Interactions between nutritional factors and drug biotransformations in man. This study was undertaken to examine the influence of nutritional factors on the activity of the mixed function oxidase system in man, which is cytochrome P-450 dependent. Three normal volunteers were fed a low carbohydrate-high protein diet for 2 weeks, followed by a high carbohydrate-low protein diet for the follwoing 2 weeks. At the end of each test diet period, the plasma elimination rates of antipyrine and theophylline were determined. The mean plasma half-life for antipyrine was 17.5 hr on the high carbohydrate-low protein diet and 9.2 hr on the low carbohydrate-high protein diet. The mean plasma half-life for theophylline was 8.9 hr on the high carbohydrate-low protein diet and 5.9 hr on the low carbohydrate-high protein diet. These data demonstrate marked influences of dietary carbohydrate and/or protein ingestion on oxidative biotransformation of drugs in man.


Morphine-like peptides in mammalian brain: isolation, structure elucidation, and interactions with the opiate receptor. A substance that competes for opiate receptor binding has been isolated from calf brain and identified as two pentapeptides, H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH (methionine enkephalin) and H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH (leucine enkephalin), with about four times more leucine enkephalin than methionine enkephalin. Sodium and manganese effects on opiate receptor interactions show that both peptides are agonists, whereas leucine enkephalin may be a "purer" agonist than methionine enkephalin.


Chemo-anemotaxis: a behavioral response to sex pheromone in nonflying insects. The cockroach, Periplaneta americana, running on a Y-ring globe, moves downwind if an air current is directed toward the head. However, if the air current carries sex pheromone, then upwind movement is elicited. This orientation behavior is apparently a mechanism to facilitate the orientation of males searching for pheromone-secreting females.


Tetrodotoxin-resistant dendritic spikes in avian Purkinje cells. Electrophysiological evidence for the existence of dendritic spikes in the Purkinje cells of pigeon cerebellar cortex is presented. Intradendritic records indicate that the electroresponsive properties of the dendrites linger after voltage-dependent sodium and potassium conductances are reduced by superfusion of the cortex with Ringer's solution containing 20 mug/ml tetrodotoxin and 5 mM 3-aminopyridine. Dendritic spikes could be evoked, in the complete absence of activity from all cerebellar afferents and from the soma and axon of the Purkinje cells, by direct electrical activation of the surface of the cerebellar cortex or by intracellular injection of current via the recording electrode. The denritic electroresponsiveness was blocked by superfusion with 20 mM Mn2+ or Co2+. It is thus concluded that dendrites of Purkinje cells in birds are capable of generating calcium-dependent spikes. The possible role of such a calcium current in neuronal function is discussed.


Radiation therapy in the treatment of leukemic infiltrates of the testes. Testicular infiltration developed in 6 of 56 boys with lymphoblastic leukemia. All exhibited platelet counts under 100,000, indicating poor prognosis. Patients were treated with vincristine, prednisone, and craniomemingeal prophylaxis (2,400 rads/12 fx) extending to the C2 level. Only 3 patients did not suffer recurrence of testicular disease during their multiple leukemic relapses. Alternate treatment courses are suggested.


Phylogenetic origins of immune recognition: lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) of splenocytes and thymocytes of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, was demonstrated by indirect fluorescent-antibody techniques. Observations on shedding and resynthesis indicated that the thymocyte Ig was endogenously produced. The lymphocyte surface proteins were radioiodinated using the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed reaction, and the labeled Ig molecules were isolated by specific precipitation and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The IgM-like membrane Igs of splenocytes and thymocytes were shown to differ in their ease of solubilization with nonionic detergent, and in the sodium dodecyl sulfate/electrophoretic mobility of their heavy chains. The significance of these observations for the evolution of T-cell recognition is discussed.


A developing CUSPID.

A developing CUSPID.


Survey of dental auxiliaries in R.I.

Survey of dental auxiliaries in R.I.


Considerations in examination: an overview for the dental profession.


Letters to the editor.

Letters to the editor.


Drs. Yacovone and Mehlman reply.

Drs. Yacovone and Mehlman reply.


Revising the R.I. Dental Practice Act.

Revising the R.I. Dental Practice Act.


An approach to the treatment of patients with hypertension.


"Tongue Thrust"--a review.

"Tongue Thrust"--a review.


Measurement of blood pressure in children.


Maximizing rehabilitation following cerebral vascular accident: the concept of a unified comprehensive stroke team.


Open heart surgery in infancy.

Open heart surgery in infancy.


Fluoride in an experimental cavity varnish. The aim of the present study was to assess the behavior of fluoride in an experimental cavity varnish. The varnish consisted manily of ethanol and the fluoride was added as a 1 M solution of sodium fluoride. When increasing amounts of ethanol were added to fluoride in water the readings (mV) given by a fluoride ion electrode unexpectedly increased. This effect of ethanol on the readings was less marked at the highest fluoride concentrations. At considerable excess of ethanol, as in the varnish, reproducible readings were obtained. Free fluoride ions corresponding to an effective concentrations of 1 M aqueous fluoride seemed to be present in the varnish. When various amounts of hydroxyapatite were added to the varnish, the fluoride content of the varnish was reduced whereas an increased amount of fluoride was recovered from the apatite.


Urinary fluoride excretion in small children following short-term fluoride supply with tablets or domestic salt. Urinary fluoride (F) excretion has been studied in small children, with some comparisons with adults, following ingestion of F tablets or fluoridated salt (F-salt) containing 500 mg F/kg NaCl. 24-h urinary F in 7- to 8-year-old children in an institution and in 2- to 12-year-old children in families rapidly increased to average levels of about 0.85 and 0.55 parts/10(6), respectively, when the children had their meals spiced with F-salt. Children in families also showed significantly elevated urinary F excretion with two F-salted meals a day but not with one a day. After taking 0.5 mg F in the form of NaF tablets a group of children without previous F supply attained within 1 d a 24-h urinary F concentration which was about the same as that in children who had been taking caries-preventive tablet doses for years. The percentage of a single F dose excreted in the urine within 4 h after the ingestion of F tablets or an F-salted standard meal was about the same in preschool children and middle-aged adults. F quantities of the order 1.5-2 mg could be ingested by a child eating a meal comprising strongly F-salted dishes, and the urine could reach concentrations around 3 parts/10(6) F during the following 2-4 h. The results obtained support the concept that domestic salt containing about 500 parts/10(6) F is suitable for clinical testing on a larger scale under Swedish conditions. Calculations of F supplies to children aged 2 months-7 years with different diets and water and salt F contents are presented as diagrams.


Root fractures in permanent anterior teeth with incomplete root formation. A follow-up study was made of seven teeth with incomplete root formation observed in a group of 66 permanent teeth with root fracture. Three fractures were overlooked on the initial radiographs, two other teeth were suspected of being fractured, and an accurate diagnosis was made in two cases only. All teeth exhibited markedly increased mobility at the initial examination, and slight dislocation of the coronal fragment was found in two teeth. Following reduction (two teeth) and fixation (all teeth), the observation period ranged from 1 1/2 to 19 years. Retained pulp vitality, repair in the fracture area and, most important, approximately normal root development with closure of the apical foramen were observed in all teeth. Even the occurrence of re-fracture in two semmingly repaired teeth did not jeopardize the long-term result.


Sucking habits and occlusion in 3-year-old children. The material for the present study comprises plaster models of 310 Copenhagen children, impressions for which were taken during the month each child attained the age of 3 years. The occlusion was related to information concerning the child's sucking habits up to the time of the study. The effect of sucking habits of sagittal occlusion was observed in the canine region and the molar region. A higher proportion of distal canine relationships was recorded in children who continued to suck dummies at the age of 3 years than among finger-suckers of children  who have never sucked. In primary second molar region no significant difference was recorded between the various sucking groups. The open bite is clearly dominant among children who persist with a sucking habit.


Effectiveness of fissure sealant 3 years after application. Findings 3 years after the application of a fissure sealant revealed that of the 166 sealed permanent first molars, 7.8% of the sealants were missing or partly missing, 14.5% were in fair condition, and 77.8% had remained in good condition. During the 3-year test period, 7.8% of the sealed permanent molars had become carious, while 63.3% of the respective control teeth had decayed. The teeth which had sealants in good condition showed no caries, whereas 92.3% of the teeth which had sealants missing or partly missing showed carious fissures. The net gain in the study was 104, and the percentage effectiveness of the method was 88.1%. The treatment effect was found to be very significant when analyzed on the basis of homologous paired test-control teeth (P less than 0.001). The sealing of pits and fissures was found to have a positive treatment effect on 60.2% of the subjects when evaluated on an individual basis (0.1 less than P less than 0.05).


Evaluation of a dehydrated test strip,Microstix -Candida for detection of Candida-induced denture stomatitis. The outgrowth of yeast from the fitting surface of the maxillary denture and the palatal mucosa was estimated in 63 denture wearers by means of smears and by culture on Microstix-Candida (M-C). There was a significant relationship between the concentration of yeasts as assessed by smears and by M-C. There were confluent spots on M-C, indicating large numbers of yeast cells, in 81% of 37 denture wearers with a positive microscopic diagnosis for Candida-induced denture stomatitis, whereas there were confluent spots on M-C in only one of 26 denture wearers with a negative microscopic diagnosis for infection. It is concluded that the M-C test seems to have sufficient diagnostic sensitivity to be an alternative to the smear for establishing the diagnosis of Candida-induced denture stomatitis.


Surface potential and adherence of oral streptococci to solid surfaces. Strains of oral streptococci belonging to the same species but with different zeta-potential adhere with different strengths or become desorbed at different rates. However, strains of various species but with approximately the same zeta-potential also adhere differently. The adherence was found to be affected by the presence of polyvalent of counter ions in the microorganisms studied.


