Electron microscope and low-angle x-ray diffraction studies of the nerve myelin sheath. 1. A close correlation has been obtained between high resolution electron microscopy and low-angle x-ray diffraction studies of the myelin sheath of frog and rat peripheral and central nerves. Extensive studies were performed by application of both techniques to the same specimens, prepared for examination by OsO(4) or KMnO(4) fixation, and embedding either in methacrylate or in gelatin employing a new procedure. Controlled physical and chemical modifications of the myelin sheath prior to fixation were also investigated. 2. A correspondence was established between the layer spacings observed in electron micrographs and the fundamental radial repeating unit indicated by the low-angle x-ray diffraction patterns. The variations in relative intensities of the low-angle x-ray reflections could be related to the radial density distributions seen in the electron micrographs. 3. An analysis of the preparation procedures revealed that OsO(4) fixation introduces a greater shrinkage of the layer spacings and more pronounced changes in the density distribution within the layers than KMnO(4) fixation. The effects of methacrylate and gelatin embedding are described, and their relative merits considered in relation to the preservation of myelin structure by OsO(4) fixation. 4. The experimental modifications introduced by freezing and thawing of fresh whole nerve are described, particularly the enhancement of the intermediate lines and the dissociation of the layer components in the myelin sheath. A characteristic collapsing of the radial period of the sheath is observed after subjecting fresh nerve trunks to prolonged and intense ultracentrifugation. 5. Controlled extraction of fresh nerve with acetone at 0 degrees C., which preferentially removes cholesterol, produces characteristic, differentiated modifications of the myelin sheath structure. Electron microscopy reveals several types of modifications within a single preparation, including both expanded and collapsed layer systems, and internal rearrangements of the layer components. Alcohol extraction leads to a more extensive structural breakdown, but in certain areas collapsed layer systems can still be observed. The components of the lipide extracts could be identified by means of x-ray diffraction. These modifications emphasize the importance of cholesterol in the myelin structure, and disclose a resistance of the dense osmiophilic lines to lipide solvents. 6. The significance of these structures is discussed in relation to present concepts of the molecular organization of myelin. The available evidence is consistent with the suggestion that the primary site of osmium deposition is at the lipoprotein interfaces and that the light bands probably represent regions occupied by lipide chains. The electron microscope and x-ray diffraction data also indicate the possibility of a regular organization within the plane of the layers, probably involving units of 60 to 80 A. The myelin sheath is regarded as a favourable cell membrane model for detailed analysis by combined application of x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy.


An analysis of myogenesis by the use of fluorescent antimyosin. Antibodies against myosin of adult chicken skeletal muscle were labelled with fluorescein and used as staining reagents to analyze the development of trunk myoblasts in the chick embryo. Myoblasts from the brachial myotomes were studied in three ways: (a) Specimens were fixed, sectioned, and stained with iron-hematoxylin. (b) Living myoblasts, and myoblasts prepared by glycerol extraction, were teased and examined by phase contrast microscopy. (c) Embryo trunks were treated with fluorescent antimyosin or with a control solution of fluorescent normal globulin, and were examined by fluorescence and phase contrast microscopy. Both glycerol-extracted and fixed materials were used. Cross-striated myofibrils appeared first in stage 16 to 17 embryos in the series studied by antimyosin staining and fluorescence microscopy. Striated myofibrils appeared first in stage 18 to 19 embryos, in the series stained by iron-hematoxylin, and at stage 22 to 23, in the series studied by glycerol extraction and phase contrast microscopy. In each series, myofibrils without apparent cross-striations were detected shortly before cross-striations were observed. Specific staining by antimyosin occurred only in differentiating myoblasts. Within the myoblasts antimyosin staining was confined to the A bands of the slender myofibrils. The following observations suggest that the first delicate striated structure to appear in the early 3 day myoblast was remarkably mature: (1) The sarcomere pattern both in length and in internal detail, was similar to that of adult muscle. (2) The distribution of myosin, as revealed by antimyosin staining, was the same in the embryonic as in the mature myofibril. (3) Glycerol-extracted myoblasts contracted vigorously on exposure to ATP. The changes in sarcomere band pattern were indistinguishable from those occurring during contraction of adult muscle induced by ATP. (4) ATP contraction was blocked by prior antimyosin staining in embryonic myoblasts as in mature muscle. It is suggested that the early myofibril grows laterally as a thin sheet associated with the sarcolemma, and that growth in length occurs in the growth tips of the elongating myoblast.


Electron microscopy of HeLa cells after the ingestion of colloidal gold. Tissue cultures of HeLa cells were grown in media containing colloidal gold, and after various intervals, the cells were fixed, embedded, and sectioned for electron microscopy. Uncoated grids with small holes were used in many of the experiments. Intracellular particles of gold were identified in areas surrounded by single membranes, in moderately dense granules, in globoid bodies, and in the cytoplasmic matrix. Gold particles were not found in typical mitochondria, Golgi complex, ergastoplasm (granular forms of endoplasmic reticulum), or nuclei. The phenomenon of pinocytosis was considered to be the most likely means by which the gold particles were ingested, and the locations of gold particles appeared to have significance concerning theories that membranous organelles of the cytoplasm may be derived from the cell membrane.


Auto-radiographic determination of S35 in tissues after injection of methionine-S35 and sodium sulfate-S35. The loss of "bound" S(35) that occurs during various mounting procedures used in autoradiography was studied in healing surface wounds of rats treated with either methionine-S(35) or Na(2)S(35)O(4). Valid autoradiography of bound S(35) in this tissue is not possible until 48 hours after radiosulfate and 24 hours after radiomethionine injection, when the S(35) is almost entirely bound in large protein and polysaccharide molecules. Autoradiograms of S(35) given in both the organic and inorganic form reveal substantial over-all loss of the bound isotope from sections subjected to contact with solvents prior to autoradiography. A comparison of autoradiograms prepared by dry-mounting sections of frozen-dried tissue with autoradiograms of wet-mounted sections of the same tissue suggest that the loss is proportional to the extent of the contact with solvents. Evidence suggests that loss of the isotope occurs during contact of the ribbon or section itself with solutions after fixation and cutting and prior to radiation exposure. No appreciable loss of the bound isotope seems to occur during contact of the intact tissue specimen with a variety of fluid fixatives except for a marginal zone at the excision edges of the tissue. The potential hazard of displacement of the isotope during fixation, however, remains. Technics which prevent loss of the isotope and fogging of the nuclear emulsion permit the use of thinner sections and emulsion films and the fine resolution of image rendered possible by the physical properties of S(35).


Molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).


The Golgi apparatus in neurons and epithelial cells of the common limpet Patella vulgata. 1. In view of widely diverse views held about the identity and structure of the Golgi apparatus in neurons of Mollusca, particularly gastropods, a study has been made on neurons of the common limpet, Patella vulgata, both by light and electron microscopy. A report is given also of observations made on epithelial cells of Patella by electron microscopy. 2. As revealed by Kolatchev's method, the Golgi apparatus in neurons consists basically of black filaments lying to one side of the nucleus. The filaments generally anastomose to form networks of various complexity. Rarely some cells contain only discrete filaments. Associated with some of the filaments is a weakly osmiophilic substance identified as archoplasm. Kolatchev's method also revealed spheroidal bodies (neutral red bodies, "lipochondria," etc.). 3. It has not been possible to demonstrate the Golgi apparatus using either iron-haematoxylin or Sudan black. 4. Examination of Kolatchev's preparations by electron microscopy has revealed that some of the Golgi filaments consist of chromophilic and chromophobic components. The chromophilic component consists of dense lamellae. 5. After fixation in buffered osmium tetroxide solution and examination by electron microscopy, it has been concluded that (a) the chromophilic component of the Golgi apparatus corresponds to a system of paired membranes (which usually enclose an inner dense substance), (b) the chromophobic component corresponds to a substance lying within small dilations of the paired membrane, and (c) the archoplasm corresponds to numerous small vesicles. 6. The paired membranes branch, anastomose, and can often be traced back to a common source. They are interpreted as lamelliform folds, and occasionally tubular processes, of essentially a single Golgi membrane. In cells containing a Golgi network it is suggested that the membrane extends through the whole of the apparatus in such a way that the substance it encloses may be regarded as being in a continuous phase. 7. Epithelial cells of Patella contain a juxtanuclear Golgi apparatus with an ultrastructure similar to that described for neurons.


Topography of the organic components in mother-of pearl. 1. The topography of the organic components (conchiolin) has been investigated on positive, postshadow-cast, formvar, and carbon replicas of mother-of-pearl from shells of a Cephalopod, of two Gastropods, and of six Pelecypods. All these shells are characterized by a true nacreous inner shell layer. 2. The material included normal shell surfaces, fragments of cleavage obtained by fracture, and surfaces polished tangentially and transversally to the inner surface of the shells. Replicas of these surfaces were prepared before and after etching of graded heaviness, induced by a chelating agent (sequestrene NA 2, titriplex III). Micrographs of the successive steps of the process of corrosion have been recorded. 3. Corrosion unmasked, on the nacreous surfaces, organic membranes or sheets, running as continuous formations in between adjacent mineral lamellae, and separating the individual crystals of aragonite which are aligned in rows and constitute each lamella. 4. The interlamellar sheets of material exhibit a reticulated structure, which is especially visible in preparations orientated tangentially to the lamellae and to the tabular surface of the aragonite crystals. The pattern of this lace-like structure, different in the various species studied, appeared in the same species as closely similar to that reported previously in leaflets of thoroughly decalcified mother-of-pearl, dissociated by ultrasonic waves. The present results support former conclusions with regard to the existence of taxonomic differences between Cephalopods, Gastropods, and Pelecypods in the morphological organization of the organic phase within mother-of-pearl.


"Osmiophilia, "fact or fiction.

"Osmiophilia, "fact or fiction.


The chemical fractionation of rabbit and swine thymus. A chemical fractionation procedure, previously found applicable to bovine thymus and bovine and ovine palatine tonsils, was used to fractionate rabbit and hog thymus. With respect to the chemical fractionation steps, yields of fractions, and optical and electrophoretic properties, extracts from hog and rabbit thymus were indistinguishable from similar extracts prepared from calf thymus. The study provides composition and yield data applicable to the thymus of a small mammal readily available in most laboratories.


