most other regimens used as secondary therapy in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, but its toxicity was too great for routine usage.


Remission induction with L-asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisone in children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Forty-five children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in relapse received a total of 56 courses of L-asparaginase combined with vincristine and prednisone. The complete remission rate of 40% (12 of 30 trials) in patients resistant to vincristine and prednisone was almost identical to that in children still sensitive to vincristine and prednisone (42%, 11 of 26 trials). The complete remission rate of 38% (14 of 37 exposures) in those children who had not received L-asparaginase previously compared favorably with the complete remission rate in those children who had received prior L-asparaginase (47%, 9 of 19 exposures). Forty-seven of the 56 induction trials were in children with 1 or more remissions and 14 of these were in children with 3 or more prior remissions. Toxicity was minimal.


Clinical and morphological correlations in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Thirty adults with acute leukemia and greater than 20% bone marrow infiltrate by promyelocytes were studied. Eighteen patients had acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) as defined by the presence of malignant promyelocytes, and the remaining 12 patients had acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) with an elevated percentage of normal promyelocytes. Malignant promyelocytes were characterized by abundant, abnormal, cytoplasmic granules, by Auer rods in meshwork pattern, and by splinter cytoplasmic granulations and dilatation of the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. Patients with APML had, in general, greater than 35% bone marrow infiltrate by promyelocytes. The degree of bone marrow infiltrate by these cells correlated with the clinical status of the patients. Diffuse intravascular coagulation with bleeding occurred in 61% of patients with APML, and the bone marrows of these patients had greater than 50% promyelocytes. No coagulation abnormalities were seen among patients with elevated bone marrow promyelocytes infiltrate and without APML. Coagulation abnormalities in patients with APML were only corrected by controlling the leukemia itself. When this occurred, patients with APML had an excellent rate of complete remission, and the duration of remission and survival were comparable to the results obtained in adults with AML.


Letter: Another variant translocation in chronic myelogenous leukemia--revisited.


Acute myeloblastic leukemia and hypercalcemia. A case of probable ectopic parathyroid hormone production. We studied a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia and inappropriately elevated serum parathyroid hormone levels to define the mechanism of the hypercalcemia. On six occasions during two years, hypercalcemia occurred in conjunction with relapses of leukmia. Each time, serum calcium decreased to normal levels in parallel with reduction of the leukemic mass. During two periods of hypercalcemia, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone values were abnormally high. In addition, hormone was detected in vitro after short-term incubation of the leukemic cells (after 24 hours, the patient's cells produced 129 pg of PTH per milliliter, whereas myeloblasts from a normocalcemic patient with leukemia produced only 33 pg). In freeze-thawing experiments, 39 pg of parathyroid hormone was released form 1 x 108 of the patient's myeloblasts; no hormone was released from the normocalcemia cells. These findings suggest that the hypercalcemia resulted from ectopic parathyroid hormone production by leukemic cells.


Leukemia of BALB/c mice induced by cellfree filtrate from transplantable Thurzo--Svec rat leukemia. Leukemia was produced in adult BALB/c mice inoculated with cellfree filtrate derived from cells of transplantable Thurzo-Svec rat leukemia. The leukemogenic activity of 20% filtrates was 10(8) ID 50 per ml. Leukemia induced in mice with rat materials was serially transplantable by cellfree filtrates of leukemic tissues and plasma to the same strain of mice.


Generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro against autologous human leukaemia cells.


Myophosphorylase deficiency: two different molecular etiologies. Two different forms of myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease) can be distinguished through the presence or absence of the protein subunit corresponding to phosphorylase in muscle extracts analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two patients showed a complete absence of the phosphorylase protein subunit, while another patient had an increased quantity of an apparently defective phosphorylase protein subunit. On the basis of these observations, the existence of two distinct subtypes of phosphorylase deficiency can be inferred.


Contraceptive practices.

Contraceptive practices. A family life education program (FLEP) providing contraceptive services within a comprehensive health care organization for low-income, inner-city adolescents is described. Each female patient attending in the July 1-September 30, 1974,  period was included in a study undertaken to identify and serve the unmet needs of the teen-age population in the community of East Harlem. Of the 334 females interviewed, almost 1/2 were black, 37% were Hispanic, 12% were white, and 2% were  Oriental, totals representative of the surrounding community. The questionnaire included information on demographic and social background, sexual history, reproductive history, and contraceptive experience.  Comparisons are made on the answers between groups. Personal contacts and school outreach were the 2 main sources of referral to the clinic. Sexual history was found to be associated with social background rather than physiological factors.  More than 1/2 the teen-agers had never used contraception prior to their 1st clinic visit and another 1/4 of the girls were using unreliable methods. The study indicated that teen-agers will use good programs which are designed to meet their  needs. For teen-agers, a free-standing clinic offering comprehensive health care is the ideal situation.