A rapid method for separation and detection of human salivary amylase isoenzymes by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. Human salivary proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel in flat beds at 1000 V for 40 min. Amylase activity was detected after immersing the gel in 0.4 M tris-HCI buffer pH 7.4 to equilibrate the pH gradient. The enzyme activity was detected after diffusion into an overlayer of agarose gel containing an insoluble dye-starch polymer (Phadebas). Both whole human saliva and parotid saliva from 15 different persons contained four amylase components, except in three cases where only three bands were detected. The bands were all focused within a rather narrow pH range (pH 5.4-7.2) and the results were very reproducible.


Extremely long duration of chronic myeloid leukaemia with Ph1 negative and Ph1 positive bone marrow cells. A male patient still surviving 17 years after the diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemic (CML) is described. A chromosome analysis of the bone marrow 16 years after the diagnosis revealed 84% Ph1 negative and 16% Ph1 positive cells, all containing the Y chromosome. The disease has been very sensitive to treatment with busulphan but bone marrow hypoplasia has not been induced. It is probable that in some CML patients with such a double cell population the prognosis may be extraordinarily good and that they run a considerable risk of being overtreated due to a pronounced sensitivity to alkylating drugs. Such rare cases should not serve as arguments for aggressive treatment of CML.


Acute myeloid leukaemia complicating a breast cancer after mastectomy and radiotherapy. The author reports a patient treated three years ago for a breast carcinoma. High doses of X-ray had been delivered after radical mastectomy. The possible relationship between this exposure and a rapidly fatal acute myeloid leukemia is emphasized.


Circulating micromegakaryocytes signaling blast transformation of chronic myeloid leukaemia. A patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia had numerous micromegakaryocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow appearing coincidentally with the onset of blast crisis. These cells were initially confused with lymphocytes because of their size, configuration and scanty cytoplasm. The true identification of these cells can be suspected by careful scrutiny of well prepared Wrights stained preparations and proven electronmicroscopically. Such marked dysplasia of the megakaryocyte series appears to be a poor prognostic sign in chronic myeloid leukaemia.


Arabinosyl cytosine in chronic myeloid leukaemia: evidence for high cytokinetic sensitivity of myeloblasts. The effect of a single and of repeated i.v. push dose(s) of Arabinosyl Cytosine (ARA-C) has been investigated in 9 chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients in non-blastic phase. This was done by determining separately the relative compartment size, the mitotic index (IM), and the in vitro 3H-TdR labelling index (IL) of marrow and blood myeloblasts (MB) and promyelocytes plus myelocytes (PMC + MC), before and at intervals after the drug. After a single dose of ARA-C, the IL of marrow MB declines rapidly, and recovers thereafter, often with an overshoot at 15 h. After 2 to 4 doses of ARA-C, the IL of marrow and blood MB rises by a factor of 2 to 3, and is maintained at a plateau during further treatment. The behaviour of the IL of blood MB is not always the same as that of marrow MB. The IM of marrow MB does not rise proportionally to the IL, and sometimes is even found to be decreased. It is suggested that these kinetic perturbations reflect an accumulation of MB in S-phase where many but not all of them are trapped and sooner or later die off. With a few exceptions, ARA-C induces only milder kinetic perturbations in marrow and blood PMC+MC. The overall results of this study are in agreement with the generally accepted mechanism of action of ARA-C (S-phase specific effector agent), and with studies that indicate that the effect of ARA-C depends on the growth pattern and on the degree of maturation of the target cells. It is suggested that a proper evaluation of ARA-C on a cell population should take into account the existence of different cell pools, provided with different proliferative activity and potential, and with variable degrees of maturation.


Metabolic and physiologic effects of physical training in hyperplastic obesity.


The interrelationship of work and recreation: a case study of the dentist.


Texas dentists support individual responsibility concept on third party matters.


G banding analysis of complex aneuploidy in a case of erythroleukaemia. The chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells from a patient with erythroleukaemia are reported. The complicated pattern of aneuploidy includes 5 marker chromosomes originating from rcp (1;3), t(8;11), t(X;X) and del(7).


An infant matures.

An infant matures.


Eruptive guidance and space maintenance. Part two. The active role of the general practitioner.


Serial quantitative observations of leukemic and normal hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow of acute leukemia under chemotherapy. In 87 cases of acute leukemia, leukemic and normal hematopoietic cell count in the bone marrow was serially observed, and the findings were used for evaluating the effectiveness of antileukemic agents and also for determining the grade of decrease in the marrow leukemic cell count required to start the proliferation of normal hematopoietic cells and to obtain complete remission of acute leukemia in adults.


The pros and cons of micro-surgery.

The pros and cons of micro-surgery.


The role of food in extraocular allergy.


Giant retinal tears.

Giant retinal tears.


Diagnosis and management of optic neuritis.


The treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion.


Optic cup vein occlusion; description of a new entity.


Ptosis.

Ptosis.


Psychosomatic eye disorders.

Psychosomatic eye disorders.


Geniculate hemianopias: incongruous visual defects from partial involvement of the lateral geniculate nucleus.


The management of canalicular occlusion.


Abnormalities of the pattern evoked potential in compression of the anterior visual pathways.


Some disadvantages of contact lenses and their mitigation.


Mind your eyes.

Mind your eyes.


Retinal arterioles in the New Zealand strain of genetically hypertensive rats.


Canalicular obstruction.

Canalicular obstruction.


Continuous use of contact lenses.

Continuous use of contact lenses.


New spectacles for aphakia.

New spectacles for aphakia.


Myoepithelium of the human iris: a stereoscopic scanning electron microscopic study.


Pseudo-sarcomatous fasciitis of the upper lip of a cat.


The treatment of two macular disorders with the argon laser.


Gingivectomy using acupuncture analgesia: a case report.


State monitoring and control of fluoridation.


Pelvic pneumogynecography.

Pelvic pneumogynecography.


Scholarship in medicine.

Scholarship in medicine.


Monitoring respiratory function by computer in ICU. Preliminary work. The structure of the respiratory monitoring system under construction in Brussels University Hospitals is described. It is modular and hierarchized. It is based on the observation of the lung mechanics, of the flows of inspired and expired gases and of continuous blood measurements in patients artificially ventilated. Respiratory monitoring may be confined to the continuous observation of the natural evolution of a large number of parameters and the extraction of the most possible information with the aid of automatic calculations effected in real time. The authors propose to add deliberate and controlled aggressions of the pulmonary system in order to observe its dynamic behavior. Practical function tests are described. They lead to the calculation of functional residual capacity, continuous distribution of tidal volume, and pulmonary capillary blood flow. These tests can be performed automatically by using a new electronic unit built in our laboratory. It enables a digital computer to control the functioning of a commercially available ventilator.


Recent experience with a respiratory monitoring system in intensive care. Computer based instrumentation for continuous monitoring of airway flow, pressure, O2 and CO2 concentration offers an improved noninvasive management technique for patients on mechanical ventilators. Computation of these basic signals provides routinely the following measurements: respiratory rate, tidal volume in and out, minute ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure, mean airway pressure, inspiration-expiration ra measurements, except for O2 consumption and partially for tco2 production. The system works as a monitor of the respirator (detection of malfunction) and as a monitor of the lung function of the patient. It is particularly useful when adjusting the respirator and at time of weaning a patient from the respirator. These maneuvers can be made more safely because they are based on objective measurements and followed by immediate new sets of data. Defining the optimal values of tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure has been simplified by the use of pressure-volume plots. A "fighting", is now used as a measure of the severity of "fighting", that is of the effort of the patient to breathe spontaneously while being ventilated. It can detect fighting before it is diagnosed clinically and so can provide a warning that significant physiological changes will occur unless the fighting is controlled. New information about the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratio can be derived from the expired concentration curve for CO2. Quantitative measurement of the distribution of ventilation shows a very close correlation with clinical events and can be carried out automatically during the normal routine of care of the patient. These on-line quantitative measurements, with the immediate reporting of results, appear to make a positive contribution to patient care.


Contribution to the study of chest and lung mechanics in artificially ventilated normal man during surgery. Firstly the authors describe the principle and the technical application of an original method of measurement of the mechanical ventilatory parameters. Then the method is illustrated with measurements of the pulmonary thoracic and thoraco-pulmonary mechanical parameters in 20 healthy subjects under going extra-thoracic surgery. The results show the lack of correlation between the value of the pulmonary mechanical parameters measured in the awake supine subjects breathing spontaneously and in the anesthetized supine subjects artificially ventilated. The decrease in chest wall elastance could explain the drop in ventilatory level and the unpredictable modifications in pulmonary mechanical parameters. Therefore it is impossible to establish meaningful reference values in healthy subjects undergoing artificial ventilation.


Studies on the vascular exchange function in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue.


Metabolism of estradiol in greyhounds and German shepherd dogs. An investigation with special reference to hip dysplasia. Metabolism of estradiol was investigated in 5 dogs, 3 female Greyhounds with radiographically perfect hip joints and 2 female German Shepherd dogs with hip dysplasia (one pregnant and the other non-pregnant). One of the Greyhounds was studied both when pregnant and non-pregnant. The non-pregnant dogs were injected with C14-labelled estradiol-17beta i.v. and 5 mg estradiol-17beta benzoate i.m. The pregnant dogs were given only radiolabelled estradiol-17beta. Twenty-four-hour-specimens of urine were collected from the dogs for 6--8 days. Determination of urinary estrone, estradiol-17beta, and estriol was made. It was found that most of the injected estradiol was excreted unmetabolized in all dogs. A significant amount of the injected estradiol was converted to estrone and a small amount to estriol. There was no significant difference in the excretion patterns of estrone, estradiol, and estriol between the Greyhounds with perfect hip joints and the German Shepherds with hip dysplasia, regardless whether the dogs were pregnant or not. The conclusion was drawn that the capacity of dogs with hip dysplasia to metabolize estradiol and to eliminate estradiol and metabolites is not impaired.


