Motives to enter the dental profession: students, practitioners, faculty. 1. The dental student, the private practitioner, and the dental educator have similar self-motives related to an educational process which includes learning to develop to full potential and having the freedom to carry out one's ideas. 2. The motives perceived by dental students as important for the private practitioner are not the same as those the private practitioner perceives for himself. The student perceives good salary and a community reputation, while the practitioner perceives a continual educational process with freedom to carry out his ideas as the primary motive for entering the profession. The student and the practitioner are aligned on most of their self-motives. 3. The motives of the dental educator parallel those of the practitioner more than they parallel those of the student.


Application of the vertical group concept to teaching prosthodontics.


Experiential education for dental students at the University of Kentucky. An experiential educational system at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry has been described. It consists of a summer externship program and an individualized externship program offered during the academic year. These programs provide dental students with extramural educational experiences in private dental offices to prepare them better for the practice of dentistry and to expose them to forces affecting the delivery of dental services.


A fourth-year orthodontic elective in an educational group practice. An educational group practice is described in which a fourth-year dental student actively observes and participates in orthodontic decision making and treatment delivery. The student takes part in patient treatment under the direct supervision of a second-year orthodontic resident. The residents reinforce the skills which the students learn in class and laboratory. In this way an effective learning experience results for both the resident and the fourth-year student. Students also attend patient care conferences, where treatment points of view and sequences are discussed. In this way, students have a first-hand glimpse of what a career in orthodontics might be like.


Statistics and the dental curriculum.

Statistics and the dental curriculum.


A dental school hypertension screening program. This paper has described a hypertension screening program at the Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry. The program, which has been in operation for over two years, incorporates referral to a physician and a system of repeated follow-ups. The results indicate that the program has been successful in that 134 of a total of 141 patients with suspected hypertension have been successfully referred.


The Delphi technique as an instrument in dental curriculum revision.


Dental schools and hospitals--a symbiotic relationship for dental education.


A workshop designed to develop alternative forms of education in a school of dentistry.


The prelearned lecture: an innovation in presentation.


Pass/fail versus A-F grading: a comparative study. This study compared achievement when one half of a class was assigned to take a course on a pass/fail basis and the other half received a letter grade. The unique characteristics were as follows: (1) students were assigned to A-F and pass/fail groups rather than allowed to choose the grading system, (2) virtually no other course competed for study time, and (3) the course constituted a major field of study for the student. The results showed no significant difference between the two groups in achievement on three separate examinations.


President's inaugural address.

President's inaugural address.


The new wilderness.

The new wilderness.


Editorial: Stretching the lw by a few hurts us all.


Alternatives in oral health care. II. The role of the specialties.


Reason and remedy for conflicting reports on comparative effects of steel scalpel and electrosurgical cutting on gingival tissues and alveolar bone. The fact that electrosurgical cutting is governed by factors that have no influence on steel scalpel cutting is responsible for discrepancies among the results of investigations of the modalities. The investigator's equal expertise in the use of both modalities is a prerequisite for accurate comparative investigations of the effects of electrosurgical and steel scalpel cutting. Eleven specific factors that govern the efficacy and quality of electrosurgical cutting and that can, therefore, ensure consistently reliable histologic results and accurate conclusions have been mentioned.


Letter: Hypovitaminosis E.

Letter: Hypovitaminosis E.


Letter: Reading radiographs.

Letter: Reading radiographs.


Letter: More endo comment.

Letter: More endo comment.


Letter: Missed basic problem.

Letter: Missed basic problem.


Letter: Length of curriculum.

Letter: Length of curriculum.


Letter: Cause of malpractice suits.

Letter: Cause of malpractice suits.


Letter: Group seeks support.

Letter: Group seeks support.


Letter: On questionnaire reply.

Letter: On questionnaire reply.


Letter: Products evaluations.

Letter: Products evaluations.


Letter: Toxicity and mepivacaine.

Letter: Toxicity and mepivacaine.


Letter: Educational concern.

Letter: Educational concern.


Letter: Response to two letters.

Letter: Response to two letters.


Financial situation of dental students: an interview with Harry W. Bruce.


Letter: The denturist movement.

Letter: The denturist movement.


Why the tripartite relationship of the national board of dental examiners should be altered.


Why the current operation of the national board of dental examiners and tripartite control should be maintained.


Why specialization.

Why specialization.


Dental education 1975-1976: summary of the ADA annual report.


How to deliver a comprehensive preventive dentistry service that dental insurance carriers can underwrite. The successful practice management of preventive dentistry requires that it be comprehensive and include both chairside and counseling procedures. The chairside clinical procedures are a prophylaxis, topical application of fluorides, application of pit and fissure sealants, and fabrication of mouth-guards and space maintainers. The counseling procedures include plaque control and nutritional guidance. The caries activity test can be used as a means of monitoring excessive sugar intake. It is the responsibility of the dentist to determine the preventive dentistry needs of his patient based on the latter's caries score, periodontal, gingival, and plaque indexes, and diet evaluation. Since patients are prone to certain dental problems during particular age periods, the preventive management procedures must consider the existing and anticipated dental problems on the basis of the patient's age. Each of the preventive services is objective in nature because it involves either chairside or counseling procedures. During the counseling service,worksheets and clinical case notes are kept as part of the patient's dental record. The progressive effectiveness of the home-care preventive dentistry counsling procedures can be measured by scores and indexes. The frequency of repeating the service depends on proven clinical merit and the individual needs of the patient. The delivery of preventive dentistry services can be monitored  by dental insurance carriers through peer review of clinical services, data sheets, case notes, a preventive dentistry record, and by patient questionnaire. A method for managing, measuring, and monitoring an objective, comprehensive preventive dentistry service has been presented so that the insurance carrier can underwrite this type of coverage as part of its dental insurance plan.


Dental health: what is being taught to college students. An analysis of the dental health material in all college-level, health education textbooks published between 1966 and 1973 showed a deficiency in the amount, the thoroughness, and the quality of the dental health information given. Realibility of information from one source to another is low, and some information is inaccurate. On the basis of information in these textbooks, serious questions are raised concerning the adequacy of dental health education in college-level health education courses. The dentist is advised to review and to examine the dental health information that is being taught in these courses.


The undiagnosed split-root syndrome.

The undiagnosed split-root syndrome. The split-root syndrome is an often misdiagnosed painful condition. The major causes of the splits have been discussed. In addition, classical symptoms associated with this syndrome have been illustrated by two case reports to facilitate the syndrome's recognition.


A survey of accredited dental technology education programs in the United States. A study was made of current educational methods and prosthetic technology used in the accredited dental technology education programs in the United States. Some of the results have been compared with the findings of a similar study in Britain and several differences have been noted. The results of this study and of the British one refer to accredited educational programs and do not necessarily reflect the procedures used in dental practice or in commercial dental laboratories.


Teenagers' attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors related to oral health. This survey documents the meagerness of teenagers' knowledge and behavior about dental health. They knew that brushing before bed and checkups are desirable. Otherwise, they were sorely lacking in fundamental knowledge about what is needed for optimum oral health. Except for 6 of the 2,517 sophomores, there was no evidence that they knew about plaque. Small minorities thought about using floss and then for removal of food, not plaque. Fewer than a fourth knew that periodontal disease was a disease of the gingiva. Brushing was the major oral health practice. But it was rarely checked with disclosing tablets and mouth mirrors. It is questionable whether most knew about these. Flossing was rarely done. Curtailment of sweet foods or drinks as an oral health measure was even rarer. One would expect some improvement in the six years since this study was done, given the greater emphasis on plaque control in dentistry. Yet, the possibility that many more of a similar group of teenagers at this time would be preventively oriented seems unlikely. Plaque control programs are not that common in dentistry. And only 42% of the sample studied could be said to go to the dentist for preventive checkups in the first place. Morever, recent interviews I have done with patients at a public clinic did not uncover much awareness or behaviors related to plaque control. The respondents in the study reported here were students in their tenth year of public school. Their schooling was preparing them for many things, including common problems of everyday life. Very few problems are as common as tooth decay and periodontal disease. Yet the teenagers knew little about and were doing relatively little to prevent these problems. Obviously, their need for instruction is great.


Dentists and sub-bachelor's degree allied health manpower. The responses of 176 randomly selected dentists to a written questionnaire were used to assess the attitudes and perceptions of dentists toward subbachelor degree allied health workers. Particularly, demographic characteristics of dentists who employ allied health workers, the patterns of how the dentists utilize the allied health workers, and the dentists' attitudes toward aspects of allied health training were the main points covered. Findings indicate that practicing dentists have a mixed view of the role that paramedical workers can have in increasing dentists' productivity. Although most surveyed dentists agress that auxiliary personal are useful in filing nondental roles, many dentists also are delegating dental functions to these workers.


Council accepts Macleans Fluoride dentifrice. Council on Dental Therapeutics.


The cephalometric analysis of craniofacial architecture.


A major gene controlling warfarin-resistance in the house mouse. The spread of a "cream" mutant in a wild population of house mice is reported. The hypothesis that the gene responsible for the colour, extreme chinchilla, ce, has spread because of linkage with a major gene for warfarin-resistance, is tested by a linkage backcross. The results prove that a major gene does exist, that it is very closely linked with frizzy, fr, in chromosome 7, which in turn is linked with ce, that it is fully dominant in females at 4 months of age, and that its partial dominance in males is under the control of modifiers. The symbol War is proposed for the gene. Its position in chromosome 7 is analagous with the position of the resistant gene, Rw2, in the rat in the analagous chromosome. The adaptive significance of the finding is discussed, as also are reports of certain other mutants in wild populations of mice.


A bacteriological survey of washrooms and toilets. A survey of the bacterial flora present at various positions in 130 male and female washrooms and toilets is reported. Several bacteria of faecal origin were found in large numbers: the areas likely to be the most important sources of cross-infection from faecal contamination are indicated. The results are used to assess priorities for disinfection.