How thin should a section be.

How thin should a section be.


The spermatid cell membrane in Melanoplus differentialis. 1. The cell membrane of the spermatid of the grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis is shown to be composed of a double-layered membrane 10 mmicro thick. Closely applied to this is an additional outer covering 25 to 35 mmicro thick which has a regular geometrical pattern. 2. Models of cell membrane structure are discussed briefly. It is suggested that the pattern results from preferential adsorption of material onto a particular component of the double-layered membrane.


Effects of varying the vehicle for OsO4 in tissue fixation.


A photographic method for measuring ultraviolet radiation scattered from microscopic objects.


Congenital anomalies of the hand.

Congenital anomalies of the hand.


Elective surgery on patients with respiratory paralysis.


Treatment of grade IV fracture-dislocation of the hip.


Experiences with the use of the Milwaukee frame in the treatment of paralytic scoliosis.


Replacement of the femoral head by Judet or Austin Moore prosthesis.


A femoral intramedullary nail.

A femoral intramedullary nail.


Claw-hand caused by paralysis of the intrinsic muscles: a simple surgical procedure for its correction.


Dorsal dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger.


Combined adductor-gracilis tenotomy and selective obturator-nerve resection for the correction of adduction deformity of the hip in children with cerebral palsy.


Familial osteochondritis dissecans with associated tibia vara.


Integrated actions and functions of the chief flexors of the elbow: a detailed electromyographic analysis.


Bone implants; preliminary report of an experimental study.


Variations in normal bone-marrow pressures.


Some mechanical tests on the lumbosacral spine with particular reference to the intervertebral discs; a preliminary report.


Congenital muscular torticollis; etiology and pathology.


Mono-articular brucellar arthritis.

Mono-articular brucellar arthritis.


Osteogenic sarcoma of the tibia with pulmonary metastasis: report of a case with ten-year survival.


Massive familial tarsal synostosis.

Massive familial tarsal synostosis.


An angled guide-wire director for use in treatment of intertrochanteric fractures and fractures of the neck of the femur.


Eight cases of hereditary bilateral medial tibial torsion in four generations.


Hip-nail index.

Hip-nail index.


Currents of the visual cortex in the cat.


Community health service.

Community health service.


The problem of injuries about the elbow.


Spontaneous delivery of the placenta 40 minutes prior to the baby.


Trends in nursing education.

Trends in nursing education.


CHALLENGES, new and old, in the nursing of children.


Introduction to symposium on the management of hematologic disorders.


Treatment of megaloblastic anemias.

Treatment of megaloblastic anemias.


Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in the adult.


The treatment of refractory anemia or bone marrow failure.


Treatment of hemolytic disorders.

Treatment of hemolytic disorders.


The treatment of polycythemia vera.

The treatment of polycythemia vera.


The treatment of infectious mononucleosis.


Leukopenia: its mechanism and therapy.

Leukopenia: its mechanism and therapy.


Therapy of the purpuras.

Therapy of the purpuras.


The therapy of disorders of coagulation.


The relative frequency of the several types of chronic leukemia and their management.


Therapy of acute leukemia in adults.

Therapy of acute leukemia in adults.


Some aspects of the lymphoma problem.

Some aspects of the lymphoma problem.


The management of multiple myeloma.

The management of multiple myeloma.


The long-acting anticholinesterase drugs in the management of myasthenia gravis.


Clinical manifestations of histiocytosis X in the adult.


Level of medical information among clinic patients.


Contributions of psychiatry to the institutional care of aged and chronically ill persons.


Pheochromocytoma: a review of the literature.


The human hemoglobins.

The human hemoglobins.


Epidemiologic aspects of coronary artery disease.


The effects of amphenone on thyroid function in man.


Circulating iodoproteins in a nongoitrous adult with primary amenorrhea, bony deformities, and normal levels of serum precipitable iodine and thyroidal I131 uptake.


Plasma corticosterone and hydrocortisone levels in man.


Study of potentially active adrenocortical steroids in peripheral human plasma after various stresses.


Urinary metabolites of cortisol in adrenal insufficiency and in pituitary eunuchoidism.


Urinary ketosteroid excretion patterns in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.


Granulomatous thyroiditis (De Quervain's thyroiditis).


Metabolism of free and conjugated 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in normal subjects.


The use of I133 in the treatment of Graves' disease.


Thyroidal uptake and plasma clearance of I131 and I127 in cirrhosis of the liver.


17-alpha-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE acetate; an effective progestational substance on oral administration.


Congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia associated with hyperplasia of aberrant (intra-testicular) adrenal tissue.


Progestational activity of certain 19-nor steroids; comparative assays in oophorectomized women.


Radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis: a complication of radioiodine treatment of pulmonary metastases from cancer of the thyroid.


Clinical progress in the treatment of exophthalmos of Graves' disease, with particular reference to the effect of pituitary surgery.


Auto-immunity in Hashimoto's disease and its implications.


A chromatographic study of thyroidal iodine metabolism in nontoxic nodular goiter.


Factors affecting the binding capacity of human erythrocytes for I131-labeled 1-thyroxine and 1-triiodothyronine.


The metabolism of 3:3'-diiodothyronine in man.


Effect of thyrotropin on the pattern of thyroid hormones in plasma.


Adrenocortical function in myxedema.

Adrenocortical function in myxedema.


Pathologic changes in adult myxedema: survey of 10 necropsies.


Studies in nonmyxedematous hypometabolism. II. Turnover of I131-labeld thyroxine after intravenous infusion.


Clinical significance of serum butanol-extractable iodine.


Can radiation cause thyroid cancer.

Can radiation cause thyroid cancer.


The effect of insulin on blood levels of infused pentoses in man.


Physiological disposition and metabolic fate of infused pentoses in man.


Studies of ribose metabolism. I. The pathway of nucleic acid ribose synthesis in a human carcinoma cell in tissue culture.


Production of hypertonic urine in the absence of pituitary antidiuretic hormone.


The destruction of red cells by antibodies in man. I. Observations of the sequestration and lysis of red cells altered by immune mechanisms.


Electrolyte and water excretion in arterial hypertension. I. Studies in non-medically treated subjects with essential hypertension.


Radioactivity over the spleen and liver following the transfusion of chromium51-labelled erythrocytes in hemolytic anemia.


The thyroid hormoneplasma protein complex in man. I. Differences in different states of thyroid function.


The effects of nucleosides on the resistance of normal human erythrocytes to osmotic lysis.


Overproduction of uric acid as the cause of hyperuricemia in primary gout.


Urinary excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides by patients with rheumatoid arthritis.


Studies of intestinal digestion and absorption in the human.


General hemodynamics and splanchnic circulation in patients with coarctation of the aorta.


The potentiation of exogenous insulin by tolbutamide in depancreatized dogs.


A dual mechanism of vitamin B12 plasma absorption.


Plasma lipid interrelationships in experimental nephrosis.


Measurements of pulmonary capillary blood flow and gas exchange throughout the respiratory cycle in man.


Mechanisms of synthesis of purine nucleotides in heart muscle extracts.


Biochemical changes in liver associated with kwashiorkor.


Further characterization of an insulin antagonist in the serum of patients in diabetic acidosis.


Studies with the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, in experimental animals and man.


Quantitative studies on human urinary metabolites of tryptophan as affected by isoniazid and deoxypyridoxine.


Studies in Cushing's syndrome. II. Adrenal weight-maintaining activity in the plasma of patients with Cushing's syndrome.


Neurosecretion in the human cerebellum.

Neurosecretion in the human cerebellum.


Observations on the minor basic hemoglobin component in the blood of normal individuals and patients with thalassemia.


A comparative study of certain trigeminal components in two soricid shrews, Blarina brevicauda and Sorex cinereus.


Studies on the brain of the guinea pig. I. The nuclear pattern of certain basal telencephalic centers.


The olfactory centers and connections in the cerebral hemisphere of the mole (Scalopus aquaticus machrinus).


Ocular muscle propriocoptive neuronos in the developing chick.


Site of emetic action of x-radiation in the cat.


The role of the meningeal tissues in the hematoencephalic barrier.


Echolocation in rats.

Echolocation in rats.


The effect of certain parameters on the acquisition of fear.


Changes in response measures over repeated acquisitions and extinctions of a running habit.


Stimulus-intensity dynamism and secondary reinforcement.


Some training conditions affecting secondary reinforcement.


The effects of percentage of partially delayed reinforcement on the acquisition and extinction of an instrumental response.


Delayed-response learning in the marmoset and the macaque.


Spontaneous alternation and stimulus avoidance.


Learning-set formation in the squirrel monkey.


Delayed alternation: evidence for symbolic processes in the rat.


Habituation to handling as a factor in retention of maze performance in rats.


The effects of an instructed motor response upon somatic responses to a brief tone.


The effect of satiation on the sucking response in puppies.


Changes in behavior and visual discrimination performances after selective ablations of the temporal cortex.


The effect of whole-body x-radiation upon activity drum, straightaway, and maze performances of white rats.


Proactive and retroactive effects of electroconvulsive shock on approach-avoidance conflict.


The comparative effects of ECS and anoxia on memory.


Memory decrement produced by ECS as a function of distribution in original learning.


Effects of electroshock convulsions on learning in rats as a function of age.


The effect of DFP on learning and retention following physiological recovery.


On anti-predator responses in certain birds; a reply.


Careful reporting and experimental analysis; a comment.


The scaling of terms used to describe personality.


Heterosexual somatic preference and fantasy dependency.


What is measured by the cannot say scale of the group MMPI.


Identification, parentcathexis, and self-esteem.


Perceptions of significant family and environmental relationships in aggressive and withdrawn children.


The role-taking hypothesis in delinquency.


Deriving a measure of test-taking defensiveness.


Extraversion, neuroticism, and manifest anxiety.


F-K in a motivated group.

F-K in a motivated group.


The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and social desirability.


Barron's Ego-Strength Scale: a replication of an evaluation of its construct validity.


The correlates of manifest anxiety in perceptual reactivity, rigidity; and self concept.


Configurational analysis of MMPI profiles of psychiatric groups.


Scoring intelligence on the Lowenfeld Mosaic Test.


The social desirability stereotype in a hospital population.


The Rorschach performance of epileptic children.