Essay of any ventilators by means of a pulmonary model with adjustable resistance, compliance and vital capacity. After a critical study of classic lung models, showing that linear resistances are not faithful nor justified and that pneumotachograph is not a good measuring apparatus because of its inaccuracy (it changes calibration according to the nature of gas mixture and needs integration to determine volumes), authors present their own lung "model". In this model, it is possible to adjust resistance, compliance, vital capacity and residual volume. Parabolic resistances are used, because they more approach physiologic ones. Building of resistances (diaphragms), compliances (rigid tanks with adjustable elements), vital capacity (elastic membrane between two grills) is simple to realise and easy to reproduce. Measures of pressure and volume are given directly by gauges and are insensitive to gas nature, which is important in respiratory physiology. Flow-rates are deducted from volume values. The lung model can be used in a twin-cell shape to show the effects of artificial ventilation in case of pulmonary asymmetry. Examples given underline the interest of having a model with resistances easy to build and an adjustable vital capacity.


Nutrition, weight gain and development of hip dysplasia. An experimental investigation in growing dogs with special reference to the effect of feeding intensity. Thirty-one dogs from 5 litters with a high parental frequency of hip dysplasia were used in the investigation. Each litter was split in two groups, of which one was put on a high caloric intake, the other one on a low caloric intake. Each member of a group had a paired litter mate in the other group. The litter mates were paired on the basis of the result of a palpatory examination of the hip joints before 12 weeks of age. If possible, paired mates were of the same bodyweight at the time of palpation, and of the same sex. In the groups made up of pups from 3 of the litters, the protein intake was kept at an optimal level, regardless of the amount of calories given. It was found that hip dysplasia was more frequent, occurred earlier, and became more severe in the dogs with a rapid weight gain caused by increased caloric intake than in the dogs which had a low weight gain because of restricted feeding. The final diagnosis was closer correlated with feeding and weight gain than with tightness or laxity of the hip joints before 12 weeks of age.


Plasma levels of estradiol and plasma protein binding of sex steroids in dogs. An investigation with special reference to development of hip dysplasia in growing individuals. Peripheral plasma levels of estradiol were determined in 39 dogs of three breeds (Greyhound, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever). Blood samples were collected weekly from 3 weeks up to 17--21 weeks of age. The pups from all three breeds had mean levels of estradiol varying between 4--8 pg/ml. The lowest levels were found in pups which developed hip dysplasia. There was a significant difference (0.01 less than p less than 0.005) between the estradiol levels of German Shepherd pups with normal and dysplastic hip joints. In female Greyhounds, the peripheral plasma levels of estradiol were examined from 17 weeks of age through the first heat. No increase of the estradiol level was seen with increasing age. The ability of dog plasma to bind dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol was examined in three dogs. It was found that there are at least three types of binding components for DHT: one with high affinity and extremely low capacity, which is heat labile, another which is also heat labile but has a high capacity and low affinity, and a third which appears to be albumin. Estrogen administration to the three dogs lowered the binding of DHT. It was concluded that it is most unlikely that hyperestrogenism is an etiologic factor in canine hip dysplasia. Unphysiologically high doses of estradiol have been used for experimental induction of hip dysplasia. There is a possibility that the levels of plasma proteins, which bind steroids, could be of importance for the etiology of hip dysplasia. A low plasma level of estradiol could be biologically highly significant if there is a low level of a specific binding protein.


Development of femoral head to the rat from calcification to ossification. The development of the epiphysis of the femoral head from calcification to ossification was investigated in 50 rats of Wistar strain from an age of 10 to 63 days using radiography and histology. The first deposition of calcium in the cartilage appeared in the central portion of the epiphysis at an age of about 21 days. The region of calcification gradually expanded toward the periphery and after about 3 weeks it occupied the entire epiphysis except for the periphery. After completion of calcification ossification began in the lateral part of the epiphysis at the earliest at an age of 6 weeks. The onset of ossification was characterized by disintegration of hypertrophied cartilage cells and formation of bone trabeculae accompanied by vascular invasion from the lateral side.


Growth and mitotic rate of the proximal tibial epiphyseal plate in hypophysectomized rats given estradiol and human growth hormone. Hypophysectomized female immature albino rats were injected with HGH, HGH and estradiol, or estradiol solely. Some animals were left as controls. All animals were killed on day 3 or 5 of the experiment. One hour before sacrifice, the animals were flash labelled with tritiated thymidine. The following parameters were registered: labelling index, thickness of the growth plate, weight gain, and size of the uterus. The following conclusions were drawn. 1. Estradiol decreases the mitotic rate and retards growth of the epiphyseal cartilage. Its effect on the mitotic rate is more pronounced than its effect on the thickness of the tibial epiphyseal plate. 2. HGH increases the mitotic rate and promotes growth of the epiphyseal cartilage. Its effect on the thickness of the epiphyseal plate is more pronounced than its effect on the mitotic rate. 3. Estradiol decreases the mitotic rate even in the presence of HGH. 4. Estradiol seems to have a direct effect on mitosis of the chondrocytes.


Normal and estradiol induced calcification of the femoral head in rats. It was found that calcification of the femoral head epiphysis occurred earlier in the female than in the male rat. Administration of estradiol lead to earlier appearance of calcification in both sexes.


Skeletal development of greyhounds, German shepherd dogs and their crossbreed offspring. An investigation with special reference to hip dysplasia. Skeletal development (appearance of secondary ossification centers) of Greyhounds, German Shepherds and their crossbreed offspring was studied. It was found that Greyhounds were more mature at birth than German Shepherds. Crossbreeds held an intermediate position. After about 16 weeks the skeletal age of German Shepherds was more advanced than that of Greyhounds and Crossbreeds. Of 28 German Shepherds which were radiographed at 6 months of age 6 (21%) had hip dysplasia. Four of these were sacrificed and necropsied together with 3 radiographically normal litter mates. These "normal" pups had incipient macroscopic and histologic signs of hip dysplasia. All Greyhounds and Crossbreeds, which were radiographed at about 6 months of age, had normal hips. Three Greyhounds and 7 Crossbreeds were necropsied at 6 months of age. Their hip joints were normal. All German Shepherds had unstable hips (post mortem) from an age of 4 weeks while Greyhounds and Crossbreeds had stable or only slightly unstable hips. On the basis of previous experiments with estradiol induced hip dysplasia it was suggested that German Shepherd are under influence of more maternal estrogens during fetal life than Greyhounds and Crossbreeds. The accelerated skeletal maturation and early sexual maturity of German Shepherds indicate an early and/or higher production of endogenous estrogens, which retards growth of cartilage, initiating the vicious circle of hip dysplasia. It was concluded that investigations of estrogen levels and further studies of skeletal development of dogs with and without hip dysplasia are necessary before any definite conclusion on etiology and pathogenesis of spontaneously occurring hip dysplasia can be drawn.


Computer tomography of the orbits.

Computer tomography of the orbits.


Growth and remodeling of the hip joint and proximal femur in adolescent dogs. A scintimetric investigation with special reference to hip dysplasia and estradiol induced changes. The uptake of 85Sr was shown to be higher in dysplastic hip joints than in normal joints of adolescent dogs. This was interpreted as a sign of increased remodeling. In contrast, the uptake of 85Sr in the growth plate and metaphysis of the proximal femur was lower in dogs with hip dysplasia than in dogs with normal hip joints. This was interpreted as a sign of retarded growth of the proximal femur (more advanced skeletal maturation). Greyhounds of bitches, which were injected with estradiol during pregnancy, also showed retarded growth of the proximal femur. This was interpreted as a late effect of estradiol.


Estradiol induced skeletal changes. The long term effect of prenatal and postnatal administration in beagles. Beagle pups were injected with 200 mug estradiol benzoate per kg body weight daily 5 times weekly during the first 8 weeks of life. The skeletal development of the pups was followed from 8 weeks to 18 months of age. The femoral heads were smaller and the hip joints more unstable in these pups than in controls from 10 weeks of age. The femoral head ossification center increased more rapidly in size in these pups. The bone mass was also increased. Pups of pregnant bitches, which were injected with estradiol benzoate during the last three weeks of gestation, were studied. The highest total dose injected to the bitches was 90 mug per kg bodyweight. Changes in the hip joints such as small femoral heads and increased instability were found in these pups at 8 and 10 weeks of age. Bone mass was less in these pups than in controls. In adult life these pups had loose hips but they did not develop the complete picture of hip dysplasia. The present investigation demonstrates that the early changes in the hip joints caused by estradiol lead to hip dysplasia.


Effects of acute infectious disease on circulatory function.


Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: summary of clinical experience with 250 patients and suggested nomenclature for tic syndromes.


Glycogenosis in the dog.

Glycogenosis in the dog.


The historical record: bulwark of dental literature.


Briefs, case reports and case books.

Briefs, case reports and case books.


Letter to the editor: On essayists and organizations.


1976 ICD Journalism Awards.

1976 ICD Journalism Awards.


Optimizing anterior and canine retraction. Vertical loops or modified vertical loops are basically frictionless springs which are used for canine and anterior tooth retraction. The design and selection of a proper loop or retraction spring should be based on a number of scientific criteria. Foremost among these would be a sufficiently high moment-to-force ratio so that root apices are not displaced mesially or anteriorly. A retraction spring with zero angulation of its horizontal-occlusal arms delivers a moment when activated to produce a force. The ratio of this moment and force is constant throughout the elastic range of activation of the spring. The higher the moment-to-force ratio, the greater is the clinician's control over the apices of the anterior teeth. An analysis of design factors demonstrates that the higher the loop occluso-gingivally, the shorter its horizontal length occlusally, and the greater the gingival horizontal length as in a T loop; these are significant factors in increasing the moment-to-force ratio. The placement of helices is a useful design consideration but the main effect is in reducing the load-deflection rate. By keeping these design factors in mind, the clinician can build into his retraction springs, without the placement of any gable bend, the largest possible moment-to-force ratio so as to optimize his tooth movement. Although it may be possible to design retraction springs to deliver an adequate moment-to-force ratio for controlled tipping around the apex of an incisor or a canine, translatory movements are not possible, considering the intraoral limitations on spring height. This can be overcome by the placement of gable bends or angulation in a vertical loop or retraction spring. Unfortunately, with the typically used high-load-deflection-rate vertical loops, activation to achieve the desired moment-to-force ratio is too critical, exacting, and changeable with small displaced movements of the tooth. This can be partly overcome by utilizing designs that have not only the highest possible moment-to-force ratio during pure horizontal activation of their arms but low-load deflection rates as well. Because of the low load-deflection rate, moment-to-force ratios are relatively more constant if a gable bend (angulation) is placed. The science of spring design as applied to the problems of canine and anterior tooth retraction in this article allows the clinician to optimize the design of his retraction springs. More important, with properly designed springs, it allows him to estimate with relative accuracy the force systems produced and to avoid undesirable side effects which might not have been apparent from superficial observation.