A preliminary study of the effect of contact with environmental mycobacteria on the pattern of sensitivity to a range of new tuberculins amongst Ugandan adults. A range of new Tuberculins prepared from extracts of living organisms belonging to 12 mycobacterial species has been used to assess the effect of BCG immunization and contact with environmental mycobacteria on Ugandan adults. A total of 2,456 tests were carried out on 562 people, 86% of whom came from three areas selected for special study. These areas were chosen on the basis of occurrence of leprosy and M. ulcerans infection and on data concerning the distribution of environmental mycobacteria. It was found that the effect of BCG was small compared with that previously observed amongst Kenyan schoolchildren, but that the effect of geographical origin was considerable. There was some correlation between the percentages of reactivity to the reagents and the frequency of mycobacteria in the environment.


Antibiotics and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak in 1964. This paper gives an abbreviated account of part of a research programme which followed the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak in 1964. Chloramphenicol, the main antibiotic used in treatment, was shown to have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of between 5 and 2-5 mug./ml. for the S. typhi phage type 34 of the outbreak. The MIC for methacycline was between 5 and 2-5 and 2 mug./ml. Whereas the deep and shallow broth techniques used gave similar results with these antibiotics, the MIC for ampicillin, and also cephaloridine, was less in the deep than in the shallow broths. Serum assays in patients given ampicillin or cephaloridine yielded abnormally high concentrations of both antiboitics when S. typhi phage type 34 was the test organism whereas, with other test organisms, the concentrations were within expectation. These abnormally high values fell within expected values when the sera under investigation had first been heated to 56 degrees C. for 30 min. before assay against the S. typhi of the outbreak. The findings with ampicillin suggested that dosages given were satisfactory. With cephaloridine the concentrations found in patients' sera seemed to show that twice daily doses of 0-5 g. fell short of adequacy.


The hamster as a secondary reservoir host of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Exposure of weaned hamsters to an environment contaminated with LCM virus shed by tolerantly infected mice led to short subclinical infections. If infection occurred in early pregnancy, the young appeared normal at birth but their tissues were highly infective. For two to three months their bites and urine were also highly infective. A viraemia did not persist long enough for successive vertical transmissions of the infection to be likely. However, the viruria persisted in most prenatally infected hamsters for at least eight months and under simulated field conditions was a potent virus source for contact infections, leading to further generations of prenatally infected young. In the absence of the natural reservoir host, such long-term carriers could have been a major factor in causing the build-up of infection in colonies of hamsters which, when purchased as household pets, led to a recent spate of human clinical infections in Germany and the U.S.A.


BCG immunotherapy in chronic myelocytic leukaemia.


Age-sex distribution of various diseases with particular reference to toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy. An account is given of some human diseases which affect one sex more than the other. An age-sex realtionship has been noted among British patients with acquired toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy. This is compared with the findings of other European workers. A possible explanation is offered taking all these diseases into consideration together with some of the experimental work done in animals and some of the variations in immunological responses by man.


Results of treatment of acute leukaemias with BCG vaccine.


Epidemic of echovirus 19 in the north-east of England. We report the first large-scale outbreak of echovirus 19 infection. It occurred in the north-east of England during the summer and autumn of 1974. The virus was isolated from 268 patients in the region. The infection spread from the urban to more rural areas, reaching a peak in mid-August. Males were affected more often than females in the ratio 1-6:1. Half of the patients were under eight years of age, relatively few were over 35 years. Aseptic meningitis and upper respiratory infections were the commonest presentations, though a wide range of other diseases occurred including gastroenteritis, myalgia, pericarditis, undifferentiated pyrexia, rashes and a syndrome analagous to bacteraemic shock. There was no evidence that the pattern or severity of the disease changed during the outbreak. Infants under the age of six months were more seriously affected than older children and adults. All patients except one made an uneventful recovery. Of the routine tissue culture cells HEp2 and HeLa were by far the most satisfactory for virus isolation.


A quantitative comparison of the sensitivity of serological test for bovine brucellosis to different antibody classes. Brucella-specific antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes were quantitatively evaluated with respect to their efficiency in serological tests for bovine brucellosis. IgM reacted more efficiently than IgG1 and IgG2 in both the Rose Bengal plate test and serum agglutination test. The complement fixation test was found to be slightly more sensitive to IgM than to IgG1 and did not react to IgG2. IgM was, however, partly inactivated when heated at 60 degrees C. in the presence of serum.


Chloroma.

Chloroma.


Hospital-based program of advanced endodontic education.


Generalized glycogenosis.

Generalized glycogenosis.


Dens evaginatus--an anomaly of clinical significance.


Endodontic failures due to vertical root fractures: two case reports.


A technique for the treatment of horizontal midroot fractures.


Cellular immunity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. I. Relationship between purified protein derivative test and leukocyte migration test.


Plasma renin activity and sodium excretion in normal and hypertensive Chinese.


Immune response during hyperimmunization. (XI) Passive sensitization of normal guinea pig skin sections and granulocytes by homologous anti-horse-serum antiserum.


The concept of oral rehabilitation.

The concept of oral rehabilitation. Dentistry must re-examine its professional obligations towards the patient and consider whether its present basis is too rigidly technical. Oral rehabilitation can be defined in terms of the restoration of function and aesthetics. However, it must include also a philosophy of concern for an oral invalid who may require continued and varied in the management of his disability. The understanding of this concept requires an analysis of the meaning and impact of an oral disorder on an individual, and the responsibilities of those who have to provide him with guidance. Consideration must be given to the reflection of these principles of care on the teaching of dental students.


A long-term prognosis for the fixed saddle-bridge. A study of 100 constructions. This report constitutes a long-term study of 100 saddle-bridges applied by the author during the years 1958-1973. The aim of the investigation has been to assess the prognosis for this form of therapy. The probability that a saddle-bridge will still be functioning completely, without repair, after 5 years is 93%, and after 10 years (as also after 12 years) 83%. Only 12% of the appliances had been removed 12 years after the application. The risk of defects is about the same during the first 5-year period after the application as it is during the second and the third 5-year periods. A comparison between saddle-bridges applied before and after 1965 shows no demonstrable difference as regards the 5-year prognosis in spite of modifications with respect to range of indication and therapy. The causes of the defects have been divided into biological and technical. During the first 5-year period technical defects appear to be in the majority, whereas during the later stages, biological defects predominate. Background factors such as sex, the age of the patient, length of saddle, localization in the jaw do not prove to have any appreciable importance for the prognosis. There is, on the other hand, a significantly better prognosis when the opposing jaw is furnished with the patient's own teeth and/or fixed bridges than with a removable denture. The author points out that from the result of the study, the saddle-bridge has such a good long-term prognosis that its range of application for fixed constructions should be considerably extended.


The effects of spinal cord transection and intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine on phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) activity in rat brain stem and spinal cord.


Utilization of elecrical conductivity as an alternative method of assessing marginal leakage of pit and fissure sealants. The electrical conductivity readings of extracted human teeth uere taken: prior to placement of pit and fissure sealants; immediately after placement of the pit and fissure sealants; 2 weeks after immersion of the specimens in distilled water at 37 degrees C; and after 7200 strokes on a toothbrushing machine. The specimens were then immersed in dye for 24 h, sectioned and evaluated for evidence of dye penetration. The electrical conductivity readings were then compared to dye penetration results to determine if a correlation existed. A positive correlation existed between the electrical conductivity readings and dye penetration. Threshold values of electrical conductivity existed (which varied for each sealant) - readings above these threshold values indicated sealant failure or leakage. The possibility of using electrical conductivity as a diagnostic tool is definitely worthy of further research - particularly its potential as an in vivo method of assessing leakage.


Reflex activity in the masseter muscle of young individuals. I. Experimental procedure - results. The monosynaptic myotatic (jaw jerk) potential (MSP) evoked in the relaxed masseter by a tap on the chin and recorded electromyographically in this muscle (latency 6-3 ms, duration 5-9 ms) was similar in subjects with, or without TMJ clicking. The latency of the myotatic potential was significantly shorter (5.8 ms) when evoked during isometric contraction. The duration was 5-2 ms. A potential with similar characteristics as the MSP was evoked by TMJ clicking, as we believe by excitation of muscle spindles from tissue transmitted vibrations (latency 5-5 ms, duration 5-6 ms). The TMJ click evoked MSP could in the contracting massester be followed by silent periods (SPs) both of the early (latency about 10 ms) and the late type (latency about 50 ms). A tap on the chin during isometric contraction of the jaw elevators, was followed by an SP of the early type (latency 12-2 ms, duration 17-5 ms) and sometimes by an SP of the late type (latency 58 ms, duration 18 ms). The late SP occurred significantly more often in patients with TMJ-dysfunction. The period of lower activity following an MSP can be divided into two phases: a first phase with a complete electrical silence, denoted SP, and a second phase during which the activity is slowly increasing to reach the control level. This latter phase will be called "depressed activity" (DA) and is introduced as a new parameter. The SP with tooth tapping (latency 10-5 ms, duration 9-4 ms) was similar in groups with or without TMJ clicking. The superimposed MSP (SMSP) preceding the SP at tooth tapping is supposed to be a manifestation of the "load-compensation reflex".


Frequency and location of artificial crowns and fixed partial dentures constructed at a dental school. The material consists of patients who received single crowns and fixed partial dentures at the Department of Prosthetics, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo in the period 1967-73. Two-thirds of the patients were women, and about two-thirds of the restorations were made in the maxilla. A total of 3275 crowns were received by 2145 patients. On average, maxillary teeth were crowned 7 years earlier than mandibular teeth. A total of 1393 fixed partial dentures, consisting of 6835 units, were made for 1368 patients.


Thirty-eighth Annual Meeting American Association of Public Health Dentists. Chicago. October 24-25, 1975. Scientific session. Introductory remarks.


