Etiology of breast cancer. I. Genetic aspects. The subject of breast cancer is reviewed with particular emphasis on the genetic aspect of its etiology. A number of studies using various approaches gave the same results: the familial form occurs earlier and there is a higher risk in female members of the breast-cancer families. An association between breast cancer and cancer of certain other sites among women is reported. Cytogenetic studies of "cancer families" revealed increased frequency of aneuploidy in some members. However, the role of chromosome abnormalities in carcinogenesis is still not clear.


Vaginal atresia corrected by use of small and large bowel.


The use of the small and large bowel in obstetrics and gynecology.


The technique of vaginal hysterectomy.

The technique of vaginal hysterectomy.


The effect of irradiation on the gastrointestinal tract.


Total abdominal hysterectomy.

Total abdominal hysterectomy.


Tibial fractures treated according to the AO method.


Hysterectomy complications.

Hysterectomy complications.


The groin flap in hand injuries.

The groin flap in hand injuries.


Hand burns caused by electric fires.

Hand burns caused by electric fires.


Auger injuries.

Auger injuries.


Podiatric services for the aged.

Podiatric services for the aged.


Spina bifida with protrusion of spinal cord tissue in a dog.


Studies on characterization of the lymphoid target cell for activity of a thymus humoral factor. The immune response to SRBC was measured in the spleens of adult thymectomized, total body irradiated mice injected with various combinations of thymus and bone marrow cells together with thymic humoral factor (THF). It was found that the number of plaque-forming cells was significantly increased when THF was given in vivo immediately after thymus cell administration or when thymus cells were incubated in THF before injection. On the other hand, bone marrow cells equally treated did not manifest any T cell activity, since THF-treated bone marrow cells were not able to substitute thymus cells in the system used. The results accumulated in the present experiments indicate, therefore, that the target cells for THF activity are thymus cells which acquire a higher T helper cell capacity after THF treatment.


In vitro studies on strain-dependent production of thymus-specific autoantibodies. In vitro cultures of spleen cells (S) from normal 8-10-wk-old DBA/2J mice were shown to develop a small number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) that released antibodies lytic to syngenic and autologous thymus cells as well as to syngenic lymphoma L5178Y cells used as the target in the PFC assay. A marked increase in the number of PFC detectable on L5178Y target cells was demonstrated on day 4 in the cultures of S cells to which syngenic or autologous thymus cells had been added (S+T) at time 0, whereas the PFC detectable on thymus cells in such cultures remained at a level similar to that in S cultures. This suggested that two populations of PFC participated in the observed phenomena. No PFC developed in the culture of thymus cells (T). The addition of the cell-free supernatants of 24-h cultures of T or of L5178Y cells to syngenic S cultures also caused a specific increase in the number of the PFC detectable on L5178Y, which suggested that certain immunogenic factors released from the T cells stimulated the response observed in the S+T cultures. Antibodies of IgM nature were detected in the supernatants of S+T cultures by means of cytolysis in agar of L5178Y cells. Although such antibodies did not cause lysis of thymus cells, they could be completely removed by absorption with normal adult or fetal thymus cells of syngenic origin. Still, the absorbing capacity of L5178Y was much higher than that of thymus cells. The absorption was more efficient at 4 degrees C than at 22 degrees C, and hardly any absorption occurred at 37 degrees C. The tissue distribution of the antigen under study seemed to be restricted to thymus cells since no other murine tissue cells tested removed the antibodies. The thymic antigen under study was not restricted to strain DBA/2J and could be demonstrated on thymus cells of all other strains tested. On the other hand, the ability of spleen cells to respond in vitro to this antigen has thus far been observed only in DBA/2J mice. Spleen cells of strains C57BL/6J and NZB/BINJ as well as (DBA/2 x NZB)F(1) failed to show any significant increase in the PFC response detectable on the L5178Y target when syngenic thymus cells or DBA/2J thymus cells were added. An intravenous injection of syngenic thymus cells to DBA/2J mice also caused the appearance in their spleens of PFC detectable on the L5178Y target. The described in vitro system may provide a good means of studying the cellular basis of generation of self-tolerance and of its breakdown.


Effect of recent antigen priming on adoptive immune responses. I. Specific unresponsiveness of cells from lymphoid organs of mice primed with heterologous erythrocytes. When spleen, mesenteric lymph node, or Peyer's patch cells from mice primed 24 h before with either sheep erythrocytes (SRC) or horse erythrocytes (HRC) were transferred together with both SRC and HRC to irradiated mice, antibody responses measured 7 days later were very low to the priming antigen but high to the other antigen. This was demonstrated either by measuring numbers of antibody-forming cells in spleen or levels of hemagglutinins in serum. Specific unresponsiveness of the transferred cells was evident in both the 19S and 7S responses. It was observed only when strict experimental conditions were followed: (a) the cell donors had to be primed with not less than 10(9) erythrocytes given intravenously; (b) the cells had to be transferred between 1 and 2 days after antigen priming; (c) antibody responses in the recipients were measured within 7 days of cell transfer, i.e., partial recovery was evident by 11 days; (d) the transferred cells had to be challenged in the recipients within 1 day after cell transfer: when challenge was delayed for 5 days or longer, responsiveness returned. The failure of cells from recently primed donors to respond to the priming antigen on adoptive transfer could be overcome by supplementing with normal spleen cells, but not with thymus alone or bone marrow alone. This implied that unresponsiveness occurred at the levels of both T and B lymphocytes, and was not due to a suppressive influence exerted by T cells. Further work is in progress to determine the mechanism of this transient state of specific unresponsiveness.


Electron microscopic studies on streptococci. II. Group A carbohydrate. The location of Group A carbohydrate in the streptococcal cell wall has been studied by several ultrastructural techniques. The findings, based largely on use of ferritin- and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibodies, are interpreted as demonstrating a discrete laminar distribution of the group-specific polysaccharide. This carbohydrate layer is located on the outermost surface of the cell wall in organisms lacking protein cell wall antigens.


Regulation of immunoglobulin synthesis by dextran. Dextran, of the variety commonly used as plasma expander, markedly altered antibody synthesis to an unrelated antigenic stimulus, SRBC, in two animal species, guinea pig and mouse. The time at which dextran was administered relative to antigen was found to be most critical for increasing or decreasing the number of IgM and IgG PFC. Furthermore, these times differed for the two species studied. Typically, when given to guinea pigs 6 h before SRBC, dextran caused a 20-fold rise in IgM-producing cells but had little effect upon IgG synthesis. However, if dextran preceded antigen by 24 h the same magnitude of increase was seen in IgG-forming cells while a decrease in IgM-producing cells occurred. In mice, a short 2 h interval between dextran and antigen favored cells synthesizing IgG and not those producing IgM. A longer 6 to 24 h lapse between dextran and antigen resulted again in an inverted pattern, i.e., an increase in IgM and a decrease in IgG-producing cells. In both species, if dextran was given 48 h before antigen, synthesis of IgG markedly decreased. At the cellular level dextran activated those B cells already in the vascular compartment. In stimulating the IgM response to SRBC, dextran appears either to substitute for T cells or to amplify the effects of that small number of T cells still present in bone marrow preparations. Dextran-altered mouse B cells synthesized SRBC-specific IgG in the presence of normal T cells at an earlier time than did normal B and T cells. However, dextran was unable to cause blastogenesis in vitro of guinea pig lymph node cells or mouse B, T, and spleen cells. The data suggest at least two effects that T cells exert upon B cells. One is to stimulate more B cells to produce IgM, a function accomplished by endotoxins, PWM, PPD, and the simple polysaccharide dextran. The other is to trigger shifts in synthesis of immunoglobulins M and G. Our observations are compatible with the view that a single cell is capable of synthesizing both of these immunoglobulins and that the stimulating factor for one may cause cessation of the other.


Skeletal muscle as a privileged site for orthotopic skin allografts. A semi-privileged status for rat skin allografts may be achieved by placing them on extensive open beds formed by panniculus carnosus muscle which prevents contact of the transplant with host skin. Such allografts enjoy approximately a twofold increase in their life expectancy, even if transplanted across a strong histocompatibility barrier. Experiments are described which rule out stress or a "central" weakening of response, such as enhancement, as explanations of this phenomenon. Intact skin "islands" separated from surrounding host skin on all sides by a broad border of bared panniculus were also found to serve as privileged sites. Dye injected into these islands failed to reach the regional nodes until about the 15th day after their preparation. These studies indicate that a lymphatic deficit is responsible for the observed privileged status of the allografts.


Induction of B cell tolerance in vitro to 2,4-dinitrophenyl coupled to a copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DNP-D-GL). Spleen cells from CBA or congenitally athymic ("nude") mice were pretreated with various concentrations of DNP coupled to a copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (DNP(37)-D-GL), under various conditions of time and temperature. After washing, they were then cultured for 3 days with the direct B cell immunogen, DNP coupled to Salmonella adelaide flagella (DNP-FLA). Under all circumstances tried, exposure of cells to 1 microg/ml DNP-D-GL caused a 70-100% depression in the subsequent DNP-specific PFC response, and 100 ng/ml caused a lesser but still substantial effect. At the concentrations used, DNP-D-GL did not affect irrelevant antibody responses. Though cells from nude mice responded somewhat less well to DNP-FLA than those from CBA mice, no significant difference in the reaction of the two populations to the tolerogen was noted. This demonstrates that DNP-D-GL can, as previously suspected, directly cause unresponsiveness in B lymphocytes.


Membrane antigens specific for human lymphoid cells in the dividing phase. Heteroantisera were raised in rabbits against human thymocytes or Burkitt's lymphoma EBI cells. After suitable absorption, the sera were specific for thymocytes and T lymphoblasts, or B lymphoblasts and several lymphoblastoid cell lines. The specificity of the antisera was confirmed by preparing purified populations of T or B lymphocytes on immunoabsorbent columns, followed by mitogenic stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. The antisera did not react with normal resting lymphocytes.