Reconstitution of the human oxytalan system during orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic tooth movement in man has revealed that the oxytalan fiber system possesses a high order of maintenance. Oxytalan fibers did not merely increase in number during orthodontic movement. On the contrary, the oxytalan fiber system underwent reconstruction and adaptation to extensive metabolic and anatomic changes within the periodontium. With the use of light orthodontic forces, the oxytalan fiber system was constantly remodeled on both the tension and compression sides and maintained a characteristic cementum-vascular relationship even when teeth were moved a significant distance through the alveolar bone. In contrast, heavier forces caused localized destruction of the oxytalan system in regions of excessive pressure and tension. Reconstitution of the oxytalan system provided evidence against the concept that oxytalan fibers are stretched by orthodontic movement and subsequently contribute to relapse by elastic rebound. In man the oxytalan fiber system  of the periodontal ligament is arranged as a three-dimensional fiber meshwork and exhibits a complex geometry like other fiber systems in the connective tissues. Knowledge of the interaction between elastic and collagen fibrillar assemblies has been used to derive some speculative concepts of oxytalan-collagen interaction. These concepts have been put forward with the intention of stimulating further interest in the oxytalan fiber meshwork. The present investigation emphasizes that the use of the light microscope to examine and record static images of complex biologic changes can provide new knowledge of the structure and function of human connective tissues.


Vertical control: a multifactorial problem and its clinical implications. In this article we have tried to analyze the importance of vertical control in orthodontic cases, as well as the factors affecting it. From the cases presented, it can be assumed that: 1. In vertically growing or nongrowing persons (high-angle cases), the application of proper directional forces becomes extremely critical because a clockwise rotation of the mandible can occur very promptly and is very undesirable. 2. In cases with favorable growth potential, the results may be acceptable, even if the forces applied during treatment are not absolutely controlled; in other words, Mother Nature may often compensate for inappropriate or miscalculated treatment procedures.


Early orthopedic treatment for class III skeletal patterns. Early short-term use of the chin cup resulted in the following significant findings in Class III skeletal problems: 1. A decrease in the gonial, mandibular, and SNB angles. 2. An increase in posterior facial height as a result of increased ramal height. 3. A faster and more pronounced result in the younger patients. 4. Correction of the Class III malocclusion. These findings negate the idea that Class III traction simply repositions the condyle within the fossa. When tracings are superimposed, it is obvious that these changes are not that of a rigid body. It is believed that the change is due to remodeling of the mandible itself. The shape changes as a result of the extrinsic mechanical forces plus the intrinsic functional requirements of the newly determined position. The question as to what degree the new functional homeostatic relationship can overcome the genetic aberration of a more forward-growing mandible. This conflict will probably vary with each individual and may be predictable in the near future. However, should the aberrant growth manifest itself, it would simply require renewed force application.


Association policies reaffirmed at seventy-sixth annual session.


Functionally optimal occlusion: the goal of orthodontic treatment.


AAO adopts policy statement on dental care programs.


Occlusion and orthodontics.

Occlusion and orthodontics. The importance of considering the functional aspects as well as the static concepts of an occlusion was demonstrated in the case of an 11-year-old girl with postorthodontic temporomandibular joint muscle pain dysfunction. The following characteristics of an ideal occlusion were discussed as they relate to the entire masticatory system: 1. There should be no slide in centric; that is, there should be a stable jaw relationship when occlusal contact is made in centric relation closure. 2. There should be freedom in centric, that is, freedom for the mandible to move from centric relation to centric occlusion and slightly anterior to centric occlusion without interference. 3. Centric relation should be at the same contact vertical dimension as centric occlusion. 4. There should be no buccolingual thrust or impact to any tooth on closure to contact in centric relation or to centric occlusion. 5. Between centric relation and centric occlusion there should be an unrestricted glide with maintained occlusal contact. 6. Complete freedom for smooth-gliding occlusal contact movements in various excursions from both centric occlusion and centric relation. 7. Occlusal guidance should be on the working or functioning side rather than on the balancing or nonfunctioning side. 8. There should be no soft-tissue impingment from occlusal contacts. In effect, the occlusion should be related to centric relation and centric occlusion prior to, during, and at the completion of active treatment. The final occlusion should provide unhindered closure in centric relation, smooth-sliding lateral and protrusive movements, and an optimal bilateral vertical contact dimension. Orthodontic treatment must include proper occlusal adjustment procedures to obtain the goals of an ideal occlusion in most instances.


Orthodontic classifications: mystique or reality?


Interrelationships between orthodontics and periodontics. At the present time, periodontists have no evidence to indicate that orthodontic treatment in the child will either enhance or detract from the periodontal health of the patient or that it will increase or decrease the longevity of the teeth. Many periodontists believe that much orthodontic treatment is undertaken on an esthetic or empirical basis. Proper emphasis on plaque control procedures prior to initial banding, altered and reinforced during the entire period of orthodontic treatment, may well minimize the inflammatory lesion often found during therapy. Gingival, periodontal, and mucogingival problems should be treated as soon as they are diagnosed. Limiting our orthodontic objectives in adult patients because of the possibility of inducing supporting alveolar bone loss and other problems that did not previously exist may be a worthwhile compromise. Orthodontic movement in periodontally healthy adults, and especially in those with periodontally involved teeth, constitutes a problem distinct from routine orthodontics. When periodontal disease has already produced significant destruction of supporting tissue and secondary occlusal trauma is a complicating factor, orthodontic treatment may possibly serve as another mode of treatment to reestablish the correct occlusal plane and alter bony deformities. Various methods can be used to try and place teeth into better bone. One should make certain that teeth are being moved into a greater volume of bone. The bite plane is of great value in allowing continuous eruption of the teeth and their supporting structures and in eliminating additional trauma by enabling the teeth to move into their correct cusp-fossa relationships unimpeded by the inclined planes of the opposing teeth. Since little is known about the interrelationships between orthodontic treatment and periodontal health and disease, there is still a great deal to learn. In spite of this lack of knowledge, the general practitioners and the various specialists of dentistry, each seeking a rationale for his preventive and therapeutic procedures, subject the patient to treatment based on concepts of the occlusion which have yet to be corroborated. In addition to the need for research in this field, a common language between the periodontist and the orthodontist must be established to eliminate the existing communications barrier. Once basic principles can be determined, elucidated, and applied correctly, the movement of teeth in periodontal cases will be limited only by the imagination of the operator.


Application of the "Wits" appraisal.

Application of the "Wits" appraisal. The "Wits" appraisal is intended as a diagnostic aid to be used in conjunction with other analyses. Whereas the popularly used ANB angular reading is a simple method of measuring degree of jaw disharmony, there are many instances in which this reading is suspect. The "Wits" appraisal permits easy identification of these shortcomings and substitutes a reasonably reliable means of measuring extent of anteroposterior jaw disharmony.


Phantom bite.

Phantom bite.


Editorial: Major accomplishments: the AAO library, museum, and archives.


Use of a submental-vertex analysis for producing quality temporomandibular joint laminagraphs. A radiographic analysis which can be used to produce high-quality laminagraphs of the temporomandibular joint has been presented. Submental-vertex radiographs of twenty-six dry skulls and fifty vital subjects were used as the sample. Statistical examination demonstrated a wide range of condylar angulations and midline-to-condyle distances. These two measurements are critical to the production of laminagraphs used for pathologic diagnosis of TMJ dysfunction. The results of this study seem to verify the need for an accurate method of determining these two influential quantities.


Clinical experiences with circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy. This article has reported on a survey of 1,000 randomly selected orthodontists in the United States to ascertain the incidence of use of the circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy technique to minimize rotational relapse. It was also the purpose of the study to determine whether any problems were associated with the procedure. While the surgical technique is not widely prescribed, there are regional differences. The result of this survey tend to indicate that the technique is reasonably problem-free and that its use probably will be increasing in the future. It should be emphasized that quantitative long-term studies of the effectiveness of the procedure and of possible periodontal sequelae have to date not been reported in the literature.


Letters to the editor: On early versus late treatment.


Fluidic technology. A discussion and a description of a fluidic controlled ventilator for use with high flow oxygen techniques. The principles of fluidic technology are outlined and applied in the description of a fluidic controlled ventilator. The device is compact, easy to operate and practically fail-safe since it has no moving parts. There is a sensor which prevents any increase in airway pressure above the preset level.


A follow-up of 78 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. The authors conducted a follow-up study of 78 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Four of the patients were in spontaneous remission; 59 patients taking haloperidol showed an average improvement of 79.3% and the remaining patients, 3 of whom were taking medication other than haloperidol and 12 of whom were not taking any medication, showed an average improvement of 24.7%. Side effects were the main cause of discontinuing haloperidol. The authors found that response to haloperidol was unrelated to family history of tics, age at onset, type or severity of symptoms, or signs of organicity.


Implementation of ambulatory facilities.


Ethical responsibility in science in the face of uncertain consequences.


Reflections on the cost of doing science.


A psychiatrist looks at scientists looking at science.


Philosophical considerations in the growing potential for human genetic control.


"Genetic medicine" in pediatric practice now.


The prospects for gene therapy in humans.


The future for gene therapy--a reevaluation.


Novel pressures on the advance of science.


Law and genetic control: public-policy questions.


Scientific optimism and societal concerns a note on the psychology of scientists.


Reflections on issues poised by recombinant DNA molecule technology. III.