Frequency of symptoms of mandibular dysfunction in young Swedish men. The occurrence of symptoms of dysfunction of the masticatory system was studied in 253 Swedish men from the region of Stockholm with an average age of 19 years. Besides inquiry by questionnaire regarding subjective symptoms a clinical functional examination of the masticatory apparatus was performed. Fourteen per cent were aware of clicking of the temporomandibular joint and 12% of other symptoms of dysfunction such as difficulties in opening the mouth wide, locking and pain on performance of various movements of the mandible. In the clinical investigation, symptoms of dysfunction were noted in 28% of those examined, mainly in the form of tenderness to palpation over the temporomandibular joints and of the masticatory musculature as well as difficult, painful and irregular movements of the mandible. Individuals with clinical symptoms of dysfunction of the masticatory system had a higher frequency of other joint and muscle symptoms, clicking of the temporomandibular joint and occlusal disturbances in the form of balancing side interferences, than those without clinical symptoms. Balancing sides interferences were the only occlusal disturbance that was significantly correlated with the symptoms of dysfunction (pain on movement and tenderness to palpation).


The future in dental education.

The future in dental education.


National Institute of Dental Research: strategies for the future.


Costs of publicly financed dental care for children in three different types of practice settings. This analysis of the Chattanooga Program has provided preliminary findings on the relative cost of providing dental care through three different modes of care delivery: private practice, public fixed clinics, and public modile clinics. Significant differences in costs were found. It is reasonable to conclude, tentatively, that public services were being used more efficiently than private services in the delivery of dental care involved in this program. The results contest the findings of previous studies which indicated that mobile clinics were relatively inefficient. This study, however, based on a limited time period and refers to a specific program. It would, therefore, be inappropriate to generalize too hastily from the results. At this time, further research is being conducted to extend the period of analysis, and to deal explicitly with differences in patient characteristics, service mixes, and quality, to explain the economic reasons for the apparent differences in efficiency by delivery mode, and to consider the implications of the findings for dental policy.


Division of Dentistry: strategies for the future.


Dentistry in HEW's forward plan for health.


The future of third-party dentistry.

The future of third-party dentistry.


Editorial: To the rear, march.

Editorial: To the rear, march.


Report to the Association on the meeting of the ADA Council on Dental Care Programs and representatives of selected dental groups.


Letter: Cariology.

Letter: Cariology.


Diagnosis problem of the month. Case number 14.


Synthesis and biological activities of some N4-substituted 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidines. Syntheses and biological activities of 26 N4-substituted 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as analogs of naturally occurring modified nucleic acid bases, N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)-L-threonine and N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenine, are described. 4-Aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine was converted into the desired intermediate, ethyl pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4-carbamate (2). 4-Ureidopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines (6-26) were prepared by displacement of the ethoxy group of the carbamate 2 by amino acids and a variety of amines and by a reaction of 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (1) with isocyanates. N4-Alkylaminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines were generally prepared by displacement of the chlorine from 4-chloropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine with various amines. Several analogs exhibited moderate to very good growth inhibitory activities against cultured L1210 leukemia and 6410 human leukemic myeloblasts.


The effect of toothbrushing frequency on oral hygiene and gingival health in school children: reassessment after two and one-half years. An epidemiological survey of brushing frequency, oral hygiene (OHI-S), and gingival condition (GI modified) was conducted on 290, 12- to 15-year-old schoolschildren. The purpose of the survey was to compare the clinical findings with the children's states frequency of toothbrushing. Since the same children had participated in a similar study approximately 2 1/2 years earlier, it was also of interest to determine what effect, if any, a change in reported brushing habits might exert over the oral status of the children. As in a previous study, the stated level of brushing activity was high. Approximately 46 percent of the children claimed to brush twice a day, and 40 percent once a day. The poorest oral hygiene and highest level of gingivitis were associated with the group of children that claimed to brush less than once a day. In general, the children that claimed to brush their teeth more frequently had lower mean OHI-S and GI scores indicating less oral debris and gingivitis. For males-females combined the optimal effect on oral hygiene and gingival condition, on a statistical basis, was detected at the level of twice-daily brushing. Increased brushing frequency beyond this level did not produce significant improvement in OHI-S or GI scores.


Your patient at risk--office emergencies.


Spontaneous osteogenic sarcoma in the WI/Ten rat: a case report.


Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Report of two cases.


Excisional arthroplasty of the elbow following trauma: A report of four cases.


Carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary tract.


Testimony before the South Carolina state pharmacy board in opposition to repeal of the anti-substitution regulation December 3, 1975.


Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 24-1976.


Intermittent pressure in the management of post-traumatic oedema and lymphoedema. The rationale and description of a new method. This paper describes the use of intermittent pressure to reduce oedema of the limbs by assisting resorption. The rationale of the method is outlined with emphasis on the management of traumatic oedema. A safe, simple and inexpensive device to effect the intermittent pressure is described. The results of clinical trials on 63 patients with oedema are documented to substantiate the value of the treatment.


Changes in histone f2a2 associated with proliferation of Friend leukaemic cells.


Training the internist to provide primary care--are we?


Training in North Carolina for family practice.


Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as treatment of cardiac arrest.


Metachronous quadruple malignant neoplasms: a case report and review of the literature.


Ethical implications of professional standards review organizations.


Osteosarcoma - a light in the gloom.

Osteosarcoma - a light in the gloom.


Acute leukemia presenting with pericardial involvement.


Death with dignity--passive euthanasia. Guide to physician dealing with dying patients.


Expected hemotherapy in elective surgery.


Survival with inoperable lung cancer. Controlled national Veterans Administration study of radiation and chemotherapy.


Cystadenocarcinoma of pancreas.

Cystadenocarcinoma of pancreas.


Edrophonium chloride. Effect on human conduction system.


Patient flow analysis. In municipal hospital outpatient department.


Invasive amebiasis in New York City.

Invasive amebiasis in New York City.


Double uterine perforation with Dalkon shield intrauterine device.


Treatment of hypoparathyroidism.

Treatment of hypoparathyroidism.


Clinical skills. Quantitative measurement.


Acupuncture therapy. Comparative values in acute and chronic pain.


Anticoagulation therapy in antepartum pulmonary embolism.


Editorial: May, 1976--hypertension month.


Who is a real alcoholic? Practical help in managing alcoholism.


Endocarditis in prosthetic valves.

Endocarditis in prosthetic valves.


Postperfusion lung syndrome. A misnomer?


Jaundice and bridging centrilobular necrosis of liver in circulatory failure.


Community hospital peer review disease guidelines.


Bacterial in medications. Growth during emergency resuscitation.


Thoracic vagectomy for vagal bradycardia. Preliminary case report.


Intrapericardial teratoma.

Intrapericardial teratoma.


Experience with pacemaker implants in children.


Malignant pericardial effusion.

Malignant pericardial effusion.


Bronchogenic cysts. Broad spectrum of presentation.


Paget's disease. Coexistence with metastatic carcinoma.


Correlation conferences in radiology and pathology: multiple noncalcified lung nodules.


Spinal cord sarcoidosis.

Spinal cord sarcoidosis.


Transient or migratory osteoporosis of lower extremity.


Benign nevus in lymph node.

Benign nevus in lymph node.


Marfan syndrome. With mitral insufficiency in twins.


Major surgery in Jehovah's witnesses.

Major surgery in Jehovah's witnesses.


Autopsy. Unending controversy.

Autopsy. Unending controversy.


Familial spastic paraparesis, optic atrophy, and dementia. Clinical observations of affected kindred.


Bell's palsy in modern art.

Bell's palsy in modern art.


Editorial: Specialist phone listings--a blow at professionalism.


The first DSSNY peer review workshop. A report.


Emergency dental care for the community: the responsibility of the dental society.


The FTC and advertising.

The FTC and advertising.


Evaluation of a classroom oral hygiene program.


The current anti-trust thrust.

The current anti-trust thrust.


Editorial: "Denturism", the dangerous retrogression, stirs here.


An adhesive technique as an adjunctive phase in the treatment of patients with decreased intermaxillary space and advanced attrition.


Restorative dentistry with general anesthesia in modern times.


A final presidential report.

A final presidential report.


Logical expanded functions for dental auxiliaries.


Experience with an intraoral stepostectomy of the mandible for prognathism.


Use of a needle biopsy in oral and maxillofacial surgery.


Bacterial study of pyogenic infections of dental origin. Fluctuant abscesses of dental origin were sampled by syringe aspiration. These samples were cultured by means of techniques suitable for isolation and growth of obligate anaerobes. Oral abscesses are usually mixed infections that include a number of different species. More than 65 per cent of the species isolated were obligate anaerobes, which indicates the need for anaerobic methods in studying these infections. Anaerobic gram-negative rods and facultative streptococci were the groups isolated most frequently.


Acceleration of healing of maxillary and mandibular osteotomies by use of hyperbaric oxygen. A preliminary report. Thirty-eight osteotomy patients were treated with hyperbaric oxygen in order to determine clinically its effect on the length of osseous healing. Data accumulated from this clinical investigation indicate that hyperbaric oxygen augments clinical bone healing subsequent to osteotomy procedures.


Management of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the palate. Report of a case. A case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the palate is presented, with emphasis on surgical treatment and postoperative care. It is thought that many oronasal communications may be prevented by the use of palatal splints relined with appropriate soft-tissue conditioners at frequent intervals.


Globodontia in the otodental syndrome.

Globodontia in the otodental syndrome. A family of Polish extraction was studied in which massive, globe-shaped posterior teeth were found in a father and two of his sons, similar to those described in a previous family in which persons with this type of teeth also had a high-frequency sensorineural deafness. The audiograms in this family showed high-frequency air-conduction thresholds in the father and one son with globodontia and in other relatives without the tooth defect. The other son with abnormal teeth had a normal-appearing audiogram. Absence of premolar teeth and yellow-white spots of local hypomaturation of enamel on canine teeth were also findings in this kindred, as reported or observed in other kindreds. The disorder illustrates the problem of variable expressivity of a trait which makes it difficult to predict the risk of having an affected child when only one feature of a syndrome is present in a relative of a fully affected patient.