Immunoglobulin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase as markers of cellular origin in Burkitt lymphoma. Two independent marker systems, G-6-PD isoenzymes and cell membrane-associated IgM, were used to trace the cellular origin of Burkitt lymphoma. Application of the G-6-PD system is dependent upon the fact that, in accordance with inactivity of one X chromosome in each somatic cell, females heterozygous for the usual B gene (Gd(B)) at the X-linked G-6-PD locus and the variant allele Gd(A) (or Gd(A-)) have two types of cells. Gd(B) is active in one cell population, which consequently produces B type enzyme; in the other population Gd(A) is active, producing the variant A enzyme. Therefore, tumors with a clonal origin in a Gd(B)/Gd(A) heterozygote should exhibit only one enzyme type (B or A) whereas those with multicellular origin may show both A and B enzymes. Utilization of the immunoglobulin system is based upon the supposition that in lymphoid neoplasms with clonal origin either all or none of the tumor cells should have surface-associated IgM and kappa-reactivities. 33 of 34 relatively homogeneous (with respect to content of neoplastic cells) individual Burkitt tumors from 19 G-6-PD heterozygotes had single enzyme phenotypes. Similarly, of 95 tumors tested, 92 consisted essentially of IgM(+) or (-) cells. Two neoplasms could not be definitely classified and one tumor had two cell populations. These data suggest a clonal origin for most Burkitt tumors, but the one neoplasm with a double G-6-PD phenotype (A/B) and the one tumor that had two populations of cells with respect to surface IgM, could have originated from multiple cells. G-6-PD was determined in each of two tumors from seven heterozygotes and in all cases both tumors had the same single enzyme phenotype. Surface-associated IgM was tested in four tumors from one patient, three from another, and in two neoplasms from 11 patients. With one exception, all tumors from the same patient were concordant with respect to IgM. These findings suggest that the entire disease has a clonal origin, i.e., it emerges at one focus and then spreads to other parts of the body. Cells from 36 recurrent neoplasms were typed for G-6-PD (in heterozygotes) and/or IgM. In one previously reported patient, initial and recurrent tumors were discordant for G-6-PD. Two other patients had IgM phenotypes in recurrences that were discordant with those found in their initial tumors. Phenotypes from three of nine relapses which occurred after 5 mo were discordant for G-6-PD or IgM but no discordance was detected among 27 earlier recurrences. Thus, some "late" recurrences may be due to emergence of "new" maligant cell lines whereas most early relapses are due to reemergence of the original malignant clones. The probable unicellular origin of Burkitt lymphoma and the findings in tumor recurrences are discussed in terms of the disease's putative viral etiology.


Effects of rejection on renal metabolism in canine renal allografts.


Endotoxin and the liver. II. Effect of tolerance on carbon tetrachloride-induced injury.


Cavernous hemangioma of the oral cavity: review of the literature and report of case.


Effect of previous dietary history of calcium intake on the skeleton and calcium absorption in the rat. 1. Rats were fed either a high or a low calcium diet for 6 weeks. Thereafter all were given the low calcium diet, and the time during which differences persisted between the two groups in apparent absorption of calcium and urinary excretion of calcium has been studied. The apparent absorption of calcium is the same in the two groups after 15 days but the differences in urinary excretion of calcium persist longer.2. Faecal endogenous calcium and true absorption of calcium have been measured by an isotope dilution technique. The fall in apparent absorption of calcium seen in rats fed a high calcium diet is in part due to a fall in true absorption. Faecal endogenous calcium is also increased in these animals.3. The amount of calcium and phosphate in the bones is increased by feeding a high calcium diet and decreased by feeding a very low phosphate diet. Femur, humerus, caudal vertebrae and calvaria are equally affected by the different diets.4. There are strong inverse correlations between absorption of calcium and the percentage of calcium in the bones. This suggests that absorption of calcium may be regulated by the degree of bone mineralization.5. Rats were fed diets with different calcium phosphate ratios for 6 weeks. Thereafter all were given a low calcium diet with a calcium: phosphorous ratio of 1 and absorption and urinary excretion of calcium were studied. The effects of the different diets may be explained by their effect on calcium status and bone mineralization.


Angiography of the spinal cord. A review of contemporary techniques and applications.


Sex-role identification and humor among preschool children.


Signature size and self-estimation: a brief note.


The development of personal space schemata toward body build.


Studies in the neurophysiology of learning. 8. Oscillatory potentials resulting from cerebral self-stimulation in rats.


Dr John Caius, 1510-1573.

Dr John Caius, 1510-1573.


Heterogeneity of E. coli RNA polymerase.


Joint propagation of the  and  ' subunits of RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli.


Temperature alteration of monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid.


The treatment of abductor vocal cord paralysis by intracordal teflon injection.


Flail chest.

Flail chest.


Hematologic aspects oa alcoholism.

Hematologic aspects oa alcoholism.


Drug-induced aplastic anemia.

Drug-induced aplastic anemia.


Drug-induced megaloblastic anemias.

Drug-induced megaloblastic anemias.


Chloramphenicol-induced bone marrow suppression.


Drug-induced methemoglobinemia.

Drug-induced methemoglobinemia.


Respiratory care of patients undergoing intrathoracic operations.


Early bronchogenic carcinoma. Problems in detection, localization, and treatment.


Chronic draining sinuses of the chest wall.


Symposium on diabetic retinopathy. Summing up.


Symposium: pigmentary retinopathy summing-up.


Atypical lamellar grafts.

Atypical lamellar grafts.


Complications in corneal grafting.

Complications in corneal grafting.


The enigma of glaucoma simplex.

The enigma of glaucoma simplex.


Diabetic retinopathy: hope or despair.

Diabetic retinopathy: hope or despair.


Duration of in-patient care following cataract extraction.


Visual agnosia.

Visual agnosia.


Approach to photography in diabetic retinopathy.


Pituitary ablation in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. (A randomized trial).


Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom. List of members.


Twenty therapeutic lamellar corneal grafts for herpes simplex.


Immunity and tolerance to embryonic tail allografts in the leopard frog.


Animal room temperature affects rejection of skin grafts.


The weaker the histoincompatibility, the greater the effectiveness of specific immunoblocking antibodies.


Red cell cold agglutinins in hemodialysis and renal transplantation.


Arterial intimal thickening produced by alloantibody and xenoantibody.


Reasonable charge.

Reasonable charge.


Bilharziasis (schistosomiasis) in Nigeria.


Secondary structure and transcription of the "super-fast" reassociating DNA in rat liver.


Resistance to sulphate analogues in Salmonella typhimurium.


Comparative effects of gastrin, pentagastrin and insulin on acid and pepsin secretion in man.


The duodenal microflora and the incidence of malabsorption in non-icteric patients with extrahepatic biliary disease.


Studies on urinary infections in diabetics. 3. Significant bacteriuria in pregnant diabetics and in matched controls.


The nature and development of early number concepts.


Lipoprotein lipase activity of huuman adipose tissue in different types of hyperlipidemia.


Learning and adaptation in infancy: a comparison of models.


Superstitious behavior in children: an experimental analysis.


Participation of lymphocytes in viral infections.


Downward rotation of the globe using corneal traction sutures.


Retained Descemet's membrane after keratoplasty for old interstitial keratitis.


Cardiovascular actions of sodium nitroprusside in dogs.


The cardiorespiratory effects of Althesin and ketamine. A comparison.


The "John Snow".

The "John Snow".


An assessment of the Draeger Aseptor 5400 Formalin Disinfection Unit.


The practice of allergy and clinical immunology in the 1970's in the spirit of Dr. Bela Schick.


The effect of neurotic symptoms on preoperative sleep and medication.


Analgesic effect of orally administered pentazocine compared with pethidine in postoperative pain.


Effect of aminophylline on passage of ureteral concretions.


Enumeration and identification of Actinomycetaceae in human dental calculus using the fluorescent antibody technique.


Man and beast--some medical thoughts on veterinary research.


Award of Gilruth Prize to Victor G. Cole.


Frederick Hugh Sherston Roberts, D.Sc.

Frederick Hugh Sherston Roberts, D.Sc.


Effects of posttrial hippocampal stimulation on acquisition of operant behavior in the mouse.


Dosage-side-effect relationships of morphine and meperidine.


Hippocampus and superior colliculus: congruent EEG activity demonstrated by a simple measure.


Sir James Young Simpson (1811-1870).

Sir James Young Simpson (1811-1870).


Serial thalamic lesions and tactile discrimination in the rat.


Evaluation of opsonic and leukocyte function with a spectrophotometric test in patients with infection and with phagocytic disorders.


Ultrastructure of presumptive hematopoietic stem cells.


Hamilton S. Davis, M.D.

Hamilton S. Davis, M.D.


Hematopoietic stem cell regulation. I. Acute effects of hypoxic-hypoxia on CFU kinetics.


A note on Robert Willan's Edinburgh days.


Hematopoietic stem cell regulation. II. Chronic effects of hypoxic-hypoxia on CFU kinetics.


Effect of ventilatory patterns on arterial oxygenation after near-drowning with fresh water: a comparative study in dogs.


Hypertension, asymmetric renal parenchymal defect, sterile urine, and high E. coli antibody titre. During an 11-year period four children were seen with asymmetric renal parenchymal reduction, arterial hypertension, and sterile urine. The history and radio-logical or histological findings, or both, were consistent with "abacterial pyelonephritis" induced by bacterial infection in early childhood. All four had raised antibody titres to Escherichia coli. Three possibilities may explain the high antibody titres and insidious course of the renal damage-the presence of bacterial variants or amorphous bacterial antigen in the kidneys or the fact that because of cross-reactivity between certain E. coli O antigens and renal tissue the "E. coli antibodies" were, in fact, autoantibodies.


Diabetes in mice after Coxsackie B 4  virus infection. The intraperitoneal inoculation of CD(1) mice with Coxsackie virus B(4) resulted in the raising of blood sugar levels to diabetic values 12 days after the administration of the virus. Serum insulin remained inappropriately low. Light microscopy changes in the islets of Langerhans showed mononuclear cell infiltration of the islets and marked degranulation of the beta cells. The acinar tissue appeared to be little changed. It is concluded that Coxsackie B(4) virus may cause a diabetic state compatible with islet cell damage.


Severely malformed children.

Severely malformed children.


Kidney transplantation in Fabry's disease.


Antibiotic-sensitivity tests.

Antibiotic-sensitivity tests.


Drugs for angina pectoris.

Drugs for angina pectoris.


Psychosurgery.

Psychosurgery.


A.L. Hadley.

A.L. Hadley.


L.J. Harris.

L.J. Harris.


Physiologic evaluation of positive end expiratory pressure ventilation.


Heroin pulmonary edema.

Heroin pulmonary edema.


Clinical observations and scientific investigation.


Current considerations in the surgical management of tetralogy of Fallot.


Working with 9- to 12-year-old children.


Osler and tuberculosis.

Osler and tuberculosis.


Demonstration and function of 2-methyl-butyrate racemase in Ascaris lumbricoides.


Kinetic differences of autotransfused  3 H-cytidine labeled blood lymphocytes in leukemic and non-leukemic lymphoma patients.


Comparative microfluorometric studies of activity and size of suspension-polymerized anti-IgG antibodies at different pH levels.


Opsonic adherence of sensitized ox red cells to human lymphocytes as measured by rosette formation.