Multiple major cerebral artery thromboses with profound thrombocytopenia in acute leukaemia. A child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia complicated by prolonged gastrointestinal and skin haemorrhages due to profound thrombocytopenia finally died of thrombotic occlusions of major cerebral arteries due to mucormycosis. Biopsy of any suspect lesion is needed urgently before prolonged therapy with amphotericin B is started. So far there have been no cures in childhood.


Loiasis. Report of a case and review of the literature. An adult worm was isolated from the left upper eyelid of a man, eight years after he had left an area in which L loa is endemic. We described his case in order to draw attention to some differences between reported features of the disease in areas in which the worm is endemic and in areas in which it is not.


Development of CNS leukaemia in acute myeloid leukaemia in childhood. In 130 cases of acute myeloid leukaemia in children below the age of 14 years in Great Britain, there were 21 cases in which the central nervous system was involved. The incidence and timing is similar to that of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; in a small number of patients who received prophylactic treatment, involvement of the central nervous system was prevented.


Letter: The "respirator brain".

Letter: The "respirator brain".


Rectal biopsy in type 4 glycogenosis. An ultrastructural cytochemical study. Rectal biopsy material from a patient with type 4 glycogenosis was studied by ultrastructural cytochemical methods. The diagnosis of the disease was made on the basis of the patient's clinical history, the autopsy findings, and the histopathological features. Numerous large macrophages were observed in the rectal mucosa. They contained large vacuoles filled with filamentous material and small granules. This amylopectin was stained by the Thiery method (periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate) after 18 hours of exposure to thiocarbohydrazide; only 30 minutes was sufficient to demonstrate seemingly normal beta-glycogen particles in epithelial cells.


Conversion of stable established gingivitis in the dog into destructive periodontitis.


Haemophili and related bacteria in the human oral cavity.


The fibrinolytic activity of human and rat dental pulps.


Growth of calcium phosphates on hydroxyapatite crystals: the effect of magnesium.


The ultrastructure of the articular tissue of the mandibular condyle in the rat.


A histological and enzyme-histochemical study of growth sites of the premaxilla in human foetuses and neonates.


Dextran-induced aggregation of Actinomyces viscosus.


Sulphated glycoproteins in rat saliva.

Sulphated glycoproteins in rat saliva.


Bacteriocin types of Streptococcus mutans in human mouths.


A pilot study of the relationship between caries experience and surface enamel fluoride in man.


Isoelectric variants of blood-group substance A in human palatine secretion.


Hormonal regulation of submandibular salivary gland morphology and antigenicity in rats.


Fluoride incorporation into developing enamel of permanent teeth in the domestic pig.


Phosphate and insoluble protein interaction in bovine dental pulp.


A new model for the study of transport of [14C]-diphenylhydantoin through the gingival crevicular tissues in the rabbit.


X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope investigations of fluoride-treated dentine in man.


Age, sex and contralateral differences in the volumes of human submandibular salivary glands.


Methods for sampling and analysis of the aqueous phase of human dental plaque.


The isolation and properties of a glycoprotein from hamster submaxillary gland.


Electrodiagnosis at median occlusal position for human subjects with mandibular joint syndrome.


Inhibitory effects in the masticatory neuromusculature of human subjects at median occlusal position.


Fast densensitization of tooth roots by topically applied SnF2 and SrCl2 in dogs.


Scanning electron microscopic investigation of human dentinal tubules.


A histological study of regeneration of the completely disrupted periodontal ligament in the rat.


Collagen metabolism in the pulps of rat teeth.


A histochemical study of various dehydrogenases in human tooth ontogeny.


Haemagglutinating activity of Leptotrichia buccalis cells and their adherence to saliva-coated enamel powder.


Case history: Repositioning of an ectopic lower incisor.


A lower incisor extraction?

A lower incisor extraction?


Class II division 1: A case report.

Class II division 1: A case report.


Effects of iproniazid and tranylcypromine of the half-life of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in rat brain and liver.


Preparation of the clinical nurse specialist in Puerto Rico.


Blood chemistry changes in drinking alcoholics.


Production, consumption and recent changes of consumption of alcoholic beverages. Part II. Changes in the consumption of alcoholic beverages in the 1960s.


Female alcoholics: correlation between sociomedical variables.


Failure of an experimental treatment program to inculcate controlled drinking in alcoholics.


Alcoholism disease concept and loss of control revisited.


On defining alcoholism.

On defining alcoholism.


A further comparison of cannabis (marijuana) users and non-users.


The use of Indian hemp in Zaire: a formulation of hypotheses on the basis of an inquiry using a written questionnaire.


Methadone maintenance: it ain't what it used to be.


Participant observation as a method of collecting information about drugtaking: conclusions from two English studies.


Effects of contingent management of addicts expecting commitment to a community based treatment program.


Addiction to narcotics: a brief review of the "Junkie" literature.


Acquired resistance to daunorubicin in a patient with acute myelogenous leukaemia. Measurement of in vitro and in vivo resistance to daunorubicin in AML patients suggests that there is no simple correlation between the two. In a patient who became clinically resistant and whose cells showed a parallel increased resistance in vitro we found the acquisition of multiple drug resistance. The increased in vitro resistance to daunorubicin could to some extent be overcome by conjugating daunorubicin to DNA.


Periosteal benign osteoblastoma of the mandible. Report of a case and review of the literature pertaining to benign osteoblastic neoplasms of the jaws. A case of periosteal benign osteoblastoma arising in the mandible of a Caucasion male aged 9 years is presented. A review of the literature has produced 24 additional benign osteoblastic neoplasms of the jaws which have been delineated as osteoblastoma or osteoid osteoma. There seems to be a predilection for these lesions to occur in males and in the mandible. Osteoblastomata occur most frequently in patients under 20 years of age whereas osteoid osteomata arise mainly in persons over 25 years of age.


Remission maintenance therapy for meningeal leukaemia: intrathecal methotrexate and dexamethasone versus intrathecal craniospinal irradiation with a radiocolloid. Thirty-two patients with meningeal leukaemia who achieved meningeal remission with intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) plus dexamethasone (DMT) were entered in a randomized study of two maintenance treatments: (a) I6 patients received intermittent intrathecal doses of MTX plus DMT, and (b) I6 patients received intermittent intrathecal doses of radioactive chromic phosphate (CROP). The population and clinical characteristics of the cases assigned to each maintenance regimen were similar. The duration of meningeal remission was 55-600 + d (median 550 d) for the MTX and DMT group and 56-555 d (median 360 d) for the CROP group. There was no statistical difference (P greater than 0.05) between the curves of the two groups. Intrathecal CROP seems to be as effective as intrathecal MTX plus DMT as maintenance treatment for intrathecal MTX plus DMT induced meningeal remission. Further uses of this compound should be explored but it seems to be dangerous to administer it by lumbar puncture.


The cryopreservation of leukaemia cells: morphological and functional changes. Stored autologous haemopoietic cells may be used to repopulate the bone marrow of patients in the advanced stages of different leukaemias who have received cytotoxic drugs. We have used a continuous flow blood cell separator to collect peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) before treatment. We also collected bone marrow cells from patients with CGL and from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia in complete remission. The collected cells were frozen at I degree C per minute using dimethyl sulphoxide as cryoprotective agent and stored in liquid nitrogen. For reconstitution of frozen cells we found that the use of dextran II0 inhibited leucoagglutination. The viability and function of the reconstituted leucocytes were assessed by their morphological appearance, their capacity to phagocytose and kill Candida albicans organisms, their ability to reduce the dye nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) in vitro and to incorporate tritiated thymidine into DNA and by the growth of colony forming units (CFUc) in agar culture. With this method of cryopreservation the phagocytic function of mature neutrophils is retained to some extent but their capacity to reduce NBT and their microbicidal activity are completely lost. In contrast CFUc may remain after storage for periods of at least 2 years.


Malignant lymphoma of the tongue: a case report.


Intra-oral surgical management of cystic hygroma.


Osteogenic sarcoma of the jaws in Ibadan, Nigeria.


Cystic lymphangioma in the maxillary sinus: a case report.


Presenile mandibular atrophy: its aetiology, clinical evaluation and treatment by jaw augmentation. Presenile mandibular atrophy has been regarded as a bony condition in isolation. Direct vision of the mandible at the lower border and ascending rami at augmentation procedures in two cases clearly showed that the condition had affected the whole bone in all dimensions. A suggestion is made that mandibular atrophy arises as a result of many contributory factors, some local, but usually based on generalised undisclosed malabsorption states or osteoporosis.


Acute hepatic failure and Henoch-Schönlein syndrome appearing in a patient with severe cranio-facial  injuries. A case of acute hepatic failure is described  following multiple general anaesthetics administered for the treatment of cranio-facial trauma. The dangers of multiple anaesthetics within a short period is stressed. The possibility that unexplained pyrexia following a general anaesthetic may be and early warning sign is mentioned in relation to this case. The subsequent development of the Henoch-Schönlein syndrome is reported, and the occurrence of the two conditions in the same patient is thought to be possibly unique.


Orbital emphysema.

Orbital emphysema.


Reduction of the fractured malar by a traction hook.


Problems following cryotherapy for oral cancer.


Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive in osseous repair. Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer placed in an osseous defect excited an intense acute inflammatory response in the early stages of repair. Fibrous encapsulation of the adhesive followed, and chronic inflammation supervened for as long as the cyanoacrylate remaine. Damage to established bone, presumable due to toxic breakdown products, occurred even at a distance from the adhesive. Osteoblastic activity was retarded where cyanoacrylate was in close proximity, recovering as fibrous encapsulation and macrophage activity provided protection. Extensive marrow damage was seen, recovery similarly following fibrous protection. Repair progressed as cyanoacrylate was removed. The findings of this investigation, together with other reports of unfavourable bone reaction to isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Kerr & Smyth, 1971; Corn et al., 1972) suggest that it should not be used in bone surgery. An ideal adhesive for use in bone repair should promote rather than retard osteoblastic activity, and should resorb apace with bone regeneration. Thus isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate does not fulfil the criteria for the ideal adhesive. Hopefully, future development of the cyanoacrylates will circumvent their current disadvantages, resulting in an adhesive acceptable for clinical use in osseous repair.