Recurrent oral and oculogenital ulcerations (Behçet's syndrome). The literature on Behçet's syndrome is reviewed and four cases are presented. Two of the patients were men and two were women. The age at presentation varied from 21 to 55 years. All patients had the first manifestations of the disease before the age of 25 and two before the age of 10. None presented with the complete triad of symptoms. All four had oral ulceration and either ocular lesions (two cases) or lesions on the genitals (two cases). According to the present theories, the diagnosis of Behçet's syndrome is established by the presence of any two of the triad of symptoms. We suggest that in order to be classified as having Behçet's syndrome, a patient should have oral lesions and either genital and/or ocular ulcerations.


A clinical study for the control of facial mucocutaneous herpes virus infections. I. Characterization of natural history in a professional school population. One thousand thirty-one dental and dental hygiene students, faculty and staff at The University of Michigan School of Dentistry were interviewed in order to identify those with a past history of perioral mucocutaneous herpetic infection. Subsequently, the population was followed for 9 (+/- 3) months in order to determine various parameters of disease expression. Analysis of the results indicate the following: 1. In this professional population, 20.5 per cent described prior experience with perioral herpes. No sex difference was noted. 2. Prevalence increased with age. In the faculty-staff group (mean age 32.9 years +/ 11.8) prevalence was 30.7 per cent, whereas in the student -roup (mean age, io.6 years+/- 3.8) prevalence was 17.7 per cent. Occupational and/or socioeconomic factors did not appear to account for the age-related difference in prevalence. 3. Only 40 per cent of those who related prior disease experience developed lesions within the observation period of 9 (+/-3) months. 4. The recurrence rate, based upon an observation period of 9 (+/-3) months, in those persons who related prior disease experience was found to be 1.3 episodes per year (0.1 per month). 5. Duration of lesions ranged between 3 and 17 days, with a mean of 9 days. 6. The lower lip was the most common site of a lesion. 7. Triggering factors associated with development of a lesion in order of decreasing frequency were found to be; emotional stress, exposure to sun, and illness.


Dentin dysplasia type I. Clinical, morphologic, and genetic studies of a case. This report documents a case of dentin dysplasia Type I in a 17-year-old boy and two members of his family. The clinical, radiographic, histologic, and ultrastructural findings indicate that this condition is distinct from other heritable defects of dentin. The entity is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and is characterized by teeth which have a normal color and exhibit pulpal obliteration, short roots, periapical radiolucencies, and spontaneous exfoliation. Our ultrastructural findings in agreement with those reported by Sauk and associates.


Ameloblastoma containing mucus glands.

Ameloblastoma containing mucus glands. A 53-year-old woman had a large, deforming mass involving the mandible and was treated by subtotal mandibulectomy. Histologically, the mass proved to be an acanthomatous ameloblastoma that contained mucus glands. Eleven years after the mandibulectomy, the tumor has not recurred or metastasized.


Fluorescence of biogenic monoamines in the human dental pulp. Biogenic monoamines in the adrenergic nerve terminals of the human dental pulp are demonstrated by the fluorescence method of Falck and Owman. Unmyelinated nerve fibers from nerves along alveolar blood vessels may enter the pulp, although pulp nerves are composed largely of myelinated fibers. The existence of a few sympathetic fibers is demonstrated by the fluorescence method, and possible drug effects are considered.


Radiograph fails to reveal unerupted teeth.


Benign cementoblastoma.

Benign cementoblastoma. An unusual case of cementoblastoma is presented. It is the second case to be published demonstrating involvement of the pulp, and it is the first instance of a cementoblastoma that appears to have evolved from an impacted tooth. A review of the literature substantiates the fact that this lesion may not be so uncommon as was previously thought, and that pain and facial asymmetry may be significant clinical features.


Bilateral radicular cysts.

Bilateral radicular cysts.


Chelating agents: their effect on the permeability of root canal dentin. An in vitro assessment was made of the ability of three chelating agents used in endodontics to alter the dye penetration of dentinal tubules from the root canal surface. The experiment and control for this study were within the same root. It was found that all three agents significantly reduced the dye penetration into dentin, but there was no difference among the agents in the degree of reduction of dye penetration.


Complications of peritonsillar abscess due to Fusobacterium necrophorum.


The frequency, technical standard and results of endodontic therapy. The present summary and the following papers (I--VI) have been accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor Odontologiae at the Dental Faculty, University of Bergen. Paper I: Tooth mortality and endodontic status of a selected population group - before and after treatment in a teaching clinic. Paper II: The apical level of root fillings made by general practitioners, undergraduate students and an endodontist. Paper III: Radiographic evaluation of endodontic treatment-a methodological study. Paper IV: The quality of the seal of root fillings made by general practitioners, undergraduate students and an endodontist. Paper VI: A radiographic follow-up of endodontically retreated roots. In this summary these papers will be referred to by the above Roman numerals. Other investigations will be referred to in the conventional manner.


Genetic engineering.

Genetic engineering.


Nursing care study: chronic myeloid leukaemia in pregnancy.


Biological activity of catecholamines covalently linked to synthetic polymers: proof of immobilized drug theory. l-Isoproterenol was covalently coupled via an azo linkage to soluble copolypeptides of molecular weight 1500 and 10,000 containing an aromatic amine. The polymeric azo-isoproterenol derivatives were purified by gel chromatography which reduced contamination by the parent isoproterenol to undetectable levels (i.e., less than 0.01%) and by 6-aminoisoproterenol to less than 0.4%. Both polymeric isoproterenol derivatives were found to elicit positive chronotropic responses in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. The mean effective doses (ED50S) for the 1500 and 10,000 molecular weight derivatives were within 1.3 and 2.0 orders of magnitude, respectively, of the ED50 of l-isoproterenol. The responses cannot be attributed to free isoproterenol because this drug could not be detected in our preparations. Neither can the observed biological activity be attributed to 6-aminoisoproterenol, since this compound's dose-response is shifted 3 orders of magnitude to the right of l-isoproterenol and 1-2 orders of magnitude to the right of the polymeric derivatives. Inotropic response decay times in isolated cat papillary muscles following washouts indicate that the polymer-bound drug does not diffuse into the muscle tissues. We feel that our findings demonstrate that under controlled conditions the catecholamines can retain biological activity while covalently bound to a polymeric support.


Intracellular forms of adenovirus DNA: integrated form of adenovirus DNA appears early in productive infection. In KB cells productively infected with adenovirus type 2, alkali-stable greater than 100S and 40-100S viral DNAs are synthesized starting 2-4 hr postinfection, i.e., before unit length (34 S) viral DNA is made. The amount of greater than 100S and 40-100S viral DNA increases when 34S viral DNA synthesis  begins, and at 16-18 hr postinfection, the 40-100S viral DNA represents 5-20% of the total intracellular viral DNA. The 40-100S viral DNA is synthesized throughout infection. Part of the 40-100S DNA synthesized 5-8 hr postinfection has a density in alkaline CsCl gradients intermediate between those of viral and cellular DNAs. This finding indicates that newly synthesized viral DNA is covalently linked to cellular DNA. Viral sequences can be excised from the cellular DNA of infected cells with the EcoRI restriction endonuclease. Fragments of viral DNA are detected in polyacrylamide-agarose gels by DNA-DNA hybridization, and these fragments correspond in size to most of the known EcoRI fragments of adenovirus 2 DNA. Viral DNA sequences in size-classes between the EcoRI-A and -C fragments are also found and probably represent viral DNA linked to cellular sequences.


Distribution of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and thymidine in the DNA of developing chick cartilage. In order to study the mechanism of the irreversible effects of BrdUrd on the differentiation of limb bud mesenchyme to cartilage, the reannealing behavior of DNA obtained from such cells was examined. Cells incubated with [3H]thymidine ([3H]dThd) during days 1 and 2 of culture incorporated label into repetitive, moderately repetitive, and unique classes of DNA. In contrast, when 5-bromo-2'-[3H]deoxyuridine ([3H]Brd Urd) was added during the first 48 hr (in the presence of 32 muM BrdUrd), the label was preferentially incorporated into a late moderately repetitive region. Simultaneous incubation of unlabeled BrdUrd and [3H]dThd revealed a selective inhibition of [3H]dThd incorporation into moderately repetitive regions. Cultures incubated during days 3 and 4 with [3H]dThd incorporated label into all three classes of DNA; however, when [3H]dThd was present during days 3 and 4 in cultures previously incubated with BrdUrd during days 1 and 2, the [3H]dThd was incorporated preferentially in the late moderately repetitive region. The melting behavior of this reannealed DNA was identical with that of the reannealed 1-2 day [3H]BrdUrd-labeled, late moderately repetitive DNA. Turnover experiments revealed that whereas there was no loss of [3H]deoxycytidine or [3H]dThd, 37% of [3H]BrdUrd activity was lost from the DNA in 2 days after removal of the isotopes.


New protein in human blood plasma, rich in proline, with lipid-binding properties. A protein that binds to a lecithin-stabilized triglyceride emulsion has been separated from plasma after removal of major lipoprotein classes by ultracentrifugation at density 1.21 g/ml. This protein, rich in proline, has been purified to electrophoretic and immunochemical homogeneity by subsequent gel and ion-exchange chromatography. In native plasma and after purification, it exists as a large particle exceeding 10(6) daltons, but a single component with a molecular weight of about 74,000 is found upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although the purified protein contains very little bound lipid and is not present in the major lipoprotein classes from post-absorptive individuals, it is present in chylomicrons. Its concentration in plasma varies from 12 to 41 mg/dl and is significantly correlated with that of cholesterol in lipoproteins of very low and low density but not in those of high denisty.