Vaginal hysterectomy in a community hospital Study of 491 cases.


School health: orphan or illegitimate child?


Language development and learning disability.


IgA nephropathy: a report on three cases. Three cases are presented of a recently defined group of patients with renal disease who presented with macroscopic or persisted microscopic haematuria. These patients were found to have deposition of IgA in the glomerulus. They may thus be classified as suffering from an immunologically related glomerulonephritis.


Vitamin C concentration in plasma and leucocytes of men related to age and smoking habit. Morning plasma and leucocyte vitamin C concentrations were measured in 178 healthy men aged 17-68 years. In the youngest age group (17-29 years), smokers had significantly lower plasma (P less than 0.01) and leucocyte (P less than 0.001) vitamin C levels than non-smokers. With advancing age plasma and leucocyte vitamin C levels of non-smokers appeared to decline. The lower levels in younger smokers did not significantly alter in the later decades. There was no significant difference between the plasma or leucocyte vitamin C levels of smokers and non-smokers in the decade 60-69 years.


Cardiac rupture with false aneurysm after myocardial infarction. A case of cardiac rupture is reported after myocardial infarction. Leaking blood was contained within the pericardium and a false aneurysm developed. Ten months later this was successfully repaired. The neck of the aneurysm was transected, the defect in the left ventricle closed and saphenous vein bypass grafts were applied to the anterior descending and right coronary arteries. The literature on this subject is briefly reviewed.


Calcified upper abdominal mass.

Calcified upper abdominal mass.


Presidential address.

Presidential address.


Editorial: Dealing with oliguria.

Editorial: Dealing with oliguria.


The experience of dying and death.

The experience of dying and death.


Acute glomerulonephritis: the current role of the streptococcus. Thirty-one patients who presented with acute glomerulonephritis have been reviewed with respect to the involvement of the streptococcus in their disease. The high incidence of the condition and the fact that 76 percent of the patients had evidence of streptococcal infection, as indicated by a raised anti-streptolysin O-titre is discussed.


Health redefined.

Health redefined.


Letter: Central venous cannulation.

Letter: Central venous cannulation.


Letter: Typhoid fever.

Letter: Typhoid fever.


Letter: The management of paraquat poisoning.


Family planning in a hospital clinic.

Family planning in a hospital clinic. The establishment of a hospital board family planning clinic and the results during its first year of operation are described. Three hundred and fifty-four patients were seen, a third of whom were interested in sterilisation. Only 3 percent presented with infertility and less than 1 percent referred themselves inappropriately. The failure rate in terms of unwanted unplanned pregnancies was 2 percent, and a further 1 percent had socially inconvenient but desired pregnancies. Of those established on contraception 45 percent chose the pill, 34 percent the intra-uterine device and approximately 10 percent each the injection or a barrier method;


Paediatric cardiology service in the Waikato: first 200 cases.


Cystic fibrosis in New Zealand: incidence and mortality data. The incidence of and mortality from cystic fibrosis in New Zealand for the years 1965-1971 have been reviewed. Data were obtained from hospital admission and death records. All of the 171 cases were of European parentage except for one part-Maori child. The minimum incidence of cystic fibrosis in the European population (one in 3185 live births) is comparable with that in other populations of similar background but somewhat lower than that derived by Becroft (1968). The data show that, during the period of the survey, approximately 30 percent of cystic fibrosis suffereres died at less than 12 months of age.


Editorial: Influenza prospects.

Editorial: Influenza prospects.


Some health indicators in New Zealand adolescents: The Rotorua Lakes Study 5. This paper describes and compares health indicators in Maori and European adolescents attending a coeducational secondary school in New Zealand. No important differences were found in certain urinary constituents, haemoglobin or packed cell volume, fasting plasma glucose, serum urea nitrogen, pulse rate, age of menarche, hospital experience or tuberculin test-BCG status.


Editorial: The movement of doctors.

Editorial: The movement of doctors.


Editorial: The Declaration of Tokyo.

Editorial: The Declaration of Tokyo.