Regulation of intracellular proteolysis in Escherichia coli. Individual nitrogenous metabolites have been examined as regulating agents for the breakdown of intracellular proteins in Escherichia coli. Generally, NH(4) (+) is the most effective regulator. Its depletion progressively increases the basal proteolytic rate to maximum in most strains when the doubling time is increased to 2 h. In E. coli 9723, the rate is further increased at longer doubling times. Amino acids have individual effects on intracellular proteolysis. The basal rate in amino acid-requiring auxotrophs of E. coli 9723 is stimulated weakly by starvation for histidine, tryptophan, or tyrosine, moderately by four other amino acid depletions, and more strongly by eight others. The degree of stimulation roughly correlates with the frequency of the amino acid in the cell proteins. Amino acid analogues that incorporate extensively into protein generally slightly inhibit intracellular proteolysis, except for selenomethionine, which is slightly stimulatory. Metabolic inhibitors were studied at graded concentrations. Chloramphenicol inhibits the basal level of intracellular proteolysis when protein synthesis is slightly or moderately inhibited, and stimulates proteolysis slightly at higher levels. Graded inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis with rifampin progressively stimulates intracellular proteolysis. Uracil depletion is also stimulatory. Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis with mitomycin C or by thymine starvation slightly inhibits intracellular proteolysis. Intracellular proteolysis is postulated to be regulated primarily by active ribosomal function. At 43 to 45 C, intracellular proteolysis becomes maximally induced and unresponsive to normal regulatory control by metabolites. Most regulation is directed towards the breakdown of the more stable cell proteins. Total proteolysis in all cell proteins is no more than doubled by the most effective conditions of starvation.


Regulatory gene of phenylalanine biosynthesis (pheR) in Salmonella typhimurium. 4-Fluorophenylalanine-resistant mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were isolated in which synthesis of chorismate mutase P-prephenate dehydratase (specified by pheA) was highly elevated. Transduction analysis showed that the mutation affecting pheA activity was not linked to pheA, and conjugation and merodiploid analysis indicated that it was in the 95- to 100-min region of the Salmonella chromosome. Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that the mutation responsible for constitutivity of chorismate mutase P-prephenate dehydratase occurred in pheR, a gene specifying a cytoplasmic product that affected pheA. pheR mutants were found to carry a second mutation, tyrO. The tyrO mutation acts cis to cause increased levels of the tyrosine biosynthetic enzymes 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate synthetase (tyr) and prephenate dehydrogenase, but it has no effect on regulation of pheA.


Bi-directional chromosomal replication in Salmonella typhimurium. Transducing frequencies of phage P22 lysates prepared from Salmonella typhimurium exponential cultures in minimal and nutrient broth media were compared. The assumption is that cells grown in a minimal medium will have one replication fork per replication unit, but cells in nutrient broth will have multiple replication forks; therefore, the frequency of genetic markers near the origin of replication will be higher in the nutrient broth culture. Analysis of transduction showed a gradient of marker frequencies from the highest (the cysG-ilv region) to the lowest (purE-trpB region) in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions. This supports our previous observation that chromosome replication proceeds bidirectionally from the origin between cysG (109 min on S. typhimurium map) and ilv (122 min) to a terminus in purE-trpB region (20 to 53 min). Since this method avoids possible artifacts of other methods, the results are assumed to reflect the sequence of chromosome replication in exponentially growing cells. Evidence for the existence of multiple replication forks in nutrient broth-grown cells was supported by the following: (i) the marker frequency data fitted the assumption of multiple replication fork formation; (ii) residual deoxyribonucleic acid increase after inhibition of protein synthesis to complete a round of chromosome synthesis which was 44% in cells grown in a minimal medium and 82% in those in nutrient broth; (iii) segregation patterns of the (3)H-thymidine-labeled chromosome strands during subsequent growth in non-radioactive medium were studied by autoradiography, and the number of replication points per chromosome per cell was estimated as 5.6 for the nutrient broth culture and 2.5 for the minimal medium culture. These data support a model of symmetrical and bidirectional chromosome replication.


Ambiguity in a polypeptide-synthesizing extract from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Environmental factors known to induce ambiguity in bacterial extracts were tested in an in vitro cytoplasmic polypeptide-synthesizing system derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Increasing concentrations of magnesium, spermine, and spermidine resulted in extensive leucine-phenylalanine ambiguity in polyuridylic acid-directed polypeptide synthesis. Kinetic studies showed that spermine-mediated stimulation of leucine incorporation occurred when phenylalanine was being actively incorporated. In addition to leucine, the amino acids isoleucine and serine were incorporated in the presence of added magnesium and spermine. Ambiguity in the presence of a high Mg(2+) concentration was decreased when the pH of the reaction mixture was lowered. Ethanol and neomycin enhanced ambiguity to a small, but significant, extent. Streptomycin and temperature had no effect on ambiguity. Leucine, isoleucine, and serine were not attached to phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) when the aminoacylation reaction was performed at increasing Mg(2+) and spermine concentrations. On the other hand, increasing levels of Mg(2+) and spermine stimulated the incorporation of leucine from tRNA into polypeptide during the transfer reaction. The formal similarity between the findings in the yeast and Escherichia coli systems implies the existence of a tRNA-screening site on the yeast ribosome comparable to that suggested for bacteria. A proposal is made as to the manner in which this site may function to produce the ambiguous codon translation observed.


Description of an incompatibility mutant of Escherichia coli. A mutant Hfr strain of Escherichia coli which has an impaired incompatibility function but is normal for other F factor functions has been isolated. This Inc(-) Hfr permits the maintenance and transfer of both the integrated F factor and an F' factor. F' factors have been isolated from the integrated F factor of the Inc(-) Hfr strain. When these episomes were tested in matings with Hfr or F' strains, they did not differ in any observed way from wild-type F' factors.


Relationships among deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and specific transfer ribonucleic acids in Escherichia coli 15T -  at various growth rates. The levels of macromolecules in Escherichia coli 15T(-) growing in broth, glucose, succinate, and acetate media were determined to compare relationships among deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and protein in cells at different growth rates. DNA and protein increased in relative amounts with decreasing growth rate; relative amounts of rRNA and tRNA decreased, tRNA making up a slightly larger proportion of RNA. For several amino acid-specific tRNAs studied, acceptor capacities per unit of DNA increased with increasing growth rate. The syntheses of tRNA and rRNA are regulated by similar, yet different, mechanisms. Chromatographic examination on columns of benzoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose of isoaccepting tRNAs for arginine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, and valine did not reveal differences in the isoaccepting profiles for rapidly (broth culture) and slowly growing (acetate culture) cells. Therefore, isoacceptors for individual amino acids appear to be regulated as a group. Lower efficiencies of ribosomal function in protein synthesis can be explained, in part, by a low ratio of tRNA to the number of ribosomes available and by a decreasing concentration of tRNA with decreasing growth rate. Data on the tRNAs specific for seven amino acids indicate that the decreasing concentration of tRNA is a general event rather than a severe limitation of any one tRNA or isoaccepting tRNA.


Control of arginine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: inhibition of arginyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase activity. In this study, we have extended our earlier observations indicating in vitro inhibition of arginyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase (EC 6.1.13, arginine: soluble ribonucleic acid ligase, adenosine monophosphate) activity by the arginine biosynthetic precursors ornithine, citrulline, and argininosuccinate. Furthermore, we report evidence which suggest that this enzyme activity is inhibited by these arginine precursors in vivo and that this inhibition of activity results in a derepression of arginine biosynthesis.


Phenotypic suppression of a fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase mutation in Escherichia coli. Strain NP 315 of Escherichia coli possesses a thermolabile fructose-1, 6-diphosphate (FDP) aldolase; its growth on carbohydrate substrates is inhibited probably as a consequence of the accumulation of high intracellular levels of FDP. Studies of one class of phenotypic revertants of strain NP 315 which have regained their ability to grow on C(6) substrates at 40 C showed that in these strains the buildup of the inhibitory FDP pool is prevented by additional mutations in enzymes catalyzing the conversion of the substrate offered in the medium to FDP. For example, mutations affecting 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity (gnd(-)) may be selected in great number without any mutagenesis and enrichment simply by isolating revertants of strain NP 315 able to grow on gluconate at 40 C. Similarly, an additional mutation in phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi(-)) restores the ability of these fda(-)gnd(-) strains to grow on glucose at 40 C. Glucose metabolism of these fda(-)gnd(-)pgi(-) strains was investigated. The enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway are induced to an appreciable extent upon growth of these mutants on glucose medium; further evidence for glucose degradation via this route (which normally is induced only in the presence of gluconate) was provided by following the fate of the C1 label of radioactive glucose in l-alanine. Predominant labeling of the carboxyl-carbon of l-alanine was observed, inciating a major contribution of the Entner-Doudoroff path to pyruvate formation from glucose. Chromatographic analysis of the intermediates of glucose metabolism showed further that glucose apparently is at least partly metabolized via a bypass consisting of the accumulation of extracellular gluconic acid which arises by dephosphorylation of 6-phosphogluconolactone and possibly of 6-phosphogluconate. This extracellular gluconate is then taken up and metabolized in the normal manner via the Entner-Doudoroff enzymes.


Molecular studies of R factor compatibility groups. Molecular studies of R factors of six groups, F(II), I(1), I(2), N, B, and H, defined on the basis of compatibility, support the conclusions drawn from genetic studies. In general, R factors of a given compatibility group are similar in size. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) reassociation occurs freely between members of the same group but is minimal between heterologous groups. An exception to this was found in group H, of which one factor showed minimal homology with the remaining plasmids of the group. A further exception was found with groups I(1) and B, which, although genetically distinct, show between 18 and 28% of DNA homology. Groups I(1) and I(2) are molecularly distinct, despite the fact that they both stimulate the synthesis of I-fimbriae.


Host cell growth in the presence of the thermosensitive drug resistance factor, Rts1. We have confirmed and extended the observation of Terawaki et al. that the R factor, Rts1, alters the growth of its host at 42 C. In all media tested there was a period during which total cell numbers increased linearly, while viable counts remained constant. During this period the rate of precursor incorporation per cell particle into deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein declined steadily. These patterns were a consequence of the accumulation of increasing numbers of cells which had lost colony-forming ability. A temperature shiftdown experiment showed that the colony formers could, after a lag, go on to divide normally, whereas most of the noncolony formers could not undergo even a limited number of divisions after shiftdown. The number of normal divisions which occurred after shiftup of Rts1 cells to 42 C was medium dependent. In rich medium there were, on the average, two or three doublings; in glucose medium, one; and in glycerol medium, only a fraction of a doubling. Even in glucose medium, however, no increase in viable counts was observed during growth at 42 C if the cells were first starved for glucose for 1 h at 42 C. A temperature shiftdown from 42 C to 27 C during glucose starvation reversed the effect of starvation at 42 C alone. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the thermosensitive Rts1 component(s) responsible for the host effects is present at permissive temperature, but can undergo a reversible temperature-induced alteration which then interferes with some essential host function. The detrimental effects of this R factor on its host were also reflected in a heightened sensitivity to kanamycin and actinomycin D at 42 C. Electron microscope observations revealed changes in the appearance of the cell membrane. Membranous invaginations were noted at discrete sites in the cell.