Reconstitution of Qbeta RNA replicase from a covalently bonded elongation factor Tu-Ts complex. Escherichia coli phage Qbeta RNA replicase, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase), is a tetramer composed of one phage-coded polypeptide and three host-supplied polypeptides which are known to function in the biosynthesis of proteins in the uninfected host. Two of these polypeptides, protein synthesis elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-Ts, can be covalently crosslinked with dimethyl suberimidate to form a complex which lacks the ability to catalyze the known host functions catalyzed by the individual elongation factors. Using a previously developed reconstitution system we have examined the effects of crosslinking the EF-Tu-Ts complex on reconstituted replicase activity. Renaturation is significantly more efficient when exogenously added native EF-Tu-Ts is crosslinked than when it is not. Crosslinked EF-Tu-Ts can be purified from a crude crosslinked postribosomal supernatant by its ability to replace EF-Tu and EF-Ts in the renaturation of denatured Qbeta replicase. A sample of Qbeta replicase with crosslinked EF-Tu-Ts replacing the individual elongation factors was prepared. Although it lacked EF-Tu and EF-Ts activities, it could initiate transcription of both poly(C) and Qbeta RNA normally and had approximately the same specific activity as control enzyme. Denatured Qbeta replicase formed with crosslinked EF-Tu-Ts was found to renature much more rapidly than untreated enzyme and, in contrast to normal replicase, its renaturation was not inhibited by GDP. The results demonstrate that EF-Tu and EF-Ts function as complex in Qbeta replicase and do not perform their known protein biosynthetic function in the RNA synthetic reaction.


A thermodynamic model of regulation: modulation of redox equilibria in camphor monoxygenase. Regulation of biological phenomena occurs in all types of systems, being manifested in many different reaction types, from allosteric behavior in proteins, through modulation in energy and information transfer, to the control of growth and differentiation in cells, organelles, and organisms. In this communication, a modulation in oxidation/reduction potential via ligation of substrate and protein components in the camphor 5-exo-monoxygenase system is described in terms of a four-state system using as fundamental parameters the transition free energies between equilibrium states. This approach provides a concise description of the data and is useful for describing many aspects of regulatory phenomena.


Ribonuclease H of calf thymus: substrate specificity, activation, inhibition. When the action of highly purified specimens of ribonuclease H (hybrid nuclease; RNA-DNA hybrid ribonucleotidohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.34) of calf thymus on a wide selection of homopolymer hybrids was studied, the extent, and even the occurrence, of hydrolysis was found to be governed by the interplay of several factors: the composition of the ribo strand, the length of the deoxyribo strand, and the nature of the activating metal. Mn2+ activates the enzymic cleavage of all hybrid combinations, Mg2+ only of those containing purine ribo strands, Co2+ only of poly(A) hybrids. A 1:1 hybrid of phage f1 DNA and RNA is, however, split in the presence of any of these activators. Hybrids with deoxyribo tetranucleotides can still be cleaved, but not with dinucleotides. The behavior of hybrids containing covalently linked runs of ribo and deoxyribopolynucleotides was studied with the hybrid poly(dT)-poly(A)7-(dA)X]. This hybrid is attacked by ribonuclease H so that the bulk of the resulting poly(dA) still retains one covalently linked riboadenylic acid end group, whereas a small proportion carries a ribo dinucleotide. Inhibition studies showed that ribonuclease H is inactivated irreversibly by pretreatment with S-adenosylmethionine at 35 degrees, but not at 0 degrees. S-Adenosylhomocysteine also is inhibitory, but not irreversibly; also it is essentially limited to the inhibition of the cleavage of purine ribo strands. When the enzyme is exposed simultaneously to both inhibitors, irreversible inactivation is diminished considerably.


Observations on polycythemia vera turning into acute or chronic granulocytic leukemia during treatment with radioactive phosphorus 32P. In a group of 172 cases of polycythemia vera treated with radioactive phosphorus acute granulocytic leukemia developed in 3 and chronic granulocytic leukemia in 6 cases. The author believes that development of acute granulocytic leukemia during this treatment may be considered with some probability as a result of the leukemia-inducing action of ionizing radiation. Transition of polycythemia vera into chronic granulocytic leukemia seems to be a natural outcome of this complex myeloproliferative syndrome in patients with survival prolonged by treatment with 32P.


Intracellular localization of mouse DNA polymerase-alpha. Although DNA polymerase-alpha (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleoside triphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7) probably functions in the nucleus, it is usually found predominantly in the nonnuclear fraction of disrupted cells. We have reexamined the intracellular location of this enzyme using cytochalasin-B-induced enucleation, a technique which avoids exposure of nuclei to extra-cellular conditions during cell fractionation. In conditions where viability of separated cell parts is high and recovery is quantitative, we find greater than 85% of total DNA polymerase-alpha (and DNA polymerase-beta) activity in the nucleated cell fragments (karyoplasts), from which we conclude that the location in vivo of DNA polymerase-alpha is either nuclear or perinuclear. On the other hand, thymidine kinase (ATP: thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 5.7.1.75) is found primarily in the enucleated cell fragments (cytoplasts). The enucleation procedure used in this work should be of general use for intracellular location studies.


Spectral differences between the alpha and beta heme groups within human deoxyhemoglobin. The contributions of the alpha and beta heme groups to the absorbance change that accompanies the aggregation of hemoglobin subunits were measured by comparing the extinction changes produced by n-butyl isocyanide binding to deoxyhemoglobin A with those produced by binding of n-butyl isocyanide to the isolated chains. Almost the entire aggregation absorbance change is associated with the unliganded alpha subunits, which exhibit a 30% increase in molar extinction at 428 nm during tetramer formation. This marked spectral change indicates a substantial perturbation of the electronic properties of the alpha heme groups in going from the high-affinity, isolated chain state to the low-affinity, tetrameric state. The lack of a significant absorbance change as sociated with the beta heme groups implies that the change in reactivity of unliganded beta subunits produced by aggregation is not the result of a change in spin or coordination geometry of the iron atom, but rather involves primarily an alteration in the protein structure near the sixth coordination position.


Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands. The isolation of an untriakontapeptide from camel pituitary extracts has been described. Its structure has been determined and shown to be identical to the sequence of carboxyl-terminal 31 amino acids of ovine beta-lipotropin. The peptide possesses very low lipotropic activity but significant opiate activity.


Hydrolytic stability of helical RNA: a selective advantage for the natural 3',5'-bond. Dodecaadenylic acid containing a single 2', 5'-linkage at a defined position was formed by the coupling of two hexamers on a poly(U) template at 2 degrees. The rate of hydrolysis of this dodecamer was compared with that of a dodecamer that contained only the natural 3', 5'-linkages. At 40 degrees, in 1 M aqueous ethylenediamine at pH 8 in the absence of poly(U), both dodecamers hydrolyzed at comparable rates, but the addition of two equivalents of poly(U) caused a 7-fold increase in the initial rate of hydrolysis of the oligomer containing the 2', 5'-bond, and a 5-fold decrease in the initial rate of hydrolysis of the natural oligomer. When the oligomers are fully constrained in helical form, the ratio of the rates of cleavage of one 2', 5'-bond to one 3', 5'-bond under these conditions is probably about 900:1. The use of the 3', 5'-bond, in combination with a right-handed helix, appears to have had a large selective advantage over the use of the 2', 5'-bond for the storage of genetic information.


Direct experimental evidence for kinetic proofreading in amino acylation of tRNAIle. Kinetic proofreading is a reaction scheme with a structure more complicated than that of Michaelis kinetics, which leads to a proofreading for errors in the recognition of a correct substrate by an enzyme. We have measured the stoichiometry between ATP hydrolysis and tRNAIle charging, using the enzyme isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase [L-isoleucine:tRNAIle ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.5] and the amino acids isoleucine (correct) and valine (incorrect). The enzymatic deacylation of charged tRNA, which would normally prevent meaningful stoichiometry studies, was eliminated by the use of transfer factor Tu-GTP, (which binds strongly to charged tRNA) in the reaction mixture. For isoleucine, 1.5 ATP molecules are hydrolyzed per tRNA charged,  but for valine, 270. These stoichiometry ratios are fundamental to kinetic proofreading, for the energy coupling is essential and proofreading is obtained only by departing from 1:1 stoichiometry between energy coupling and product formation. Within the known reaction pathway, these ratios demonstrate that kinetic proofreading induces a reduction in errors by a factor of 1/180. An overall error rate of about 10(-4) for tRNA charging is obtained by a kinetic proofreading using a fundamental discrimination level of about 10(-2), and is compatible with the low in vivo error rate of protein synthesis.


mRNA-dependent synthesis of authentic precursor to human placental lactogen: conversion to its mature hormone form in ascites cell-free extracts. Messenger RNA derived from term placenta directs the synthesis of human placental lactogen (hPL, molecular weight 22,200) in an ascites 30,000 X g post-mitochondrial supernate (S-30). When the S-30 is fractionated into ribosome and cell-sap (S-100) fractions, and these are recombined for incubation, term placental mRNA directs the synthesis of a protein with a molecular weight of 25,000. This protein contains authentic hPL tryptic peptides. This suggested that during the separation of ribosomes and S-100 a component responsible for cleavage was lost. A 1.0 M sucrose cushion was used for the preparation of ribosomes and S-100 and membranous material accumulated at the sucrose interphase. When this membrane fraction was added back to the ribosome-S-100 system only hPl was formed. Cleavage was greatest when membranes were added within the first few minutes of incubation. In a run-off system composed of term polysomes, ascites S-100, and the inhibitor of initiation, pactamycin, the 25,000 molecular weight material, referred to as pre-hPL, was also synthesized. These data strongly suggest that (i) pre-hPL is an authentic percursor to hPL, (ii) cleavage of the precursor primarily occurs on nascent, ribosome-bound peptide chains, and (iii) pre-hPL is the primary gene product.


An altered apurinic DNA endonuclease activity in group A and group D xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts. Endonuclease activity upon depurinated DNA was measured in extracts of cultured fibroblasts from xeroderma pigmentosum patients. Cell lines from complementation groups A, B, C, E, and the XP-variant had slightly reduced levels of activity, but cell lines from complementation group D had one-sixth of the normal activity. An altered pH dependence and a higher apparent Km for substrate in D-cell lines indicate that the remaining activity is also qualitatively different from the activity found in normal cells. A higher Km was also found in cell lines from the A-complementation group but not in cell lines from the C-complementation group. These defects in apurinic DNase might account for the neurological disorders in patients from the D- and the A-complementation groups.