The validity of some current tests for organicity.


The relation of the Archimedes spiral aftereffect and the trail making test to brain damage in children.


The tendency of the Dorken and Kral brain damage measure to score false positives.


Base rate and the Archimedes spiral illusion.


The production of developmental abnormalities of the oral structures in Amblystoma punctatum.


The structure of rostral teeth and the rostrum of Pristis microdon.


Investigations of the influence of vascularity and innervation on tooth resorption and eruption.


The influence of systematically administered trypan blue on prenatal development of rats and mice.


Studies of the composition of teeth. VI. The composition of Syrian hamster enamel and dentin extracted with KOH-ethylene glycol.


Clinical and bacteriologic studies of caries-immune human beings.


The relation of streptococci, lactobacilli, and the general oral and fecal flora to the progression of dental caries in the hamster.


Enzymes of human saliva, II. Parotid saliva total esterases.


The effect of sex hormones on dental caries in desalivated rats.


Is collagenase found in saliva from periodontal diseased mouths.


Effects on inhalation of airbrasive powder.


Microhardness studies of intact surface enamel.


An abrasion method for determining the wear resistance of teeth. I. Description of apparatus and variables.


Spectrophotometry of saliva.

Spectrophotometry of saliva.


Discoloration of teeth by metallic ions.


Iron content of teeth in hemosiderosis.

Iron content of teeth in hemosiderosis.


Effect of nitric acid and chelation demineralization on various stains of histochemical nature.


Enamel carbonate in caries.

Enamel carbonate in caries.


The production of acids from glucose by oral microorganisms: acid of the Krebs cycle.


Reaction of tooth surfaces with one ppm of fluoride as sodium fluoride.


The effect of topically applied potassium fluorostannite on the dental caries experience in children.


A new approach to the topical application of fluorides for the reduction of dental caries in children; a preliminary report.


The effect of vanadium pentoxide, fluorides, and tin compounds on the dental caries experience in rats.


The geographical distribution of dental caries of young school children in the Netherlands; period 1950-1953.


The cancer problem in Egypt.

The cancer problem in Egypt.


The radiotherapy of cutaneous haemangioma; a report on 100 cases.


Hypotensive thiophanium derivative as an aid in plastic surgery and removal of vascular tumors with a report of thirty cases.


Role of intrathecal alcohol in treating cases of vesical cancer.


The clinical evaluation of parenteral cholangiocystography.


Laboratory studies on the effect of copper sulphate on Biomphalaria boissyi, the snail vector of mansoni schistosomiasis in Egypt.


Adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas associated with S. Mansoni infestation; report of case.


Effect of testosterone propionate on the basal metabolic rate of normal subjects.


Bronchial adenoma; with a report of a case of unusual size.


Haemodynamic studies of isolated congenital pulmonary stenosis: preliminary report.


Haemagioma of the vertebral bodies with compression myelopathy.


Hypertension in unilateral renal disease.


Hepatic artery ligature for liver cirrhosis in Egypt.


Carcinoma of duodenum.

Carcinoma of duodenum.


Industrial dermatitis and other skin conditions; a communication for the practitioner.


Prefrontal leucotomy, for the treatment of psychoses; case presentation.


A parasitological survey of the Kharga and Dakhia oases in 1952 and of the Dakhia oases in 1955.


A new principle for the urine deviation in cystectomy.


The action of furazolidone on pregnancy.


The behavioural and vaginal response of the spayed ewe to oestrogen injected at various times relative to the injection of progesterone.


The in vitro metabolism of mammary gland slices in the presence of posterior pituitary lobe extracts rich in melanophore-dispersing activity.


Induction of superovulation and pregnancy in mature mice by gonadotrophins.


The suppression of adrenocortical secretion with 17 alpha-ethyl-19-nortestosterone.


The influence of reproduction on body weight in women.


The influence of weight and height on weight changes associated with pregnancy in women.


The influence of body weight on reproductive function in women.


Adrenocortical hyperplasia: report of a case with studies of the excretion of steroid metabolites.


Demonstration of a glucocorticoid-like substance in the spleen.


Factors influencing ovarian sensitivity to gonadotrophins.


Studies on primary atypical pneumonia. I. Localization, isolation, and cultivation of a virus in chick embryos. By means of fluorescein-labelled antibody, the primary atypical pneumonia virus was found to multiply exclusively in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells lining the bronchioles and air sacs of developing chick embryos. When 13-day old embryos were inoculated intra-amniotically and incubated at 35 degrees C. for 5 days or longer, over 90 per cent of the inoculated embryos became infected. Between 1954 and 1956, seven strains of PAP virus were isolated from sputums or nasopharyngeal washings in patients during the acute stage of the PAP infection. One strain of virus was isolated from the frozen lung of a patient who died at Boston in 1943. All eight recently isolated strains and the Mac strain isolated by Eaton et al. in California in 1944 were antigenically closely related if not identical. PAP virus is not related antigenically to agents of psittacosis, Q fever, adenovirus (Types 1 to 6), influenza A or B, or PVM.


Macroglobulinemia. I. The antigenic relationship of pathological macroglobulins to normal gamma-globulins. Highly purified pathological macroglobulins, which had been characterized electrophoretically and in the ultracentrifuge, were studied by the Ouchterlony gel diffusion technique. These macroglobulins were shown to be antigenically related to normal gamma(1)-macroglobulin (19S) as well as the 7S gamma-globulins. The pathological macroglobulins differ among each other and they are antigenically deficient when compared with the normal macroglobulin. There is no correlation between the macroglobulin's antigenic structure and its physico-chemical properties.


Macroglobulinemia. II. Antisera specific for pathological macroglobulins. Rabbits were immunized with three highly purified macroglobulins, from patients with macroglobulinemia. The antisera reacted with two macroglobulins with sedimentation constants of 19S and 26S of homologous antigen, and cross-reacted with the 7S and 19S globulins of normal gamma(1)-globulin and the heterologous pathological 19S macroglobulins. Exhaustive absorption of these antisera with normal gamma-globulins rendered them specific for the homologous macroglobulins. The antigenic properties of the pathological macroglobulins indicate that these proteins are abnormal.


Action of x-rays on mammalian cells. II. Survival curves of cells from normal human tissues. Survival curves of normal human cells from a variety of tissues exposed to varying doses of x-irradiation have been constructed, which permit definition of the intrinsic radiation sensitivity of the reproductive power of each cell type. The mean lethal dose of x-irradiation for all the cells employed, including those from normal and cancerous organs, those exhibiting diploid and polyploid chromosome number; those from embryonic and adult tissues, including recently isolated cells and cultures which had been maintained in vitro for many years, and cells exhibiting either epithelioid or fibroblastic morphology, was found to be contained between the limits of 50 to 150 r. Other similarities in the pattern of radiation effects, such as giant formation and abortive colonial growth, in these cells and that of the HeLa S3, previously studied, confirm the hypothesis that the pattern of reaction to x-irradiation previously elucidated, is representatative, at least in over-all outline, for a large variety of human cells. While the radiation survival curves of various human cells are similar in the gross, small but important characterizing differences have been found. All epithelioid cells so far studied are approximately 2-hit, and more radioresistant than the fibroblast-like cells whose survival data correspond to a mean lethal dose of around 60 r, and which so far can be fitted by either 1-hit or 2-hit curves. The earlier prediction that the major radiobiologic damage to mammalian cells is lodged in the genetic apparatus was confirmed by the demonstration of high frequency of mutants among the survivors of doses of 500 to 900 r. All the data on the x-radiosensitivity of these cells can be explained on the basis of a defect resulting from primary damage localized in one or more chromosomes. These considerations afford a convincing explanation of several aspects of the mammalian radiation syndrome.


Leukopenia with granulocytopenia in experimental mucormycosis (Rhizopus oryzae infection). Mucormycosis was produced in rabbits with sustained, severe leukopenia and granulocytopenia induced by repeated injections of nitrogen mustard. Initially, these animals developed extensive fungus lesions at the site of inoculation which later became granulomatous and tended to heal. Only the early phases of host resistance appeared impaired by the virtual elimination of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte as a factor in the host response. Despite the persistent leukopenia and granulocytopenia, the later phases of host resistance resembled those of the normal animal. Thus, the behavior of the infection in this experiment differs greatly from the unchecked progression of mucormycosis in the metabolically abnormal animal with acute alloxan diabetes. The differences in the course of the disease and in the morphologic appearance of the lesions indicate that metabolic alterations in the host affect all phases of host resistance and not only the polymorphonuclear leukocytic response.


Turnover of S35-sulfate in epiphyses and diaphyses of suckling rats; nature of the S35-labelled compounds. S(35)-sulfate was injected intraperitoneally- into 7-day-old rats and their long bones were removed after intervals of time. The epiphyses were separated from the diaphyses for analysis. From the diaphyses freed of bone marrow about 82 per cent of the S(35) which they contained was extracted with a 2.5 N solution of sodium hydroxide. More, about 91 per cent of the S(35), was thus extracted from the epiphyses. Dialysis of the extracts against water showed that the fraction of S(35) which was dialyzable decreased rapidly with time. After 1 hour about 80 per cent and 50 per cent of the S(35) in the extracts of diaphyses and epiphyses, respectively were found in the dialysates, after 24 hours about 20 per cent and 4 per cent, and after 120 hours 12 per cent and 1 per cent. Similar values for the S(35) in inorganic sulfate were found when the extracts were chromatographed on an anion exchange resin, dowex-2. The S(35), other than inorganic sulfate, was in the form of bound sulfate, which was released by acid hydrolysis. Uronic acid and hexosamines, primarily galactosamine, were associated with the S(35). Indeed, on paper electrophoretograms and paper chromatograms the major S(35)-labelled component which was seen resembled chondroitin sulfate in its mobility. On the paper chromatograms, also a second S(35)-labelled component with a mobility lower than that of chondroitin sulfate was found. It is unlikely that the latter is a breakdown product of chondroitin sulfate, produced in the course of extraction with the sodium hydroxide solution. In fact, both components were also found in sodium versenate homogenates which had been dialyzed extensively against water. On the basis of these results it is suggested that the greatest part of the S(35)-labelled materials previously demonstrated by autoradiography to be progressively deposited in the metaphyses after 24 hours,-as the concentration of S(35)-sulfate concurrently decreased in the epiphyseal cartilage plates,-are akin to the chondroitin sulfate of the epiphyseal cartilage plates and are derived from the latter.


