Warfarin. Stereochemical aspects of its metabolism and the interaction with phenylbutazone. An examination of the metabolic fate of the R and the S isomers of warfarin revealed that the two isomers were metabolized by different routes. R warfarin was oxidized to 6-hydroxywarfarin and was reduced to the (R,S) warfarin alcohol. In contrast, S warfarin was oxidized to 7-hydroxywarfarin and was reduced to the (S,S) warfarin alcohol. S warfarin was also oxidized to 6-hydroxywarfarin. These observations suggested that interactions between warfarin and other drugs might be manifest stereo-specifically, i.e., have a different effect on the isomers of warfarin, so a series of experiments were conducted with each isomer of warfarin, before and after phenylbutazone. The plasma clearance of S warfarin was slowed from 3.1 to 1.1% per h in one subject and from 2.3 to 1.6% per h in another. In contrast, the clearance of R warfarin was increased from 1.5 to 3.0% per h and from 0.9 to 1.6% per h in two subjects after phenylbutazone. The rate of clearance of racemic warfarin was unaffected by phenylbutazone; the depression of the rate of clearance of the S isomer masked the stimulation of the clearance of the R isomer. Since S warfarin is five times more potent an anticoagulant than R warfarin, it is concluded that inhibition of the metabolism of S warfarin provides one mechanism for the augmented anticoagulation which follows phenylbutazone.


Regional myocardial blood flow in awake dogs. The objectives of this study were to test the hypothesis in awake dogs that during control conditions endocardial vessels are maximally dilated and to determine whether variables introduced by general anesthesia and thoracotomy modify distribution of myocardial blood flow or impair capacity for augmentation of flow in response to a coronary vasodilator stimulus. Myocardial blood flow was measured in relatively small, 2-3 g, left ventricular epicardial and endocardial samples by using 7-10-mum radioisotope-labeled microspheres during control conditions and during infusion of adenosine in dosages which produced maximum increases in coronary blood flow. Measurements were made initially in awake resting animals and were repeated after pentobarbital anesthesia, thoracotomy, and pericardiotomy. Blood flow (mean+/-SEM) in the epicardium and endocardium, respectively, was 0.75+/-0.06 and 0.83+/-0.06 during control conditions and 4.98+/-0.28 and 4.49+/-0.27 cm(3)/min/g during adenosine. These data demonstrate considerable capacity for vasodilation in both myocardial layers and thus refute the hypothesis that endocardial vessels are maximally dilated during control conditions. During control conditions blood flow within epicardial and endocardial layers was essentially homogeneous around the circumference of the left ventricle. In contrast to previous studies in anesthetized animals, however, transmural gradients were present in most regions, i.e., endocardium: epicardium ratio (endo/epi) 1.06-1.16. During adenosine, circumferential epicardial flows were homogeneous; however, circumferential endocardial flows were inhomogeneous and increased less than epicardial flows, endo/epi 0.81-0.99.Anesthesia, thoracotomy, and pericardiotomy increased epicardial and endocardial flow, mean values 1.08+/-0.10 and 1.11+/-0.08 cm(3)/min/g, respectively. Transmural gradients remained in only papillary muscle regions. Adenosine increased epicardial flow comparably before and after anesthesia. Although adenosine increased endocardial flow three- to fourfold after anesthesia, the increase was considerably less than epicardial flow, i.e., endo/epi 0.63-0.78.


Incomplete relaxation between beats after myocardial hypoxia and ischemia. Recovery from hypoxia has been shown to prolong cardiac muscle contraction, particularly the relaxation phase. The present studies were designed to examine whether incomplete relaxation between beats can result from this prolongation of contraction and relaxation in isolated muscle after hypoxia and in the canine heart after both hypoxia and acute ischemia. The relationship between heart rate and the extent of incomplete relaxation is emphasized in view of the known enhancement of the velocity of contraction caused by increasing heart rate. The extent of incomplete relaxation during 10-s periods of pacing at increasing rates was examined before and after hypoxia in isometric cat right ventricular papillary muscle (12-120 beats/min) and in the canine isovolumic left ventricle (120-180 beats/min). Incomplete relaxation was quantified by measuring the difference between the lowest diastolic tension or pressure during pacing and the true resting tension or pressure determined by interruption of pacing at each rate. In eight cat papillary muscles (29 degrees C), there was significantly greater incomplete relaxation 5 min after hypoxia at rates of 96 and 120 beats/min (P < 0.02 vs. before hypoxia). In seven canine isovolumic left ventricles, recovery from hypoxia and higher heart rates also resulted in incomplete relaxation. Incomplete relaxation before hypoxia at a rate of 180 beats/min was 0.8+/-0.5 cm H(2)O and at 5 min of recovery from hypoxia was 12.6+/-3.5 cm H(2)O (P < 0.01). 12 hearts were subjected to a 1.5-3-min period of acute ischemia and fibrillation. There was significant incomplete relaxation at a rate of 140 beats/min for 5 min after defibrillation and reperfusion. These data indicate that incomplete relaxation is an important determinant of diastolic hemodynamics during recovery from ischemia or hypoxia. The extent of incomplete relaxation appears to be a function of the rate of normalization of the velocity of relaxation and tension development after ischemia or hypoxia, the heart rate, and the magnitude of developed tension or pressure.


Role of sweat in accumulation of orally administered griseofulvin in skin. Griseofulvin, an orally effective antimicrobial agent, appears in the stratum corneum within 4-8 h after oral administration. Griseofulvin distribution was found to be highest in the outermost layers of the stratum corneum (level I, 20.8+/-1.5 ng/mg) and lowest inside (level II, 10.0+/-1.5; level III, 7.5+/-2.2 ng/mg). In order to study the precise mechanism of griseofulvin transfer to stratum corneum, the role of sweat in the accumulation of griseofulvin was considered. Heat-induced total body sweating decreased the mean stratum corneum concentration of griseofulvin by 55%, and 200-300 ng of griseofulvin accumulated per ml of sweat. A silicone hydrophobic resin was used to differentiate between "wash-off" and carrier properties of sweat for griseofulvin. Prevention of transepidermal water and sweat loss by (a) topical application of formaldehyde-releasing cream to one palm, (b) occlusion by a 2 x 2-cm patch on one arm, and (c) wearing a rubber glove for 24 h, showed a lower griseofulvin concentration when compared to control areas in the same subjects. The results of the gloved hand experiment show that a complete equilibrium is established at all three levels of stratum corneum, thereby removing the reversed gradient. These results support the hypothesis that a "wick effect" is responsible for the observed reversed drug gradient within the stratum corneum. The results of the experiments suggest that sweat and transepidermal fluid loss play an important role in griseofulvin transfer in stratum corneum.


Abnormal secretion of insulin and glucagon by the in vitro perfused pancreas of the genetically diabetic Chinese hamster. Hereditary insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus occurs in certain sublines of nonobese Chinese hamsters. Several characteristics of this syndrome are similar to those seen in insulin-deficient human diabetics. Therefore, to characterize pancreatic islet function, dynamic insulin and glucagon release from normal and nonketotic diabetic hamster pancreases in response to glucose (300 mg/100 ml) and theophylline (10 mM), infused singly and together, was studied in vitro.20-min glucose infusions of normal hamster pancreases caused biphasic insulin release, consisting of a rapid first peak and a gradually rising second phase, similar to that reported for man in vivo. Both phases were significantly reduced in the diabetic pancreases. Theophylline alone stimulated similar nonphasic insulin release in both the normal and the diabetic pancreases. Glucose and theophylline together caused greater insulin release than either stimulant alone in both normals and diabetics; however, the diabetic response was still subnormal. Glucose suppressed glucagon release from normal pancreases; suppression was significantly impaired in diabetics. Theophylline stimulated nonphasic glucagon release in both the normals and diabetics. Glucose partially suppressed the theophylline-stimulated release in both groups.Insulin/glucagon molar ratios of the diabetics were consistently subnormal, although individual hormone levels often overlapped into the normal range. IN SUMMARY, THE PANCREASES OF GENETICALLY DIABETIC CHINESE HAMSTERS PERFUSED IN VITRO SHOWED: (a) decreased first and second phase insulin release in response to glucose-containing stimuli-only partially ameliorated by theophylline-, and (b) impaired suppression of glucagon in response to glucose, resulting in (c) a decreased insulin/glucagon molar ratio. These data support the suggestion that both alpha and beta cells of diabetic pancreases may be insensitive to glucose.


Effects of intravenous administration of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin F2alpha on pulmonary mechanics in the guinea pig. The effects of intravenous administration of a purified preparation of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) on the mechanics of respiration were assessed in the unanesthetized guinea pig. Geometrically increasing doses of SRS-A resulted in graded decreases in average pulmonary compliance, with only modest increases in average pulmonary resistance. A dose with apparent maximal effects. 3,000 U/kg, resulted in a decrease of 49+/-7% of compliance below control values, with an increase in resistance of 24+/-8% above control. Intravenous administration of geometrically increasing amounts of histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin F(2alpha) also resulted in decreased compliance; but in each case this was accompanied by a marked increase in respiratory resistance. A decrease of compliance of approximately 50%, induced by intravenous histamine, bradykinin, or PGF(2alpha), was accompanied by an increase of 60-140% in resistance. Thus, intravenously administered SRS-A alters pulmonary mechanics with a more peripheral effect than any of the other agents tested.


Active and passive bile acid absorption in man. Perfusion studies of the ileum and jejunum. Absorption of the major human bile acids was studied in 12 healthy volunteers by steady state perfusion of the ileum in 112 experiments and of the jejunum in 48 experiments. Use of a randomized order of four perfusions on 1 day of study and use of up to 4 consecutive days of study in a subject allowed important comparisons of data from the same individuals. That there is active ileal absorption of chenodeoxycholic, glycochenodeoxycholic, and taurocholic acids in man was supported by the finding of saturation kinetics and of competition for absorption among conjugated bile acids. Values for apparent kinetic constants (apparent maximal transport velocity [(*)V(max)] and apparent Michaelis constant) in man are similar to those in other species. The ileum absorbed chenodeoxycholic acid more rapidly than its glycine conjugate, due mainly to a ninefold greater permeability for the free acid. Taurocholate had the highest (*)V(max) and was absorbed more rapidly than glycochenodeoxycholate. Passive permeability of the jejunum to bile acids was twice that of the ileum, and the permeabilities to free and glycine-conjugated chenodeoxycholate were in the same ratio as in the ileum (9: 1). Jejunal permeability to chenodeoxycholic acid was three times that to cholic acid. Variation of intraluminal pH by up to 1.4 units did not influence jejunal uptake of free bile acids. These results, which are comparable with those from animal experiments, provide a basis for estimation of intestinal reabsorption of bile acids in intact man.