Fluphenazine decanoate maintenance in schizophrenia: a retrospective study. In a mirror image study of 43 schizophrenic patients long-acting fluphenazine decanoate injections were found to have a significant effect in reducing hospital admissions and length of stay.


Adrenal venography and sampling in the diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism. Adrenal venography and adrenal venous blood sampling for aldosterone and cortisol estimations have been attempted in eight patients with primary aldosteronism. The techniques accurately predicted the location of the aldosterone secreting tumour in all six patients in whom an adrenal vein cannulation was possible. The techniques are useful in the surgical management of solitary adrenal adenomas and are important in the choice of optimal therapy for the variety of disorders presenting as primary aldosteronism.


Ceroid enteropathy and vitamin E deficiency. Ceroid (polymerised peroxidised polyunsaturated fatty acids) deposition in the intestine is a result of chronic malabsorption and vitamin E deficiency. This gives the bowel a striking brown colour. Three patients are described with this condition. The macroscopic and microscopic appearances were similar, but the cause of the malabsorption differed. In one patient with polyarteritis there was regression of the pigments with improvement of the malabsorption after treatment with prednisone.


What the urine contains following athletic competition. Forty-two of 369 athletes were found to have a positive Occultest on the first urine sample voided following athletic competition. This positive reaction could be due to the presence of either myoglobin or haemoglobin. The Occultest was most often positive in competitors in the longer duration events such as the marathon. Twenty-six of these 42 specimens with a positive Occultest contained over 10 red cells per mm3. The urine samples were also examined for white cells, casts, bacteriuria and the concentration of urea, creatinine, electrolytes and protein. Proteinuria was a frequent finding and increased with the severity of the exertion.


Editorial: Trends in mortality.

Editorial: Trends in mortality.


Letter: Childhood poisoning: the failure of aluminium foil wrapping as a preventative.


Letter: Acupuncture.

Letter: Acupuncture.


Letter: The lumbosacral spine and accident compensation.


The doctor and the homosexual.

The doctor and the homosexual.


Letter: Leptospirosis hardjo.

Letter: Leptospirosis hardjo.


Pregnant schoolgirls and their continuing education.


Duodenal biopsy in 75 New Zealand children. During the past two years, duodenal biopsy has been used freely in a study of diarrhoea and failure to thrive in South Island children. The technique has proved convenient, safe and diagnostically helpful in a high proportion of cases. It has meant that hospital admission has rarely been required. Parents have appreciated the rapid and definite answers, either positive or negative, which have resulted in more rational treatment for their children.


An adult with haemophilus meningitis: case report. An adult woman was found to have acute pyogenic meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Recent reports questioning the rarity of this form of adult meningitis are briefly reviewed.


Compliancy in splint-wearing behaviour of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Forty-six patients with rheumatoid arthritis affecting their hands were questioned to establish whether or not they complied with the medical specialist's instructions about wearing splints. Only one-third of the patients appeared to comply. A high extraversion score (measured on the EPI questionnnaire) identified half of the patients who did not comply. All patients scored significantly lower then the population norm on the introversion-extraversion dimension, indicating that this dimension may be involved in the psychosomatic aspect of rheumatoid arthritis.


Notified viral hepatitis in New Zealand. Statistical analysis of notified cases of viral hepatits in New Zealand for an 18-month period is used first to demonstrate and then to consider a geographical gradient across the country with implications warranting further epidemiologic enquiry.


Letter: Reaction to trimoxazole.

Letter: Reaction to trimoxazole.


Pain control.

Pain control.


Breast feeding and the community.

Breast feeding and the community. The attitudes of different communities to breast feeding are compared. The ways to promote and encourage breast feeding are discussed with particular reference to the benefits of breast feeding to the child, mother, family and the community.


Letter: Intensive monitoring of adverse reactions in general practice.


Recent illegal dentistry activities.

Recent illegal dentistry activities.


Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis -- sequelae following treatment with silver nitrate.


In the Society.

In the Society.


Waiting on line for unemployment and national health insurance.


Lay persons on peer review.

Lay persons on peer review.


Retinal artery thrombosis in a patient with chronic thrombocytopenia.


Editorial: The auxiliary angst.

Editorial: The auxiliary angst.


The maldistribution illusion.

The maldistribution illusion.


Influence of correction of peripheral refractive errors on peripheral static vision.