Differentiation of group A streptococci with a common R antigen into three serological types, with special reference to the bactericidal test. In further study of streptococci having the R antigen, the bactericidal test has been used instead of the mouse protection test in investigating the type-specific M antigens of these organisms. The results have been confirmed by M anti-M precipitin tests, and a correlation between the M and T antigens of the strains has been shown. On the basis of a specific M antigen, type 28 has been shown to comprise Griffith's strain Small and four other R-containing strains. A number of other strains previously thought to belong to type 28 on the basis of R antigen reactions have now been identified as belonging either to type 2 or to a new type, designated 48, which shows a one-way cross-relationship to type 13. The bactericidal test is suggested as a useful method for assessing M antigen in group A streptococci and for establishing type-specificity by means of a biological test which is more widely applicable than the standard mouse protection test.


Cross-immunity between Brucella melitensis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; intracellular behavior of Brucella melitensis in monocytes from vaccinated animals. A non-specific element has been demonstrated in the resistance of monocytes derived from immunized rabbits. Vaccination by BCG or by an effective anti-brucellosis reagent induces protection in either case against both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Brucella melitensis when studied by the monocyte culture method. The activity of the antiserum required to demonstrate the resistance of the monocyte is not affected when the agglutinating action of the anti-Brucella rabbit serum is removed by absorption. The ability of the monocytes from specifically immunized rabbits to retard the growth of virulent Brucella was demonstrated, not as an all-or-none phenomenon, but in the light of the unrestricted bacterial multiplication which occurs in monocytes from normal animals.


Fluorescent antibody detection of the antigens of the Shope papilloma virus in papillomas of the wild and domestic rabbit. The results obtained by a fluorescent antibody study of the Shope papilloma virus in papillomas of the wild and domestic rabbit are presented. In the wild rabbit papillomas the viral antigens occurred exclusively in the nucleus and were present in the differentiating cells of the keratohyaline layers and in the keratinized layers. The antigens were not present in the deeper proliferating epithelial cells of the papillomas. The Shope viral antigens were present in very minute amounts in papillomas of the domestic rabbit, as compared with papillomas of the wild rabbit, and were only detected in the superficial keratinized layers. It is postulated that virus is present in the nuclei of the proliferating cells of the papillomas of the wild and domestic rabbit but exists there in an early stage of development, consisting mainly of nucleic acid and deficient in protein, therefore non-antigenic and not demonstrable by fluorescent antibody. The nucleic acid moiety of the virus may be infective, and the protein component may provide immunologic specificity and serve to preserve transmissibility. The protein-deficient virus can be referred to as masked virus.


The renal lesions of electrolyte imbalance. I. The structural alterations in potassium-depleted rats. Renal tubular lesions during the early phases of progressive potassium depletion in rats were found in nephrons isolated by microdissection in two locations, the collecting tubules and the proximal convolutions. All other portions of the nephron, in particular the "distal tubule," i.e. ascending limbs of Henle's loop and distal convolutions, showed no structural alterations except the passive effects of dilatation and cellular compression which developed as a result of primary disturbances lower in the tubular system. The alterations affected all the collecting tubules uniformly and took two forms; the more severe, a swelling and hyperplasia of the tubular epithelium and the lesser, an intracellular accumulation of granule droplets. The former was limited to the outer zone of the medulla, the latter to its inner zone. In the proximal convolution the structural alteration began in its middle third and extended downward towards the medulla; only occasional nephrons were affected. The essential nature of the more severe epithelial lesion was similar in both collecting tubule and proximal convolution, beginning as a swelling of cell bodies, increasing to protoplasmic disturbances with disintegration of the mitochondrial pattern, followed by rupture of cells and nuclear disappearance. These retrogressive alterations were followed by prolific regenerative hyperplasia. In the collecting tubules of the outer zone these epithelial alterations were present in both the clear and the intercalcated cells; in the latter the swelling of the cells was not prominent, but the hyperplastic proliferative increase in their number was the predominating feature of the lesion when the dissected tubules were viewed intact in the continuity of their topographical relations. The cellular alterations in the tubules are associated with an inability to concentrate the urine; reasons are given for considering this functional disturbance a correlate of the structural lesion in the collecting tubules.


A cytochemical study of the L. E. bodies of systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Nucleic acids. The composition, with respect to nucleic acids, of the L.E. bodies resulting from the action of the plasma of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on substrate leukocyte nuclei in different kinds of preparations was compared microspectrophotometrically with that of control lymphocyte nuclei. Binding of the basic dye methyl green to DNA was uniformly found to be depressed in L.E. bodies as compared with control nuclei. Since Feulgen-revealed DNA, which served as a standard of reference, was relatively unchanged in amount, the Feulgen:methyl green ratios of L.E. bodies were higher than those of lymphocyte nuclei. Acetylation, which covers basic groups of proteins, was found to increase methyl green uptake by DNA of L.E. bodies to values approximating those of control nuclei, with consequent revision, after acetylation of the Feulgen: methyl green ratios of L.E. bodies to values similar to those of lymphocyte nuclei. Ribonuclease was found to reduce methyl green staining; extraction with dilute acid had little effect. These data have been interpreted to indicate (a) the presence in L.E. bodies of DNA-associated proteins whose basic groups compete with the cationic dye for binding sites of DNA and so inhibit methyl green staining, and (b) the DNA itself is not detectibly altered in state or degree of polymerization. Photometric comparison of the mean Feulgen-stainable DNA content per L.E. body with that of control nuclei showed that DNA is not lost in the L.E. transformation of nuclei.


A cytochemical study of the L. E. bodies of systemic lupus erythematosus. II. Proteins. Microspectrophotometric comparison of lymphocyte nuclei and free L.E. bodies which are derived from them show a more than twofold average increase in the latter of protein basic groups revealed by naphthol yellow S binding, and tyrosine residues demonstrated by the Millon reaction. The alkaline fast green method for histones and the Sakaguchi reaction for arginine residues suggest that there is a marked loss and ultimate disappearance of histones in the course of formation of the L.E. body from a nucleus. It is postulated that the L.E. transformation entails influx of protein normally foreign to the nucleus, displacement of histone from combination of DNA, and association of the DNA with the new protein which is then responsible for masking the anionic groups of DNA.


Phase contrast and interferometric microscopy of the L. E. cell phenomenon. Alterations in the cellular morphology of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes under the influence of serum from patients having disseminated lupus erythematosus were observed under the phase contrast microscope. These changes appear to involve the cell nucleus without significant visible incorporation of cytoplasm. In the formation of the L.E. body, there is a loss of internal nuclear structure and a subsequent nuclear swelling and extrusion of the nuclear contents from the cell to form the free L.E. body. The possible incorporation of cytoplasmic substance cannot alone account for the large mass of the L.E. body as contrasted with the parent nucleus or nuclear lobe. Measurements of dry mass by means of the interference microscope show a two and one-half-fold increment in dry mass in L.E. bodies compared to parent lymphocyte nuclei. This confirms previous cytochemical studies, and establishes that an influx of protein into the leukocyte nucleus is an integral part of the L.E. phenomenon. That the accumulation of extraneous protein within the L.E. body is simultaneous with or subsequent to a disruption of the normal structure of the leukocyte nucleus is apparent from these studies, but the pathogenesis of this alteration is as yet unknown.


An electron microscopic study of incomplete virus formation; infection of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells with chick embryo-adapted Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The morphologic changes occurring in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells infected with chick embryo-adapted Newcastle disease virus were studied with phase microscope, conventional light microscope, and electron microscope. Intracytoplasmic inclusions appeared 2 to 4 hours following infection and progressively increased in size and numbers until cytolysis occurred. No significant alterations in mitochondria or other cell organelles were detected during the initial period of inclusion development. The inclusions were composed of a multilaminated shell, probably derived from the agranular reticulum of the EAT cell, surrounding an inner core packed with dense particles, measuring 3 to 14 mmicro in diameter. These particles were tentatively identified as the newly synthesized "incomplete virus" which had been previously demonstrated by fluorescent antibody techniques. The possible role of the inclusions is discussed.


Cellular sites of formation of gamma globulin. The cellular sites of formation of gammaglobulin in lymphatic tissues of man and in a representative human lymphoid infiltrate have been studied by fluorescent antibody technique. The findings indicate that gamma-globulin is formed in the germinal centers of lymphatic nodules and in the cytoplasm of mature and immature plasma cells of two types-those with and those without Russell bodies. The germinal center cells that synthesize gamma-globulin have been designated "intrinsic" cells to distinguish them from the medium and large lymphocytes, and the primitive reticular cells that occur elsewhere and do not produce gamma-globulin. Unlike the plasma cells, which function as individual units, the intrinsic cells apparently form gamma-globulin only when they are arranged in discrete aggregations. The function, the blood supply, and the systematic cellular arrangement of germinal centers justifies the postulate that they are miniature organs of internal secretion of gamma-globulin. The release of gamma-globulin from its sites of formation appears to be accomplished by holocrine and apocrine secretion. Presumably, these secretory mechanisms are adaptations required for the production of antibody since they have not been described in parenchymal cells that form the other serum proteins. The cells found to form gamma-globulin appear to be identical with those previously shown to form specific antibody in response to a variety of antigens in the experimental animal. This evidence indicates that normal gamma-globulin, if it exists, originates in the same cells that produce antibody. It is suggested, also, that each of the 3 morphologically distinct categories of cells that synthesize gamma-globulin represents a response to a particular form of antigenic stimulation. Nuclear participation in the process of gamma-globulin synthesis was not detected by the technique employed.


Growth characteristics of poliovirus in HeLa cells: nucleic acid metabolism. The RNA and DNA contents of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the HeLa cell were determined. The rates of incorporation of P(32) into the various nucleic acid fractions were established for the ordinary HeLa cell maintained under a set of standard conditions. The changes in the rates of incorporation of P(32) and in the amounts of RNA and DNA which occurred subsequent to infection with poliovirus were followed throughout the infectious cycle. These changes were correlated with the intracellular appearance of the newly formed virus. A net synthesis of RNA occurred in the cytoplasmic component of the cell. The increase was detectable 2 hours before the first appearance of demonstrable virus and reached a maximum (2.5 times normal) at 6 hours. Viral increase was not maximal before the 7th hour after infection.