Digitalis-induced increase in aortic regurgitation and the contrasting effect of glucagon in the sedated dog. The hemodynamic and phasic ascending aortic flow changes induced by acetylstrophanthidin and glucagon were studied in closed-chest sedated dogs with aortic regurgitation. While the positive inotropic effect of both agents was reflected in an increase in peak rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, acetylstrophanthidin increased aortic regurgitation, while glucagon decreased it. With the former, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose from 20+/-6 to 27+/-6 mm Hg (P < 0.005), but fell from 18+/-4 to 11+/-3 mm Hg (P < 0.001) with glucagon. Acetylstrophanthidin increased systemic vascular resistance, aortic diastolic pressure, and diastolic regurgitant flow rate, and, heart rate and the duration of regurgitation per beat and per minute being unchanged, regurgitant flow per beat increased 32+/-15% (P < 0.001). Glucagon decreased regurgitant flow per beat 27+/-14% (P < 0.001) because of abbreviation of diastole associated with tachycardia, and because of reduction in regurgitant flow rate. Despite tachycardia, the duration of regurgitation per minute was unchanged, and the small fall in regurgitant blood flow per minute was not significant, but this pertained in the face of 47% increase in effective cardiac output (P < 0.001). In contrast, acetylstrophanthidin increased regurgitant flow per minute 28+/-14% (P < 0.001) without change in effective cardiac output. The increase in cardiac contractility, tachycardia, and systemic vasodilatation induced by glucagon preferentially enhanced forward blood flow, which led to reduction in left ventricular volume overload, while it increased cardiac output. Contrarily, acetylstrophanthidin increased aortic regurgitation and, despite its inotropic effect, increased left ventricular volume overload without an increase in cardiac output.


On the adaptation in sodium excretion in chronic uremia. The effects of "proportional reduction" of sodium intake. Renal mass and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were reduced from normal to approximately 15% of normal in two groups of dogs. One group received a constant salt intake (CSI) throughout the study. The second group was subjected to "proportional reduction" of sodium intake (PRS), a dietary regimen which involved the reduction of sodium intake in exact proportion to the decrement in GFR. In the CSI group, absolute sodium excretion rate (U(Na)V) remained essentially unchanged as GFR fell, while fractional sodium excretion (FE(Na)) increased progressively from a mean control value of 0.3% to a final value of 4.4%. In the PRS group, U(Na)V decreased with each reduction in GFR and salt intake, and FE(Na) remained constant throughout. In a second study, the fraction of serum that previously has been shown to possess natriuretic activity in studies of uremic patients was obtained from a group of uremic dogs on the CSI and from another group on the PRS regimen, and the effects of the fraction was measured on sodium excretion in rats. The serum fractions from the dogs on the CSI regimen produced a significant increase in both U(Na)V and FE(Na) in the assay rats. The same serum fraction from the dogs on the PRS regimen failed to produce a significant increase in either U(Na)V or FE(Na). The data are consistent with the view that (a) The increase in FE(Na) in chronically uremic dogs is dictated by the requirements for external sodium balance and may be prevented by prospective manipulation of salt intake: (b) a natriuretic factor, previously shown to exist in the serum of patients with chronic uremia, is also demonstrable in the serum of uremic dogs; and (c) with the present bioassay system, the factor is not detectable in the serum fraction of uremic dogs in which the requirements for an increased natriuresis per nephron have been obviated.


Interference with feedback control of glomerular filtration rate by furosemide, triflocin, and cyanide. Microperfusion experiments have shown that increases in flow rate of tubule fluid through the loop of Henle are followed by reductions in single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) and stop-flow pressure (SFP) measured in the proximal tubule of the same nephron. Because changes in luminal sodium concentration are not consistently related to changes in SNGFR and SFP, we explored the possibility that a transport step at a flow-dependent distal-sensing site might be involved in feedback control of SNGFR. Because the macula densa cells of the distal tubule are adjacent to the glomerular vessels of the same nephrons, they could be the distal-sensing mechanism. We perfused superficial loops of Henle from late proximal to early distal segments in three groups of rats while measuring SFP in the proximal tubule of the same nephron, SNGFR in the proximal tubule of the same nephron, or flow rates of fluid, Na, K, and Cl emerging from the perfused loops. Perfusion solutions used were 0.15 NaCl, Ringer or Ringer with one of several inhibitors of electrolyte transport. Perfusion rates were 10 or 40 nl/min (also, zero during measurements of SFP and SNGFR). With Ringer alone the loop-flow rate increased from 10 to 40 nl/min, caused a decrease in SFP from 37.6 to 32.1 mm Hg, and a decrease in SNGFR from 29.9 to 18.7 nl/min. Concentrations of Na, K, and Cl in early distal fluid and absorption of Na and Cl along the loop segment were also increased when loop perfusion rate was increased. Decreasing the perfusion rate to zero had little effect on SFP or SNGFR. The SFP response to increased flow rate did not occur when the perfusion solution contained furosemide (10(-4) M). No reduction of the SFP response was seen with other diuretics tested (amiloride, acetazolamide, ethacrynic acid, mercaptomerin) or with 0.15 M NaCl alone. The SNGFR response to increased perfusion rate was reduced by furosemide, triflocin, and cyanide but not by amiloride. Na and Cl absorption by the perfused segment were inhibited by furosemide, triflocin, cyanide, and amiloride. Amiloride and acetazolamide, probably do not act in the ascending limb. Ethacrynic acid and mercaptomerin are known to be ineffective in rat nephrons. Thus, agents that could have inhibited NaCl absorption by macula densa cells interfered with the feedback mechanism.


The preparation and characterization of pure rat liver glucokinase.


Purification and characterization of two major toxic proteins from seeds of Abrus precatorius.


Wheat germ agglutinin. Molecular characteristics and specificity for sugar binding.


Ligand-dependent conformational changes in the isolated subunits and intact tetramers of human adult and fetal hemoglobins.


Mechanism of action of rabbit muscle phosphoglucomutase. Rate of enzyme phosphate turnover studied with a rapid mixing technique.


Adenosine triphosphate-dependent inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport in fat cells. Possible role of membrane phosphorylation.


Characterization of the high molecular weight form of epidermal growth factor.


Heterogenous tryptophan environments in the cyclic peptides tyrocidines B and C. Phosphorescence studies.


A locus determining beta-galactosidase activity in the mouse.


Uncoupling of catecholamine activation of pigeon erythrocyte membrane adenylate cyclase by filipin.


Ascorbic acid, folic acid inter-relationships in geriatric subjects.


Scoliosis--one year's experience.

Scoliosis--one year's experience.


Quantitative structure-activity relationships in anticancer agents. Activity of selected nitrosoureas against a solid tumor, the Lewis lung carcinoma.


Single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid-specific nuclease from vaccinia virus. Purification and characterization.


Antifilarial agents. Diazabicyclooctanes and diazabicycloheptanes as bridged analogs of diethylcarbamazine.


2,4,5-Trimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylic acid esters of various alkaloids.


A new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent. 3. Analogs of 2-substituted 5-benzothiazoleacetic acids and their derivatives.


Quinuclidine chemistry. 2. Synthesis and antiinflammatory properties of 2-substituted benzhydryl-3-quinuclidinols.


Substituent effects upon the base hydrolysis of penicillins and cephalosporins. Competitive intramolecular nucleophilic amino attack in cephalosporins.


Bronchodilators giving reduced cardiovascular effects. Relative biological activities of the four isomers of 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-isopropylaminobutanol.


Effect of 6-alpha substitution in penicillins and 7-beta substitution in cephalosporins upon beta-lactam reactivity.


Substructural analysis. A novel approach to the problem of drug design.


Preparation and antitumor activity of 4'-thio analogs of 2,2'-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.


Hydroxyproline analogs of bradykinin.

Hydroxyproline analogs of bradykinin.


Analogs of the abortifacient aminoglutethimide. The abortifacient properties of analogs of aminoglutethimide were tested in rats.  Aminoglutethimide is nonsteroidal and nonestrogenic, and induces abortion in pregnant rats by interfering with the conversion of cholesterol to delta5-pregnenolone.  However, the spread between efficacy (100 mg/kg) and toxicity (200 mg/kg) is not large, thus limiting its potential use in humans.  A series of derivatives, Schiff b ases and an unsaturated ring system were prepared.  None of the prepared analogs demonstrated the abortifacient activity of aminoglutethimide.  It is concluded that the abortifacient activity of aminoglutethimide is highly specific, and that all changes made caused the activity to be lost.  The experimental procedures involved in preparing the analogs are described.


Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of a series of 2-aroyl-1,1a,2,6b-tetrahydrocycloprop(b)indole-1-carboxylic acids.


An efficient and selective method for the synthesis of 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-nitroimidazole (flunidazole).


Synthesis and biological properties of 5-aryl-4H-1,2,4-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxides.


Potential bioreductive alkylating agents. 3. Synthesis and antineoplastic activity of acetoxymethyl and corresponding ethyl carbamate derivatives of benzoquinones.


Heterocyclic steroids. 5. Sulfur, selenium, and tellurium 5alpha-androstane derivatives and their 7alpha-methylated congeners.


Rigid amino acids related to alpha-methyldopa.


Response of lambs to oral or abomasal supplementation of methionine hydroxy analog or methionine.


Effect of dietary sulfur on taurine excretion by the rat.


Influence of sex hormones on vitamin K deficiency and epoxidation of vitamin K in the rat.


In vivo intestinal absorption of hexose in growth-retarded suckling rat pups.


Citrulline levels and urea cycle enzymes in uremic rats.


Studies on the potassium requirement of the laying hen.


Effect of protein intake on calcium balance of young men given 500 mg calcium daily.


Effect of early sucrose feeding on the metabolic patterns of mature rats.


A comparison of the effects of dietary protein and lipid deprivation on lipid composition of liver membranes in rats.


Vitamin A deficiency and the glycoproteins of rat corneal epithelium.