Traumatic mandibular osteotomy.

Traumatic mandibular osteotomy.


Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the rectum presenting as an epulis: a case report.


Tobacco chewing in English coalminers (2). Malignant transformation in a tobacco-induced leukoplakia.


5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-dependent methyltransferase activity in chronic erythremic myelosis and other types of anemias.


Phase II trial of active immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. 18 acute myeloid leukemia patients were submitted to a Phase II active immunotherapy trial. The median duration of complete remission (CRD) (60 weeks) and of survival after remission (SAR) (104 weeks) were longer than those for our historical control groups. However, the CRD and SAR curves were not broken to form a "cure expectancy" plateau, as was the case for acute lymphoid leukemia.


Blood lymphocytes in acute lymphoid leukaemia in remission and in relapse. Predictive value of electrophoretic mobility and refringence. Blood lymphocytes were studied during the evolution of acute lymphocytic leukaemia, including remissions and relapses, under chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Lymphoblasts migrate as a uniform population and have a mean electrophoretic mobility of 1.04 mum-sec-1. V-1cm. These lymphoblasts are also refringent. The relapse seems to be preceded by a slowing of the electrophoretic mobility of fast cells and a rise in the percentage of refringent lymphocytes.


Human deoxythymidine kinase II: substrate specificity and kinetic behavior of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozymes derived from blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase isozymes derived from the blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia differ in their substrate specificity and kinetic behavior. These enzymes require divalent cations for their activity. The data suggest that the major role of idvalent cations is to chelate with ATP; the complex thus formed serves as the phosphate donor for the reaction. The activity of various triphosphate nucleosides as a phosphate donor for cytoplasmic deoxythymidine kinase is as follows: ATP = dATP greater than ara-ATP greater than GTP greater than CTP greater than dGTP = dCTP greater than dUTP, whereas for mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase, the order of activity is ATP greater than CTP greater than UTP = dATP greater than ara-ATP greater than dGTP = dCTP greater than dUTP. Neither IdUTP nor dTTP could serve as a phosphate donor in the reaction catalyzed by either isozyme. From the many pyrimidine analogues tested for their binding affinity to each of these isozymes, I-dUrd and Br-dUrd had high good affinity which was equivalent to that of deoxythymidine. 5-Allyl-dUrd, 5-ethyl-dUrd, and 5-propyl-dUrd were only weakly bound to each isozyme. 5-I-dCyd, 5-Br-dCyd, dCyd, and 5-vinyl-dUrd were tightly bound to mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase but not to the cytoplasmic isozyme. dTTP and I-dUTP are potent inhibitors of the reaction catalyzed by both isozymes. In contrast, dCTP and ara-CTP are potent inhibitors only of the mitochondrial isozyme, but not of the cytoplasmic isozyme. ATP-MG2+ acts as a sigmoidal substrate of the cytoplasmic isozyme with a"Km" of 0.22 mM, and as a regular substrate of the mitochondrial isozyme with a Km of 0.1 mM. Deoxythymidine acts as a regular substrate for both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozyme with a Km of 2.6 and 5.2 muM, respectively. Initial velocity as well as product inhibition studies suggest that the cytoplasmic isozyme catalyzes the reaction via a "sequential" mechanism. In contrast, mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase catalyzes the reaction via a "ping-pong" mechanism.


Human acute myelomonocytic leukemia: serologic studies with simian antisera. Simian antisera to human leukemia cells were able to distinguish antigens specific for lymphocytic types of leukemia from those expressed on certain myeloid leukemia cells. In this investigation, cells from acute myelomonocytic leukemia patients (AMML) were examined for their membrane-associated leukemia antigens. Simian antisera to both lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia cells lysed cells from AMML donors. Monkey antisera to AMML cells, by direct microcytotoxicity testing, were cytotoxic for cells from all AMML patients, as well as for cells of certain patients with myeloid leukemia. Cells from patients with lymphatic leukemia were nonreactive. However, absorption studies indicated an antigen present on cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia which cross-reacted with AMML cell antigens. Sequential analyses of the serologic reactivity of cells from AMML patients undergoing chemotherapy corresponded with the clinical course of the patient, even though there was little correlation between the percentage of blast cells present and the per cent cytotoxicity with the antisera. At certain times a higher percentage of seropositive cells could be detected over that seen on morphological evaluation. The estimation of leukemic cells by serologic means could aid in the diagnosis and management of AMML patients during chemotherapy.


Granulopoiesis in chronic myeloid leukemia. II. serial cloning of blood and bone marrow cells in agar culture. Colony-forming cells (CFC) and CFC in S-phase were assayed in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). A correlation was found between leukocyte counts and CFC of blood, suggesting that the leukocytosis of CML depended on expansion of the committed granulopoietic stem cell compartment. Serial studies performed in four cases demonstrated a decrease of the CFC in S-phase during early stages of developing leukocytosis, which was consistent with the operation of growth control mechanisms. During later stages, serial studies revealed that sudden increments of CFC S-phase coincided with rapidly growing leukocytosis, which was consistent with leukemic cell populations escaping growth control. H-thymidine labeling indices for differentiated precursor cells showed slight variations not coinciding with variations of the CFC S-phase fraction. Cyclic oscillations of the white cell count were observed in one case. The white cell count and the fraction of CFC in S-phase displayed a direct relationship, indicating that the occurence of cycles was not likely to be due to a negative feedback mechanism elaborated by mature granulocytes. In another case, marked cycling of the CFC S-phase fraction was found without distinct oscillations of the white cell count. The present work has emphasized the necessity for serial assays of parameters of cell kinetics in vitro in CML since changing relationships were found between stem cell and differentiated cell kinetics during different phases of the disease.


Regulation of bone marrow cell growth in diffusion chambers: the effect of adding normal and leukemic (CML) polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Inhibition of granulopoiesis was studied using the diffusion chamber (DC) technique. When mature granulocytes from human blood or syngeneic mouse peritoneal fluid were added to mouse bone marrow cells cultured in DC, a significant depression of granulopoiesis took place, and a stimulation of macrophage formation was observed in 7-day cultures. Human granulocytes had a stronger inhinitory capacity than mouse granulocytes. The inhibition appeared to be tissue-specific and caused by a diffusible factor. A time study showed that the added granulocytes had no observable effect on the growth of proliferative granulocytes and CFU-C during the first days of culture. A rapid decrease of proliferative granulocytes after day 5 was preceded by a similar reduction of CFU-C 1 day earlier. The effect of CFU-S was more variable. In one strain of mice, there was a consistent increase in the granulocyte co-culture group, whereas in another strain a significant increase was observed only on day 2. Hislotologic examination showed that mature granulocytes changed the colony distribution, so that a significant relative decrease of granuloid colonies occurred. The nature of this delayed suppression of granulopoiesis is not evident from these data. A possible explanation is that factors released by mature granulocytes prevent recruitment of CFU-C and granulocyte precursors from the CFU-S compartment by blocking the granulopoietic pathway. Leukemic (CML) granulocytes isolated from blood were less able to inhibit granulopoiesis than normal granulocytes with mouse bone marrow as well as human bone marrow as target cells.


Leukocyte density and volume in normal subjects and in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A method is described for the separation of blood and bone marrow leukocytes on the basis of buoyant density, using a discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient. The median cell densities of monocytes and lymphocytes were found to be 1.067-1.077 and 1.073-1.077 g/ml, respectively. The cells of the myeloid series were shown to increase in density with maturation; the myeloblasts had the lowest density (1.064-1.065 g/ml) and the neutrophils the highest (greater than 1.080 g/ml). Cell volumes have been determined on isolated cell populations. The findings were: monocytes, 534 +/- 47 cu mu; lymphocytes, 247 +/- 18 cu mu; and neutrophils, 468 +/- 24 cu mu. Fourteen patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were studied. In four patients, the lymphoblasts were of low density (less than 1.068 g/ml), whereas the remaining patients had high density (greater than 1.068 g/ml) lymphoblasts. These four patients had large numbers of lymphoblasts in the peripheral blood and a poor prognosis. Lymphoblast volumes were not different in these two groups and were unrelated to prognosis.


The status of poliomyelitis in New York city.


Tracer studies in the mathematical modelling of the pulmonary circulation.


Anesthetics alter the solubility of nonpolar compounds in water.


The effect of changes in the body position obsese patients on pulmonary volume and ventilatory function.


Predication of outcome and rehabilitative management after surgical operations on the hip.


Management of atlanto-axial instability.


Thymoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia: a case report. A case of epithelial thymoma occurring synchronously with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia and urinary bladder carcinoma in a 76-year-old man is described. Thymomas have been associated with numberous hematologic, collagen-vascular and autoimmune disease states, as well as with an increased incidence of nonthymic malignancy. Human thymoma-associated leukemia is, however, extremely unusual, despite the well-documented role of the thymus in leukemogenesis in experimental animals. No previous literature reports of thymoma associated with chronic myelogeneous leukemia were found. A review of long-term followup data of surviving thymoma patients is necessary to determine if an increased propensity to develop leukemia is present in present in patients with thymoma.


Radiation-induced murine leukemia ERLD in cell culture. The lymphoblastic leukemia ERLD, induced by radiation in a C57BL/6 mouse, was established in culture. Three cell lines, ERLD/Y3, ERLD/T ERLD/Two, have been in culture for nearly three years. Their isolation and growth depended upon the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, glutamine, and asparagine in the medium. The cell lines, except ERLD/T, possess the TL antigen, a characteristic of ERLD and of other murine leukemia cells in vivo and of normal thymus cells of certain mouse strains, but not of C57BL/6. A distinctive submetacentric marker chromosome is also common to ERLD and the derived cell lines. The successful establishment of ERLD in culture provides a malignant thymocyte-related cell system for studies in nutrition and immunobiology.