An electron microscope study of the glomerulus in nephrosis, glomerulonephritis, and lupus erythematosus. Renal biopsies from 16 patients with nephrosis, 7 patients with glomerulonephritis, and 3 patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus were studied with the electron microscope. The observations presented indicate that early in the course of each of these diseases alterations occur in the fine structure of the glomeruli which serve to distinguish one disease process from another. In nephrosis, some distortion of the organization of the epithelial foot processes was seen in all patients. These epithelial changes constituted the early, consistent lesion of the disease. There was frequently also a swelling of the endothelium. In glomerulonephritis, pronounced proliferative changes involving the endothelium and to a lesser extent the epithelium, together with the laying down of a basement membrane-like material, represented the predominate pathologic processes. There was also a swelling of both endothelial and epithelial cytoplasm. The epithelial foot processes generally appeared normal. In patients with a clinically "mixed" picture of nephrosis and nephritis, the glomerular changes were likewise "mixed," for various combinations of epithelial, endothelial, and basement membrane abnormalities were present. In disseminated lupus erythematosus, a more or less generalized thickening of the basement membrane proper associated with a variable degree of endothelial proliferation was seen. It is suggested that an accentuation of the process of basement membrane thickening results in the "wire loop" appearance sometimes seen by light microscopy. Although the earliest alterations in glomerular fine structure were characteristic for each of the disease processes, at later stages the changes were not always distinctive. The resulting scarred or "hyalinized" glomeruli, composed of relatively homogeneous, basement membrane-like material, and a few atrophic cells, appeared quite similar. Although the functional implications of the structural changes observed remain obscure at this time, it is believed that insight into mechanisms may stem from such observations.


The infection of chimpanzees with ECHO viruses. The oral and parenteral infections of chimpanzees receiving echo Types 6 and 4 viruses successively are described. The two infections, spaced 2(1/2) months apart, and given by the same route in each animal, failed to induce overt disease. The inapparent infections were demonstrated by virus excretion in the throat and the stools and the development of neutralizing antibodies. Complement-fixing antibodies also appeared after Type 6 infection, but fell more rapidly than the neutralizing antibodies. After oral infection, echo-6 virus was found for equal periods in both the throat and feces, but echo-4 persisted in the throat for much longer periods than in the lower bowel. Almost no virus carriage occurred after parenteral inoculation. No true viremia was exhibited in any of the animals. One of the chimpanzees had neutralizing antibodies against Type 6 virus in its pre-inoculation serum. It responded extraordinarily to the Type 6 exposure, developing antibody levels of 1:50,000 to echo-6, of 1:1024 against the echo-6' variant, and of 1:64 against the echo 6'' variant. Although Type 4 antibodies developed after the exposure, they proved difficult to measure by ordinary methods. However, they could be satisfactorily assayed by the plaque reduction method. Three other chimpanzees fed echo-2, echo-3, and an untypable echo virus, respectively, yielded results confirming those established with Types 4 and 6.


Physical properties of the red cell agglutinins in acquired hemolytic anemia. The sera of 8 patients with acquired hemolytic anemia associated with elevated levels of cold agglutinins were studied by various procedures of zone electrophoresis. The agglutinating activity was found associated with proteins of variable mobility in the different cases. The majority represented "fast" gamma-globulins. The 4 sera with the highest titers of cold agglutinins showed distinguishable abnormal electrophoretic components. The titers correlated with the height of the abnormal components. Ultracentrifugal analysis of the electrophoretic fractions indicated that the cold agglutinins were associated with proteins having a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 19 S. The abnormal component from the serum with the highest biological activity showed almost no contamination with lower molecular weight proteins. The amount of 19 S material found correlated with the titer of agglutinating activity. The high molecular weight character of the cold agglutinins was confirmed by procedures of density gradient zone centrifugation. The biological activity sedimented with proteins of the 19 S class in all the sera including those of relatively low titer with which no abnormal electrophoretic components were observed. Dissociation of the abnormal high molecular weight components was possible by means of certain sulfhydryl compounds. This resulted in disappearance of cold agglutinin activity. Some of the cases could be classified as macroglobulinemias because of the very large content of high molecular weight components. However, the same disease picture occurred without recognizable elevation of these components. The sera of 3 patients with severe acquired hemolytic anemia of the warm type associated with warm incomplete antibodies failed to show similar abnormal electrophoretic components and the antibody activity sedimented with proteins of the 7 S class.


Poliovirus precipitins; a study by means of diffusion in agar. Antigens present in poliovirus concentrates react with antibodies present in the serum of hyperimmunized monkeys to give type-specific precipitates. One or more bands of precipitate can be formed wherever such homotypic reactants, diffusing into an agar gel, meet in sufficient concentration and in equivalent proportions. No qualitative differences have been detected between the type-specific reactions given by different strains of the same virus type; and no precipitates have been seen which could be called "group-specific." Non-specific precipitates have occasionally been observed. Type-specific poliovirus precipitins are found in the serum of poliomyelitis patients. Their concentration has been measured by a standardized method. They tend to develop in parallel with neutralizing antibodies against the same virus type, increasing in amount during the first weeks of illness in those patients who show concurrent neutralizing antibody rises. The precipitation reaction has proved valuable in the antigenic analysis of polioviruses. Its general adoption as a diagnostic procedure is perhaps unlikely; but it may be well worth applying for special purposes.


Effects of cellular constituents of mycobacteria on the resistance of mice to heterologous infections. II. Enhancement of infection. Injection of certain cellular constituents of mycobacteria into mice simultaneously with, or shortly after, infection with Staph. aureus or with Myco. fortuitum, markedly shortened the life of the infected animals. This infection-enhancing effect could be achieved by injecting the cellular constituents by either the intravenous, the intraperitoneal, or the subcutaneous route. Suspensions of killed mycobacteria were injected into mice which had been infected several months before with small doses of various bacterial pathogens and which still harbored small numbers of living organisms in their organs. Under these conditions, a marked increase in the numbers of living bacteria in the organs of the treated mice could be detected within a very few days after treatment with the mycobacterial products, and a certain percentage of the animals died rapidly. One of the first and most constant manifestations of the change in the infectious process from the chronic to the acute state was the appearance of a large microbial population in the liver. This happened even though Staph. aureus and Myco. fortuitum are rapidly cleared from the liver of normal mice. In addition to killed cells of BCG and of Myco. fortuitum, pertussis vaccine and the purified lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) of Gram-negative bacilli also proved capable of converting chronic bacterial infections into acute infectious processes.


Effects of cellular constituents of mycobacteria on the resistance of mice to heterologous infections I. Protective effects. Vaccination with living attenuated tubercle bacilli (BCG) was found to increase the resistance of mice to infection with virulent staphylococci. An even more striking protective effect could be elicited by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of small amounts (0.1 mg. or more) of killed BCG cells. The killed BCG cells retained most of their protective activity after prolonged heating at acid, neutral, or basic reactions-and after extraction with acetone, methanol, and NaOH (at pH 10.5). Some protective activity could be recovered in a fraction soluble in methanol at 55 degrees C. The protective effect against infection manifested itself in a prolongation of survival time following infection, and also in the fact that smaller numbers of staphylococci were recovered from the organs of infected mice. Both types of effects were still evident 10 weeks after vaccination. Injection by the intraperitoneal route of killed cells of BCG, or of methanol extracts of them, elicited in mice a high level of protection against intravenous injection of Myco. fortuitum. A protective effect quantitatively and qualitatively similar to that elicited by BCG, resulted from the intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of killed cells of Myco. fortuitum.


Studies on the etiology and transmission of epidemic diarrhea of infant mice. Transmission experiments have shown that epidemic diarrhea of infant mice of the CFW strain is infectious and communicable. Cage to cage spread can take place by the air-borne route. The agent appears to be a fairly heat-resistant virus that can be serially transferred and that is neutralized by specific hyperimmune antiserum from rabbits. Mice are susceptible to it by the oral route from at least the 3rd day after birth to the 10th or 11th day. Thereafter they appear to become resistant. The shortest incubation period observed has been 40 hours from the time of feeding infectious material; the longest period could not be ascertained under the conditions of test. Factors relative to the differentiation of this virus from other viruses are briefly discussed.


Dietary fat and hypercholesteremia in the Cebus monkey. II. Esterification and disappearance of cholesterol-4-C14. A series of studies of cholesterol metabolism in the Cebus monkey were carried out in an attempt to understand the mechanisms responsible for the great differences in serum cholesterol levels when different dietary fats were used. Three groups of monkeys, one fed diets including 45 per cent of calories as corn oil, a second corn oil plus cholesterol (0.1 gm./100 calories), and a third lard plus cholesterol for 5 months (mean serum cholesterol values were 237, 268, and 601 mg. per cent, respectively) were injected with emulsions of cholesterol-4-C(14). The mean biological half-lives for the disappearance of serum radiocholesterol were 8.8, 8.4, and 6.6 days respectively. Esterification of radiocholesterol as measured by equilibration of specific activities of serum-free cholesterol and total cholesterol was delayed in the monkeys fed lard plus cholesterol. When cholesterol-4-C-(14)-stearate was given intravenously to a series of monkeys, an erratic non-exponential biological decay curve resulted. Specific activity for free serum cholesterol was greater than that for total cholesterol within 1 hour after the injection. After 7 months on experimental diets including corn oil with added cholesterol and lard with added cholesterol the levels of lipides in most tissues were not different for the two dietary groups, nor were they appreciably elevated above previous control figures for monkeys not fed cholesterol. Total lipide levels in the adrenals of monkeys fed corn oil were twice those of monkeys fed lard. Monkeys were fasted before and after intragastric administration of cholesterol-4-C(14) in small formula meals including various fats and fatty acids. The disappearance of total cholesterol from the serum consisted of a rapid followed by a slow exponential function. The type of fat and fatty acid appeared to influence the rate of disappearance of radiocholesterol. There was a broad range of apparent activity of the different fats and fatty acids in promoting cholesterol absorption.