Serum lipids of young Show Racer and White Carneau pigeons fed a semipurified diet with or without cholesterol.


Availability of zinc from pea seeds to rats.


Studies on mRNA of the livers of rats force-fed a threonine-devoid or complete diet.


Effect of dietary fats and fatty acids on the liver lipid accumulation induced by feeding a protein-repletion diet containing fructose to protein-depleted rats.


Urinary and biliary excretion of 14C-gossypol in swine.


Effect of dietary selenium on glutathione peroxidase in the chick.


Effect of dietary methionine level on its metabolism in rats.


Difficulties in assessing the nutritional quality of rice protein.


Significance of dietary carnitine for growth and carnitine turnover in rats.


Letter: Treatment of Saudi Arabian cutaneous leishmaniasis.


Experience with doxycycline (Vibramycin) in the treatment of chancroid.


Streptozyme test.

Streptozyme test.


Sliver sulfadiazine.

Sliver sulfadiazine.


Dangers of innovar.

Dangers of innovar.


Editorial: Preventing physician suicides.


Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.


Flood revisited. Lessons 'unlearned' from Hurricane Agnes.


The joy of creativity through an artist's brush.


Legal protection: facts you should know.


Responsibility for inpatient care--the physician's or the hospital's?


Post-exposure rabies prophylaxis with emphasis on 1972 recommendations of the PHS Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.


Prenatal diagnosis in the prevention of genetic disease.


Editorial: The busy doctor stereotype.

Editorial: The busy doctor stereotype.


Editorial: Infanticide: who makes the decision?


Two sorts of action.

Two sorts of action.


Reye's syndrome: clinical delineation and evaluation.


Short-term cyclophosphamide in corticosteroid treated childhood nephrosis.


A study on the long-term effect of the intrauterine contraceptive device. To investigate the role of the IUD in causing neoplastic cervical or uterine change, a long-term study was carried out on 155 women at the Family Planning Clinic in the Institute of Care of Mothers and Infants (Hemayat Matharan and Koodakan  Hospital) in Tehran, Iran.  The patients' age ranged from 19-30 and most had borne 4 to 7 children.  All were given a complete gynecological examination, and each had a normal vaginal smear before placing the IUD.  The vaginal smears were repeated at intervals of 3 months, 6 months, 1 years, and every other year up to 6 years.  34 patients developed complications.  11 patients were dropped from the study because of continuous bleeding.  8 patients developed inflammatory pelvic disease and were eliminated from the study.  6 patients developed pain in the uterine region which did not respond to the regular treatment and had to discontinue use of the IUD; 4 patients expelled their IUDs in spite of multiple replacements; 5 patients suffered from discharge; 19  other patients were also dropped because of failure to attend appointments for follow-up studies and because they could not be located.  4 patients developed cervical mass lesions which were diagnosed as benign polyps.  No evidence of neoplastic changes was noted in 102 patients using IUDs for a period of 6 years.  The authors note that although their series and the study of Katsura et al reported in 1969 indicate that IUDs have no carcinogenic effects after 6 and 12 yrs. respectively, they are not convinced that the results would be the same if the  device were used for a longer period.


Tibial resonant frequency measurements as an index of the strength of fracture union.


Failure to thrive in Lebanon. 3. Family income, expenditure and possessions.


Diagnostic value of mannitol-induced diuresis in children.


An outbreak of Coxsackie virus type B2 among neonates in an obstetrical ward.


Leucocyte function in normal and pre-term infants.


Colonic perforation secondary to thrombo-embolus from an umbilical artery catheter.


Coagulopathy in non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis.


The IMP dehydrogenase catalysed reaction in erythrocytes of normal individuals and patients with hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency.


A pilot study of the quality of human milk in a lower socio-economic group in Karachi, Pakistan.


Clinical applications of echocardiography in infants and children. I. Investigation of infants and children without heart disease.


Pyroglutamic aciduria. Studies in an infant with chronic metabolic acidosis.


Clinical applications of echocardiography in infants and children. II. Estimation of aortic root diameter and left atrial size: a comparison between echocardiography and angiocardiography.


Ultrasound in the investigation of disease of the kidney and urinary tract in children.


Infant mortality. Causes of death during the first year of life in a five-year series.


Placental transfusion in infants of diabetic mothers elucidated by placental residual blood volume.


The influence of the method of delivery and the clamping technique on the red cell volume in infants of diabetic and non-diabetic mothers.


A follow-up study of hyperbilirubinaemia in healthy, full-term infants without iso-immunization.


Development of pulmonary function in late gestation. I. The functional residual capacity of the lung in premature children.


The "blue" meter, a photometer designed to measure light emission during phototherapy of hyperbilirubinemia.


Metabolism of lithocholic acid-24-14C in extrahepatic biliary atresia.


Urinary bile acid conjugates in extrahepatic biliary atresia.


Efferent chorda tympani activity and salivary secretion in the rat.


Motility of the urinary bladder in cats during filling at physiological rates. I. Intravesical pressure patterns studied by a new method of cystometry.


The effects of intestinal vasodilator mechanisms on the rate of 85Kr absorption in the cat.


Pressure-volume characteristics of the interstitial fluid space in the skeletal muscle of the cat.


Some chemical and biological properties of a protein fraction from nigerseed (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) soluble in hot aqueous ethanol.


Rates of transvascular fluid filtration in lungs from normal and thrombocytopenic rabbits.


Effects of substance P on the response of guinea pig vas deferens to transmural nerve stimulation.


Analysis of design and reactivity of series-coupled vascular sections in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).


Ballistic impact testing of scratched and unscratched ophthalmic lenses.


Eye-protectors: contribution to the study of prismatic power.


Accurate assessment of visual acuity in low vision patients: a mathematical approach.


Effect of working distance on intraocular pressure as measured with the NCT.


Critical oxygen requirement of the corneal epithelium as indicated by succinic dehydrogenase reactivity.


Relationship between steeply fitted contact lens base curve and corneal curvature changes.


Use of minus Fresnel press-on--tm lenses to improve eyewear appearance in moderate to high myopia.


Optometric public health. The Berryhill case: a critique and prediction.


Brain and spinal cord lesions in pigs inoculated with swine vesicular disease virus (Hong Kong strain).


Factor analysis: a statistical tool useful in epizootiologic research, with an example from a study fo diarrhea in dairy calves.


Electromyographic analysis of reflex and spastic activities of canine pectineus muscles in the presence and absence of hip dysplasia.


Immunogenic properties of a leptospiral outer envelope bacterin in hamsters and foxes.


Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on corpora lutea in guinea pigs and Mongolian gerbils.


Comparative efficacies of selenite and tetrathionate enrichment broths for the isolation of Salmonella serotypes.


Evaluation of selected commercial thyroid function tests in dogs.


Color, odor, consistency, and secretion rate of anal sac secretions from male, female, and early-androgenized female Beagles.


Salmonella in a modern broiler operation: a longitudinal study.


Heroin induced rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure: a case report.


Use of Obeliscoides cuniculi-infected rabbits to test for anthelmintic activity.


Posttransfusion viral hepatitis (PTVH): myths and facts.


Transcolonoscopic polypectomy.

Transcolonoscopic polypectomy.


My last report as your president.

My last report as your president.


A multidisciplinary approach to the study of neuromuscular disorders at the College of Medicine.


Single-column system for accelerated amino acid analysis of physiological fluids using five lithium buffers.


Effects of glucagon on cholesterol and triglyceride deposition in tissues.


A simple procedure for the separation of viable blood cells, suitable for long-term in vitro experiments.


Effect of experimental anaphylaxis on tissue lipids in rabbits.


A study of arylsulfatase activity in children born of pregnancies affected with placental sulfatase deficiency.


Respiratory mechanics in infants of low birth weight and the effects of feeding.


Erythrocyte glutathione synthesis in the neonate.


Digital arteriolar oxygen tension as a guide to oxygen therapy of the newborn.


In vitro observations on the function of the sino-atrial node in the human fetus, with a comment on the fetal heart rate throughout pregnancy.


Erythropoietin production in the neonatal rat. Sites of erythrogenin production.


Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone--relation to early neonatal hypocalcemia in infants of diabetic mothers.


Heart rate variability and cardiac response to an auditory stimulus.


The newborn of diabetic mothers. Observations on 154 cases, 1958-1972.


Position of the oxygen dissociation curve in newborns with transitory hyperbilirubinaemia.


Turnover kinetics and influence of sorbitol on the concentrations of blood glucose and lactate and on the acid-base balance in newborns.


On the transfer of energy in layers of fur.


Probing photosynthesis on a picosecond time scale. Evidence for photosystem I and photosystem II fluorescence in chloroplasts. Fluorescent emission kinetics of isolated spinach chloroplasts have been observed at room temperature with an instrument resolution time of 10 ps using a frequency doubled, mode-locked Nd:glass laser and an optical Kerr gate. At 685 nm two maxima are apparent in the time dependency of the fluorescence; the first occurs at 15 ps and the second at 90 ps after the flash. The intervening minimum occurs at about 50 ps. On the basis of theoretical models, lifetimes of the components associated with the two peaks and spectra (in escarole chloroplasts), the fluorescence associated with the first peak is interpreted as originating from Photosystem I (PSI) (risetime </=10 ps, lifetime </=10 ps) and the second peak from Photosystem II (PSII) (lifetime, 210 ps in spinach chloroplasts and 320 ps in escarole chloroplasts). The fact that there are two fluorescing components with a quantum yield ratio </=0.048 explains the previous discrepancy between the quantum yield of fluorescence measured in chloroplasts directly and that calculated from the lifetime of PSII. The 90 ps delay in the peak of PSII fluorescence is probably explained by energy transfer between accessory pigments such as carotenoids and Chl a. Energy spillover between PSI and PSII is not apparent during the time of observation. The results of this work support the view that the transfer of excitation energy to the trap complex in both photosystems occurs by means of a molecular excitation mechanism of intermediate coupling strength. Although triplet states are not of major importance in energy transfer to PSII traps, the possibility that they are involved in PSI photochemistry has not been eliminated.