Vascular lesion (arteriovenous aneurysm or haemangioma) of the orbit in a case of chronic granulomatous disease. A case of arteriovenous aneurysm or congenital arteriovenous haemangioma of the orbit is described in a 5-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease. Lipid pigments are demonstrated in endothelial cells as well as in histiocytes and fibrocytes. There appears to be a decreased ability to remove phagocytosed haemosiderin, in addition to the well-known inability of granulocytes, and probably to some extent of histiocytes, to kill phagocytosed bacteria.


Third party policies: change is possible. A report.


Retinal red-free light photographs in two congenital conditions: a case of optic hypoplasia and a case of congenital hemianopia. Two patients with congenital anomalies involving the optic pathways are described. The first case presented a unilateral hypoplastic optic nerve as well as an ipsilateral inferior conus and an elevated disc. The second case showed the features of homonymous hemianopia with sparing of the macula and decreased visual acuity on the side of the affected cerebral hemisphere. Red-free photographs were obtained in both cases. The importance of this old-new investigative tool in completing a neuro-ophthalmological study is stressed.


Progressive cone dystrophies.

Progressive cone dystrophies. Patients with progressive generalized cone dystrophy often present nystagmus (or strabism) and complain of photophobia, decrease in visual acuity or disturbances in colour perception. The most classic fundus abnormality is the bull's eye maculopathy or a pallor of the optic disc. Minimal macular changes are sometimes seen, which may progress to a bull's eye type of macular degeneration. The photopic ERG is always very affected, whereas at first the scotopic ERG seems normal. Progressive deterioration of the visual functions is accompanied by increasing fundus lesions and rod involvement, as suggested by the modifications of the dark adaptation curve and the scotopic ERG. However, the progression of typical generalized cone dysfunction is very slow. On the contrary, in some cases of so-called Stargardt's disease with peripheral participation, a very rapid progression has been observed. In such cases a normal ERG does not necessarily mean that the disease will remain localized to the macular area. No definite prognosis can be made on one single ERG. In 3 cases with sector pigmentary retinopathy the photopic ERG was more affected than the scotopic ERG. However, these cases are probably primary cone-rod dystrophies. Although there is no electrophysiological control, our clinical impression is that the evolution, if possible, is very slow.


Time lapse by diagnosis of oral cancer.

Time lapse by diagnosis of oral cancer. This survey comprised thirty-four patients who were suffering from malignant tumors of the oral cavity diagnosed in a 12-year period in the Department of Oral Surgery, Royal Dental College, Aarhus, Denmark. The categories of tumors were as follows: carcinomas (twenty-seven), osteosarcomas (four), reticulum-cell sarcomas (two), and lymphosarcomas (one). Special emphasis is placed upon the calculation of two time factors, i.e., the time that elapsed from when the symptoms were first noticed until the patient consulted a physician or dentist, and the period during which the patient was under professional care up to the time at which a final diagnosis was made. The first of these periods was found to be, on an average, 4.9 months; the second period averaged 5.6 months. The most common complaints were swelling and pain, two symptoms with which the physician or surgeon often are confronted. This may be a possible reason for a relatively late diagnosis in the case of several malignant tumors. A frequently very suspect symptom, such as a persistent ulceration, was found in only thirteen of twenty-seven cases of carcinoma, whereas another symptom in the same category, disturbances in sensibility, was noted in only three cases. Because of the short observation period in some cases, no correlation between the two time factors and the prognosis was attempted. Despite the inadequacy, it may be concluded that the period of 5.6 months which in this material was found to elapse between the first consultation and the actual time of diagnosis was far too long. All lesions that do not respond to adequate therapy in 14 days should be suspected of being malignant, and the patient should be referred to a specialist for proper diagnosis.


Fracture of the styloid process of the temporal bone: an unusual complication of dental treatment. Report of a case. Reported in a case of fracture of the styloid process due to an uncoordinated action of the suprahyoidean and infrahyoidean musculature. The similarity of symptoms to acute disturbances of the temporomandibular joints to those of fracture of the styloid process and the differential diagnoses are discussed. Diagnosis of a fracture of the styloid process is achieved mainly by radiographic examination; history and clinical examination are merely confirmatory. Conservative and surgical treatments of fracture of the styloid process, and their respective uses, are briefly reviewed.