Characterization and genetic analysis of a mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 with rounded morphology. A morphological mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 that grows as round cells at 30, 37, or 42 C in a variety of complex and synthetic media has been isolated and characterized. The gene concerned, designated rodA, has been shown to be on the chromosome between the purE and pyrC loci and to be located at about minute 15. The rodA gene has been found to be co-transducible with the lip gene at a frequency of 95%. The rodA mutant showed an increased resistance to ultraviolet irradiation and a changed sensitivity to drugs. The resistance to ultraviolet irradiation and mitomycin C appears to be co-transducible with the rodA gene.


Messenger ribonucleic acid stability in relaxed and stringent Escherichia coli starved for methionine. During starvation for each of four amino acids, relaxed and stringent strains of Escherichia coli showed exponential decay of pulse-labeled unstable messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), with RNA degraded more slowly in the relaxed strain. An additional unique difference was observed during starvation for methionine: the relaxed strain showed non-exponential decay of mRNA, with a survival curve similar to that of an aging process.


Suppression of photoreactivating enzyme production in Escherichia coli grown under anaerobic conditions. Studies with two K-12 mutants of Escherichia coli have indicated that the production of photoreactivating enzyme is suppressed under anaerobic growth conditions. Under no condition tested could the estimated number of photoreactivating enzyme molecules per cell be reduced below an average of one.


Induction of respiratory-deficient nonchromosomal "petites" of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Nonchromosomal "petites" can be produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate, an anionic surface active agent.


Very long-chain fatty acids in yeast.

Very long-chain fatty acids in yeast. Novel fatty acids ranging from 20 to 30 carbons have been found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These comprise 1 to 2% of the total fatty acid fraction.


Resistance to arsenic compounds conferred by a plasmid transmissible between strains of Escherichia coli. A plasmid, R773, which confers resistance to arsenic compounds, is transmissible between strains of Escherichia coli. It is a member of compatibility group F(1).


Unusual arsenate poisoning of the F pili of Escherichia coli. The arsenate poisoning of R17 phage eclipse in Escherichia coli cultures grown in glycerol-containing medium has been found to be mediated by a dramatic loss in cell-associated F pili. Poisoning was very rapid and was nearly complete within 3 min at 37 C. The loss of pili was reflected by a 90% reduction in the ability of these cells to attach ribonucleic acid phage and by a reduction in the pili-per-cell ratio from 1.36 to 0.04 as determined by electron microscopy. Neither the integrity of the pilus per se nor the attachment process was affected by arsenate, for cell-free pili treated with arsenate retained the ability to attach phage. The arsenate effect on F piliation could be reversed readily without any loss in cell viability. This restoration of pili occurred under conditions of inhibited protein synthesis, implying that pools of pili protein exist in cells. In contrast to this phenomenon, cells grown in glucose-containing media were mainly resistant to arsenate poisoning as determined by phage attachment and the number of pili per cell. These results implied that arsenate poisons the ability of cells to synthesize and maintain F pili under certain specific conditions. The possible mechanism of this poisoning is discussed.


Properties of metK mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. Some of the properties of three metK mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 have been examined. All three strains have lower than normal levels of SAM (S-adenosyl-l-methionine) synthetase and elevated levels of cystathionine synthetase and cystathionase. One strain (RG73) appears to have an unstable SAM synthetase, suggesting that it carries a structural gene mutation. The two strains (RG62 and RG109) which have the lowest levels of SAM synthetase when grown on minimal medium have appreciably higher levels of enzyme when grown on complete medium. Growth on defined media supplemented with leucine or methionine causes a several-fold increase in the specific activity of SAM synthetase with associated decreases in cystathionine synthetase and cystathionase, but the changes are not as large as those seen in cells grown on LB broth. The SAM pools of strains RG62 and RG109 are markedly lower than normal while that of strain RG73 is slightly below normal. The methionine pools of all three strains are elevated several-fold. The metK strains are able to synthesize cyclopropane fatty acids, but the rate of their formation is slowed. Modification and restriction of phage 21 appears to be normal, suggesting that these strains are able to methylate DNA.


Localization of a binding site for ribosomal protein S8 within the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid of Escherichia coli. A region of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid that binds Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S8 has been isolated and characterized. It corresponds to what has been designated as fragment C of the ribonucleic acid.


Induction kinetics of the L-arabinose operon of Escherichia coli. After addition of l-arabinose to growing Escherichia coli, the l-ribulokinase (EC 2.7.1.16) and l-arabinose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.4) first appear at about 0.7 and 1.4 min, respectively. These times are consistent with the distances of the genes from the ribonucleic acid polymerase initiation site in the operon. The kinetics of appearance of these enzymes as well as those of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) in the same strain are consistent with a peptide elongation rate of no less than 14 amino acids per second. A measurement of the average peptide elongation rate made by measuring the kinetics of radioactive amino acid appearance in completed polypeptides yielded a rate of about 12 amino acids per s. Convenient assays of the arabinose isomerase and ribulokinase are also given.


A physico-chemical basis for anion, cation and proton distributions between rat-liver mitochondria and the suspending medium.


The role of lipid-linked activated sugars in glycosylation reactions.


The influence of temperature-induced phase changes on the kinetics of respiratory and other membrane-associated enzyme systems.


Small ribonucleic acids of Escherichia coli. I. Characterization by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fingerprint analysis.


Conformational changes in aspartate transcarbamylase. II. Circular dichroism evidence for the involvement of metal ions in allosteric interactions.


On the meaning of effects of substrate structure on biological transport.


Small ribonucleic acids of Escherichia coli. II. Noncoordinate accumulation during stringent control.


Carbamyl phosphate binding to aspartate transcarbamylase. Partial saturation and its alteration by succinate.


Introduction of acoustic stimulation during acquisition and resistance to extinction in the normal and hippocampally damaged rat.


Effects of reinforcement omission on rats with lesions in the amygdala.


Effects of lateral hypothalamic lesions on placentophagia in virgin, primiparous, and multiparous rats.


Comparative studies on host responses to Shope fibroma virus in adult and newborn rabbits.


Geographic pathology of lymphoreticular tumors: summary of survey from the geographic pathology committee of the international union against cancer.


Lymphoreticular tumors and leukemias in Egypt.


Incidence and frequency of lymphoreticular tumors in Ibadan and the Western State of Nigeria.


Malignant lymphomas in northeastern Brazil.


Lymphoreticular tumors in Argentina.

Lymphoreticular tumors in Argentina.


Lymphoreticular tumors in São Paulo, Brazil.


Lymphoreticular tumors in Costa Rica.

Lymphoreticular tumors in Costa Rica.


Malignant lymphoreticular tumors in Israel.


Incidence and histologic classification of malignant lymphomas in Singapore.


Lymphoreticular tumors in Norway and in other European countries.


Precancerous morphologic lesions.

Precancerous morphologic lesions.


Epidemiology of influenza in Australia and Papua New Guinea.


The regeneration of minced muscles.

The regeneration of minced muscles.


Viral influenza in infants and children.


Effect of heat treatment on the digestibility and utilization of proteins.


Probability discrimination learning in hippocampectomized rats.


Anterior olfactory nucleus or lateral olfactory tract destruction in rats and changes in appetitive and aversive behavior.


Absence of the sequence G-T-psi-C-G(A)- in several eukaryotic cytoplasmic initiator transfer RNAs. The nucleotide sequence G-T-Psi-C-G(A)- has previously been found in every tRNA of known sequence that is active in protein biosynthesis. An exception to this generalization is the recently sequenced initiator tRNA from yeast cytoplasm. It is now reported that cytoplasmic initiator tRNAs from wheat germ, rabbit liver, and sheep mammary gland also lack the G-T-Psi-C-G(A)- sequence. Thus: (i) nucleoside composition analyses show the absence of T in all these tRNAs; (ii) analyses of oligonucleotide fragments produced by T1 ribonuclease show the absence not only of the T-Psi-C-G(A)- sequence, but also of U-Psi-C-G(A)- or U-U-C-G(A)- sequences in such digests. The absence of G-T-Psi-C-G(A)- in the eukaryotic cytoplasmic initator tRNAs is, therefore, not simply due to lack of enzymatic modification of U to T.


Repair of DNA containing interstrand crosslinks in Escherichia coli: sequential excision and recombination. The repair of DNA containing interstrand crosslinks induced by psoralen-plus-light in E. coli cells has been investigated. During a 30-minute incubation after psoralen-plus-light treatment, crosslinks were excised and the cellular DNA was cut into discrete pieces. The molecular weight of these pieces corresponds to about twice the single-strand distance between crosslinks, as measured by sedimentation velocity in alkaline sucrose. During further incubation, these DNA fragments were covalently joined into high molecular weight DNA. This joining did not occur in cells carrying a mutation at recA; in these strains the DNA was further degraded to smaller polynucleotides and acid-soluble material. The possibility that repair of crosslinked DNA involves strand exchanges between homologous duplexes was investigated. Cells were grown in (13)C,(15)N-containing medium for several generations, then switched to medium of normal density that also contained [(3)H]thymidine for about 0.5 generation. After the crosslinking treatment, the cells were incubated in medium of normal density in order for repair to occur. The DNA was extracted and centrifuged in alkaline CsCl density gradients, where the light and heavy strands were separated. Molecules of intermediate density that contained (3)H accumulated during repair in wild-type cells, but not in control cells or treated recA(-) cells. After molecular weight reduction of the intermediate-density DNA, the (3)H could be separated from the heavy strands, demonstrating that covalent joining between heavy and light strands of homologous duplexes accompanies repair. A mechanism involving sequential excision and genetic recombination is proposed for the repair of DNA containing interstrand crosslinks.


A nucleic acid associated with a killer strain of yeast. A crude membrane fraction was isolated from both killer M(k) and isogenic nonkiller M(o) strains of yeast labeled with [(3)H]adenine. Nucleic acids were extracted from this fraction and centrifuged to equilibrium in an ethidium bromide-Cs(2)SO(4) solution. A peak of radioactivity coincident with a single fluorescent band was present in the membrane fraction isolated from cells of the killer strain but was absent from that isolated from nonkiller cells. This material has been characterized as double-stranded RNA by treatment with various nucleases and by chromatography on a cellulose CF-11 column. Sedimentation in a sucrose gradient indicates an S value of 8-10.