X-ray small angle scattering. A new deconvolution method for evaluating electron density distributions from small angle scattering diagrams. The direct determination of the electron density distributions of multilayered specimens with a small number of unit cells from X-ray small angle scattering experiments via the Q-function method of Hosemann and Bagchi includes the deconvolution of the so-called Q(o)-function, the generalized Patterson function of one unit cell. In this paper a new and direct deconvolution method on the basis of Fourier series is presented which is suitable for one-dimensional centrosymmetrical (or antisymmetrical) density distributions. A FORTRAN-program has been written which has an execution time of ca. 20 s on an UNIVAC 1106-computer. The procedure has been successfully tested on some convolution functions generated by membrane-type electron density distributions.


A physical method for deriving the electrostatic interaction between rod-like polyions at all mutual angles. The screened Coulomb interaction between polyelectrolyte cylinders immersed in an ionic bath is examined. The electrostatic force and torque acting between a pair of unlike rods is formulated for all separations in which the electrostatic potential on some dividing surface between rods can be written as a linear superposition of isolated cylinder potentials. (The surface potential on the rods themselves may be much higher than that permitted by a superposition approximation.) The mutual energy in the case of skewed rods is found to be exponential in separation and proportional to 1/sin theta where theta is the twist angle of one rod relative to the other. Rods with similar charge repel each other with a torque acting to make the rods perpendicular while rods of opposite charge attract with the parallel arrangement preferred.


The accumulation of piperidine in the central ganglia of dormant snails.


Morphological effects of thermal acclimation on hippocampal dendrites in the fence lizard: a Golgi and EM study.


Polysomes and polysomal RNA from nerve and glial cell fractions.


Trigeminal main sensory nucleus polymodal unit responses to noxious and non-noxious stimuli.


Simultaneous and independent IPSPs in nearby neurons in cat motor cortex.


Further evidence for a dopamine receptor stimulating action of an ergot alkaloid.


Changes of fibre pathways in the goldfish optic tract following regeneration.


Contralateral 'neglect' after unilateral dorsomedial prefrontal lesions in rats.


Correlation between choline acetyltransferase activity and learning ability in different mice strains and their offspring.


Bicuculline and picrotoxin as antagonists of gamma-aminobutyrate and neuromuscular inhibition in the lobster.


Puromycin aminonucleoside increases the synthesis of ribonuclease inhibitor and other proteins in kidney.


Experimental and clinical studies of the antitumor activity of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (NSC-23909).


Acid hydrolase and glycoprotein: glycosyl transferase activities in experimental renal disease in the rat.


Letter: Should ineffective agents be used in combination chemotherapy?


Spectral changes in liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 from benzanthracene-treated normal and partially hepatectomized rats.


A relationship between nuclear DNA and RNA synthetic activities and the changes produced by N-methyl-N-nitroso urethane: a study using Amoeba proteus as a single cell model.


Effect of levamisole (NSC-177023) on in vitro human lymphocyte transformation.


A new antitumor antibiotic, carminomycin (NSC-180024).


Recurrent masses at sites of prior Krebiozen (NSC-8752) injections.


Effects of patient selection on results of phase II chemotherapy trials in gastrointestinal cancer.


Evaluation of clearance studies in lupus nephritis.


Minimal change lesion with nephrotic syndrome and focal glomerular sclerosis. (Variations of minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis with the nephrotic syndrome).


Clinical implications of fluid mechanics in parallel flow plate diayzers.


Refractory ascites in chronic dialysis patients.


Bilateral fracture of the femoral neck complicating uremic bone disease prior to chronic hemodialysis.


Proceedings: Combination chemotherapy for metastatic sarcoma.


Pharmacokinetics of adriamycin (NSC-123127) in patients with sarcomas.


Combination chemotherapy for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.


Reversible tubular dysfunction associated with chronic renal failure in an adult patient with the nephrotic syndrome.


A urodynamic study of micturition in healthy men and women.


High plasma fibrinogen levels and reduced fibrinolytic activity in dogs intoxicated with methylguanidine.


Criteria for resection of sarcoma metastatic to the lung.


Physical fitness and coronary heart disease in Copenhagen men aged 40-59. 3. (Factors related to working capacity).


Acute circular subendocardial myocardial infarction of the left ventricle of the heart. A clinico-pathological study of 12 cases.


Zieve's syndrome.

Zieve's syndrome.


Bumetanide: a new potent diuretic. The effects of a single intravenous dose in patients with congestive heart failure.


Genetic differences in the content of acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in mouse testes.


Histochemical studies on galactogen in the albumen gland of a land pulmonate, Semperula maculata in the seasonal breeding-aestivation cycle.


Histochemical studies of nonenzymatic reduction of nitro-BT by catecholamines and their precursors in extracellular model systems.


Haemostasis and blood coagulation.

Haemostasis and blood coagulation.


Succinate dehydrogenase activity in the corpus geniculatum laterale of the pig.


Reduced cell yields of mouse cell line cultures after exposure to homogenates of multiple sclerosis tissues. The total cell yields in cultures of a mouse cell line termed "PAM" were reduced markedly after exposure to multiple sclerosis (MS) homogenates. The reductions were noted as early as the second subcultivation. The effect was produced by eight of eight MS brain homogenates and three of three MS spleen homogenates; the samples were from 10 MS cases. The reduction in total cell yields (compared to medium-treated cultures) was not observed after exposure to homogenates, six brain and two spleen, from eight non-MS cases. The effect was produced by the 50-nm filtrate of a pool of MS brain homogenates. Five of the MS-inoculated cultures were maintained for 18 subcultivations, and the reduction in total cell yields persisted throughout the series. The capacity to induce the reduction in cell yields was present in cell-free lysates from five of five MS cultures at passage 18, as was the capacity to cause a decrease in the polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the peripheral blood of mice. Calculation of the dilution effect (at least 10(18)-fold) that had occurred by the end of the passage series proved that the factor(s) causing the cell change in culture and the polymorphonuclear neutrophil change in mice had replicated in PAM cells.


Cytotoxic activity of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Although Mycobacterium ulcerans elicits extensive necrosis of human skin and subcutaneous tissue, the specific cause of the necrosis has never been elucidated. In an attempt to define a toxic substance, 18 strains of M. ulcerans were inoculated into mice, and the progress of each infection was observed and compared with infections of other mycobacteria, including M. cheloni, M. marinum, and M. bovis. Culture filtrates and viable organisms of each of these mycobacteria were inoculated onto tissue culture cells. Inoculation of mouse footpads with M. ulcerans resulted in progressive infections, leading to ulceration and eventual death. Strains of M. cheloni, M. marinum, and M. bovis did not produce progressive infections in the mice. Culture filtrates of M. ulcerans produced severe cytopathogenic effects on tissue cells, but washed, viable organisms of the same strains had no cytopathogenic effect. Culture filtrates and viable organisms of M. cheloni, M. marinum, and M. bovis did not produce a cytopathogenic effect on the tissue cells. Viable organisms of selected strains of M. ulcerans and the culture filtrates of the same strains were inoculated into guinea pig skin. The culture filtrates and the viable organisms both caused focal necrosis and focal inflammation, changes that resemble those in the naturally occurring infection in man. Preliminary purification of the culture filtrate by ultrafiltration indicates that the toxic fraction has a molecular weight of approximately 100,000, and temperature studies indicate that the toxic fraction is heat labile.


Determination of antibiotic levels in human bone. I. Gentamicin levels in bone.


Immunity to influenza in ferrets. X. Intranasal immunization of ferrets with inactivated influenza A virus vaccines. The response of ferrets after intranasal inoculation of inactivated A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) influenza virus vaccines is reported. Normal ferrets given either saline vaccine in drops or freeze-dried vaccine in an aerosol intranasally did not produce detectable serum or nasal hemagglutination inhibiting antibody and were found to be completely susceptible to challenge infection with A/Hong Kong/68 virus. Intranasal saline vaccine did not produce an additive effect on the response of ferrets simultaneously given the same vaccine intramuscularly with adjuvant. Ferrets primed by previous infection with A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) influenza virus, however, responded to intranasal immunization with saline A/Hong Kong/68 virus vaccine and produced serum and nasal antibody. These animals were found to be partially resistant to challenge infection, in contrast to similar animals given saline vaccine intramuscularly which were completely resistant to challenge infection. Primed ferrets did not respond after immunization with the freeze-dried aerosol vaccine, but this may have been due to a failure of the aerosol to be inhaled satisfactorily.


Diagnosis of infections by Yersinia enterocolitica. Bacteriology and clinial manifestations observed in nine cases of infection, Hamburg 1973.


Contribution to the epidemiology and therapy of toxoplasmosis. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of toxoplasmosis.


Diarylcyclobutane analogs of diethylstilbestrol.


Synthesis, estrogenic activity, and electrophilic reactivity of an N-acetoxy-N-acetamido analog of diethylstilbestrol.


Discriminant analysis of the relationship between physical properties and the inhibition of monoamine oxidase by aminotetralins and aminoindans.


Mouse liver glyoxalase I inhibition by S-substituted glutathiones.


Action of (S)-and(R)-para-substituted amphetamine hydrochlorides and (alphaS)-and (alphaR)-p-chloronorephedrine and (alphaS)-and (alphaR)-p-chloronorpseudoephedrine hydrochlorides on the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine and the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in rat brain.


Alpha-methyldopamine derivatives. Synthesis and pharmacology.


Thyroxine analogs. 22. Thyromimetic activity of halogen-free derivatives of 3,5-dimethyl-L-thyronine.


Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. 1. Alpha-methyl-(plus or minus)-ornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase.


Structure-activity studies on narcotic antagonists. 1. N-substituted ethyl 3-phenylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylates and ethyl 3-phenylnipecotates.


A cyclopentane analog of muscarone.

A cyclopentane analog of muscarone.


Synthesis and central nervous system activity of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-amino-4-phenylnaphthalenes.


Further studies on carbocyclic analogs of muscarine. Oxidation of desethermuscarine to desethermuscarone.


A procedure for preparing 3H-labeled tertiary amines. Synthesis of (3H)-6,14-endo-etheno-6,7,8,14-tetrahydrooripavine derivatives.


9-Nor-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol, a cannabinoid of metabolic interest.


Histamine N-methyltransferase. Inhibition and potentiation by trans- and cis-1,5-diphenyl-3-dimethylaminopyrrolidine.


Progressive epilepsy due to chronic persistent encephalitis. Report of four cases.


Remyelination of the superior cerebellar peduncle in old mice following demyelination induced by cuprizone.