Idiopathic failure of eruption of permanent molar teeth. Failure of permanent teeth to erupt without any known cause is a seldom occurring phenomenon. However, it brings to light our ignorance of the basic physiologic mechanism of tooth eruption. In this article we present five patients with unerupted permanent molar teeth. In all instances, no obvious cause exists. Indications for operative intervention and management are discussed, but the cases are also presented to focus attention on our lack of knowledge of the physiology of tooth eruption.


Cytoenzymology and 3H-thymidine uptake of retro-ocular connective tissue cultures in experimental endocrino-exophthalmos. The in vitro retro-ocular connective tissue cultures from guinea pigs with endocrine exophthalmos were studied before and after retro-ocular treatment with cortisol and hyaluronidase. Both cortisol and hyaluronidase inhibited the cell proliferation, the cytoenzymic activities of oxydoreductases, the 3H-thymidine uptake, the number of mitoses and the protein content of cultivated cells.


The council on dental health. A report.

The council on dental health. A report.


The solitary bone cyst. Report of two cases. Two cases of solitary bone cyst are described. Case 1 is interesting in that the age of presentation was near the extreme lower end of the range of recorded cases, and also the site was in the mandibular ramus, extending to the sigmoid notch, which is one of the least common sites in this bone. Furthermore, the lesion was not clinically silent; 26 per cent of Howe's series had swelling with or without pain, and 24 per cent of Huebner's and Turlington's series. Cases 2 illustrates the value of radiographs which give a general view of the mandible and maxilla, since this particular lesion was quite unexpected. Although the etiology is still dispute, the treatment by surgical intervention is almost universally agreed upon.


"Listen my children and you shall hear".


Dental health and dental care in nursing homes in Monroe County, New York.


Reduction of malodor by oral cleansing procedures. Organoleptic and gas chromatographic methods were employed to establish the threshold of odor objectionability of methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide and to assess the relative effectiveness of different oral hygiene measures to reduce the malodor to acceptable levels. The study showed that methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide concentrations below 0.5 ng. and 1.5 ng., respectively, are considered nonobjectionable. Gas chromatographic analyses indicate that these concentrations were exceeded in the early morning mouth air samples of approximately 50 per cent of the adult population studied. In these instances, methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide occurred in sufficiently high concentrations to account for the malodor. Brushing studies suggest that the early morning malodor arising from the oral cavity can be controlled by proper oral hygiene. The tongue was the major source of both offending compounds in the persons studied. Methods that involved cleansing of the dorsoposterior surface of the tongue caused the most pronounced reductions of both compounds. Since methylmercaptan was found to be more objectionable and to exhibit a lower threshold of objectionability, it was more difficult to reduce to acceptable levels.


Resorption and regeneration of alveolar bone in acute osteomyelitis of the mandible. A 12-year-old boy developed osteomyelitis of the anterior part of the mandible subsequent to a blow on the mouth. The condition resulted in loosening of the lower incisors and considerable loss of alveolar bone. Under conservative treatment the condition subsided and the bone regenerated completely. Radiographs taken at various stages in the treatment show the loss of bone and its gradual regeneration.


Bacterial endocarditis. Survey of patients treated between 1963 and 1975. Hospital records of forty-nine patients with a diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis at the University of Kentucky Medical Center Hospital from 1963 to 1975 were reviewed. Data collected and statistically analyzed resulted in the following conclusions: 1. Bacterial endocarditis affected males three to four times as often as females. 2. Morbidity was significant, with an average hospital stay of 4 weeks. 3. The mortality rate among the entire group of patients was 42.8 per cent. A significantly higher rate of 66.7 per cent was noted in patients with prosthetic heart valves. 4. The most prevalent predisposing factor was rheumatic heart disease. 5. There were five cases (10.2 per cent) in which dental procedures were the probable precipitating cause, once again pointing out the importance of detecting susceptible patients and proceeding with dental therapy only after adequate prophylactic measures. 6. The most frequently isolated microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus. 7. Chloramphenicol was the most effective in vitro antiboitic tested, with erythromycin a close second. Although it might appear that penicillin was not as effective, the concentration in actual usage may differ significantly from that in the tested discs. Penicillin, therefore, still remains the foundation for treatment in susceptible cases.


Extractions in orthodontics updated.

Extractions in orthodontics updated.


Hemangioma of the lip: combined treatment.


The labial melanotic macule.