Interrelationships between experimental hypercholesteremia, magnesium requirement, and experimental atherosclerosis. The addition of cholesterol and cholic acid to a diet containing 24 mg. percent of magnesium, an amount normally required for young rats, resulted in magnesium deficiency in rats. This was characterized by hyperexcitability, hyperemia of the ears, calcium deposition in the kidney tubules, low serum magnesium levels, and decreased oxidative phosphorylation of heart mitochondria. All these lesions were prevented by raising the dietary magnesium level four to eight times. Feeding the atherogenic diet produced the deposition of lipide in the aorta and in the heart valves. The extent of this intimal sudanophilia was reduced by large amounts of dietary magnesium although serum cholesterol values did not fall and usually rose. This represents perhaps the first clear cut disassociation between serum cholesterol values and the extent of intimal sudanophilia. Raising the level of dietary protein from 10 to 20 per cent decreased the serum cholesterol levels and the extent of the kidney lesions. Thyroxine administration lowered the serum cholesterol values, abolished the kidney lesions and reduced the intimal sudanophilia. These effects occurred even though the serum magnesium levels remained low.


Influence of dietary magnesium on cardiac and renal lesions of young rats fed an atherogenic diet. Young male rats fed an atherogenic diet for 24 to 26 days developed magnesium deficiency. The renal lesions, calcium deposition in tubular lumens in the outer zona intermedia, are morphologically consistent with those seen in animals fed magnesium-free diets. It was necessary to feed 8 to 16 times the normal requirement of magnesium to prevent completely these lesions. The limitations in the pathogenesis of these renal lesions are discussed. The addition of 2 mg. per cent of thyroxine to the diet markedly lowered or abolished deposition of calcium in the kidney; it also lowered atherogenesis to a minimum but did not abolish it. Early lesions of atherosclerosis of the cardiac valves and of the aorta were observed. These were more prominent in animals on a 10 per cent than in those on a 20 per cent protein diet. The atherosclerosis was diminished but not abolished by exceedingly high dietary levels of magnesium in the 10 per cent protein group. Such a decrease was not noted in the 20 per cent protein group. There did not appear to be significant variation in the morphology of the fatty livers in and between the various groups and subgroups as judged by staining with Sudan IV.


Transfer of experience with a class-schema to identification-learning of patterns and shapes.


Some factors affecting performance on a word-formation problem.


Extinction as a function of frustration drive and frustration-drive stimulus.


Effect of addition of irrelevant verbal cues on perceptual-motor learning.


Expectation and resistance to extinction of a lever-pulling response as functions of percentage of reinforcement and amount of reward.


Continuous perspective transformations and the perception of rigid motion.


Studies of distributed practice. XVI. Some evidence on the nature of the inhibition involved in massed learning of verbal materials.


Two determinants of associative reaction time.


The effect of an irrelevant drive on maze learning in the rat.


Studies in incidental learning. VI. Intraserial interference.


Effects of counting and ordering habits on the acquisition of a simple motor skill.


An analysis of Maier's pendulum problem.


Serial effects in recall of unorganized and sequentially organized verbal material.


The interaction of frequency, emotional tone, and set in visual recognition.


Simple reaction time as a function of time uncertainty.


Effects of delay of information feedback and task complexity on the identification of concepts.


Some sources of error in half-heaviness judgments.


Retention and meaningfulness of material.


Learning without awareness and extinction following awareness as a function of reinforcement.


Gradients of error reinforcement in normal multiple-choice learning situations.


Value, cost, and information as determiners of decision.


The origin of spontaneous and experimental haploids in the Mexican axolotl (Siredonor Ambystoma-mexicanum).


The effects of temperature on chirp-rate of male cone-headed grasshoppers, Neoconocephalus ensiger.


Factors influencing the frequency of cortisone-induced cleft palate in mice.


Biology of eumenine wasp. V. Digital communication in wasps.


The developmental effect of a sex-limited gene in Drosophila melanogaster.


The sex combs in males and intersexes of Drosophila melanogaster.


Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. II. Studies of the mechanics of notochord elongation and somite formation.


Photoperiodic stimulation of appetite and growth in the male lizard, Anolis carolinensis.


Complications of acquired diseases of the aorta.


Reconstructive arterial surgery.

Reconstructive arterial surgery.


Blood vessel banks.

Blood vessel banks.


Clinical report of an unusual contagious exanthem.


Encephalitis in cat scratch disease; report of two cases.


The aerobic breakdown of uric acid by certain pseudomonads.


Celluloseless mutants of certain Acetobacter species.


Fluorescent antibody studies with herpes simplex virus in unfixed preparations of trypsinized tissue cultures.


The isolation and cultural characteristics of Streptococcus pluton and further observations on Bacterium eurydice.


Genetic analysis of the development of serum resistance in an influenza virus strain.


A reconsideration of the swarming of Proteus vulgaris.


The minimal amino acid requirements of Haemophilus pertussis.


The electron microscopy of L-forms induced by penicillin in Proteus vulgaris.


Studies on the antigens of Paramecium aurelia with the aid of fluorescent antibodies.


The activity of fragmented and reassembled tobacco mosaic virus.


An electron microscope study of the spores of some species of the genus Bacillus using carbon replicas.


The production of polyenic antibiotics by soil streptomycetes.


A new genus of the actinomycetales: Waksmania gen. nov.


A pure preparation of the staphylococcal typing bacteriophage-42-D.


The membrane filter as an aid in the cultivation and identification of fungi.


Studies of the significance of polyphenolic host metabolites in the nutrition of Venturia inaequalis and Venturia pirina.


The summer air-spora at Rothamsted in 1952.


Cellulolysis by rumen micro-organisms.

Cellulolysis by rumen micro-organisms.


Cellulolytic preparations from micro-organisms of the rumen and from Myrothecium verrucaria.


Some thoughts on bacterial classification.


The application of computers to taxonomy.


The surface structure and serological typing of Bacillus megaterium.


Xanthine oxidase activity in regenerating liver. The xanthine oxidase activity of mouse regenerating liver has been shown to be elevated during the period of rapid liver growth and proliferation. This increase is evident when the enzyme activity is expressed per unit wet tissue weight, per unit nitrogen, or per cell. The adrenal cortex probably plays only a minor role in implementing this phenomenon. Further augmentation of the xanthine oxidase level of regenerating liver is not induced by the administration of large quantities of the substrate, xanthine, to the animal.


Entrance of water into human red cells under an osmotic pressure gradient. A new technique to determine the rate of water passage through the membrane of the human erythrocyte under an osmotic gradient has been developed. It utilizes a rapid mixing apparatus of the Hartridge-Roughton type which permits measurements at short intervals after the reaction has begun. This is coupled with a light-scattering device of new design which permits the determination of very small changes in volume of the cells without disturbing them. With this technique it was possible to measure the change in volume of freshly drawn human erythrocytes after about 50, 100, 155, and 215 msec. of exposure to anisotonic media. The experimental curves were compared with theoretical curves derived from accepted equations for the process and a permeability coefficient of 0.23 +/- 0.03 (cm.(4)/osm., sec.) was obtained.


The rate of exchange of tritiated water across the human red cell membrane. The flow method of reaction rate measurement has been adapted to the determination of the rate of diffusion of water into the human red cell. In seven experiments the half-time for diffusion exchange has been found to be 4.2 +/- 1.1 msec., which is equivalent to a diffusion flow of 8.6 x 10(-9) ml. H(2)O/(sec., red cell). This figure has been compared with the rate of water entrance under an osmotic pressure gradient, and has been found to be smaller by a factor of 2.5. The difference between these two rates of water entrance has been interpreted as indicating the presence of water-filled channels in the membrane. An estimate of the equivalent radius of these channels (on the assumption of uniform right cylindrical pores) leads to a value of 3.5 A, which is viewed as an operational description of the resistance offered by the membrane to the passage of water.


gamma-Butyrobetaine as a specific antagonist for carnitine in the development of the early chick embryo. The effect of gamma-butyrobetaine alone and with the addition of carnitine on the development of the early excised chick embryo has been studied. gamma-Butyrobetaine in appropriate amounts exerts an inhibitory effect which can be relieved or annulled by the inclusion of appropriate amounts of carnitine. This has been interpreted as a metabolite-antimetabolite relationship, in which the normal metabolite, carnitine, is antagonized by the structurally closely related gamma-butyrobetaine, and is regarded as evidence of an important role of carnitine in the metabolism of the developing chick embryo.


Uphill transport induced by counterflow. 1. In a membrane transport system containing a mobile carrier with affinities for two substrates a concentration gradient with respect to one of the substrates under certain conditions is able to induce an "uphill" transport (against the concentration gradient) of the other. 2. In a kinetic treatment quantitative conditions for such a "flow-induced uphill transport" and some of its characteristics are derived. 3. Experimentally the uphill transport of labelled glucose induced by a concentration gradient for mannose or unlabelled glucose is demonstrated in the human red cell. 4. It is shown that the flow-induced uphill transport is a feature characteristic for mobile carrier systems only and is not to be expected in systems in which the substrate is bound to a fixed membrane component ("adsorption membrane"), although such a system may yield identical transport kinetics. Also with respect to Ussing's flux ratio the two systems are different, the adsorption membrane meeting Ussing's criterion, the carrier membrane not. 5. It is concluded that the transport system in the human red cells must contain a mobile carrier, identical for glucose and mannose.


Input-output relation in a flexor reflex. Observations have been made upon a typical flexor reflex with the aim of disclosing the changes in amount, latency, and temporal configuration of reflex discharge that take place as afferent input is varied from zero to maximal for the band of cutaneous myelinated afferent fibers that extends upward from approximately 6 micro in diameter (group II fibers). Reflex threshold is reached at 6 to 12 per cent maximal afferent input. From threshold to maximal input the relation between input and amount of output is essentially linear, latency on the average decreases, the shorter central paths in general gain preference, but the known minimum pathway, one of three neurons, does not transmit unless aided by convergent activity. Flexor reflex discharge may occur in several bursts suggesting the existence of closed chain connections in the internuncial pools of the spinal cord. At any given input there is, in successively elicited reflexes, little correlation between latency and amount of discharge, at first sight a surprising result for each variable can be taken as a measure of excitability status of the motoneuron population. However, latency of discharge indicates excitability at the beginning of the reflex event whereas amount of discharge is an expression of excitability over the entire period of discharge. Given a constantly and rapidly fluctuating excitability absence of correlation between these variables would be an anticipated result.