The Schwartz-Jampel syndrome. Its clinical, physiological and histological expressions.


Upper limb cutaneous polysynaptic reflexes.


Preweaning mortality in pigs. 1. Herd investigations.


Studies on the occurrence of parasite eggs, oocysts, and larvae in cattle faeces and manure, and of larvae on pasture where manure has been spread.


Studies on Myxosoma cerebralis, a parasite of salmonids. 3. Some studies on the epidemiology of Myxosoma cerebralis in Denmark, Scotland and Ireland.


The role of age on the induction of hypocalcemic paresis puerperalis in dairy cows.


Normal pH of blood, total serum proteins and cholesterol in serum of female buffaloes.


Morphological abnormalities in the acrosome and nucleus of boar spermatozoa.


Serum immunoglobulin levels in chronic lymphatic leukaemia.


Erythrocyte delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase in homozygous b-thalassaemia.


Platelet factor 3 activity and platelet aggregation in patients submitted to coronarography.


Human platelet aggregation by Thrombofax. An electron-microscopic study of the sequence of events.


Basoga hernia prevalence in abdominal emergencies in Busoga, Uganda.


Gastric carcinoma in Uganda.

Gastric carcinoma in Uganda.


Myelomatosis in the Rhodesian African.

Myelomatosis in the Rhodesian African.


Histiocytic medullary reticulosis. Clinical and pathological studies in Uganda.


Measles and xerophthalmia in East Africa.


Patterns of body temperature in apparently healthy Nigerian school children resident in a holoendemic malaria region.


The complex epidemiology of Rhodesian sleeping sickness in Kenya and Uganda. I. The absence of the disease on Mfangano Island (Kenya).


Australia antigen in viral hepatitis among Egyptian children.


Transferrin, immunoglobulins and prognosis in measles in the tropics.


Schistosoma mansoni in Lusaka, Zambia.

Schistosoma mansoni in Lusaka, Zambia.


Salmonella serotypes newly isolated from humans in Egypt.


Haemoglobin E-thalassaemia disease complicated by pregnancy.


Assessment of the latex agglutination slide test for detection of toxoplasmic infection.


Health in secondary schools in developing countries.


Diverticula of the colon in Ibadan, Nigeria.


Polycystic kidneys. Indications for surgical intervention.


Renal trauma. When to operate.

Renal trauma. When to operate.


External radiotherapy in ureteral obstruction secondary to locally invasive prostatic cancer.


Endoscopy of ileal conduit with ureteral instrumentation.


Rhabdomyosarcoma of testis and spermatic cord in children.


Formalin in the treatment of massive bladder hemorrhage. Techniques, results, and complications.


Vas cautery: battery-powered instrument for vasectomy.


Neonatal urinary ascites. A potentially favorable sign in bladder outlet obstruction.


Retroperitoneal leiomyoma presenting as prostatic mass.


Cystitis emphysematosa.

Cystitis emphysematosa.


Polyorchidism with normal spermatogenesis.


Testicular involvement in plasma-cell leukemia.


Malacoplakia causing bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction.


Nephrolithiasis following intestinal bypass for obesity.


Gross calcification in bladder tumor.

Gross calcification in bladder tumor.


Calcification in benign adrenal adenoma.


Bleeding solitary renal cysts.

Bleeding solitary renal cysts.


Low ureterolithotomy. Simple technique.

Low ureterolithotomy. Simple technique.


Editorial: Surgery in renal trauma.

Editorial: Surgery in renal trauma.


Letter: Vesicoureteral reflux in children.


The pooling of excitation in threshold bar stimuli.


Photopic spectral sensitivity of the neon tetra (Paracheirodon innesi (Myers)) found by the use of a dorsal light reaction.


A rapid method for the purification of rod outer segment disk membranes.


Interactions between neighboring retinal regions during fusional response.


Postglacial evolution of the visual pigments of the smelt. Osmerus eperlanus mordax.


Visual sensitivity to disparity pulses: evidence for directional selectivity.


Activity of phrenic motoneurones during asphyxia and resuscitation.


Determination of surface potentials of the liver and brain cells in mice with platinum electrode.


The role of serotonin in the mechanism of central fatigue.


Release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) from the posterior pituitary lobe and from the hypothalamus.


The vasopressin and oxytocin content in the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis during long-time dehydration in rats.


Modified treadmill for rats.

Modified treadmill for rats.


Adrenergic regulation of glycogen breakdown in the heart and skeletal muscle.


Influence of ammonia on glucose metabolism in sheep loaded with insulin or glucagon.


Incorporation of 35S-cystine into hypophysis, hypothalamus, midbrain and cerebral cortex in hydrated and dehydrated rats.


The binding and spectral alterations of oxidized flavin mononucleotide by bacterial luciferase.


Intermediates in flavoprotein catalyzed hydroxylations.


Identification of the omega-hydroxylase of Pseudomonas oleovorans as a nonheme iron protein requiring phospholipid for catalytic activity.


Identification of 6-0-beta-D-galactopyranosyl myo-inositol: a new form of myo-inositol in mammals.


The preparation of high molecular weight divalent "antigens" of defined size.


Abnormality in a specific protein of the erythrocyte membrane in hereditary spherocytosis.


Phosphate carrier of liver mitochondria: two equivalent SH-groups in the carrier unit.


Immobilized enzymes: lactase bonded to stainless steel and other dense carriers for use in fluidized bed reactors.


Specific binding sites for 125I-nerve growth factor in peripheral tissues and brain.


The mechanisms of hemoglobin autoxidation. Evidence for proton-assisted nucleophilic displacement of superoxide by anions.


Isolation and characteristics of a rabbit beta2-microglobulin: comparison with human beta2-microglobulin.


Interaction of muscle glycogen phosphorylase with pyridoxal 5'-methylenephosphonate.


Surface electrokinetic properties of two strains of Staphylococcus aureus during their cell growth cycle.


On the activity of ribulosediphosphate carboxylase with CO2 and O2 from leaf extracts of Zea mays.


pH-dependent deuterium solvent isotope effects on bovine adrenal medullary dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.


Complexity of human satellite A DNA.

Complexity of human satellite A DNA.


Non-exponential decay of indole fluorescence--the red-edge effect.


Glycogen accumulation by pleomorphic cells of Streptococcus sanguis.


Biochemical genetics of hybrid sunfish: differential survival of heterozygotes.


The ontogeny of phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Japanese quails and chicken-quail hybrids.


Submitochondrial localization and characteristics of thymidine kinase molecular forms in parental and kinase-deficient HeLa cells.


Mortality and morbidity among the working population of anthophyllite asbestos miners in Finland.


Renal ultrastructure, renal function, and parameters of lead toxicity in workers with different periods of lead exposure.


Excretion of cadmium through bile and intestinal wall in rats.


Disability rates of bus drivers.

Disability rates of bus drivers.


A survey of occupational cancer in the rubber and cablemaking industries: results of five-year analysis, 1967-71.


Control of industrial exposure to tetrachloroethylene by measuring alveolar concentrations: theoretical approach using a mathematical model.


Mesothelioma register 1967-68.

Mesothelioma register 1967-68.


Bilateral successive seminomas in scrotal testes.


Belladonna alkaloid psychosis: a study of scopolamine hydrobromide vs meths copolamine bromide.


Do unmarried teen-agers have to get pregnant? This question may be answered with a 'yes' or 'no' depending on a lot of factors.  Throughout the last 3-4 decades, different circumstances (environmental, moral, psychological, etc.) were blamed for this social ill.  There is no pat answer to this question.  There is no physical reason why a person has to become pregnant.  The teenager has his or her reasons related to the family environment.  The author suggests that sex education is a part of life and discusses the fact that most parent are ill at ease with the subject.


Editorial: Amoxicillin.

Editorial: Amoxicillin.


The quality of life after proctocolectomy and ileostomy: a study of patients with conventional ileostomies converted to continent ileostomies.


Experimental evaluation of decompression techniques used in colonic surgery.


A critical review of management of 392 colonic and rectal injuries.


Therapeutic pulmonary resection of colonic carcinoma metastatic to lung.


Management of colonic injuries.

Management of colonic injuries.


The effect of bile on the induction of experimental intestinal tumors in rats.


Autoamputation of benign and malignant colonic polyps: report of two cases.


Barium-enema study findings in asymptomatic patients with rectal polyps.


Follow-up study of patients with benign mucosal polyps discovered by proctosigmoidoscopy.


Incidence of fistulas subsequent to anal abscesses.


Long-term nutrition with an elemental diet following intensive abdominal irradiation: report of a case.


Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal: a preliminary report.


Malignant melanoma of the rectum in a Negro man: report of a case and review of the literature.


Pararectal rhabdomyosarcoma: report of a case.


Carcinoma of the appendix: report of two cases.


Nonspecific ulcers of the cecum: report of two cases.


Sigmoidocervical fistula complicating diverticulitis: report of a case and review of the literature.


Physical-chemical properties of beta 2-microglobulin.


Unexpected mobility of human lambda chains in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.


Citraconylated rabbit IgG.

Citraconylated rabbit IgG.


Transcription and translation of the sex message in the smut fungus, Ustilago violacea. I. The effect of ultraviolet light.


A facile method to isolate J-chain from polymeric serum IgA or IgM.


The process of selection of erythromycin-resistant mitochondria by erythromycin in Paramecium.


Arrangement of subunits in flagellar microtubules.


Cell renewal in the gill of the freshwater mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera: an autoradiographic study using high specific activity tritiated thymidine.


An electron-microscope study of cell deletion in the anuran tadpole tail during spontaneous metamorphosis with special reference to apoptosis of striated muscle fibers.


Growth and differentiation of the golgi apparatus in the red alga, Callithamnion roseum.


Cell surfaces and fibre relationships in sympathetic ganglion cultures: a scanning electron-microscopic study.


Growth of human diploid fibroblasts in media with different amino acid composition.


Parental age and life span versus progeny life span in Paramecium.


Relation of weight change to changes in atherogenic traits: the Framingham Study.


Comparison of medical care in nurse clinician and physician clinics in medical school affiliated hospitals.


Brain infarction risk factors in black New York City stroke patients.


Editorial: Hazards in the use of the logistic function with special reference to data from prospective cardiovascular studies.


Decreased blood pressure in borderline hypertensive subjects who practiced meditation.