Protein Hal: partial deletion of a " " immunoglobulin gene(s) and apparent reinitiation at an internal AUG codon. Protein Hal is a human gamma4 heavy-chain disease protein whose molecular weight is reduced from 55,000 to 25,000 in 6 M guanidine due to the lack of disulfide bonds between heavy chains. Studies of aminoacid sequence indicate that it contains a gap of about 240 residues, starting 10 residues from the N-terminal end and including the rest of the Fd fragment, as well as the hinge region. Normal sequence apparently resumes at a methionine residue (position 252) in the second constant domain (C(H)2) and seems normal from there to the carboxyl end of the molecule. These results imply that reinitiation of translation at an internal AUG codon occurs in protein Hal.


Aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli: electron density at 5.5 A resolution. The allosteric enzyme, aspartate transcarbamoylase (EC 2.1.3.2), has previously been shown in our x-ray diffraction studies to have D(3)-32 symmetry. There are six catalytic (C) and six regulatory (R) chains in the molecular complex (R(6)C(6)). Our three-dimensional x-ray diffraction study of this enzyme (R32, a = 131 A, c = 200 A) at 5.5 A resolution shows a spatial arrangement of the two catalytic trimers C(3) above and below an equatorial belt of three regulatory dimers R(2). The molecule is about 110 x 110 x 90 A in largest dimensions, and is shown here to contain a large central aqueous cavity about 50 x 50 x 25 A in size. Location of the single sulfhydryl of each catalytic chain, and correlation of its reactivity with enzymatic activity in the molecule, suggests that the nearby active sites are most probably accessible from the central cavity, but probably not directly from the external solution. The most obvious access to the central cavity consists of six channels, each about 15 A in diameter, near the regulatory region. A component of the regulatory mechanism may be modulation of access of substrates through these channels.


Nucleotide sequence divergence in the  -chain-structural genes of tryptophan synthetase from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aerobacter aerogenes. Two different estimates were obtained for the extent of nucleotide sequence divergence in the structural genes of the tryptophan synthetase alpha-chains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aerobacter aerogenes. One estimate was based on comparisons of the amino acid sequences of the respective alpha chains. The other was derived from measurements of the thermal stability of RNA-DNA hybrids formed with phage DNA carrying the alpha-chain structural gene of E. coli and labeled messenger RNA from the three bacterial species. Comparison of the two estimates suggests that during the course of evolution synonymous codon changes have accumulated in the alpha-chain-structural genes.


Proposed tertiary structure for the hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing factor. Semiempirical energy calculations were performed to determine the conformation of the thyrotropin-releasing factor, L-pyroglutamyl-L-histidyl-L-prolineamide. Our results strongly suggest a "hairpin turn" conformation stabilized by two specific hydrogen bonds. Experimental support for this structure was obtained from proton magnetic resonance by use of chemical shifts and coupling constants with the implied dihedral angles.


Use of DNA polymerase I primed by a synthetic oligonucleotide to determine a nucleotide sequence in phage fl DNA. A sequence of 50 residues in f1 DNA has been determined by the extension of a chemically synthesized octadeoxyribonucleotide by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, with radioactive nucleoside triphosphates and f1 DNA template. The polymerized product was synthesized either in the presence of manganese and a mixture of ribo- and deoxyribotriphosphates or in a magnesium-containing reaction with one or more of the four triphosphates absent. The sequence determination depended largely on fractionation of the polymerized products by two-dimensional "homochromatography." This approach and the techniques for the subsequent sequence analysis should be of general use for determining other sequences of DNA. Several features of this sequence suggest that it is located in an intercistronic region of f1 DNA.


Neuropsychological studies in the USSR. A review (part II).


Appraisal of the Uricult dip-slide method in the diagnosis of urinary infections.


Partial inhibition of polysomal ribosomes of Escherichia coli by streptomycin. With purified initiation-free polysomes of E. coli, whether endogenous or formed in vitro on phage R17 RNA, streptomycin causes partial inhibition of chain elongation. The degree of inhibition is constant over a broad range of streptomycin concentration and decreases markedly with increasing Mg(++) concentration. Hence, streptomycin evidently complexes readily with polysomal ribosomes, causing a partial block in chain elongation. Streptomycin has already been shown to cause a complete block of chain elongation by free ribosomes forming initiation complexes in its presence. The production of a different effect on polysomal ribosomes explains how streptomycin can exert two mutually exclusive effects in cells: phenotypic suppression at low concentrations and irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis at higher concentrations. It also becomes possible to understand why killing by streptomycin is antagonized by agents (such as chloramphenicol) that cause a stable blockade of the ribosomes in polysomes.


Pankreoflat in benign diseases of the oesophagus: a blind therapeutic trial.


Understanding the pelvic floor.

Understanding the pelvic floor.


Classification of acute and chronic liver diseases.


Hemostatic problems in liver surgery.

Hemostatic problems in liver surgery.


Ascorbic acid and the common cold.

Ascorbic acid and the common cold.


Clinical segmental pancreatic transplantation with ureter-pancreatic duct anastomosis for exocrine drainage.


Long-term functional success following freezing of canine kidneys.


Clearance of endotoxin by platelets: role in increasing the accuracy of the Limulus gelation test and in combating experimental endotoxemia.


The respiratory distress syndrome: a review.


Results of 54 cardiac transplants.

Results of 54 cardiac transplants.


The independence of pulmonary shunting and pulmonary edema.


Antipyrogenic effect in actively immunized rabbits.


On the nature of orthostatic hypotension in acute malaria.


Experimental Toxoplasma gondii infection in a nonhuman primate.


Thoughts prompted by the centennial of the American Public Health Association.


Letter to the editor: respirators.

Letter to the editor: respirators.


Physiological hemodilution: interrelationships between hemodynamics and blood volume after acute blood loss.


Folate therapy in epilepsy. A controlled study.


Etilefrine in the treatment of levodopa-induced orthostatic hypotension.


The complete amino acid sequence of a feather keratin from emu (Dromaius novae-hollandiae).


Scanning electron microscopy in pathology.


A comparison between inosine- and guanosine-containing anticodons in ribosome-free codon-anticodon binding.


Malakoplakia of the kidney. A light microscopic, fine structural and chromatographic study.


The stability of deoxycytidine photohydrates in the mononucleotide, oligodeoxynucleotides and DNA.


Excision repair of ultraviolet radiation damage in toluene treated Escherichia coli.


Chemical modifications of transfer RNA species. Transfer RNA's terminating in 2'- and 3'-O-methyladenosine.


Antibiotic tetaine, a new inhibitor of murein precursors synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12.


The influence of glucosylation on the renaturation rate of T4 phage DNA.


Studies on the ribosomal binding sites of natural messenger RNA.


Significance of milk pH in newborn babies.


R. Coyte.

R. Coyte.


Muriel Robertson.

Muriel Robertson.


A. Simpson.

A. Simpson.


J. Renwick.

J. Renwick.


E.P. Coyne.

E.P. Coyne.


Hypertension in renal transplant recipients: role of bilateral nephrectomy. Of 81 transplanted kidneys which functioned for six months or more 59 were transplanted to bilaterally nephrectomized recipients and 22 to recipients who retained their own kidneys. There was an excess of hypertension in the non-nephrectomized group (17/22) as compared to 24/59 in the nephrectomized patients, though renal function was better in the non-nephrectomized group. Hypertension became much easier to control in two of the four non-nephrectomized recipients in whom bilateral nephrectomy was performed after transplantation when renal function was good.


Treatment of chronic gastric ulcer with carbenoxolone and gefarnate: a comparative trial. In 68 patients with chronic gastric ulcer treated in an outpatient clinical trial with either carbenoxolone or gefarnate ulcer healing was consistently greater during carbenoxolone treatment, even though the dose of gefarnate was ultimately increased to four times that recommended. One-third of the patients receiving carbenoxolone gained weight rapidly and unexpectedly, and were given diuretic treatment, compared with two of the 35 patients receiving gefarnate, neither of whom developed clinical oedema.


Segment-long-spacing aggregate from pepsin-solubilized bone collagen.


Cytotoxicity against human leukaemic cells. I. Demonstration of antibody-dependent lymphocyte killing of human allogeneic myeloblasts.


Depression of cell-mediated immunity in old age and the immunopathic diseases, lupus erythematosus, chronic hepatitis and rheumatoid arthritis.


The subunit structure of the Escherichia coli K12 pyruvate-dehydrogenase complex. Dihydrolipoamide-dehydrogenase component.


A study of the template properties of chromatin for DNA polymerase I and of the effects of ionising radiation.


The effect of trimethoprim on RNA synthesis in relaxed and stringent Escherichia coli strains.


Biochemical and immunological characterization of threonyl-tRNA synthetase of two borrelidin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K12.


Purification and partial characterization of  -factor, a mating-type specific inhibitor of cell reproduction from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


Cornelius Becker Philip: an appreciation.


Granuloma formation to Capillaria hepatica eggs. I. Descriptive definition.


Emil Adler, 1900-1971. In memoriam.

Emil Adler, 1900-1971. In memoriam.


Thymus-derived lymphocyte (T-cell) depletion in Hodgkin's disease.


Active cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea-pig. Immunological and inflammatory reactions.


Studies of recombination in vegetative cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Elizabeth Goldschmidt Memorial Lecture.


A comparison of the distribution of intestinal bacteria in British and East African water sources.


A medium for counting aquatic heterotrophic bacteria in polluted and unpolluted waters.


A method for assessing the level of microbial contamination in surgical materials.


Studies on the skeletal attachment of experimental hip prostheses in the pygmy goat and the dog.


Methods of osseous reconstruction of the mandible following surgical resection.


Attachment of prostheses to the musculoskeletal system by tissue ingrowth and mechanical interlocking.


Development of the self-supporting polymer tooth implant.


The anchor oral endosteal implant.

The anchor oral endosteal implant.


Stress distribution in bone arising from loading on endosteal dental implants.


Glassy carbon: a potential dental implant material.


History and philosophy of attachment of prostheses to the musculo-skeletal system and of passage through the skin with inert materials.


Biological activity and histocompatibility of dense Al 2  O 3 -MgO ceramic implants in rats.


Use of porous ceramics to obliterate mastoid cavities.


Influence of retino-tectal innervation on cell proliferation and cell migration in the embryonic teleost tectum.