Electron probe x-ray analysis of single ferritin molecules. Single molecules and groups of two or three ferritin molecules were subjected to electron probe x-ray microanalysis in a transmission electron microscope equipped with a liquid nitrogen cooled stage. Significant Fe Kalpha peaks were generated during 100-sec counts when single ferritin molecules were excited with a probe current of 0.35 nA/60 nm spot, less than the maximal current available in a thermionic gun. There was a linear relationship between the number of ferritin molecules analyzed and count rates. The experimental results are compared to the theoretically calculated Fe Kalpha yields and to the results of Isaacson and Johnson [(1975) Ultramicroscopy I, 33-52] with electron energy loss analysis. We conclude that current state of the art electron probe x-ray analysis can realize the theoretically predicted sensitivity of the method, and estimate 0.9 X 10(-19) g of Fe as the minimal mass detectable with maximal (thermionic) probe current during a 100-sec count and with 95% confidence.


Specific release of the thioesterase component of the fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex by limited trypsinization. Limited trypsinization of the fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex from rat mammary gland results in the release of a protein, molecular weight 32,000, with thioesterase activity. The other components of the multienzyme complex--the acyl carrier protein, acetyl and malonyl transferases, condensing enzyme, keto reductase, dehydrase and enoyl reductase--are not affected and remain associated with the complex. The thioesterase can be isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. Extensive trypsinization of fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex results in a loss of thioesterase activity, probably due to cleavage of the thioesterase component into inactive peptides. However, the molecular weight and specific activity of the thioesterase isolated after limited trypsinization is relatively unaffected by the severity of the conditions of proteolysis. Both the thioesterase and the residual trypsinized complex react with antibodies produced against the native multienzyme. The results demonstrate that mild trypsinization can be used to release the thioesterase component of the multienzyme with little perturbation of either the thioesterase or the other components of the complex.


Somatostatin conformation: evidence for a stable intramolecular structure from circular dichroism, diffusion, and sedimentation equilibrium. Somatostatin is a hypothalamic tetradeca peptide that inhibits the release of growth hormone insulin, and glucagon. The circular dichroism spectrum is characterized by negative extrema at 238 nm and 270 nm, and a positive extremum at 225 nm. The far ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum is consistent with the presence of ordered secondary structure such as beta-structure, but not alpha-helix. Sedimentation equilibrium results demonstrate that somatostatin exists in its monomeric form (i.e., a molecular weight of 1610 +/- 36 was obtained) and, thus, the structure must arise from intramolecular interactions. The diffusion constant of somatostatin was estimated to be 1.66 X 10(-6) cm2/sec. These data are consistent with an ellipsoidal rather than a spherical shape. The magnitude of the ellipticity at both 225 nm and 238 nm is quite dependent on guanidinium hydrochloride concentration; the midpoint occurs at about 3 M and the transition is cooperative-like. These data strongly suggest that somatostatin has a stable conformation in aqueous solution. A model, consistent with the results of the physicochemical studies and with semi-empirical rules for secondary structure formation, is proposed for somatostatin. The proposed structure consists of a hairpin loop with several residues in an antiparallel beta-pleated sheet, is somewhat elongated, and contains a hydrophobic domain at one end and a hydrophilic domain at the other end.


Transepithelial transport in cell culture. In cell culture a kidney epithelial cell line MDCK, forms a continuous sheet of identically oriented asymmetrical cells joined by circumferential occluding junctions. The reconstructed epithelial membrane has transport and permeability qualities of in vivo transporting epithelia. The cell layer can be readily manipulated when cultured on a freely permeable membrane filter and, when placed in an Ussing chamber, electrophysiological measurements can be taken. In the absence of a chemical gradient, the cell layer generates an electrical potential of 1.42 mV, the apical surface negative. It is an effective permeability barrier and lacks significant shunting at the clamped edge, as indicated by a resistance of 84 ohms-cm2, which increased when bulk flow from basolateral to apical was induced by an osmotic gradient or electroosmosis. The MDCK cell layer is cation selective with a relative permeability ratio, PNa/PCl, of 1.7. Net water flux, apical to basolateral, was 7.3 mul cm-2 hr-1 in the absence of a chemical gradient. The morphological and functional qualities of a transporting epithelium are stable in cell culture, and the potential use of a homogeneous cell population in cell culture would enhance studies of epithelial transport at the cellular and subcellular levels.


Theoretical studies on pro-leu-gly-nh2 conformation. Classical potential function calculations were carried out on the hypothalamic factor Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2. The results indicate that the proposed 10-membered, hydrogen-bonded beta-turn conformation of this tripeptide is a strongly preferred structure. Its stability appears to be inherent in the rather rigid backbone conformation of the leucine residue rather than the hydrogen bond between the carboxamide proton of glycinamide and the C=O of the proline moiety; the glycinamide has little influence on the phi-psi of the leucine backbone structure. The type II beta-turn structure of the Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 is preferred.


Reversible in vitro polymerization of tubulin from a cultured cell line (rat glial cell clone C6). Tubulin from cultures of the rat glial cell clone C6 could be polymerized in vitro into intact microtubules. The polymerization was reversible and spontaneous, i.e., no addition of heterologous nucleation centers was necessary. Two cycles of polymerization/depolymerization yielded tubulin preparations of 95% purity as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electron microscopy was used to show that the microtubules assembled in vitro by two cycles of polymerization/depolymerization were morphologically intact and temperature sensitive. In contrast, tubulin from neuroblastoma cells, clone Neuro-2A, could not be polymerized in a reversible fashion. The discovery of a cell line from which tubulin can be reversibly polymerized in vitro establishes a model system for studies of cell-cycle- and cell-type-dependent regulatory mechanisms controlling the assembly of microtubules.


Clathrin: a unique protein associated with intracellular transfer of membrane by coated vesicles. Coated vesicles have been purified from brain, adrenal medulla, and a nonsecreting lymphoma cell line. A single major protein species, clathrin, with an apparent molecular weight of 180,000, forms the coat of all these vesicles. Peptide mapping suggests that the amino acid sequence of clathrin is conserved, irrespective of tissue or species studied. Coated vesicles of different sizes are found. The coats are constructed with variable numbers of clathrin subunits, arranged in closed networks of hexagons and pentagons. The amount of clathrin in lymphoma cells suggests that coated vesicles transfer substantial amounts of membrane within cells, not necessarily in association with a secretory process.


Germ line integration and Mendelian transmission of the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus. Mice were infected with the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV) at two different stages of development. Either newborn mice (which can be considered as essentially fully differentiated animals) or preimplantation mouse embryos (at the 4-8 cell stage) were infected with M-MuLV. In both cases, animals that had developed an M-MuLV-induced leukemia were obtained. Two lines of evidence indicate that infection of preimplantation embryos, in contrast to infection of newborns, can lead to integration of the virus into the germ line. 1. Viremic males of the first backcross generation (N-1 generation) transmitted the virus to 50% of their offspring (N-2 generation) when mated with uninfected females. Likewise, a 50% transmission was observed from viremic N-2 and N-3  males to the next generations. 2. Molecular hybridization experiments revealed that viremic N-1 and N-2 animals carried one copy of M-MuLV per diploid mouse genome equivalent in all "non-target" organs tested. Together, both experiments indicate that the exogenous M-MuLV can be converted to an endogenous virus after infection of preimplantation embryos. The available evidence suggests that M-MuLV integrated into the germ line at one out of two possible integration sites. Thus, viremic backcross animals are heterozygous for a single Mendelian locus carrying the M-MuLV gene. During leukemogenesis an amplification of the M-MuLV from one copy to a maximum of four copies per diploid mouse genome equivalent takes place in the tumor tissues.


Influence of diet on survival of mice.

Influence of diet on survival of mice. The longevity of mice of the (NZB X NZW)F1 (B/W) strain and the DBA/2f strain of mice is dramatically prolonged by dietary restriction. B/W mice are susceptible to, and die at an early age from, immunocomplex nephritis. Mice of the DBA/2f strain are also relatively short-lived. Restriction of caloric intake prolonged life of B/W mice more than did protein restriction. DBA/2f mice showed prolongation of life when the diet was restricted only with respect to protein. Caloric restriction alone prolonged life less in DBA/2f mice than in B/W mice. These observations show that dietary manipulations have profound effects on immunity functions, including inhibition of the development of life-shortening autoimmune disease.


Interferon treatment of mice: enhanced expression of histocompatibility antigens on lymphoid cells. Treatment of young and mature mice with potent mouse interferon preparations results in a marked enhancement of the expression of histocompatibility antigens on the surface of thymocytes and splenic lymphocytes as measured by an enhanced absorption of alloantiserum. We postulate that such modifications of the cell surface may reflect an effect of interferon on lymphocyte maturation and may be relevant to the effect of interferon on lymphocyte function.