Enhancement of drug cytotoxicity by recruitment of leukemic myeloblasts with humoral stimulation. To demonstrate that the effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine can be increased when the leukemic cell growth fraction is augmented by induced humoral factors, bone marrow cells from 14 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia were studied in vitro. Cells were cultured in either pooled stimulatory serum, obtained from leukemic patients undergoing chemotherapy, or autologous leukemic pre-treatment serum. After 2 days in culture, serum containing 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was added. Cells cultured in stimulatory serum proliferated markedly when compared with cells cultured in pretreatment serum, as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation into an acid-insoluble precipitate, tritiated thymidine labeling indices, and viable tumor cell counts. The cytotoxic effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was enhanced in those cells initially cultured in stimulatory serum relative to cells initially cultured in pretreatment serum. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that induced humoral stimulation of acute myeloblastic leukemic cells in vitro recruits a greater tumor growth fraction and thereby increases the cytotoxicity of cycle-dependent drugs.


Hodgkin's disease and myelomonocytic leukemia: an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. The ultrastructual and immunologic features of the initial Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells are compared with the ultimate leukemic cell type in a child with Hodgkin's disease who subsequently developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) following 29 months of chemotherapy. Hodgkin tumor cells contained cytoplasmic IgG and ultrastructurally resembled large immunoblasts, containing one or two round nuclei with large bizarre nucleoli, many polyribosomes, sparase endoplasmic reticulum, underdeveloped Golgi lamellae, and few cytoplasmic granules. The Hodgkin tumor cells displayed no evidence of phagocytosis. The leukemic monocytic cells did not contain cytoplasmic IgG and, ultrastrucally, exhibited and indented and irregular nuclear profile with less prominent nucleoli, numerous pleomorphic granules, a moderate number of free ribosomes, short segments of endoplasmic reticulum, and stacked Golgi lamellae. The cell surface was irregular and occasionally appeared involved in endocytic activity. These results indicate that the Hodgkin tumor cells originated from B lymphocytes rather than tissue macrophages, whereas the leukemic monocytes arose from the bone marrow-derived monocyte-macrophage series. The findings suggest further that AMML developing after Hodgkin's disease consitutes a second neoplasm rather than a leukemic transformation of Hodgkin tumor cells.


The effect of NaF and SnF2 mouthrinses on bacterial colonization of tooth enamel: TEM and SEM studies.


The intraoral cariogenicity test in young subjects.


Plaque-removing effect of dental floss and toothpicks in children 12-13 years of age. The aim of the present study was to assess the cleaning effect of dental floss and toothpicks on interproximal surfaces. The plaque situation was assessed in a group of children 12-13 years of age by the Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHPI). It was found that dental floss has a greater plaque-removing effect of the interproximal areas than toothpicks, predominantly on the mesial surfaces of the teeth.


A comparison between the release of fluoride from sodium fluoride lozenges and bone meal tablets. The release of fluoride from a fluoride-containing bone meal tablet and a chewable sodium fluoride lozenge to 0.5 M perchloric acid, deionized water, and saliva was compared. In acid, all the fluoride was released from the bone meal tablet (0.25 mg F), while there was a poor release in water and saliva (2-10 %). The release from the sodium fluoride lozenge (0.25 mg F) was essentially complete in water and saliva as well as in acid. Following sucking and chewing on a sodium fluoride lozenge, the mean salivary fluoride concentration increased from 0.04 to 36 parts/10(6) 5 min after intake. Concentrations exceeding the preintake level were still recorded after 20 min. With the bone meal tablet, only a slight increase (to 0.2 parts/10(6)) in the salivary fluoride level was obtained.


A survey of the dental needs of hospital inpatients in Scotland. Eight hundred and ninety-four inpatients in four hospitals in Edinburgh were assta were used to estimate future inpatients' dental requirements and the hospital dental services which would be necessary to meet these needs. Seventeen percent of the sample was found to be suffering from pain or discomfort of dental origin and over 30% were considered to require some form of dental treatment before their expected date of inpatient discharge.


Effect on caries of self-application of a zirconium silicate paste containing 9% stannous fluoride. A 2-year clinical trial was conducted using an adolescent population from a low-fluoride area to evaluate the anticaries effect of self-applications of zirconium silicate paste containing 9% stannous fluoride. tthree study groups totaling 464 children, with an initial average of 12.8 years, completed the study. The control group brushed with a non-fluoride zirconium silicate paste (tzircate Prophylaxis Paste) once each year: the first experimental group brushed with zirconium silicate paste containing 9% stannous fluoride (Zircate Treatment Paste) once each year; and the second experimental group brushed every 6 months with Zircate Treatment Paste. After 2 year, the DMFT and DMFS increments were virtually identical for the control group and the group that received one application of fluoride paste per year. The group that received two applications of fluoride paste per year had a DMTF increment that was about 24% less than that of the control group; however, the DMFS increment was only 5% less. These differences were not statistically significant at the P=.05 level.


Occurrence of oral sebaceous glands in 43,654 industrial workers of Gujarat, India. In 10 cancer patients platelet concentration, platelet consumption, platelet half-life time and plasma concentration of platelet factor 4 were determined. A high frequency of thrombocytosis and increased platelet consumption were observed, and the plasma concentration of platelet factor 4 was increased. However, no significant correlation was found between platelet consumption and the result of a single determination of platelet factor 4 concentrations in plasma.


Patterns of occlusion in 3-year-old Danish children. Occlusion and spacing patterns are described for 1,624 3-year-old children living in Gladsaxe, a suburb of Copenhagen. Normal transversal relations were found in 1,396 children, while 214 had crossbite, and 14 had scissors-bite. The sagittal and vertical occlusion were significantly different in the three groups. The sagittal occlusion characters were to a large extent identical in the second primary molar, the canine and the incisor regions in the individual child. Open bite was much more frequent in children with maxillary overjet greater than 4 mm than in children with maxillary overjet greater than or equal to 4 mm. Definite mandibular overjet was diagnosed in three children but 19 had a tendency towards mandibular overjet. The number of dummy suckers was very high and significantly higher among children with crossbite than amoung children with normal transversal relations. Crowding was found in the incisor regions, but very seldom, while total spacing existed in 34.5% of the maxillary and 24.3% of the mandibular arches.


A survey of traumatized primary anterior teeth in Jerusalem preschool children. The prevalence of traumatized primary anterior teeth was studied in 965 5-year-olds attending compulsory kindergartens in West Jerusalem in 1971. The prevalence of children with traumatized teeth was 11.1%. No difference between males and females was found. In most cases only one tooth was affected. The tooth most frequently affected was the maxillary central incisor. The most common type of fracture was that of enamel with or without dentin.


Recurrent aphthous ulcerations in a mixed Arab community. Twenty thousand Arabs of various nationalities living in Kuwait have been investigated over the past 5 years; 5,470 (27%) manifested recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU). Non-Kuwaiti Arabs were affected more the Kuwaitis and the prevalence of the disease was respectively 35% and 18%. Among Kuwaitis, only 5% of the Bedouins manifested the diseases whereas 22% of urbanized Arabs were affected. The ratio of the affected females to males in this study was 6:5. The clinical course of RAU in Arabs was similar to that reported in other populations. Various environmental factors such as stressful conditions, social tradition and obligations, and the allergenic Arabic food seemed to affect the prevalence of RAU in different Arab communities.


A study of endogenous dopamine metabolism in Gilles de la Tourette's disease. This longitudinal, blind study of Gilles de la Tourette's disease in a 44 year old male patient who was nonresponsive to Haloperidol therapy indicates that dopamine excretion is related to clinical response. An increased urinary excretion of dopamine and some of its metabolites was associated with the failure of Haloperidol therapy. Imipramine, administered to treat the patients' depressive mood that emerged in the course of treatment, decreased the urinary excretion of dopamine and moderately alleviated the symptoms of Tourette's syndrome. The results suggest that monitering urinary dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine excretion in Tourette's disease may predict the clinical response to pharmacotherapy, and that a dopaminergic mechanism may be associated with this type of motor hyperkinesia.


Human granulocyte phosphoglycerate kinase. Purification by double affinity elution and immunological study. Human phosphoglycerate kinase has been totally purified from leukemic granulocytes by double 'affinity elution' with ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. This purification procedure allowed to obtain 19 mg of protein, specific activity of which was 400 IU/mg i.e. a 105-fold purification and an overall yield of 47%. Purified enzyme was homogenous when tested by acrylamide sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Specific antibodies raised in rabbits totally inactivated phosphoglycerate kinase of crude extracts as well as of the purified preparation. The molecular specific activity (i.e. the ratio enzyme activity/immunological reactivity) was identical in leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes and was identical in these cells to the value found for the totally purified phosphoglycerate kinase.


Some aspects of the use of anabolic steroids in pigs.


The effect of an anabolic agent on N deposition, growth, and slaughter quality in growing castrated male pigs. The conversion of feed protein into body protein in growing pigs is rather unfavourable. With Dutch Landrace pigs only 30--40 percent of the digestible crude protein is converted into body protein. To study the influence of implanting 20 mg 17beta-estradiol + 140 mg trenbolone acetate per animal on this conversion ratio, three nitrogen-balance experiments were performed with castrated male pigs of 55--75 kg liveweight. In experiment 3 the energy balance was also measured. N-retention was significantly improved by the treatment. In none of the experiments the digestibility of the ration was influenced. With the pigs implanted at around 55 kg live weight, N-deposition during the period from 6--9 till 26--32 days after treatment was increased by on an average respectively of 24 percent (experiment 1), 60 percent (experiment 2) and 56 percent (experiment 3) as compared with a placebo. Where pigs of 75 kg were implanted, N-deposition was increased over the period from 2 till 28 days after implantation by 39 percent as compared with a placebo. In experiment 3 it was shown that the conversion of the metabolizable energy of the ration into energy deposited in the body (= protein + fat) was not considerably altered at 13--17 days after the treatment of pigs (weighing 55 kg) with anabolic agents. As compared with the placebo, N-deposition was increased by 40 percent and fat deposition was descreased by 15--20 percent. So the implantation with the anabolic agents has resulted in shift to a higher protein deposition and a lower fat deposition. The results of the balance determinations were confirmed in a comparative growth experiment, in which 14 castrated male Large Wht& x Landrace pigs of 56 kg weight (i.e. 69 days before slaughter at 90 kg live weight) were implanted with the aforementioned combination; 14 animals served as control. In the period from treatment till slaughter live weight gain was significantly improved by 6.5 kg; feed conversion was 0.3 units significantly lower than the control. Carcass weight was significantly higher for the treated group (difference compared with control 4.5 kg). Carcass quality was also improved; the carcasses of the treated pigs were longer and the thickness of the backfat was less. In a second comparative experiment on growth of castrated male pigs from 66 to 100 kg, the effect of the oral application of the combination ethinylestradiol (0.6 ppm, 1.2 ppm, and 2 ppm respectively in the feed) and trenbolone acetate (2 ppm in the feed) was studied. The three experimental groups and the control group consisted of 15 animals each. Live weight gain was significantly improved in the two groups with the higher levels of ethinyl estradiol (i.e. 4.4 kg and 6.9 kg respectively), feed conversion was significantly lower in all three anabolic agroups (i.e. 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 respectively). Backfat thickness was less in all three anabolic groups and the carcasses were longer in the two higher dosage groups compared with the control group...