Mitogenicity of bacterial endotoxins: characterization of the mitogenic principle.


Preferential radioassay of influenza-specific 7S (IgG) over 19S (IgM) class of antibodies.


Treatment of E. coli and klebsiella bacteremia in agranulocytic animals with antiserum to a UDP-gal epimerase-deficient mutant.


Hyperacute rejection of skin allografts in the mouse by the administration of alloantibody and rabbit complement.


Use of an aqueous polymer phase system as an assay for antibodies to Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase.


Subpopulations of human lymphocytes defined by   2 -microglobulin.


Effects of bursectomy and thymectomy on ontogeny of fowl IgA, IgG, and IgM.


Quantitative determination of the number of bacteria in urine by dip-slide method.


Pedicle skin flaps in acute hand injuries.


Chronic renal failure. Dialysis or transplantation.


Comparison of the adaptation of different mandibular denture bases.


The effects of removable partial dentures on abutment tooth mobility: a clinical study.


Divided incisal guidance.

Divided incisal guidance.


Relationship of crown margin placement to gingival inflammation.


The role of the dentist in radiotherapy.


Periodontal considerations in implant dentistry.


The construction of transitional immediate dentures.


Fabrication of temporary and treatment partial dentures.


Inhibition of Candida albicans by Escherichia coli in vitro and in the germfree mouse.


Primary prevention of coronary heart disease. A socio-pediatric problem.


Genetics of resistance to 4-aminopyrazolo-(3,4-d)-pyrimidine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


Multiple copies of the insertion-DNA sequences IS1 and IS2 in the chromosome of E. coli K-12.


Sensitivity to x-radiation of strains of Escherichia coli K-12 which lack DNA polymerase II.


mRNA distal to polar nonsense and insertion mutation in the gal operon of E. coli.


Hyaline-membrane disease: therapy with constant lung-distending pressure.


Halothane anesthesia and hepatitis in a high-risk population.


Lateral intrathoracic meningocele with spontaneous rupture into the pleural cavity diagnosed with RIHSA myelography.


The evolution of vertebral angiography.

The evolution of vertebral angiography.


Tactile communication of speech: a review and an analysis.


Resuscitation of battle casualties in South Vietnam: experiences at the First Australian Field Hospital.


The present position of liver support therapy.


Complement-fixing intracellular complexes of IgG rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid plasma cells.


Kinetics of the reaction between a monoclonal IgM anti-I and rabbit red cells. II. Activity of subunits and Fab' -fragments.


Evidence for fetal antigen in human sarcoma. A common antigen (S(2)), initially thought to be uniquely associated with human sarcomas, has been found to be widely distributed in patients with other tumors as well. Absorption studies with human embryonic tissues suggest that S(2) may be a fetal antigen. The presence of antibody to S(2) in patients with tumors and in their relatives implies a propensity in these individuals for cellular dedifferentiation which may be a prerequisite for malignant transformation.


Relapses of vivax malaria after a conventional course of primaquine and chloroquine: report of 2 cases.


Platelet alterations during accelerated rejection of canine renal allografts.


Studies on craniopharyngiomas. IV. Stereotaxic treatment with radiosurgery.


The effect of platelet deaggregating substances on renal allograft rejection in sensitized dogs.


The effect of adding amantadine to optimum L-dopa dosage in Parkinson's syndrome.


Nutritive collateral circulation of the hind limb muscles in the rat.


Therapeutic principles in the treatment of urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis.


Vaginal reconstruction following pelvic exenteration: surgical and psychological considerations.


BG George R. Callender.

BG George R. Callender.


In memoriam.

In memoriam.


Amputation in pre-Columbian America.

Amputation in pre-Columbian America.


Epidermal melanocytes in eruptive xanthomas. An ultrastructural study.


The use of estrogens as postcoital contraceptive agents. Clinical effectiveness and potential mode of action. Tubal motility, oviduct flow, and ciliary activity are all influenced by estrogens.  Tubal insufflation studies suggest that estrogens cause closure of the uterotubal junction in women.  Estrogen action may reflect a release from modifications imposed by progesterone and may threaten the functional integrity of the corpus luteum under hypothalamic-hypophyseal control.  Board and Bhatnagar have shown reduced progesterone levels with administration of diethylstilbestrol.  Decrease of BBT following use of ethinyl estradiol and diethylstilbestrol support the theory of the luteolytic action of estrogen.  After nidation, estrogens have no effect.  Haspels reported on 2000 women treated with ethinyl estradiol (2-5 mg) or diethylstilbestrol (25-50 mg) administered for 5 consecutive days.  Method failure was reported with 3 mg/day ethinyl estradiol and 25-30 mg/day diethylstilbestrol.  No pregnancies were reported at 5 mg/day ethinyl estradiol and 50 mg/day diethylstilbestrol.  Kuchera reported on 1000 cases with no pregnancies following treatment with 50 mg diethylstilbestrol administered within 72 hours of unprotected coitus (for a pregnancy rate of 2.5/1000).  Other estrogens have been used successfully as postcoital contraceptive agents.  Use of conjugated equine estrogens administered orally or intravenously within 72 hours of exposure prevented pregnancy.  Dienestrol and dienestrol combined with ethynodiol acetate (progestogen) prevented pregnancy.  Depot estradiol administered to 12 patients resulted in 2 ectopic pregnancies.  Slow release of this estrogen could account for its high failure rate, although results suggest an effect on zygote transport.  It is concluded that the best protection against pregnancy will be obtained by administering estrogen as soon as possible after coitus (preferably within 24 hours, no later than 72 and continued for 5 consecutive days).


Dantrolene sodium: long-term effects in severe spasticity.


Defective lactose utilization by a mutant of Escherichia coli energy-uncoupled for lactose transport. The advantages of active transport versus facilitated diffusion.


The effect of carbon dioxide on cardiac output in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation following open-heart surgery.


A study of strong oral analgesics: the relief of postoperative pain using dextromoramide, pentazocine and bezitramide.


Effect of anaesthetic technique on blood loss in termination of pregnancy.


Treatment of "bacterial cystitis" in fully automatic machanical models simulating conditions of bacterial growth in the urinary bladder.


Evidence for compromise of tumour immunity in rats by a non-specific blocking serum factor that inactivates macrophages.


Experimental toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy in rabbits.


Persistent dyskinesia.

Persistent dyskinesia.


A psychological and physiological evaluation of the effects of intravenous diazepam.


A short note on pseudo-hallucinations.

A short note on pseudo-hallucinations.


Post-irradiation enhancement of lethality by N-ethylmaleimide in yeast cells.


Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto his stature? Psychosomatic illness in children: a modern synthesis.


A. B. Pain.

A. B. Pain.


D. A. McDonald.

D. A. McDonald.


W. D. Smith.

W. D. Smith.


Use of computer-assisted model in diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity jaundice. Of 374 patients with jaundice seen in the liver unit over a four-year period 21 were finally thought to be hypersensitive to one of seven different drugs. The clinical, laboratory, and histological features were often difficult to distinguish from those of viral hepatitis, tumour of the extrahepatic biliary tree, or primary biliary cirrhosis. A computer-assisted diagnostic model made use of minor differences, and made a correct diagnosis in all patients. Even when information about drug ingestion was left out it was still correct in 81% of patients. Sixty-four other patients gave a history of ingestion of potentially hepatotoxic drugs of whom 62 were correctly diagnosed by the computer. In the complete series of 374 patients only two were incorrectly computed to have drug jaundice when there was no history of drug ingestion.Two additional patients became jaundiced after exposure to drugs, but were found to have primary biliary cirrhosis.


Evaluation of positive end-expiratory pressure therapy in the adult respiratory distress syndrome.


A comparison of Venturi and Side-arm ventilation in anesthesia for bronchoscopy.


A modification for the Magill circuit.

A modification for the Magill circuit.


Dr. John Silas Lundy.

Dr. John Silas Lundy.


Gram-negative bacteremia of long duration. Clinical study of 29 patients.


Antitumor activity of anaerobic Corynebacterium isolated from the human bone marrow.


"Since Eve ate apples".

"Since Eve ate apples".


Immunosuppression induced with cell-free fluid of Ehrlich carcinoma ascites and its fractions.


Bacteriological survey of anaerobic Corynebacterium in human bone marrow and blood.


Increase of maximal acid and pepsin secretion.


John Henry Holliday, DDS: Georgia's most famous dentist.


The wildlife art of William Turner.

The wildlife art of William Turner.


Genetic properties of R factors associated with epidemic strains of Shigella dysenteriae type I from Central America and Salmonella typhi from Mexico.


Experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli in rabbits: the antibody response and its protective capacity.


Invasion of HeLa cells by Salmonella typhimurium: a model for study of invasiveness of Salmonella.


Excursions into epidemiology: selected studies during the past four decades at Boston City Hospital.


Autonomic responses to stimulation of paleocerebellum-effects of intercollicular section.


Antimalarials. 9.  (2-Piperidyl)-4-quinolinemethanols carrying 2-aroxy and 2-(p-chloroanilino) groups.


Pyrido (3,2-g)pteridines. 2. Synthesis and growth-inhibitory evaluation of some 10-substituted 3H, 10H-2,4-dioxopyrido(3,2-g)pteridines (9-azaisoalloxazines).


Synthesis and properties of fluorine-containing heterocyclic compounds. 8.  -(2-Pyridyl)- and  -(2-piperidyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-4-azaphenanthrenemethanols.


Synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor analogs. Series of short-chain amide LRF homologs converging to the amino terminus.


New 5-substituted 1-alkyl-2-nitroimidazoles.


Nitro analogs of pyoluteorins.

Nitro analogs of pyoluteorins.


Hydroxylamine derivatives as potential inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis.


Examination of the utility of the Topliss schemes for analog synthesis.


A new method for nitrosation of proline and related sec- -amino acids to N-nitrosamino acids with possible oncogenic activity.


Separation of tuberculin-active proteins from the infected mouse lung tissue.


Antibody formation against vibrio cholerae by mesenteric lymph node cells maintained in vitro.


Treponema pallidum immune adherence haemagglutination (TPIAHA) test by a micromethod.


Neomycin in the prevention of postcatheterization bacteriuria.


Clive Farran-Ridge, a man who missed fame by a whisker: a biographical annotation.


Obituary. Thomas Edward Wilson.

Obituary. Thomas Edward Wilson.


John Maurice Davies.

John Maurice Davies.


The Piscean origin of medical electricity.


Thomas Holley Chivers, M.D. (1809-1858) and the origin of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven".


The kidney as an endocrine organ for the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , a calcium-mobilizing hormone.


Sidney Farber, M.D.

Sidney Farber, M.D.