Tissue composition of major and trace elements in uremia and hypertension.


Septoplasty.

Septoplasty.


Bone destruction in chronic otitis media. A histopathological study.


The general skeletal state in otosclerosis.


Fibrous dysplasia of the cranio-facial bones. A clinico-pathological survey of seven cases.


Facial nerve decompression.

Facial nerve decompression.


The vulnerability of the chorda tympani nerve to middle ear disease.


Idiopathic subglottic laryngeal stenosis in an adult.


Rheumatoid vocal cord nodules.

Rheumatoid vocal cord nodules.


Inflammatory sub-glottic stenosis.

Inflammatory sub-glottic stenosis.


Laryngeal cleft: diagnosis and management.


Electric dichroism of chromatin.

Electric dichroism of chromatin.


A functional interaction between methionyl-transfer RNA hydrolase and a transfer RNA binding factor.


Fluorescence of complexes of acridine dye with synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides: a physical model of frameshift mutation.


Letter: Structural studies of P-filaments produced from Salmonella flagellins.


Letter: X-ray data for four crystalline forms of serum albumin.


Exposed sulphydryl groups of chicken haemoglobins: globin localization and effect of oxygenation on their reactivity.


Palindrome theory.

Palindrome theory.


The effect of alterations in the physical state of the membrane lipids on the ability of Acholeplasma laidlawii B to grow at various temperatures.


Letter: Effects of puromycin on DNA chain elongation in mammalian cells.


Heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis: renaturation and sedimentation studies.


The structure of bovine carboxypeptidase B: results at 5-5 Angstrom resolution.


Structure of a bacteriochlorophyll-protein from the green photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium limicola: crystallographic evidence for a trimer.


In vitro transcription of the tryptophan operon integrated into a transducing phage genome.


Successful removal of adrenal remnant localized by 131-I-19-iodocholesterol.


Renovascular hypertension: a rare complication of excision of pheochromocytoma.


An unusual case of pyelonephritis: nephrocolic fistula owing to a ruptured colonic diverticulum.


Acute renal carbuncle: the importance of preoperative angiography.


Phycomycosis of the kidney associated with a transient immune defect and treated with clotrimazole.


Pseudotumor of the renal pelvis caused by arterial impression.


Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen in renal cell carcinoma patients.


Radioisotope cystography using 99mTc sulfur colloid for the detection and study of vesicoureteral reflux.


Transverse ureterotomy.

Transverse ureterotomy.


Venous obstruction in pelvic lipomatosis.


Experience with cutaneous and transureteroureterostomy.


Transurethral resection of Hunner's ulcer.


Unusual bladder mucosal metaplasia in a case of chronic prostatitis and cystitis.


Ectopic endometrial glands in lymph nodes masquerading as metastatic adenocarcinoma.


Urethrography in pelvic trauma.

Urethrography in pelvic trauma.


The results of an operation for incontinence of urine in men.


Erythroplasia of Queyrat.

Erythroplasia of Queyrat.


Excretion of calcium and citric acid in patients with small bowel disease.


Bradycardia during use of the electrocautery.


Neurological manifestation of metastatic prostatic carcinoma.


Renal scintillation camera studies in children.


Further experience with loop cutaneous ureterostomy to save badly damaged kidneys.


Transuretero-uretero-ureterostomy for pelvic kidney.


Bladder necrosis caused by use of THAM in a newborn infant.


Congenital absence of testes: anorchism and monorchism.


Editorial: The use of fear in traffic safety messages.


Medical malpractice: a challenge for law and medicine.


Editorial: Lamarckism versus Darwinism in oncology?


World malaria situation.

World malaria situation.


Bronchoprovocation tests in childhood asthma.


A survey of attitudes of general practitioners to social workers.


Are vitamin E supplements beneficial?

Are vitamin E supplements beneficial?


The genesis of tumours--mutation or abnormal differentiation?


Patterns of disease in Papua New Guinea.


Urban health centres: Papua New Guinea style.


Reaction to hydrophilic lenses.

Reaction to hydrophilic lenses.


Letter: Palindromic rheumatism.

Letter: Palindromic rheumatism.


Letter: Hyperproteinaemia.

Letter: Hyperproteinaemia.


Letter: Assessment of significant difference.


Letter: Ascorbic acid and viral encephalitis.


Letter: The influence of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians on physician training and evaluation. 1.


Editorial: Death following road trauma.

Editorial: Death following road trauma.


Editorial: Copper intrauterine contraceptive devices.


The immediate care of seriously ill and injured patients.


Earlier operation and antifibrinolytic therapy in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Review of recent experience in Tasmania.


Physical standards of nomadic aboriginal children.


Facsimile transmission from Antarctica as an aid to diagnosis and treatment.


Incest.

Incest.


Community psychiatry.

Community psychiatry.


Letter: Thrombolytic therapy of the anuric stage of disseminated intravascular coagulation.


Letter: Nitrate in groundwaters causing methaemoglobinaemia.


Letter: Normal ranges for serum folate and vitamin B12.


Evaluation of five test-kits-API, AuxoTab, Enterotube, PathoTec and R-B-for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.


Chloramphenicol in the dog: observations of plasma levels following oral administration.


The effect of Caesarian section and normal parturition upon the concentration of blood electrolytes, glucose and total protein in goats.


Controlled trails to determine the anthelmintic efficacy of levamisole against Ostertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in lambs.


A comparative study of in vitro and in vivo tests for caseous lymphadenitis.


Dermatosis vegetans--giant cell pneumonitis in pigs: further observations and interpretations.


The excretion of phylloerythrin and bilirubin by the horse.


The blood coagulation curve of some mammals.


Hyperammonaemia and spongy degeneration of the brain in sheep affected with hepatic necrosis.


Antibody formation in porcine fetuses.

Antibody formation in porcine fetuses.


Arrested development in Chabertia ovina.


Canine factor-VII deficiency: experience with a modified thrombotest method in distinguishing between the genotypes.


The isolation of Leptospira belonging to the serogroup ballum from the kidneys of a brown rat (Rattus norvegicus).


Blood glutathione in aging calves.

Blood glutathione in aging calves.


The effect of corticosteroid treatment on the development of inhibited Ostertagia ostertagi larvae.


Absence of immunogenicity of an oral vaccine against Mycobacterium johnei in sheep.


Preparation of heparin-linked agarose and its interaction with plasma.


The effect of moderate doses of chlorpromazine on the haemostasis in dogs defibrinogenated with defibrase.


Platelet consumption in chronically induced plasma platelet factor 4-like activity reflecting rate of intravascular coagulation in dogs.


Interaction between red cell membranes and fibrinogen.


Thrombus formation in stainless steel tubes used as vascular implants in the dog.


ADP-induced aggregation studied with a screen filtration pressure test. Correlation with the photometric test.


The behavior of isotope labelled blood proteins in thrombosis.


Effects of intravenous administration in rabbits of dipyridamole and five related agents on platelet aggregation, blood pressure and heart rate.


Letter: Thrombolytic agents: are suitable methods used for their assessment? Are our investigative efforts directed toward the right goal?


Influence of fibrinolysis and coagulation on haemostatic plug formation. An experimental study in rabbits.


The preservation and storage of urine samples for the determination of mercury.


The analysis of asbestos for trace metals.


A high volume cascade seive impactor.

A high volume cascade seive impactor.


Arterial venous blood levels of chloropentafluoroethane: inhalation versus oral exposures.


Profiles of benzo(a)pyrene and coal tar pitch volatiles at and in the immediate vicinity of a coke oven battery.


Practical problems in the use of WBGT for heat stress evaluation.


S-sulfonates in human plasma following inhalation of sulfur dioxide.


Editorial: World population year and the APHA. The August 1974 World Population Conference in Bucharest is unique as the first political conference on population ever held.  It is also the first time that the United Nations has made population the sole subject of a major conference.  The American Public Health Association, which recognized in 1959 the moral and ethical issues involved in the population increase, is urged to continue to have a voice in these decisions.


Effect of sampling lines on measured DOP aerosol concentration.


Letter: Sickle cell screening.

Letter: Sickle cell screening.


Letter: Shaping eating patterns.

Letter: Shaping eating patterns.


Population epidemiology: an emerging field of inquiry for population and health students.


Illegitimate conception among teenagers.


Data gaps in planning for comprehensive fertility-related health services. Using aggregate national data, an attempt was made in 1972 to estimate the numbers of persons who will need each of the fertility-related services (e.g., prenatal and postnatal care for wanted pregnancies, medical care of infant in its first  year fertility limitation, and medical treatment of infertility) between then and 1978, and the costs of providing them.  The preliminary model was later refined utilizing additional sources of data are needed to help the health care system assist individual members of the community to achieve their family formation goals.  The paper includes discussions of the sorts of data that are needed and the reasons for this need, the present sources of data (in terms of providers, households, payers, and carriers), and the types of data gaps (absence, insufficient  disaggregation, lack of relatedness, in complete specification).  The author contends that attention to the various gaps would increase the potential of our important national surveys to produce data on numbers in need of fertility-related health services, etc.  Greater comparability in questions asked and in methods of analyzing and presenting the responses could be achieved at little sacrifice of the basic purposes for which the systems were created.  Recommendation is made that a step be taken to convene a small conference of key personnel working on these systems to explore the gaps and incompatibilities, propose means of overcoming them, and identify needed special studies.


Estimating the effect on unwanted fertility of a postpartum recruitment strategy.


Vasectomy: who gets one and why?

Vasectomy: who gets one and why? This study of 173 men who received vasectomies from one urologist shows the male seeking a vasectomy from this clinic is white, middle class, well educated, married once, median age of 36, and with 2 to 3 children.  Three quarters of the men had used the condom and found it bothersome.  The same number had also used the pill and various other methods of contraception without satisfaction.  Other studies have shown economic reasons as the main factor leading to vasectomy whereas this one revealed freedom from anxiety about possible conception and sexual pleasure as the primary reasons.  The concern for sexual freedom is considered characteristic of our present culture and probably closely associated with the pill itself.  Since the pill is not related as closely with the sex act as other methods of contraception it has given couples the freedom to enjoy sex.  Since the late 1960s when the media began publishing the side effects from the pill our society has been seeking a replacement method that will allow that freedom to remain.  This group will continue to be followed along with other planned studies, to see if their contraceptive vasectomy has made any changes in their lives.