The labial melanotic macule. Fifty-five cases of a melanotic lesion of the lips which is well known, but not well described, are reported. The lesions characteristically occur on the lower lips of young adults. Males and females are equally affected. These lesions may be ephelides, postinflammatory melanoses, or unique lesions for which there is no exact cutaneous counterpart. We suggest the term labial melanotic macule as a descriptive one which would encompass the three different constituent entities. On the basis of follow-up information obtained and the histopathologic character of the lesions, this entity is benign and does not, in our opinion, have any malignant potential.


Ultrastructural study of an odontogenic myxoma. Ultrastructural study of an odontogenic myxoma has revealed two basic types of tumor cells: secretory and nonsecretory. The secretory cell type is the principal tumor cell and resembles the fibroblast in many respects. Although the ultrastructural findings indicate an abortive attempt at collagen fibrillogenesis, there is at the same time prominent secretory activity within the tumor cells, resulting in excessive production of acid mucopolysaccharide ground substance. There may also be phagocytosis by tumor cells of residual collagen in the area compatible with an odontogenic origin, they are not incompatible with an origin from primitive nonodonotogenic mesenchymal rests.


Defense mechanisms of the body.

Defense mechanisms of the body.


Host defense mechanisms in the oral mucosa.


Focal sepsis and transient bacteremia.

Focal sepsis and transient bacteremia.


The oral cavity as a source of potential pathogens in focal infection. The various microbial species present in different areas of the oral cavity are described. A few streptococcal species, whose only known habitat is the mouth, have been associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis, and it would therefore seem that the oral cavity can serve as a reservoir for at least one type of focal infection. However, the role of oral bacteria in other types of focal infection is obscure.


Roentgeno-oddities.

Roentgeno-oddities.


Bacterial endocarditis: a cardiologist's view of dental involvement.


Supplemental root in superior lateral incisor.


A study of the resolution of dental films and screens. From the study of the resolution produced by 156 screen-film combinations at a film density between 1.41 and 1.59, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Resolution is affected by screens, films, and observers. 2. The effect of screens on resolution is much greater than the effect of films. 3. Screens varied greatly in resolving ability. 4. Films did not differ greatly in resolving ability. 5. Cronex Lightning Plus screen and Radelin super high-speed screen produced the lowest resolution and Cronex detail screen produced the highest resolution. 6. In general, the slower the screen, the higher is the resolution and vice versa. 7. There were two groups of films with significant resolution differences. 8. Films designed to be processed automatically did not differ significantly in their resolving ability when processed manually. 9. There is significant interaction effect of screens and films on resolution. 10. Individual visual resolving ability plays a significant role in measuring resolution.


Extra root of lateral incisor.

Extra root of lateral incisor.


Radiology of collagen disease.

Radiology of collagen disease.


Nursing reconsidered.

Nursing reconsidered.


Legal aspects of nursing: the New Jersey Nurse Practice Act.


Health legislation in New Jersey.

Health legislation in New Jersey.


Reflections on the Nurse Practice Art.

Reflections on the Nurse Practice Art.


The independent nurse practitioner.

The independent nurse practitioner.


Care of the dying child.

Care of the dying child.


Primary care.

Primary care.


Mechanisms for the involvement of high molecular weight kininogen in surface-dependent reactions of Hageman factor. The mechanisms by which human high molecular weight kininogen (HMKrK) contributes to the surface-dependent activation of the Hageman factor systems have been studied. The ability of various mixtures of purified human Hageman factor (coagulation factor XII), HMrK, prekallikrein, and kaolin to activate coagulation factor XI was determined with factor XIa (activated factor XI) clotting assays. Hageman factor, HMrK and prekallikrein were required for maximal rates of activation of factor XI. A certain optimal mixture of purified Hageman factor, HMrK, prekallikrein, and kaolin gave the same rapid initial rate of activation of purified factor XI as an equivalent aliquot of factor XI-deficient plasma. This suggests that potent, surface-mediated activation of factor XI in plasma is explicable in terms of Hageman factor, HMrK, and prekallikrein. By studying separately some of the surface-dependent reactions involving Hageman factor, it was found that HMrK accelerated by at least an order of magnitude the following reactions: (i) the activation of factor XI by activated Hageman factor; (ii) the activation of prekallikrein by activated Hageman factor; and (iii) the activation of Hageman factor by kallikrein. Stoichiometric rather than catalytic amounts of HMrK gave optimal activation of factor XI. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that HMrK and Hageman factor form a complex on kaolin which renders Hageman factor more susceptible to proteolytic activation by kallikrein and which facilitates the action of activated Hageman factor on its substrate proteins, factor XI and prekallikrein.


Biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides and glycoprotein in aorta: stimulation by acceptor lipids isolated from liver. An acidic glycolipid fraction was isolated from porcine liver and partially purified on DEAE-cellulose. This material markedly stimulated the incorporation of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides and into glycoprotein, but did not stimulate incorporation into the mannosyl-phosphoryl-polyprenol. The products formed from GDP-[14C]mannose in the presence of acceptor lipid were a series of lipid-linked oligosaccharides of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) which differ from each other in the size of the oligosaccharide moieties. The acceptor lipid fraction was partially characterized in terms of its carbohydrate composition by mild acid hydrolysis and reduction with NaB3H4. The [3H]sugars were then separated into a number of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides by paper chromatography. Strong acid hydrolysis of two of the larger oligosaccharides released from the acceptor lipid followed by reduction with NaB3H4 gave [3H]mannitol and [3H]GlcN-ol in ratios of 2.8:2 and 3.8:2, indicating that these compounds probably were penta- and hexasaccharides. In addition, GlcNAc was shown to be at the reducing terminus and alpha-linked mannose at the nonreducing ends of the molecules. The results suggest that the acceptor lipid fraction is composed of oligosaccharides of (Man)n leads to GlcNAc leads to GlcNAc, probably attached to a polyprenol through a pyrophosphoryl linkage.


Evidence for regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and cholesterol synthesis in nonhepatic tissues of rat. The adenine analogue 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine has been reported previously to reduce the hepatic secretion of plasma lipoproteins in rats, thereby lowering the plasma cholesterol level. In the current studies, reduction of the plasma cholesterol level by 90% in rats through the administration of aminopyrazolopyrimidine was found to be associated with a 5- to 30-fold increase in the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase [mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC1.1.1.34] in kidney and lung. In both tissues, the enhanced activity of this microsomal enzyme was associated with a 3-fold elevation in the rate of cholesterol synthesis from either [14C]acetate or [14C]octanoate. Comparable increases were not observed in the activities of several other microsomal enzymes or in the rates of [14C]acetate incorporation into saponifiable lipids or CO2. When administration of 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine was terminated, plasma cholesterol levels rose and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity declined in the kidney in a reciprocal manner. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the low levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity and cholesterol synthesis that are normally observed in certain nonhepatic tissues of the rat are due to an active form of feedback regulation mediated by cholesterol carried in plasma lipoproteins.


Purification and characterization of two initiation factors required for maximal activity of a highly fractionated globin mRNA translation system. Two additional initiation factors (IF-M4 and IF-M5) have been purified and characterized both physically and biologically. IF-M4 is active as a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 48,000. In contrast, IF-M5 is active as a complex with a molecular weight of about 500,000 and consists of seven major and several minor polypeptide components. Analysis of IF-M5 in two polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems indicated that one of the major polypeptide chains of IF-M5 was the 35,000 dalton subunit of IF-MP. This analysis also revealed that IF-M2A, IF-M3, and elongation factor 2 were present as minor components. Both IF-M4 and IF-M5 are required to achieve maximal activity in an assay system dependent on exogenous globin mRNA, but neither factor has been observed to stimulate model reactions that utilize artificial templates [poly(U) or AUG].


Fetal membrane collagens: identification of two new collagen alpha chains. Human fetal membranes contain two new genetically distinct collagen polypeptide chains which are subunits of one (or two) new molecular species of collagen. These new polypeptide chains, which we have tentatively named alphaA and alphaB, have been directly compared with the polypeptide chain subunits of Types I, II, and III human collagen and Type IV collagen from bovine lens capsule. Both alphaA and alphaB exhibit characteristic profiles on carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The distribution of methionine residues along both new chains is different from known collagen chains as manifest by distinctly different cyanogen bromide peptide profiles on carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and/or sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both alphaA and alphaB exhibit contents of amino acids and glycine typical of collagens, and comparison with the observed and reported compositions of collagen chains of Types I-IV collagens reveals notable differences, particularly in the content of alanine, leucine, isoleucine, and the basic amino acids, lysine, hydroxylysine, and arginine. The new collagen species containing both alphaA and alphaB may be separated in the native (triple-helical) state from other native collagen species by differential salt precipitation. The observations that both chains coprecipitate in the same narrow NaCl range, and that the ratio of alphaA:alphaB is constant, suggest the possibility of a single new species of collagen with a subunit structure alphaA [alphaB]2.