Fixation and numerical estimation of myelinated nerve fibres during initial myelination in the cat.


Exophthalmos due to rete mirabile abscess caused by infection with Corynebacterium pyogenes in cattle.


Geographical variations in the morphology of the small intestinal mucosa in apparently healthy individuals.


Ultrastructural changes in the heart at high altitude.


The small pulmonary arteries in rats at simulated high altitude.


The human carotid body at high altitudes.


Identity crises in a midsummer nightmare: comedy as terror in disguise.


Infantile fantasies in Shakespearean metaphor. I. The fear of being smothered.


Baptista and his daughters.

Baptista and his daughters.


The suicide of young Werther.

The suicide of young Werther.


Adler, Oedipus, and the tyranny of weakness.


The role of chromosomes in cancer biology.


The propulsive action of metoclopramide (Maxolon). A double-blind trial with a rapid jejunal biopsy technique.


In memoriam. Jean Alfred Rosset.

In memoriam. Jean Alfred Rosset.


Inner ear microsurgery, using lasers.

Inner ear microsurgery, using lasers.


Energy metabolism of vestibular sensory structures.


Recollections of R. Bárány.

Recollections of R. Bárány.


Corticosteroid efficacy in postoperative uveitis.


Human oral anaerobic diphtheroids: biochemical and serological reactivity.


Bacteriology of activated sludge, in particular the filamentous bacteria.


Envelope structure in three different L-forms of Proteus mirabilis.


Pathogenous enterobacteria in stool cultures. II. Associations most frequent.


Viability of lyophilized microorganisms after storage.


Nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria encountered in clinical specimens.


Deep-freezing of bacterial DNA for thermal denaturation and hybridization experiments.


Surface ornamentation of ascospores in Eupenicillium species.


Degradative versatility of corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum NCIB 10803 which uses amides as carbon source.


Two uses of acrylic copings in restorative dentistry.


Dental care and treatment of patients with oral cancer in Papua New Guinea.


Settling in Colles' fracture: a review of the literature.


Robert K. Lippmann memorial lecture. My teachers faced change--can we?


Pathogenous enterobacteria in stool cultures. I. A comparative study.


In memoriam, Leo Mayer.

In memoriam, Leo Mayer.


Obstetrical paralysis: a vanishing chapter in orthopaedic surgery.


Parents who abuse their children.

Parents who abuse their children.


Abnormal cholesterol uptake, storage, and synthesis in the livers of 2-acetylaminofluorene-fed rats.


Studies on the mode of action of 2,2'-anhydro-1- -D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.


A brief review of the biochemistry of herpesvirus-host cell interaction.


Oncogenesis of Marek's disease.

Oncogenesis of Marek's disease.


Herpesvirus and the Lucké tumor.

Herpesvirus and the Lucké tumor.


Obituary. Alexander Symeonidis 1909-1972.


Spina bifida survivors and their parents: a study of problems and services.


B-scope echoencephalography in the infant.


Lymphocyte-stimulating activity of scarlet fever toxin.


Enhancement of "Memory cell" pool by polyanions in mice.


Ephiphyseal-hypothalamic interaction. An in vitro study with some sheep pineal fractions.


Biodegradation of microbial lipopolysaccharides.


Jack A.L. Hahn. 1973 winner of the American Hospital Association's Distinguished Service Award.


Studies on the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. 3. Studies in vitro with a crude secretion granule fraction isolated from rat islets of Langerhans.


Physicochemical characterization of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase from Escherichia coli.


Genetic control of yeast mannan structure. Mapping the first gene concerned with mannan biosynthesis.


Genetic control of yeast mannan structure. Isolation and characterization of mannan mutants.


A comparison of yeast mannan mutants by electron microscopy.


A poly(A) polymerase from calf thymus. Characterization of the reaction product and the primer requirement.


Mitochondrial superoxide simutase. Site of synthesis and intramitochondrial localization.


Ribosome heterogenecity. The nonuniform distribution of specific ribosomal proteins among different functional classes of ribosomes.


Mandibular vestibuloplasty utilizing a skin graft.


Analysis of the binding of phenylalanine to phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase.


Turnover of polysomes in amino acid-starved Escherichia coli.


Movement of ribosomes over messenger RNA in polysomes of rel +  and rel -  Escherichia coli strains.


Properties of a mutant of Escherichia coli defective in bacteriophage lambda head formation (groE). I. Initial characterization.


Properties of a mutant of Escherichia coli defective in bacteriophage lambda head formation (groE). II. The propagation of phage lambda.


Host participation in bacteriophage lambda head assembly.


Abortive bacteriophage T4 head assembly in mutants of Escherichia coli.


The principles of design of three quarter veneer crown.


Thr region between the operator and first structural gene of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli may have a regulatory function.


The prosthetic treatment of the elderly.


Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: kinetics and mechanism of inactivation.


Relationship between the cobalamin-dependent methyltransferase activities in Escherichia coli B and an E. coli B (Met H - ) mutant.


Limited pepsin digestion of bovine plasma albumin.


Comparative specificity of microbial acid proteinases for synthetic peptides. I. Primary specificity.


Comparative specificity of microbial acid proteinases for synthetic peptides. II. Effect of secondary interaction.


Sulfate and selenate uptake and transport in wild and in two selenate-tolerant strains of Escherichia coli K-12.


Rates of glycogen synthesis and the cellular levels of ATP and FDP during exponential growth and the nitrogen-limited stationary phase of Escherichia coli W4597 (K).


Some physical and biological properties of 4-thiouridine- and dihydrouridine-deficient tRNA from chloramphenicol-treated Escherichia coli.


Immunoglobulins and antibodies in colostrum and milk of Guatemalan mayan women.


P. A. Earnshaw.

P. A. Earnshaw.


Frederick Claude Florance.

Frederick Claude Florance.


Professor John T. Ingram.

Professor John T. Ingram.


Chemical and biological aspects of certain bacterial endotoxins.


The primary structure of aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart muscle. Partial sequences determined by digestion with pepsin and trypsi trypsin. Peptides obtained by tryptic digestion of carboxymethylated and maleylated aspartate aminotransferase and of the aminoethylated enzyme were isolated and the complete amino acid sequences of most of them were determined. Digestion of the carboxymethylated protein with pepsin produced a complex mixture of peptides that allowed some overlapping of the tryptic peptides (Fig. 4); in addition, peptides were obtained that had not been found in either of the tryptic digests. From these studies about 400 amino acid residues were identified. Experimental details and confirmatory data for the results presented here are given in a supplementary paper that has been deposited as Supplementary Publication 50011 at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1972) 126, 5.


Membrane reconstitution in chl-r mutants of Escherichia coli K 12. VI. Morphological study of membrane assembly during complementation between extracts of chl-r mutants.


Kidney donor cards.

Kidney donor cards.


Epipodophyllotoxin VP 16213 in treatment of acute leukaemias, haematosarcomas, and solid tumours. Epipodophyllotoxin VP 16213 (4-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin-beta-D-ethylidene glucoside), given to 250 patients with various types of malignant disease, induced apparently complete remissions in four out of eight cases of acute monocytoid and acute myelomonocytoid leukaemia but only one complete regression and six incomplete remissions in 21 cases of reticulosarcoma. Incomplete regressions occurred in patients with Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, melanoma, and carcinoma of the breast, ovary, testis, bladder, kidney, and thyroid. Seemingly complete regressions of malignant pleural effusion occurred when the drug was given systemically. Toxic side effects interfered with treatment in 40 patients but stopped it in only nine. No signs of toxicity were seen in 114 patients and in 85 the side effects were negligible. VP 16213 represents an advance in the treatment of acute monocytoid leukaemia, which has been up till now insensitive to any drug.


Abdominal bruit after renal transplantation. Forty-seven recipients of renal allografts have been studied at varying intervals of up to five years after transplantation. Renal artery bruit occurred in eight of 16 patients observed over the first two post-transplant months and disappeared spontaneously in four of these. The disappearance of the bruit was associated with poor renal function. Renal bruits were audible in 10 patients examined more than two months after transplantation; nine of these were hypertensive and of six in whom arteriography was performed five were shown to have stenosis of the allograft artery. By contrast only eight of 37 patients without abdominal bruit were hypertensive, and arteriography in 10 normotensive patients without bruit showed no stenosis. It is concluded that while a renal artery bruit during the first two months after transplantation may be a marker of good renal blood flow at the time, its presence suggests a poor long-term prognosis since persistence of the murmur indicates that significant stenosis of the allograft artery is likely, while its disappearance is associated with poor renal function.


Serial estimation of urinary fibrin fibrinogen degradation products in kidney transplantation. The urinary excretion of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (F.D.P.) of 81 human cadaver kidney transplants has been measured serially by the techniques of tanned red cell haemagglutination inhibition immunoassay and immunonephelometry. Acute rejection episodes in functioning transplants have been associated with increased F.D.P. excretion which in 80% of cases has preceded clinical diagnosis by periods of one to seven days. Recovery from these episodes has been associated with a rapid fall of F.D.P. excretion to undetectable levels. The level of F.D.P. excretion during a rejection episode is a guide to its ultimate outcome. Irreversibly rejected kidneys excrete high levels of F.D.P. for long periods. Viable kidney transplants with prolonged oliguric phases can be distinguished, while still oliguric, from rejected kidneys by their low F.D.P. excretion. F.D.P. cannot usually be detected in the urine of well-functioning transplants. Episodes of raised F.D.P. excretion in the absence of acute clinical rejection, however, occur occasionally and may be associated with permanent impairment of renal function.


F. H. Taylor.

F. H. Taylor.


W. Marshall.

W. Marshall.


Effects of antilymphocyte serum on thymic independent immunity. 1. Lack of immunosuppressive action on the antibody response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide.


A membrane antigen of rabbit thymus cells.


Plaque-forming cells fater in vitro stimulation with theta-AKR antigen.


Frederick Lee Hisaw (1891-1972).

Frederick Lee Hisaw (1891-1972).


Conversion of progesterone by rat anterior pituitary tissue to 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one.


Superfusion of hemipituitaries with portal blood. I. LRF secretion in castrated and diestrous rats.


Partition of Salmonella typhimurium in a two-polymer acqueous phase system in relation to liability to phagocytosis. Analysis of the partition in a two-polymer phase system of Salmonella typhimurium R mutants with different susceptibility to phagocytosis distinguished between the mutants. Close to 80% of the R mutants least resistant to phagocytosis accumulated in the dextran-rich phase, whereas more phagocytosis-resistant mutants showed higher affinity for the interface and the polyethylene glycol-rich top phase. By growing the uridine diphosphate (pyro)-gal-4-epimeraseless mutant LT2-M1 in the presence of d-galactose for different periods of time, two well-defined peaks were obtained in counter-current distribution analysis with an aqueous two-polymer phase system revealing a heterogeneous population in the culture. One peak was located at a site characteristic of R bacteria, the other at the site of S bacteria. As growth proceeded, more bacteria transferred from the R-type to the S-type peak. Within each peak, a gradual increase in resistance to phagocytosis by rabbit polymorphonuclear cells occurred with increasing length of growth in d-galactose.