Occurrence of anabolic agents in plants and their importance. More than 40 plant species have been shown to contain substances that are active in biological assays for estrogenic activity. Such substances may be constitutive metabolic products of a plant, or be formed adaptively in response to environmental factors, such as fungal attack (e.g. coumestrol synthesis in alfalfa infected with Pseudopeziza medicagensis); in other instances estrogens may arise from microbial attack on plant material during storage (e.g. zearalenone formation from corn by Fusarium spp.) Phyto-estrogens may reach man through direct consumption of fresh fruit, vegetables and processed plant products (e.g. administration of olive or cornoil can induce vaginal keratinization in post-menopausal women); or---more relevant to this Symposium---by consumption of carcasses and products from animals fed estrogen-containing forage. Important pasture and forage plants shown to contain phyto-oestrogens include Trifolium subterraneum L, notably the cultivars Dwalganup, Mt. Barker, Yarloop and Marrar, T. pratense (red clover), T. fragiferum L. (strawberry clover), T. alexandrinum (berseem clover), Medicago sativa (alfalfa or lucerne) and Soya hispida (soya beans). A beneficial anabolic action of the estrogens contained in these plants has been implied, but not unequivically established. More attention has been paid to their noxious effects on livestock. On affected T. subterraneum pasture, castrated male sheep showed lactation, squamous metaplasia of the bulbo-urethral glands and urethral stenosis; infertility, variously attributed to suppression of gonadotrophin release and ovulation; faulty ovum transport; premature regression of corpora lutea; irreversible cystic hyperplasia of endometrial glands on prolonged exposure; dystocia and prolapse of the uterus. Sporadic incidence of phyto-estrogen induced infertility in cattle has been reported, attended by ovarian cyst formation. Estrogenic activity in forage plants has been reported from Australia, New Zealand, India, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, Denmark, Holland, Finland, Egypt and Israel. The clover constituents chiefly incriminated for these effects are glycosides of the isoflavone derivatives genistein and its 4'-methyl ether biochanin-A, daidzein and its 4'-methyl ether formononetin, and pratensein; coumestrol and its 3'- and 4'-methyl ethers account for the estrogenic activity of alfalfa. The isoflavone content of subterranean clover may reach 3 percent of its dry weight, and the coumestrol content of lucerne may exceed 100 mug/g. Coumestrol and genistein compete with 17beta-estradiol for binding sites on the uterine cytoplasmic receptor and induce macromolecular synthesis in the uterus, but fail to induce ovum implantation in ovariectomized, gestagen-maintained rats. Uterotrophic activity of coumestrol and genistein given parenterally to sheep is approximately 10(-3) and 10(-5) times that of stilboestrol, respectively. Biological activity of ingested phytoestrogens is modified by ruminal micro-organisms and hepatic metabolism...


The metabolic and growth effects of anabolic agents.


Human safety considerations from the use of anabolic agents in foodproducing animals. The various anabolic agents used in food-producing animals may differ in terms of toxicological considerations related to evaluating human safety. Aside from initial toxicological testing, after chemical characterization of the compound to be administered and its related metabolites expected to occur as residues in food, most synthetic anabolic agents are subjected to chronic/carcinogenicity testing because of usage pattern likely to lead to the occurrence of residues in derived edible products. Initial testing requirements include acute and subchronic studies in appropriate rodent species including a reproduction test with the first generation offspring tested for 90 days post-weaning. This subchronic study serves to indicate potential problems with reproductive performance, foetal toxicity, birth deformities, and other chronic or preneoplastic conditions. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may grant approval for certain usages of specific compounds using a 2.000-fold safety margin in relation to a "no deleterious effect" level from the subchronic studies, with upper residue limits of 0.1 ppm in tissue and 0.01 ppm in milk or eggs if there are no indications that further testing should be required. If higher residue limits are requested, the petitioner must perform lifetime testing in two rodent species including in utero exposure and a minimum of three dose levels. Other rodent offspring should be carried for a total of three generations. A six to twelve month study in a non-rodent population is required. Teratology studies might be rquired in at least two species. If no carcinogenic potential is observed, a 100-fold safety margin in relation to the no effect level is generally accepted as the safe exposure level for residues. Should a statistically significant increase in tumors be observed in the test animals as compared to controls, the compound will be classified as a carcinogen or a suspect carcinogen depending on histopathological observations...


Quality of the meat after the application of anabolic agents in young calves. Experiments were carried out to test the effect of implantation of Implix¿ (20 mg estradiol + 200 mg testosterone) or Revalor¿ (140 mg trienbolone acetate + 20 mg estradiol) on growth, feed conversion, slaughter quality, and residue levels in black Friesian bull calves at 4, 8, or 4 and 8 weeks before slaughtering. Weighings and calculations of feed conversion were carried out weekly. The control group of weight gain and feed conversion consisted of 22 calves; the chemical analyses of the control group was restricted to 8 animals. Implantation of the hormones at 4 or 8 weeks before slaughtering resulted in a significant beneficial effect on weight gain, feed conversion and carcass index over the control. This effect was improved (up to 15%) by implanting the hormones at 8 and 4 weeks before slaughter. The effects obtained with Revalor seemed to be superior to those obtained with Implix. In 75% of the treated animals, some remainder of implants was found. No effect was found on water binding capacity and colour of raw meat. Carcass quality was not significantly improved as judged from water, fat, ash, and protein content of the M. Longissimus Dorsi. The collagen content of the animals treated with Revalor was slightly, though not significantly, increased. There is a slight decrease in the relative bone content of the treated animals over the control resulting in higher meat percentages. Residues were determined in meat obtained from rib and neck by biological and chemical methods. Oestrogenic activity was found in only 7 samples from the neck; all samples from the rib were negative. Chemical examination indicates the presence of oestradiol in these samples. No residues of trienbolone could be detected in the meat samples. The Pars Dissiminata of the prostate was examined histologically on frozen and paraffin sections. Although the latter permitted a sharper interpretation, both methods indicated an increased activity of the prostates induced by hormone treatment. Compared to Implix, Revalor treatment provoked a more pronounced mucous activity. In recent years, the administration of estrogens in combination with testosterone or with trenbolone acetate (androst-4,9[10]-11-trien-3-one 17-acetate)2,3,4,17 has been shown to improve the growth rate and feed conversion5,14,17 in farm animals. However, there is a lack of information on carcass quality, which is of interest to the producer as well as to the consumer. Moreover, there are sample data14 about the residue levels remaining in the carcass following hormone implantation. These experiments were carried out to test the effect of the implantation of Implix¿ (20 mg estradiol + 200 mg testosterone) or Revalor¿ (140 mg trienbolone acetate + 20 mg estradiol) on growth, feed conversion, slaughter quality, and residue levels in black Friesian bull calves.


Recycling and degradation of anabolic agents in animal excreta. A variety of anabolic agents are currently added to animal feeds to increase growth rate and improve feed efficiency. These compounds and their metabolites are largely excreted. Prior to the use of anabolic agents as feed additives and the advent of confined livestock production, natural recycling occurred which generally resulted in benefit to the animal with no known adverse effects on consumer health. However, the current interest in the use of animal excreta in livestock feed and the possible presence of anabolic agents and their metabolites from this practice has created an additional need for information on the occurrence of anabolic agent residues in consumer products. This report will consider the definition of anabolic agents in its broadest sense and discuss the research on hormones used in animal feed that may be found in animal excreta. In addition to feed additive residues, endogenous compounds may also be found in animal excreta. Endogenous estrogens and androgens have been detected in excreta from domestic livestock and poultry. Research results suggest that substantial estrogenic and androgenic activity may be detected in fresh animal excreta. However, little is known about the effects of various processing methods of excreta such as heat drying and fermentation on its hormonal activity. The effects of feed additive residues and endogenous hormones in excreta used for feed will be discussed relative to their impact on animal health and occurrence in animal products.


The effect of daunomycin on cell proliferation and protein synthesis of human leukemic blast cells.


Experimental observations on evaluation of products from anabolic agents-stimulated farm animals. In the U.S.S.R. the research activities on the use of anabolic agents have been carried out only on an experimental basis by agricultural and human medicine research centres. The evaluation of the animal products from the biological point of view consisted of: 1. evaluation of the biological effect on the laboratory animals; 2. assessment of the breakdown and role of the anabolic agents in muscle tissue and the estimation of the residue amounts of the anabolic agents in meat after slaughter; 3. evaluation of the biological quality of meat obtained from treated animals. Taking into account the above-mentioned directions of the research activities, the influence of diethylstilbestrol was taken into consideration. It has been concluded that the use of diethylstilbestrol leads to detrimental results from the medical authorities' point of view.


Radiosensitivity of the acute leukaemic infiltrate.


Vermipodia - a new type of cell process. A new kind of cell process is described in leukemic cells in two cases of histiocytic malignancies. They were evident both with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. As they have a tubular, worm like appearance, the name vermipodia has been given to them.