Genetic polymorphism of IgD-like cell surface immunoglobulin in the mouse. Lymphocyte surface antigens from spleen cells of several mouse strains were studied by cell surface radioiodination, extraction with detergent incubation with various antisera, and separation of complexes using protein A-containing staphylococci as a solid phase adsorbent. Complexes were then dissociated and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium diodecyl sulfate. Using this technique and an alloantiserum prepared in C57BL mice against CBA spleen cells, four distinct specific peaks of radioactivity were found with CBA spleen cells. These corresponded to H-2 and Ia antigens, immunoglobulin light chain, and a heavy chain previously proposed to be the murine homolog of the human delta chain. With the same serum, B10.BR spleen cells revealed only H-2 and Ia antigens, whereas C57BL.Ige (allotype congenic) spleen cells showed only the light chain and "delta" chain peaks. Depletion of immunoglobulin from the surface-iodinated preparations resulted in removal of the light chain and "delta" chain peaks. The tissue distribution and membrane expression of this "delta" chain antigen was then studied by indirect immunofluorescence with various C57BL derived alloantisera and lymphoid cells from C57.Ige allotype congenic mice. Significant numbers of positive cells were found in spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches, whereas few if any positive were found in bone marrow or thymus. No reaction was found between this molecule and alloantisera to any of the previously described immunoglobulin allotypes. It is proposed that these alloantisera to spleen cells recognise one allelic form of the murine "delta" chain coded for by a gene locus closely linked to the known structural genes for mouse immunoglobulin heavy chains. The designation Ig-5 is proposed for this new immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


Cancer-associated isoenzyme of serum galactosyltransferase. Galactosyltransferase activity was assayed in sera from 58 patients with various types of cancer. On discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a slow-moving peak of galactosyltransferase activity (isoenzyme II) was found to be present in the serum of 43 of these patients in addition to the major isoenzyme I. Isoenzyme II was found in only 2 of 39 patients with various nonmalignant disorders and was not detected in the serum of 22 normal control subjects. There was no correlation between the presence of this electrophoretically distinct isoenzyme and total serum galactosyltransferase activity, alkaline phosphatase, levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, or blood type. However, patients with widespread metastases had significantly higher isoenzyme II levels than those with no metastases or with limited local spread. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the clinical usefulness of this serum galactosyltransferase isoenzyme in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with neoplastic disease.


Measles virus-specific IgD antibodies in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Indirect immunofluorescent analysis revealed that sera from five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis possessed IgD antibodies directed against measles virus components in persistently infected HeLa cells. IgD levels in these sera were within the normal range. Control studies indicated that the reaction was specific for measles virus. The detection of IgD measles antibodies in these patients suggested that IgD may be involved in the pathogenesis of this viral disease.


Porphyria variegata and porphyria cutanea tarda in siblings: chemical and genetic aspects (addendum). A porphyria kindred in which the index case has porphyria variegata had also been shown to include a case of porphyria cutanea tarda, typical both from chemical and clinical features. The possibility that this was purely acquired rather than genetic seemed unlikely, but could not be wholly excluded. Recently, a niece of both of these cases, although asymptomatic, has been found to conform chemically with porphyria cutanea tarda, including the excretion of the isocoproporphyrin series, and thus represents the second case of this form of porphyria in this family. This strengthens the concept of genetic heterogeneity in this kindred and supports the suggestion of a double heterozygosity, as proposed in the primary paper [Watson, C.J. et al. (1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 5126-5129].


Fluorometric assay of vasopressin and oxytocin: a general approach to the assay of peptides in tissues. A fluorometric method for the quantitative assay of vasopressin and oxytocin in individual rat pituitaries has been developed. Acid extracts of pituitaries are freed of amino acids and polyamines by passage over a copper-Sephadex column, and the peptides fraction is then labeled by reaction with fluorescamine. The resulting peptide fluorophors are separated by chromatography on a reverse-phase bonded column. Specificity of the procedure was ascertained by several criteria, including bioassay and amino-acid analysis of the eluted peptide fluorophors. The procedure serves as a model system for the assay of tissue peptides in the picomole range.


Eel esophagus as an osmoregulatory organ. Ion and water permeabilities were measured in the isolated esophagus of the eel (Anguilla anguilla and A. japonica), and compared with those in the stomach and the intestine. The freshwater eel esophagus was impermeable both to Na+ and Cl- ions and to water, whereas permeabilities to the ions increased selectively after seawater adaptation. The ion permeabilities of both the freshwater and the seawater eel stomach were lower than in the seawater eel esophagus, although water permeability was greater than in the esophagus. Sea water enclosed in the lumen was diluted three times more efficiently in the seawater eel esophagus than in the stomach. The intestinal permeabilities were greater than those of the esophagus and the stomach, and increased after seawater adaptation. In the eel, ingested sea water seems to be diluted mainly in the esophagus by passive diffusion of the ions into the blood without addition of water. After further but less important dilution in the stomach with salt removal and with water addition, the water is absorbed by the intestine, following active absorption of the ions. Thus the eel in sea water is able to replace water lost osmotically by drinking hypertonic sea water.


Rates, patterns, and effectiveness of evolution in multi-level situations. Evolution is a multi-level process. Both actual evidence and theoretical considerations suggest as a first generalization that evolution both at single levels and in series of increasingly complex levels decelerates with time. Additional evidence, the expected difference between rapid nonadaptive speciation in small populations and effective adaptation in large ones, and analysis of explosive evolution suggest further that effective adaptive evolution occurs primarily in large populations, and that segments of such evolution tend to begin slowly; accelerate, sometimes explosively; and then decelerate. The segments are irregular, and do not occur at regular intervals. However, the explosive evolution of a general adaptation pre-adapts to and is often followed by an explosive radiation of derivative lineages. This description seems to fit the origin and initial radiation of mammals, and the evolutionary history of man and man's cultures.


An experimental analysis of competitive indeterminacy in Tribolium. This report reexamines experimentally the problem of competitive indeterminacy in mixed-species populations of the flour beetles, Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum. Indeterminacy takes the form of alternative competitive outcomes: in some replicate cultures one species exterminates the other with a probability, say p, whereas in others, the opposing species wins with a complementary probability, 1-p. The conventional explanation for this is the genetic founder effect hypothesis--an explanation based on genetic stochasticity. The experiment reported here partitioned indeterminacy into founder effect and nonfounder effect components. The results implicate demographic stochasticity, not classical genetic founder effect, as a factor influencing the identity of the winning species.


Pharmacologic characterization of the Na+ ionophores in L6 myotubes. We present a pharmacologic characterization of the Na+ ionophores present in L6 myotubes in vitro. Action potentials are abolished by replacement of the external Na+ by Tris. The amplitude of the action potential is generally resistant to high concentrations of tetrodotoxin (10(-5) M) and saxitoxin (10(-6 M), but the effect of these agents is highly variable. Veratridine (10(-4 M) consistently induces, as a short-term effect, a marked prolongation of the falling phase of the action potential. As a long-term effect, veratridine consistently induces a Na+-dependent reduction in the resting potential of the cell. The effects of veratridine on the action potential are not antagonized by tetrodotoxin or saxitoxin. However, the effects of veratridine on the resting potential are strongly antagonized by tetrodotoxin (10(-5) M) and fully inhibited by saxitoxin (10(-6) M). Significantly, under conditions where saxitoxin has fully inhibited the effects of veratridine on the resting potential, the myotubes are capable of generating overshooting action potentials. In contrast to their sensitivity to veratridine, L6 myotubes are insensitive to 10(-5) M alpha-dihydro-grayanotoxin-II. These results are discussed in the contexts of developmental significance and current views about Na+ ionophores.


Simple synthesis of a 4a-hydroperoxy adduct of a 1,5-dihydroflavine: preliminary studies of a model for bacterial luciferase. The solution chemistry of N(5)-alkyl flavinium cations and radical species formed by their le- reduction are discussed. Previously unknown, the 4a-flavine hydroperoxides are established to be formed on reaction of N(5)-alkyl flavinium cations with H2O2 or on reaction of N(5)-alkyl-1, 5-dihydroflavines with 3O2. The stability of the 4a-flavine hydroperoxide species is exemplified in the isolation and characterization of 4a-hydroperoxy-N(5)-ethyl-3-methyl-lumiflavine. 4a-Flavine hydroperoxide compounds are shown to be stronger oxidants than H2O2, and to undergo a chemiluminescent reaction in the presence of an aldehyde. Preliminary observations on the chemiluminescent reaction of 4a-flavine hydroperoxides + RCHO are provided, and these are compared to those in the literature dealing with the bioluminescence of bacterial luciferase in the presence of 3O2 and RCHO.


Modified mobile walker.

Modified mobile walker.


Editorial: Combined adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer.


Hallucinogenic indoleamines: Preferential action upon presynaptic serotonin receptors. Previously, d-lysergic acid diethylamide was found to have a more powerful inhibitory action upon serotonergic (raphe) neurons than upon neurons in areas receiving an identified serotonergic input (e. g., amygdala, ventral lateral geniculate). In the present studies, using microiontophoretic techniques, the relative potencies of 3 indoleamine hallucinogens, psilocin, DMT, and bufotenine were tested upon 5HT neurons in the raphe (presynaptic neurons) and postsynaptic neurons in the ventral lateral geniculate and amygdala of the rat. Psilocin showed the greatest preferential inhibitory effect upon raphe as compared to postsynaptic neurons. DMT was intermdeiate and bufotenine had the least differential activity. This rank ordering correlates with the relative hallucinogenic potencies of these compounds: psilocin greater than DMT greater than bufotenine. The results support the hypothesis that low doses of indoleamine halluciogens act preferentially upon presynaptic serotonin receptors to inhibit raphe neurons, thus releasing postsynaptic neurons from a tonic inhibitory serotonergic influence.


Microsurgery and the treatment of pain.

Microsurgery and the treatment of pain.


Evaluation of PAS statistics.

Evaluation of PAS statistics.


Fat embolism and the respiratory distress syndrome.


Editorial: Color additives in foods and drugs.


[Masticatory sysarcosis. Significance in maxillofacial surgery and pathology]. The masticatory muscles and the vertical ramus move in a closed aponeurotic lodge; sliding spaces containing cellulo-adipose formations, veritable sysarcoses, are situated between the muscles of mastication as well as between these muscles and their osteo-aponeurotic covering. Sysarcoses are embryological, anatomical and functional units. Bichat's ball must be considered as being the antero-inferior pole of these cellulo-adipose containing spaces. Apart from the mechanical role of these spaces, their value in pathology and in traumatological surgery must again be pointed out, because firstly they are the pathways of approach and fixation of fractures of the zygomamalar region. They are also of great value in reparatory surgery as knowledge of the vascularization of the fat in these spaces enables the making of flaps of fat in the surrounding area.