Surface markers on lymphocytes of patients with infectious diseases. PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS WITH VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES WERE EXAMINED FOR THE PRESENCE OF THREE SURFACE MARKERS: (i) surface immunoglobulins, (ii) receptor for C3 complement component (EAC test), and (iii) spontaneous binding of sheep red blood cells (E rosette formation). The first two markers are used to detect bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells); the E rosette formation is dependent on thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells). We demonstrated these assumptions, as defined by others, by the fractionation of lymphocytes on bead columns coated with immunoglobulin plus anti-immunoglobulin. The peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal individuals consisted of 52% T cells, 23% B cells with EAC receptor, and 21% B cells with membrane immunoglobulin. There was no significant difference in these values from those obtained in viral or bacterial diseases. Only a few cases of infectious mononucleosis had an increase in T cells. These results give us a partial picture of the T- and B-cell frequency in normal subjects and in patients with infectious diseases.


Shigella flexneri inhibition by acetic acid. The degree of Shigella flexneri inhibition by acetic acid in a chemically defined medium was dependent upon the concentration of undissociated acetic acid in the medium. Under the conditions of the experiments, the critical concentration of undissociated acetic acid that completely inhibited S. flexneri multiplication was approximately 0.0018 M. Adjustment of the medium from pH 6.0 to 7.0 after incubation, which reduced the concentration of undissociated acid 10-fold, completely reversed inhibition, and S. flexneri attained a viable population equivalent to its population in medium without acetic acid. The effects of acetic acid on cellular processes were also studied. The acid interfered with the intracellular accumulation of glucose and glutamic acid but did not interfere with the accumulation of phosphate. The glucose analogue 3-o-methyl-D-glucose, which is taken up by S. flexneri but not metabolized, was used to determine if inhibition resulted from interference with permeation or interference with intracellular accumulation through inhibition of glucose metabolism. Acetic acid did not interfere with the uptake of the glucose analogue by S. flexneri, indicating that inhibition probably involves interference with metabolism. Further evidence for this conclusion was obtained from respiration studies with cell-free extracts in the presence and absence of acetic acid. Inhibition of oxygen uptake by acetic acid in the absence of a permeability barrier suggested a metabolic block rather than interference with permeation. The inhibition of oxygen uptake by cell-free extracts occurred at both pH 6.0 and 7.0, indicating that the degree of dissociation of the acid is unimportant regarding interference with metabolism by intracellular material. The degree of dissociation is important, however, regarding uptake of acetic acid by S. flexneri. Whole cells were more permeable to the undissociated form of acetic acid than to the dissociated form. The data indicate that acetic acid, when taken up by S. flexneri, interferes with the metabolism of glucose by the cells.


An analysis of the effects of changes from the assigned treatment in a clinical trial of treatment for prostatic cancer.


C2 deficiency. Development of lupus erythematosus. The study of serum from a patient with C2 deficiency is described. The patient had an episode of pneumococcal meningitis at 5 mo of age with seizures and transient hemiparesis and apparent purpuric skin lesions. He was first admitted to the University of Minnesota Hospitals at 10 yr of age following the discovery of proteinuria accidentally by his mother. Since then he has been admitted repeatedly to this hospital with numerous clinical findings including arthralgia, recurrent abdominal pain, proteinuria, membranous nephropathy, malar butterfly rash, seizures, personality aberrations, and recurrent fever. In June 1971, the patient developed positive DNA and DNP antibodies and positive LE cells. When the C profile was studied before and after recognition of lupus, C1q, C1s, and C4 dropped. C3 levels were elevated as were C5, C6, and C7, C3 proactivator had been reduced in the patient even before he developed lupus. Also because of a traumatic renal biopsy leading to a perirenal hematoma, he required surgery and a blood transfusion. 1 h after blood transfusion, a C2 titer of 23 hemolytic units was detected. Almost immediately levels of C3, C5, C6, and C7 dropped, C8 and C9 remained elevated. The addition of C2 from normal blood permitted dramatic activation of C3. These findings support the view that the rare deficiency in production of C2 predisposes to serious susceptibility to infection, vascular and mesenchymal disease as well as to renal disease and a lupus syndrome.


Phagocytic function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in rheumatic diseases. Phagocytosis of yeast particles by peripheral blood and synovial fluid neutrophils was compared in the sera and synovial fluids from 16 osteoarthritis, 23 rheumatoid arthritis, and 12 miscellaneous arthritis patients. Phagocytosis by normal peripheral blood neutrophils was decreased equally and significantly in all synovial fluids. All synovial fluid neutrophils demonstrated decreased phagocytic capacity in all media. Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid neutrophils showed significantly less phagocytosis than miscellaneous arthritis synovial fluid neutrophils. Normal peripheral blood neutrophils which in vitro had previously ingested monosodium urate crystals or oil red O, subsequently exhibited a normal yeast phagocytic capacity. Normal peripheral blood neutrophils, which had ingested preformed immunoglobulin G-rheumatoid factor complexes exhibited significantly less yeast phagocytic capacity than control cells or cells preincubated with the individual complex components. There was a significant correlation between the log of the reciprocal of the rheumatoid factor titer in sera used to produce complexes and the phagocytic capacity exhibited by test neutrophils. Ingestion of immunoglobulin G-rheumatoid factor complexes may be important in the production of the cellular phagocytic defect which this study has demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid neutrophils.


Effect of Escherichia coli on fluid transport across canine small bowel. Mechanism and time-course with enterotoxin and whole bacterial cells. An Escherichia coli strain isolated from a patient with severe cholera-like diarrhea elaborates a partly heat-labile enterotoxin shown to cause prompt adenyl cyclase stimulation and isotonic fluid secretion by canine jejunum. Both responses disappear upon removal of the enterotoxin. The duration of action of a submaximal dose of this E. coli enterotoxin was brief, despite sustained exposure to the jejunum, suggesting inactivation of the enterotoxin by its interaction with the mucosa. Inoculation of whole bacterial cultures of this E. coli strain into canine duodenum was followed by bacterial survival and induction of net secretion after 4-7 h. The onset of fluid production was associated with increasing gut mucosal adenyl cyclase activity. Washed bacterial cells could also produce fluid secretion. In vivo multiplication of this enterotoxin-producing E. coli was demonstrated 6-12 h after intraduodenal inoculation of approximately 10(6) organisms. This was associated with fluid secretion. Intestinal fluid production occurred without microscopic pathology in the mucosa.


Bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates stored at 20 degrees C. Qualitative and quantitative data on the bacterial contamination of 1000 platelet concentrates prepared and stored at 20 degrees C are presented. Using cooked meat medium the incidence of contamination was 6.3%. However, nutrient agar platelet counts showed the concentration of bacteria to be low. The clinical significance of these results is discussed.


Identification and characterization of subpopulations of lymphocytes in human peripheral blood after fractionation on discontinuous gradients of albumin. The cellular defect in X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated on discontinuous gradients of 17-35% bovine serum albumin (BSA) into nine fractions. Three subpopulations of lymphocytes were obtained. One occupies the top third of the gradient (fractions 1-3, 17-23% BSA) and is rich in cells characterized by a high spontaneous rate of DNA synthesis and by the ability to give rise to colony-forming units. The middle portion of the gradient (fractions 4 and 5, 23-27% BSA) is rich in thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes identified by their vigorous response to mitogens and by their ability to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E). The third subpopulation at the bottom of the gradient (fractions 6-9, 27-35% BSA) is rich in bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes capable of staining with fluorescent antiimmunoglobulin antisera and of forming rosettes with EAC1423. The peripheral blood lymphocytes of five boys with proved X-linked agammaglobulinemia and two with probable X-linked agammaglobulinemia were found to be totally deficient in B lymphocytes (fractions 6-9) and lacked the subpopulation identified by immunofluorescent staining or rosette formation with EAC1423. One boy with proved X-linked agammaglobulinemia and two with probable X-linked agammaglobulinemia possessed a normal amount of circulating B lymphocytes.


Irradiated strawberries--chemical, cytogenetic, and antibacterial properties.


Speciation and amphotericin B sensitivity studies on blood isolates of Candida from burned patients. Methods of speciating Candida isolates from clinical specimens are described and the necessity of speciation is emphasized. Differences in susceptibility of C. albicans and C. tropicalis to amphotericin B were observed and the implications of this in relation to treatment with amphotericin B and the development of resistance are discussed.


A technique for bacteriological sampling of hair.


Comparison of techniques for distinguishing staphylococci and micrococci.


Socialized doctors have socialized patients.


Chills, fever and congestive heart failure in a 27 year old pregnant woman.


Percutaneous BCG immunization trial using the W.H.O. bifurcated needle.


A century of DDT.

A century of DDT.


Treatment of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia with metronidazole.


Anticoagulants in acute myocardial infarction. Results of a cooperative clinical trial.


Historical note.

Historical note.


The fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbed (FTA-ABS) test beading phenomenon in connective tissue diseases.


Change in RNA polymerase associated with the shutoff of host transcription by T4.


Two types of IgA immunocytes in man.

Two types of IgA immunocytes in man.


Diploma programs in nursing accredited by the NLN; Sept. 16, 1973-Sept. 15, 1974.


A unifying concept of carcinogenesis and its therapeutic implications.


Head and neck operations after radiation therapy.


A review of the histology of the tongue in the region of the foramen cecum.


Implantation keratinizing epidermoid cysts. A review and case history.


Demineralization of bone transplants in vivo.


Preoperative irradiation of operable adenocarcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid colon.


Modified subtraction technique for neuroradiology.


A randomized study comparing irradiation alone to irradiation plus procarbazine in inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma.


Herman A. Osgood, M.D. 1890-1972.

Herman A. Osgood, M.D. 1890-1972.


Interpretation and significance of immunofluorescence microscopy of kidney biopsies.


Caesarean section.

Caesarean section.


Evaluation of rapid tests for staphylococci characterization.


Evaluation of the four tube R-B system for identification of Serratia marcescens and Serratia liquefaciens.


An improved method of tissue processing using a new water-soluble wax.


Methods and effectiveness of distribution of microbial insecticides.


Biological factors that affect the success of microbial insecticides: development of integrated control.