The protein coats or ghosts of coli phage T2. II. The biological functions. Phage coats or ghosts, composed entirely of protein, appear to be responsible for protecting the phage nucleic acid from degradation by factors in the surrounding medium; attachment of the virus to its susceptible host; and delivering the nucleic acid to the interior of the cell. In addition, the ghosts have a number of biological actions which resemble similar actions of the parent phage. Thus, they both "kill" cells, inhibit pentosenucleic acid formation, interfere with subsequent infection by other virus particles, block adaptive enzyme formation, induce or trigger lysis of the host, and cause a leakage of phosphorus-containing fragments from the cell. Results to date fail to demonstrate a direct involvement of the ghosts in the passage of genetic information to the progeny. Several of the above changes induced in the host cell following attachment of ghosts could be derived from an alteration in but a single metabolic reaction. The stoichiometry of the ghost-bacterial cell interaction is different from that of the parent phage. Experiments to distinguish between a variable response of the host cell to reaction at different sites and a state of heterogeneity in the ghost preparations suggest the former but they are not decisive.


The effect of temperature, potassium, and sodium on the conductance change accompanying the action potential in the squid giant axon. Conductance changes associated with the response of the squid giant axon have been studied at two temperature ranges (26-27 degrees C.; 9-10 degrees C.) and with modified concentrations of sodium and potassium in the medium. The phase of "initial after-conductance," during which the membrane resistance increases above the resting value, is smaller at the lower temperature. At both temperature ranges it is diminished by doubling K(+) in the medium and enhanced by removal of K(+). Halving the Na(+) of the medium also enhances this phase when K(+) is absent, but not otherwise. The time course of the conductance changes alters in form with changes of the external medium. These changes indicate independent changes in the complex of ionic events associated with the response. The experiments therefore confirm the reality of the phase of increased membrane resistance. The magnitude of this change appears to be considerable and requires a transient decrease in the mobility and/or concentration of ions in the membrane. The possible cause of this decrease is discussed.


The action of air ions on bacteria. I. Protective and lethal effects on suspensions of Staphylococci in droplets. Techniques have been devised for studying quantitatively the effects of air ions on microorganisms suspended in small drops. In smog-contaminated atmospheres moderate concentrations of positive and negative air ions exerted a protective effect on staphylococci by delaying the drop in pH customarily observed and by diminishing the rate of evaporation. In clean air higher concentrations of positive and negative air ions accelerated the rate of death of staphylococci apparently by direct action on the cells and by increasing the rate of evaporation. Air ion action in these experiments did not involve cell agglutination or direct radiation from the radioactive isotopes employed.


Lysis from without of S. aureus K1 by the combined action of phage and virolysin. LYSIS FROM WITHOUT (LFW) OCCURS IN TWO STEPS: (1) sensitization of cells by phage, which renders the cells susceptible to (2) destruction of an essential cell structure by an extracellular lytic enzyme. Virolysin, from phage-infected cells, was used in these studies. Normal cell autolysin is also effective. Evidence is presented that: 1. Neither phage nor lysin alone causes LFW. 2. Sensitization requires phage adsorption. 3. It can be caused by non-infectious particles. This establishes a new biological activity of the particle. 4. Heat, U.V., detergents, penicillin, and other damaging agents also sensitize cells. 5. Sensitization involves a non-lethal, reversible reaction. 6. Sensitization by phage prevents virus synthesis. Following adsorption, a cell can undergo sensitization or infection but not simultaneously. When only a few particles are adsorbed, infection can occur; when sufficient particles are adsorbed, sensitization takes place. 7. Quantitative aspects of LFW are described. Lysis proceeds logarithmically. The lysis end-point depends upon the phage concentration but is independent of the enzyme concentration.


Electroosmosis in Nitella.

Electroosmosis in Nitella. The role of electroosmosis was studied directly in Nitella. The cells were mounted in a water-tight barrier between two chambers containing reversible electrodes for the application of potentials, and fitted with calibrated capillaries to measure water movement. No water movement was found when small existing bioelectric potentials were short-circuited through an external connection, nor when external potentials up to 1 or 2 volts were applied (producing currents up to 5 microa). Higher potentials (up to 10 volts) caused small movements of water, toward the negative pole. Larger and often irreversible water movements were produced by potentials up to 20 volts-sometimes persisting after current flow. A variety of evidence suggests that the effects are caused by injury at the cathodal end of the cell, allowing water to be attracted osmotically at the intact end and forced out at the injured end (transosmosis). This injury is reversible under small applied potentials, irreversible after large ones (100 to 200 times the natural bioelectric values). Such water flows persist in low salt concentrations (up to 0.09 M NaCl) but almost completely vanish in isotonic (0.26 M) mannitol. This confirms the osmotic, rather than the electroosmotic nature of the water movement. It is estimated that electroosmosis cannot account for more than 1 per cent of the water movement (or turgor) in Nitella cells. The dead cellulose walls display a small electroosmotic water flow at very high current densities (under 20 volts applied potential).


Effects of metabolic inhibitors and drugs on ion transport and oxygen consumption in isolated frog skin. Active ion (NaCl) transport across isolated frog skin is discussed in relation to sodium and potassium composition and to O(2) consumption of skin. A distinction is made between processes in skin related to "unidirectional active ion transport" and processes related to "maintenance electrolyte equilibrium;" i.e., ionic composition of skin. Several metabolic inhibitors were found that could be used in separating maintenance electrolyte equilibrium from unidirectional active ion transport. Fluoroacetate (up to 1 x 10(-2)M/liter) did not affect maintenance electrolyte equilibrium, but severely diminished the rate of active ion transport. This could also be accomplished with azide and diethyl malonate when 1 x 10(-3) molar concentrations were used. When applied in higher concentrations, these two inhibitors, and several others, diminished active ion transport, but this was associated with changes in maintenance electrolyte equilibrium (gain of Na(+) by and loss of K(+) from skin). Similar observations were made when skins were subjected to K(+)-deficient media. Mersalyl and theophylline, in low concentrations, stimulated active ion transport without leading to changes in maintenance electrolyte equilibrium. Inhibition of active ion transport was found accompanied by decrease, increase, and unaltered over-all O(2) consumption, depending on the kind of chemical agent used. A provisional scheme of the mechanism of unidirectional active ion transport is proposed. It is conceived as a process of metabolically supported ion exchange adsorption, involving a carrier, forming complexes with K(+) and Na(+), a trigger, K(+) ions, and two spatially separated metabolic pathways.


Anticipated frustration as a determinant of anxiety.


Blue light and the regeneration of human rhodopsin in situ. Hubbard has found that the photoisomerization of retinene was important for the regeneration of rhodopsin in vitro, and the object of the present investigation was to find whether this was also true for regeneration in the living human eye. In the Appendix is described a device which permits the rhodopsin density to be measured by analysing the light reflected from the fundus oculi in an ophthalmoscopic arrangement, the measurement taking about 5 seconds. Now if a blue and a yellow light viewed scotopically are adjusted in intensity so as to appear identical, they must bleach rhodopsin equally, but the blue will be more than 10 times as effective in isomerizing retinene. Therefore if retinene isomerization is important for rhodopsin regeneration, blue light should cause a more rapid regeneration after bleaching, and during bleaching the equilibrium level attained should be less profound. But, as the figures show, the course of bleaching and regeneration is identical for the matched yellow or blue bleaching lights, therefore isomerization of retinene is not important for rhodopsin regeneration in the living human eye.


The comparative reliability of double and single rating scales.


Rater reliability and the heterogeneity of clinical case histories.


Is "illusion" illusion.

Is "illusion" illusion.


The relationship between personality adjustment and scholarship achievement in male college students.


Healthy interaction: a composite clinical picture.


Sequences of restricted associative responses and their personality correlates.


Colors and the color-blind.

Colors and the color-blind.


Effect of an electric shock stimulus upon the conceptual behavior of anxious and non-anxious subjects.


Discrimination learning and learning sets to visual exploration incentives.


A flexible general test apparatus for the monkey.


Brief psychotherapy and criteria of success.


The application of some measures of language behavior and tension to the letters written by a woman at each decade of her life from 49 to 89 years of age.


Instructions and personality type as related to GSR changes.


Social attitude configurations in an adolescent group.


The relation between expressed self-acceptance and expressed attitudes toward Negroes and whites among Negro children.


Notes on the criterion problem in research, with special reference to the study of teacher characteristics.


Sucking behavior: a review of the literature.


Developmental trends in pre-adolescence and in early adolescence in self-evaluation.


An investigation of bar-pressing under conditions of fixed-ratio and continuous secondary reinforcement.


Sociempathic ability in a group of institutionalized deliquent boys.


Vigilance as a factor in reinforcement.

Vigilance as a factor in reinforcement.


The Rorschach records of a superior child.


Relationships between some background factors and children's interpersonal attitude.


The validity of the guess-who technique with large adolescent populations.


Condition analysis: a research methodology.


Adult education in the psychologist's business.


Interests and leadership among adolescents.


Lasting effects of alcohol on the reduction of anxiety in rats.


Animistic responses as a function of sentence contexts and instructions.


Degree of disturbance in figure drawings as related to mode of approach to problem solving.


The effects of shock on anxiety-motivated behavior in the rat.


The socioeconomic status, intelligence, and psychometric pattern of native-born white homeless men.


The child's understanding of kinship terms: a study in the development of relational concepts.


Linear position preference habits of monkeys.


Milieu differences in social competence.


Development of self recognition.

Development of self recognition.


Properties of stimuli associated with strong and weak hunger drive in the rat.


Elements of conditioning in normal and pathological human behavior.


Genesis of intracellular pigment in the spinal ganglia of senile rats; an electron microscope study.


Growth, disease, and aging in the rat.

Growth, disease, and aging in the rat.


Systolic blood pressure and heart rate in relation to lung disease and life duration in male rats.


Hexosamine and acid-hydrolyzable sulfate concentrations of coronary and cerebral arteries in individuals of various ages.


The senescent loss of body weight in male rats.


The urinary excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone and total 17-ketosteroids in aged men and women.


A comparison of urinary steroid excretion patterns in young and elderly subjects before and after ACTH administration.