Neutrophil dysfunction and granulomatosis in the preleukemic state. A 40-year-old male had periods of fever, sore throat and anemia for 14 months before acute myeloblastic leukemia could be diagnosed from hematological findings. During the preleukemic state, impaired bactericidal capacity of the granulocytes was repeatedly demonstrated and multiple hepatosplenic and skin granulomas occurred. Results of granulocyte function studies may prove to be of significant aid in the diagnosis of the preleukemic state of acute myeloblastic leukemia.


Acute blastic transformation in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia and myelofibrosis. A retrospective study of 21 patients with acute transformation of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and myelofibrosis was undertaken. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to whether transformation had occurred in pre-existing CGL (11 patients), myelofibrosis (6 patients) or in patients who presented with acute leukaemia and significant marrow fibrosis--acute myelofibrosis (4 patients). In an attempt to investigate some recent reports that during the acute blastic crisis there is conversion to the haemopoietic stem cell, the morphology of the blast cell and the response to therapy were assessed. The blast cell morphology was reviewed in 17 of the 21 patients studied. Three patients had blast cells which morphologically resembled lymphoblasts. The mortality in these patients was similar to that in patients in whom the blast cell morphology was myeloblastic. The response to treatment in the acute phase was poor. However, some patients who received therapy with thioguanine, daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, prednisone, cyclophosphamide and vincristine (TRAMPCO) appeared to do better. in most patients, splenectomy was performed for advanced diseases. Acute blastic transformation supervened within 4 months in 3 of 4 patients with CGL who underwent splenectomy. In 3 of 5 patients with myelofibrosis, splenectomy was followed by an increase of primitive cells in the peripheral blood and rapid liver enlargement. Although they had improved symptomatically the patients died within 10 months of the splenectomy. The indications for and timing of splenectomy remain controversial.


Lysergic acid diethylamide- and mescaline-induced attenuation of the effect of punishment in the rat. At a dose as low as 1 microgram per kilogram of body weight, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly decreased the suppressive effect of electric shock on licking behavior of the rat. Attenuation of punishment was also obtained with mescaline, but neither dimethyltryptamine nor delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol was active in this test. Cyproheptadine and alpha-propyldopacetamide, drugs that interfere with the function of neurons that contain serotonin, have a behavioral effect similar to that of LSD and mescaline, which suggests that the attenuation of punishment produced by these hallucinogens may result from decreased activity of such neurons.


Surgical aspects of airway management in infants and children. The surgical management of the upper airway in infants and children varies in many important details from the principles of airway management usually applied to adults. Recent technical adaptations and innovations have improved our ability to deal with upper airway obstruction effectively. Advances in respiratory support for sick infants have saved thousands of lives and at the same time produced a new spectrum of airway problems which must be dealt with effectively. The surgeon who takes on such problems should be specially trained and dedicated to the unique requirements of infants and children.


Hypotheses on the role of chromosomal changes in leukemias. Application of the Weibull distribution function. Investigations were carried out in 38 patients with acute leukemias or with chronic myeloid leukemias in the blast phase and a correlation was made between the cytogenetic aspect and the survival time. The interpretation of results was made by the Weibull distribution function. It was mathematically demonstrated that in the leukemic patients with chromosomal aberrations there is a preclinical period of over 40 months necessary for the formation of these anomalies. Chromosomal aberrations, the absence of mitoses and age over 70 proved to be aggravating factors in the diseases investigated.


Evaluation of splenectomy in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Splenectomy was performed in 45 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia; 23 were in the chronic phase and 22 in the acute phase. Indications for operation included inability to control the disease by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, severe thrombocytopenia, frequent need for blood transfusion and extensive splenomegaly causing discomfort. Median survival time for these patients was better than survival time of other reported groups of patients who did not have a splenectomy. According to our criteria, splenectomy was beneficial to 15 patients in the chronic phase as well as to eight in the acute phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Median survival time after splenectomy was higher in patients who had splenectomy within two years of the diagnosis as compared with those who had the operation after two years. Splenectomy did not prevent the future onset of fatal blastic crisis. Although significant abnormalities in coagulation studies were seen in 37 of the patients, intraoperative hemorrhage was not a major problem. Considering the poor general condition, inadequate healing and susceptibility to infection, the postoperative mortality and complication rates were comparable with those reported in series in which splenectomy was performed for other diseases. It seems that splenectomy benefits a selected group of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia; however, a randomized series would furnish better data upon which to make decisions.


Osteosarcoma of the canine skull. (a case report).


Appendiceal cystadenoma and the acute abdomen (A case report).


Recent advances in intracranial aneurysm surgery.


Medical management of rheumatoid arthritis.


[Magic water--fluoridation for preventive dentistry].


Aspiration biopsy of salivary gland tumors. VI. Morphologic studies on smears and histologic sections from mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The cytologic findings in fine-needle aspiration biopsy of 24 primary mucoepidermoid carcinomas of salivary glands are reviewed. The morphologic details which permit recognition of this tumor in smears of the aspirate are described.


The promiscuity pill principle (P-P-P).

The promiscuity pill principle (P-P-P). An unusually high increase in the incidence of suspicious Papanicolaou smears among women 15-22 years old is reported.  Cervical tissue from these patients has shown a different form of atypia than usually encountered.  Both dyskaryosis and karyomegaly have been observed.  Follow-up study revealed that the majority of the patients were sexually promiscuous and/or using birth control pills.  However, whether these factors are causally involved in this 8-fold increase in the incidence of suspicious smears has yet to be determined.


Impedance and spontaneous electrical activity as a localizing method in percutaneous spinal surgery. Simultaneous recording of impedance and spontaneous electrical activity of the spinal cord was accomplished by use of a roving electrode. The method for this double monitoring in cats and in human surgery is described. The impedance method revealed a significant and well-delineated difference between the gray and white matter of the spinal cord which can be seen clearly on the recording. Well-localized high electrical activity was observed in the anterior horn.


Urothelial neoplasms of the upper urinary tract. A correlation between cytologic and histologic findings in 43 patients with urothelial neoplasms of the renal pelvis or ureter. The present study elucidates the possibilities to diagnose and classify urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract by means of exfoliative cytology on voided urine using a membrane filter method. In a series of 30 patients with renal pelvic tumors and 13 patients with ureteral tumors an overall agreement between cytology and histopathology was obtained in 25 cases (58%). None of the Grade 1 tumors or of the non-invasive Grade 2 tumors were regarded as positive by cytology whilst two out of five invasive Grade 2 tumors had positive cytologic reports. The series included 24 patients with poorly differentiated or anaplastic tumors, 17 of whom had positive cytology (71%). By excluding from the series 13 patients with obstructed urinary passages or radiologically non-functioning kidneys on the tumor side an agreement between cytology and pathology was reached in 83 per cent of the cases, regardless of tumor grade, and in 17 out of 18 patients with Grade 3-4 tumors (94%).


Pulmonary hamartomas: cytologic appearances of fine needle aspiration biopsy. The cytologic findings in specimens obtained from pulmonary hamartomas by fine needle aspiration biopsy are presented. The following are the main characteristics: 1. In spite of the fact that the lesions are usually hard and cartilaginous, find needle aspiration is possible and can obtain diagnostic material. 2. The material obtained usually has few cells. 3. The cells aspirated include columnar ciliated cells, lymphocytes, histiocytes as well as fragments of cartilage which are quite characteristic. 4. The differential diagnosis is discussed.


Fluoride and dental age.

Fluoride and dental age. The dental ages of 149 children born and grown up in a district with naturally occurring fluoride in the drinking water (maximum level 2.0 mg/l) were compared with those of 181 control children born and grown up in a neighbouring low-fluoride district (less than or equal to 0.1 mg/l). The children were 9--12 years old. In neither group did the dental ages prove to differ from normality. It is concluded that concentrations below the highest recommended level fluoride occurring naturally in the drinking water do not seem to have any long-term effect on the individual physiologic maturation, as judged from the dental age of the growing child.


Influence of stone mixing agents, impression materials and lubricants on surface hardness and dimension of a dental stone die material. The influence of different stone mixing agents, impression materials and lubrication methods on the surface hardness of a stone die material has been evaluated. For one impression material the dimensional effect of the mixing agents and lubrication on the dies was also studied. The stone die material was mixed with water or a gypsum hardener and allowed to set on surfaces of glass, agar-agar, polyether, polysulfide and silicone impression materials. The lubrication methods for the stone were mineral oil, water soluble lubricant and mineral oil followed by water soluble lubricant. The surface hardness was measured according to the Brinell test. The Brinell test was chosen after a comparative study of the Brinell, Vickers and Knoop hardness test methods. The results showed that gypsum hardener was preferable to distilled water. The impression materials appear to have influence on the surface hardness of stone. The effect differed on water mixed and hardener mixed stone which emphasizes the importance of the mixing agent. All lubrication decreased the surface hardness of stone. With hardener mixed stone the combination of mineral oil followed by water soluble lubricant seemed preferable. Neither the gypsum hardener nor the lubrication influenced the dimension of the stone die material.


Effect on plaque of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum. A clinical and biochemical study. The effects on plaque induced by single or repeated use of xylitol- and sucrose-containing chewing-gums were studied on twenty subjects refraining from tooth-brushing for three days. Mechanical removal of plaque by chewing during a single period was shown to yield no significant differences between gravimetric values obtained before and after chewing. Daily use of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum reduced by 47% the weight of plaque formed in comparison to a sucrose-containing product, and by 20--41% in comparison to conditions when no chewing-gum was used. The use of a xylitol chewing-gum induced a lower invertase-like activity in plaque extra cellular phase. Results at variance with the gravimetric data were obtained by using a stained plaque scoring system; the eventual inadequacy of such plaque scoring systems was discussed.


Effect on plaque of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum. A pilot study. The effects on plaque induced by the use of xylitol- and sucrose-containing chewing-gums were studied on ten test-persons with neglected oral hygiene during two three-day periods. The chewing of three, as well as of ten pieces per day of a xylitol chewing-gum resulted in a significantly reduction in the amount of plaque and in the decrease of activity of invertase-like enzymes in plaque extracellular phase, when compared to corresponding conditions where a sucrose-containing chewing-gum was used.