Gonorrhea screening in an urban hospital Family Planning Program.


Pediatric self-evaluation: Dade County Department of Public Health.


A model for a community-based women's clinic.


Ethnicity and social class in the delivery of services: analysis of a child guidance clinic.


Evaluation of two methods of following women who have been treated because of exposure to gonorrhea.


Requirements for abortion services.

Requirements for abortion services.


Effects of legalized abortion on neonatal mortality and obstetrical morbidity at Harlem Hospital Center.


Lippes loop insertion by midwives in healthy and chronically ill women in rural Haiti.


A 3-year, longitudinal study of the impact of nutrition aides on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of rural poor homemakers.


Illegitimacy ratios in large U.S. cities: determinants and implications.


Letter: Need for a coherent food and nutrition policy.


Letter: 'Physician visits' issue still unresolved.


Letter: Expanding roles for nurses.

Letter: Expanding roles for nurses.


Inductive-like stimulation of RNA and protein synthesis by calcium in heart slices.


Separation of the apoprotein and reconstitution of the holoprotein from the long-lived intermediate in bacterial bioluminescence.


Evidence for a glucosyl-enzyme intermediate in the beta-glucosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside.


Purification of wheat germ agglutinin using affinity chromatography on chitin.


Enzymatic aromatization of 4-ketocyclohexanecarboxylic acid to p-hydroxybenzoic acid.


Fluorescence and conformational changes caused by proton binding to troponin C.


Effect of system II inhibitors on luminescence in NH2OH-pretreated Chlorella.


Infrared evidence for the mode of binding of oxygen to iron of myoglobin from heart muscle.


Analysis of differential sensitivities of synchronized HeLa S3 cells to radiations and chemical carcinogen during the cell cycle. II. Ultraviolet light.


The interaction of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate with human deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin.


Purification of azotophore membranes containing the nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii.


The interaction of chloride ions with human hemoglobin.


Rapid loss of 7-methylguanine from liver nucleic acids in mice during the initial stage of liver carcinogenesis induced by dimethylnitrosamine.


Amino acid sequence of the peptide released from bovine factor XIII following activation by thrombin.


300 MHz PMR studies on the conformation of the hexanucleotide, 2'OMeGpApApUpApPsi, from the anticodon loop of torula yeast tRNAphe.


Action of ribonuclease BS-1 on a DNA-RNA hybrid.


Chemiluminescence in the autoxidation of the pyruvic acid analogues of a thyroid hormone and related molecules.


A quantitative study of organic phosphate-amine interaction by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance.


Homology of myosin light chains, troponin-C and parvalbumins deduced from comparison of their amino acid sequences.


Effect of complexation of flavin radical with tryptophan on electron transfer rates: a model for flavin-protein interactions.


Stoichiometry of chromatin proteins.

Stoichiometry of chromatin proteins.


A sensitive in vitro protein synthesizing system from Ehrlich ascites mitochondria.


Isolation of a rat ventral prostate chromatin fraction exhibiting a singular melting profile.


The "intruder" hypothesis and selection against arginine.


Cerebral lipofucsinosis induced with tellurium: electron dispersive X-ray spectrophotometry analysis.


Changes in energy state and acid-base parameters of the rat brain during complete compression ischemia.


Cerebral metabolic state following complete compression ischemia.


A unique class of cat's visual cortical cells that exhibit either ON or OFF excitation for stationary light slits and are responsive to moving edge patterns.


Free tryptophan levels in regions of the maturing mouse brain.


The resonance Raman spectrum of the metalloprotein ovotransferrin.


Studies on acid hydrolases in embryonic rabbit brain: prenatal ontogeny of cerebral glycosidases.


Conversion of pig prothrombin into thrombin: amino acid composition of the active enzyme.


Quantitative electron microscopic investigations of mineral nucleation in collagen.


Electron scanning microscopy of the antennal receptors in Tenebrio molitor. A stereoscopic analysis.


Structure of rat liver sinusoids and associated tissue spaces as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.


Fine structure of the excretory system of Amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) and its response to osmotic stress.


Experimental and structural analysis of the function of saccus vasculosus in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Richardson).


Morphological changes in ciliary cells due to heat exposure. A scanning electron microscopic study.


Ultrastructural correlates of motor nerve regeneration in crayfish.


Analysis of the utilization patterns and efficiency of lung scans.


Medical management of advanced prostatic carcinoma with stilphostrol.


Bioavailability of digoxin: what the clinician needs to know.


Editorial: The fat embolism syndrome.

Editorial: The fat embolism syndrome.


Editorial: Eosinophilic leukemia.

Editorial: Eosinophilic leukemia.


Perinatal morbidity and mortality committee. Case history and commentary.


Sexual counseling in a community hospital: a new program.


Some negative aspects of sickle cell anemia screening programs (negative aspects of sickle cell screening).


Medical aspects of the disability program under social security.


Time of origin of Mauthner's neuron in Xenopus laevis embryos.


Ontogeny of hemoglobins: evidence for hemoglobin M.


Differentiation of vascular endothelium in the chick chorioallantois: a structural and autoradiographic study.


The appearance of dopa decarboxylase activity in imaginal discs of Sarcophaga bullata, undergoing development in vitro.


Implantation-associated proteinase in mouse uterine fluid.


The control of myoglobin synthesis during muscle development.


The antiteratogenic effects of hypo- and hyperthermia in trypan blue-treated chick embryos.


Vertebrate collagen heterogeneity: a brief summary.


Effect of hypothalamic deafferentations on puberty in the male rat.


The different effect of thyroidectomy, KClO4 and propylthiouracil on insulin secretion and glucose uptake in the rat.


Repeated administration of 35S-methimazole: pattern of accumulation and oxidation by the rat thyroid.


Divergent effects of infused progesterone on the reflexive release of oxytocin in ovariectomized goats variously treated with 17beta-estradiol.


Maturation of the negative feedback control of gonadotropin secretion in the female rat.


Deficiency of deoxycorticosterone-binding protein in the hypothalamus of rats resistant to deoxycorticosterone-induced hypertension.


Radioimmunoassay of plasma progesterone during the reproductive cycle of male and female ring doves (Streptopelia risoria).


Effect of blockade of dopaminergic receptors on prolactin and LH release: median eminence and pituitary sites of action.


Radioimmunoassay of rabbit growth hormone.


Effect of hypophysectomy and pituitary implants at puberty on the sexual differentiation of testosterone metabolism in rat liver.


The effects of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) on the thyroid gland.


Total blockade of phasic pituitary prolactin release in rats: effect on serum LH and progesterone during the estrous cycle and pregnancy.


Properties of the subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin.


Spironolactone and testicular cytochrome P-450: decreased testosterone formation in several species and changes in hepatic drug metabolism.


Hormone-induced changes in liver DNA synthesis: effects of glucocorticoids and growth hormone on liver growth and DNA polymerase activity.


Circulating concentrations of FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone associated with acute, male-induced puberty in female mice.


The relationship between thyroglobulin synthesis and intrathyroid iodine metabolism as indicated by the effects of cycloheximide in the rat.


Excretion of propylthiouracil and its metabolites in rat bile and urine.


Pineal control of photo-endocrine responses in growing Japanese quail.


Pituitary-pineal-endocrine relationships in Japanese quail.


Drinking water as a source of lead pollution. Frank lead poisoning was found in some inhabitants of houses in the Scottish Highlands, exposed to soft water and lead-lined drinking water tanks. Further investigations were carried out on the clinical and metabolic effects of lead acquired by drinking soft domestic water from lead plumbing systems in 23 Glasgow households. The lead content of water from cold taps was up to 18 times the upper acceptable limit and was proportional to the amount of lead in the plumbing system. The blood lead of 71 inhabitants of these houses showed a significant positive correlation with water lead content. Delta aminolaevulic acid dehydrase activity, an extremely sensitive indicator of lead exposure, showed a significant negative correlation with water-lead content. Atmospheric lead was within acceptable limits in all but one house and no significant correlation could be found with biochemical measurements. A small number of clinical abnormalities were found but could not be directly attributed to lead toxicity. The results of the study underline the possible danger to health of lead plumbing systems in soft-water regions.


Association between lower level lead concentrations and hyperactivity in children. Hyperactive children were compared with a nonhyperactive control group on two measures that reflect the presence of body lead and on a lead exposure questionnaire. The overall hypothesis that was tested was that a relationship exists between hyperactivity in children and a concommitant condition of increased body lead stores. Operationally, the hypothesis was reduced to a comparison of the hyperactive group and control group on the following measures: (1) blood lead levels; (2) post-penicillamine urine lead levels; (3) scores on a lead exposure questionnaire. The designation hyperactive or nonhyperactive was arrived at by using three different measurements: a doctor's diagnosis; a teacher's rating scale; a parent questionnaire. Hyperactive children had significantly higher values on all three measures than did the controls. More than half the hyperactive children had blood lead levels in the range considered to be raised but not toxic, and 60% of post-penicillamine urine levels were in the "toxic" range. It is concluded that there is an association between hyperactivity and raised lead levels, that a large body-lead burden may exact consequencies that have hitherto been unrealized; that the definition of what is a toxic level for blood lead needs reevaluation and that physicians should look for raised lead levels in children with hyperactivity.


Studies of human lead metabolism by use of stable isotope tracers. Dynamics of lead metabolism were studied by replacement of a portion of the dietary lead with stable isotope tracers, and maintaining subjects on controlled diets for about 6 months. Results for one subject have been previously reported. Preliminary data are now available for a second subject. Although the data on the two subjects are basically similar, there are also significant differences. The two subjects have different blood lead concentrations (0.25 and 0.18 mug/g). Both subjects received the same dietary and similar atmospheric lead exposure, and the lead concentration of their blood was shown to be nearly in a steady state. The difference in blood lead concentration appears primarily attributable to differences in the fraction of lead absorbed from the gut, although there are also differences in other physiological parameters, as well as probable small differences in their intake of atmospheric lead. The quantity of lead absorbed from a typical urban atmosphere (Pb concentration = 1-2 mug/m(3)) has been shown by our isotopic data and balance studies to be 15+/-3 mug/day. Measurement of the contribution of atmospheric lead to the lead intake of the second subject was also carried out by removal of lead from the atmosphere. Decline in the blood concentration of lead of normal isotopic composition was shown to be equivalent to the removal of 15 g/day. Measurements made during the course of a day show complexities in the absorption and distribution of lead, which are averaged out on a time scale of ca. 5 days.