Neurogenic appendicopathy.

Neurogenic appendicopathy.


A re-evaluation of the oral use of metrazol in senile patients.


Non-verbal and verbal performance in normal old age, senile dementia, and elderly depression.


The relationship of time perspective to age, institutionalization, and activity.


Index to current periodical literature.

Index to current periodical literature.


Studies on a trematode and a new nematode from a bat from Northern Rhodesia.


The anatomy of Eubothrium crassum (Bloch) from the pyloric caeca and small intestine of Salmo trutta L.


A technique for staining and counting Syphacia obvelata in the faces and ingesta of mice.


On a new nematode, spirocamallanus mazabukae sp. nov., from freshwater fish in Southern Africa.


A technique for obtaining axenic cultures of rhabditid nematodes.


Studies on the seriological response in sheep to naturally acquired gastro-intestinal nematodes. II. Responses in a low ground flock.


An antagonistic action of sheep serum on the miracidia of Fasciola hepatica.


A note on the description of Dibothriocephalus medius Fahmy, 1954.


On three known trematodes from African birds, with notes on the genera Typhlocoelum, Paryphostomum and Petasiger.


On the genus Opisthorchis R. Blanchard, 1895, with a note on the occurrence of O. geminus (Looss, 1896) in new avian hosts.


Presence of carbohydrates with free 1,2-glycol groups in sites stained by the periodic acid-Schiff technique.


Histochemical distribution of phosphorylase in rodent brain from newborn to adults.


The effect of boric acid on the reaction of lead tetraacetate with polysaccharides in films and tissue sections.


A chemically specific technique for the intracellular localization of inorganic phosphate.


Note on the chemical composition of the cell wall of Haplosporangium parvum.


Ultracentrifugal studies on the cytoplasmic components.


Intracellular localisation of dehydrogenase systems using monotetrazolium salts and metal chelation of their formazans.


Adaptation of the Morel-Sisley protein diazotization procedure to the histochemical demonstration of protein bound tyrosine.


Staphylococcus aureus in the infant upper respiratory tract. I. Observations on hospital-born babies.


Staphylococcus aureus in the infant upper respiratory tract. II. Observations on domiciliary-delivered babies.


The behaviour of a mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium in experimental mouse typhoid.


Resistance to reinfection in experimental mouse typhoid.


Studies on poliomyelitis virus: concentration and purification of the virus.


The growth in vitro of vaccinia virus in chick embryo chorio-allantoic membrane, minced embryo and cell suspensions.


Experiments with the soluble antigen of rabies in suckling mouse brains.


Adaptation of Mahoney, type I, poliomyelitis virus to suckling mice.


Tetanus antitoxin titration by haemagglutination.


The complement activity of canine serum.


Observations pointing to the conjunctiva as the portal of entry in Salmonella infection of guinea-pigs.


Problems of the biological control of the quality of drinking-water.


The membrane piece technique for in vitro infectivity titrations of influenza virus.


Quantitative estimation of aniline absorption through the skin in man.


An epidemic of Q fever in a factory caused by working with contaminated imported cotton.


On the problem of influenza epidemiology in Leningrad.


The use of actinophages in the search for antiviral antibiotics.


Experimental keratoconjunctivitis as a model for the study of dysentery.


An etiological survey on bacillary dysentery in Peking, 1954-1955.


The reaction of passive haemagglutination and its inhibition by chicken sarcoma.


On the question of the experimental evaluation of typhoid vaccines.


On reservoirs and epidemiological variants of infection.


The incidence of ornithosis and salmonellosis in the black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus L.).


Studies on ragweed pollen. II. Fractionation of the water soluble extract of ragweed pollen by zone electrophoresis and the characterization of the fractions.


Studies on ragweed pollen. III. Estimation of the minimum number of allergens in the water soluble extract of ragweed pollen and a critical evaluation of the neutralization technique; the demonstration of two different reagins in sera of ragweed sensitive individuals.


The elimination of heterologous serum proteins and associated antibody responses in guinea pigs and rats.


Studies of antibodies against organ-antigens. I. Effects of anti-mouse spleen serum upon the reticuloendothelial system.


Studies on diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus combined immunization in children. II. Immune responses after the primary vaccination.


Studies on anaphylactic shock in the mouse.


The establishment of strains of human cells in tissue culture.


Studies on the viral spectra of tissue culture lines of human cells.


Repository immunization in pollen allergy.


Concerning the mechanism of complement action. III. Inhibitors of complement activity.


The antigenicity of polyvinyl pyrrolidone. II.


Factors effecting the efficiency of combined prophylactics: effect of poliomyelitis vaccine on diphtheria toxoid.


Studies on the cytotoxic effect of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. I. Characteristics of the virus-cell interaction.


Studies on the cytotoxic effect of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. II. The mechanism and significance of in vitro recovery from the effect of NDV.


The cross reactions of antisera prepared against four human cell strains in continuous tissue culture.


Starch block electrophoresis of ragweed pollen antigens.


Studies of anti-horse crystalbumin sera. IV. The influence of absorption with a heterologous antigen on reactions with the homologous and with a second heterologous antigen.


Effect of preradiation immunization on resistance to aerosol-induced infection in x-irradiated mice.


Multiple antibody responses following immunization of human subjects with diphtheria toxoid.


Precipitin production in chickens. XVL The relationship of age to antibody production.


Precipitin production in chickens. XVIL The effect of massive injections of bovine serum albumin at hatching on subsequent antibody production.


Mechanism of antibody formation. I. Fate of 1131-labeled diphtheria toxoid at the site of antibody formation.


Studies on the role of adrenal cortex in experimental and human liver disease.


Mechanism of antibody formation. II. Rate of diphtheria antitoxin formation in the booster response.


Total and available iron content of some foodstuffs of Bihar.


A statistical study of cardiac lesions.

A statistical study of cardiac lesions.


Fungistatic activity of aromatic diamidines.


Birth control methods.

Birth control methods.


Laboratory tests of commercial contraceptive foam tablets.


Spontaneous intraperitoneal rupture in pyonephrosis.


Huntington's chorea it India.

Huntington's chorea it India.


Psychogenic asthma.

Psychogenic asthma.


WORLD Health Organization. I. How and why WHO came into being.


HORMONES and liver disease.

HORMONES and liver disease.


Psittacosis.

Psittacosis.


Significance of tuberculin sensitivity in sick children; a preliminary communication.


Clinical trial of a new anti-amoebic drug.


Diethylaminocresol dihydrochloride in amoebiasis.


Clinical trial of a new drug in amoebic dysentery.


Cardiac arrest.

Cardiac arrest.


A study with a new amoebicidal drug.

A study with a new amoebicidal drug.


A study of the seasonal variation in the biological response of male frog Rana tigrina to injection of pregnancy urine and chorionic gonadotropins in Uttar Pradesh.


Occurrence of natural anti-H in a group of individuals.


Experiences of medical survey in Central Nepal.


Incidence of yawslike lesions in Uttar Pradesh.


Heart diseases in pregnancy.

Heart diseases in pregnancy.


Haemophilia syndrome with ulnar nerve palsy.


Mesothelioma of pleura.

Mesothelioma of pleura.


THE NEPHROTIC syndrome.

THE NEPHROTIC syndrome.


Sheehan's syndrome.

Sheehan's syndrome.


Clinical application of the principles underlying the theory of the shoulder joint complex.


Pulmonary function studies; a preliminary note.


Treatment of enteric fever with chloramphenicol combined with tetracycline.


Inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone and morphine on corticotrophin secretion in normal stressed rats.


Treatment of ascariasis in children with piperazine adipate and thiocarbanilate.


Nutritional levels and their seasonal variations in residents of Assam of different categories.


Transvestism.

Transvestism.


Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in chronic myeloid leukaemia.


Dystrophia myotonica.

Dystrophia myotonica.


Chronic myelogenous leukaemia in a child.


Health services in U.S.S.R.

Health services in U.S.S.R.


Health plans in Malaya.

Health plans in Malaya.


Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the aged.


School vision screening.

School vision screening.


Allergic mechanisms in industrial dermatoses.


Effects of athletic activity on composition of the urine.


Relationship between immunity and circulating antibodies, complement and tuberculopolysaccharide in tuberculosis.


Human infections with Vibrio fetus and a closely related vibrio.


Experimental ovine leptospirosis, Leptospira pomona infection.


Intracutaneous anthrax infection in wild rodents.


Further characterization of an experimental staphylococcal infection in mice.


Omphalocele.

Omphalocele.


Tularemia in the coyote, Canis latrans lestes Merriam.


Response of lactobacilli to tryptophane and some related compounds.


Duration of acquired immunity to Trypanosoma equiperdum in the rat.


The role of lice in transmission of Salmonella.


Plasma volume and chronic shock.

Plasma volume and chronic shock.


Surgery fifty years ago and now.

Surgery fifty years ago and now.


Tube feeding with natural foods.

Tube feeding with natural foods.


Histopathologic changes in suckling mice infected with the virus of Colorado tick fever.


The relation of oxygen tension to virulence of tubercle bacilli and to acquired resistance in tuberculosis.


Problems of Infection of the urinary tract in children, with reference to ureterovesical reflux.


Pathologic aspects of genitourinary disease in children.


Cervical strain with residual occipital neuritis.


Treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix.


The Chinese type of female pelvis: its relation to difficulty of labor.


Management of the discharging nipple.

Management of the discharging nipple.


The management of crossed eyes.

The management of crossed eyes.


Abruptio placentae.

Abruptio placentae.


Recent advances in otologic surgery.

Recent advances in otologic surgery.


Injuries about the elbow in children, with emphasis on supracondylar and Monteggia fractures.


Intestinal polyposis.

Intestinal polyposis.


The surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.


Standardization and stabilization of an extract from Leptospira biflexa and its use in the hemolytic test for leptospirosis.


Surgical detection of occult adenomas of the thyroid gland.


Modern concepts of geriatric surgery.

Modern concepts of geriatric surgery.


Diagnostic problems in hepatobiliary disease.


The operative cholangiogram; results of five hundred routine cholangiographic studies in operations on the gallbladder and the biliary tract.


Evaluation of the hemolytic test in the serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis.


Critical analysis of cardiopericardiomyopexy with eight-year follow-up.