Nutritional factors and susceptibility to lead toxicity. Although the quantities of lead (Pb) to which individuals are exposed vary widely, susceptibility of an individual to the effects of a specific level of exposure is another highly important factor in development of lead toxicity. For example, susceptibility to lead toxicity can be modified by several dietary factors. Low dietary intakes of calcium or iron (20% of recommended levels) substantially increase the toxicity of the same level of lead exposure to rats. In the studies of calcium effect, when calcium was fed to rats at (1/5) of the recommended intake, 12 mug Pb/ml drinking water produced the same degree of toxicity as did 200 mug Pb/ml with a normal calcium diet. The maximal dose for a 10-week period that does not impair heme synthesis or renal function in the rat has been established to be 200 mug Pb/ml drinking water. The role of low calcium diet on increasing susceptibility to lead has been confirmed in several species. Mechanisms explaining the effect of calcium on lead toxicity may be related to absorption of lead from the gastrointestinal tract or renal tubule or to function of the parathyroid. Preliminary histological investigations on the parathyroids of control and lead-treated rats on normal and low calcium diets show no effect of lead. Studies are currently underway to evaluate the lead, calcium and iron contents of the diets of children with normal and elevated concentrations of blood lead.


The uptake of lead by children in differing environments. Balance studies have been performed for lead upon eight healthy children in three different home environments and upon eight children with inborn errors of metabolism in hospital (consuming two different types of synthetic diet). The balances were for 3 days and involved the use of metal-free diapers where indicated. The concentration of lead in all the samples was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after suitable sample preparation. In addition, the total population of children under the age of 16 living in a working class area exposed to undue amounts of lead was examined in an attempt to determine whether their mental development had been affected. Blood lead levels, general intelligence, reading ability, and rate of behavior disorder were measured. The results of the balances showed that the mean daily intake of lead in both groups of children was lower than previously recorded figures, being lowest of all in the breastfed infant. The healthy group absorbed a mean value of 53% and retained 18% of the dietary intake and there was no relationship to age or month of the year of study. The children with inborn errors showed a significantly lower percentage absorption of lead. The preliminary results of the population survey showed that distance from the polluting lead source was related to blood lead level, but no relationship could be found between blood lead level and any measure of mental function.


Significance of plasma lead levels in normal and lead-intoxicated children. Plasma lead (Pb) levels have been measured in normal and lead-intoxicated children, newborns, and children with sickle cell disease. The results in all groups were contant over a wide range of red cell Pb concentration. These results support the thesis that the red cell represents a large repository for Pb, maintaining plasma Pb concentration within closely defined limits, and that methods other than measurements of plasma Pb will be necessary to uncover a presumably dynamic transport system between red cell and plasma. Indeed, we have demonstrated in vitro that ionized calcium (Ca(2+)) lowers red cell Pb content according to a linear dose-response curve. Ca(2+) may thereby control Pb transport from red cell to plasma, and fluctuations in the concentration of Ca(2+) in serum and extracellular fluid may influence the toxic activities of Pb. In bone organ culture, changes in the concentration of Ca(2+) and phosphate in the medium alter the release of previously incorporated (210)Pb from fetal rat bones in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH). Therefore, both PTH and the ionic milieu of the medium apparently regulate bone Pb metabolism.We would expect that understanding further the dynamics of Pb transport in plasma and bone may lead to a more exact definition of the real hazards of low level Pb toxicity in children.


An overview of the conference on low level lead toxicity.


Development of behavioral tests for the assessment of neurologic effects of lead in sheep. Reports of neurologic impairment of children following recovery from acute lead encephalopathy have raised questions concerning the effects of chronic low-level lead exposure on the central nervous system. Behavioral toxicologic techniques have been employed to assess the effects of lead on the central nervous system in sheep. Mature sheep receiving daily doses of 100 mg lead/kg showed a significant decrease in performance on an auditory signal detection task. Daily oral doses of 120 and 230 mg lead/sheep for 27 weeks did not alter the performance of mature sheep on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement behavioral task. Prenatal exposure to maternal blood lead levels of 16 or 34 mug/100 ml during gestation and postnatal daily ingestion of 16, 8, 4, or 2 mg lead/kg did not alter performance of lambs on a closed-field maze task. Slowed learning was demonstrated in lambs prenatally exposed to maternal blood lead levels of 34 mug/100 ml during gestation when tested on nonspatial, two-choice visual discrimination problems at 10-15 months of age.


Dentine lead levels in asymptomatic Philadelphia school children: subclinical exposure in high and low risk groups. Dentine lead levels were measured in 760 asymptomatic school children from two school districts, one considered high risk for lead exposure, one considered low risk. Elevated levels were found in black children living in deteriorated housing and in those white children from housing in good repair who lived and attended school in proximity to major manufacturer of paint and lead products.


Effect of a screening program on changing patterns of lead poisoning. A biphase program of screening and treating high-risk children for lead poisoning resulted in a 30% fall in mean lead values in the target areas over a 5-year period. The mean and median for subjects under 6 years was 4-10 mug/100 ml higher than for those over 6. Median for a high incidence area was 42 mug/100 ml in 1967 and 30.0 in 1971; for a low incidence area, 33 and 20 mug/100 ml in the equivalent years. Ingestion of lead paint was observed or demonstrated by x-ray in 90% of 2200 patients treated in the Lead Clinic. Gross neurologic sequelae were limited to two cases of mild, persistent ataxia. Impaired intellectual performance was observed subsequently in several asymptomatic patients with initial blood lead levels (PbB) >/= 100 mug/100 ml.


Problem of estimating respiratory lead dose in children. Children may be exposed to lead in their environment by a variety of mechanisms, but the final two common pathways involve ingestion and/or inhalation. The serious public health problem of overt lead intoxication from eating lead-based paint has tended to obscure low level toxicity which may be related to atmospheric lead pollution. No data exist which relate potential body burden or blood lead levels in children to ambient air lead levels. Extrapolation from respiratory lead uptake kinetics in adults is complicated by the differences in respiratory physiology, metabolism, and body compartment sizes existing between children and adults. These differences and models from pediatric pharmacology have been used to approach the problem of predicting respiratory lead dose in children from data based on adult uptake studies.


Neighborhood screening in communities throughout the nation for children with elevated blood lead levels. From the spring of 1971 to September 1973, neighborhood surveys were conducted in 58 communities throughout the nation to determine whether children with confirmed elevated blood lead levels could be identified. Another purpose of these screenings was to assist communities in identifying children with elevated blood lead levels and thereby demonstrate to community officials that such children do exist in communities screened. The children screened were not a random sample.In those communities where the initial elevated blood levels were confirmed all but seven had one or more children requiring followup and/or treatment. Of those children screened, black children had an elevated rate about three times as great as nonblack children. With few exceptions, the homes in the neighborhoods had at least one interior surface with sufficient quantities of lead paint to be dangerous if the paint were ingested.


Behavioral assessment of lead intoxication in children. Current questions about lead exposure focus on the consequences of levels too low to have erupted into blatantly discernible defects. The present paper addresses two sets of interrelated problems derived from this issue. One is how to define the behavioral consequences of asymptomatic lead absorption, and the second focuses on behavioral assessment procedures. Current primary prevention programs emphasize environmental monitoring, and early detection programs emphasize lead body burden measurements. The evaluation of behavioral problems in school children as a function of body burden is rarely performed. Epidemiologic data indicate sufficient natural variability to determine the degree of association between indices of total body burden and behavior. Assessment procedures are described and research suggestions offered that sample concretely defined target behaviors in social environments.


Significance of high soil lead concentrations for childhood lead burdens. The lead exposure of children and their mothers has been studied in two towns with mean soil lead contents of 900 and 400 ppm. No significant difference in blood or fecal lead contents was demonstrated between the two populations, but a small difference in hair lead content was shown. The blood lead content of children was greater than that of their mothers and was higher in the summer than in the spring samples. Children with pica for soil in the control area had increased lead content of blood and hair. Preliminary data for children and mothers from villages with mean soil lead contents of 500 ppm and 10,000 ppm are reported which show significant differences in blood and hair lead content within the normal range. The data suggest that soil lead content of 10,000 ppm may result in increased absorption of lead in children, but to a degree which is unlikely to be of biological significance.


Effect of lead intoxication on the postnatal growth of the rat nervous system. Lead encephalopathy was induced in developing Long-Evans rats by adding lead carbonate (4% w/w) to the diet of nursing mother immediately after delivery. The morphological and biochemical features of cerebral ontogenesis were studied in 30-day-old rats. By the 30th postnatal day, the overall effect of lead intoxication was retardation of brain growth. The mass of both the cerebral gray and white matter was appreciably reduced in the lead rats without any reduction in cell populations. While the neuronal population was preserved, the growth of neurons was reduced and their maturation retarded. The retarded neuronal growth was characterized by the limited proliferation of processes in the neuropil and by the reduction in the number of synapses per neuron. However, synaptogenesis was neither delayed nor perturbed but reduced by the limited development of neuronal dendritic fields. The myelination was altered and its cerebral content significantly reduced. The effect of lead on myelination was one of hypomyelination. The hypomyelination appears to be primarily related to retarded growth and maturation of the neuron and is not a reflection of a defect in the myelinating glia or a delay in the initiation of myelination.


Follow-up of children overexposed to lead. The purpose of this study is to assess the nature and magnitude of the deleterious health effects of subclinical over-exposure to lead in children. The study stems from concerns about the impact on the health of children in city slums who ingest leaded paint without overt evidence of poisoning and the health implication of rising levels of lead in the environment from automotive emissions. The study sample was derived mainly from a registry of children on whom blood lead determinations had been made by the New York City Department of Health and was supplemented by siblings of the registry cases and children from a lead belt area who had extractions of deciduous teeth in dental clinics. Information was obtained through parental interview, medical records, and psychometric evaluation. The data show that deleterious health effects occur in children who were treated for severe lead poisoning and in children without diagnosed lead poisoning who had elevated blood leads (>/=0.06 mg-%). In the absence of diagnosed lead poisoning or elevated blood leads, excess lead exposure, measured in terms of high levels of lead in teeth, was not associated with deleterious health effects.