MEDICAL STUDENTS IN CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES: REPORT OF STATISTICS, 1963-64 AND 1964-65. Recognizing Canada's urgent need of physicians Canadian medical faculties have continued to increase first-year enrolment for the sixth successive year. Returns from the 12 medical schools showed that 1133 students began medical studies in 1964 compared with 1086 the previous year. Firstyear female students showed a decrease for the first time since 1959: 124 compared with 146 in 1963. Every tenth graduate is a woman; six years ago this ratio was one in 20. Loss of students from withdrawals and dismissals in 1963-64 occurred chiefly in the first year (9.2% as compared with 8.7% in 1962-63). Almost half of the loss in all four years of the course was for non-academic reasons. A decrease in American and a slight increase in Commonwealth and foreign first-year students was noted. Total foreign student enrolment continued to decline from a high of 485 in 1959-60 (13.7%) to 400 in 1964-65 (10.3%).


THE PREMEDICAL STUDENT: HIS PROGRESS. A STUDY OF A COHORT OF PREMEDICAL STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Since September 1961, a prospective study of premedical and science students has been conducted at the University of British Columbia. On completion of their sophomore year, after a year of changes from one group to another or withdrawal from either group, only 82 students existed in the diminished Premedical cohort while 137 students existed in the augmented Science cohort. These two groups have now become similar demographically, and their academic potential, as indicated by achievement and ability tests, has also become similar in terms of their mean test scores. In academic performance the present Premedical cohort has displayed some superiority over the Science cohort in high school, freshman and sophomore years. The sophomore premedical mean grade was 66.0% compared with 63.7% for the Science cohort. The hypothesis is developed that these findings reflect a difference in motivation, and therefore that perception of ultimate career goals will motivate and affect academic performance of students in their undergraduate years.


"MARKINGS" OF A CLASS: THE STATISTICAL TRAIL LEFT BY THE FIRST GRADUATING CLASS IN MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. In 1954 the first class in medicine graduated from the University of British Columbia. This class of 57 men and three women left a statistical trail behind them which began before they entered medical school, and which now has extended 10 years into their professional postgraduate careers. This first class was made up largely of British Columbians of older age than subsequent classes. The overall achievement and aptitude of the class was high, as measured by premedical grades, intelligence tests and Medical College Admission Test scores. Interest tests at the time of admission indicated that the members of the class had major interest levels in the fields of science and social service or humanitarianism. The subsequent medical school performance of the class was exceptional. Of the class, 63.4% interned in teaching hospitals. By 1964 only 53.4% of the graduates were engaged in general practice. Most of the graduates are now practising in British Columbia.


THE ROLE OF THE PRACTISING PHYSICIAN IN MEDICAL STUDENT RECRUITMENT. The role that the practitioner of medicine can play in assisting recruitment to medical schools is examined. Although the total enrolment in universities has increased sharply in the past decade, the group applying to enter medicine has decreased. The output of Canada's 12 schools of medicine-850 graduates per year-falls significantly short of the number of new physicians required to maintain the present physician:population ratio. With the expanded output of physicians required in future, an active program of recruitment will be necessary. The recruitment program organized by the practising physicians of British Columbia and the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia is outlined.


SOME FACTORS AFFECTING UNDERGRADUATE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT. A related series of studies, most of which have been published previously, is described. These studies form a coherent whole and demonstrate the development of a theme, namely, the identification of factors in the student and the medical school which, in their interaction, influenced undergraduate academic performance at one medical school. In the population concerned no reliable positive or negative correlation could be demonstrated between cognitive ability and academic performance, when the former was measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Medical College Admission Test, and the latter by the current assessment methods of the medical school. Other factors, including socioeconomic and individual personality variables, are at present under investigation as to their effect on academic achievement. It is emphasized that the results of these studies cannot be regarded as valid for all medical schools, but the methods employed can be generalized.


A UNIQUE TEACHING EXPERIENCE: MEDICAL STUDENT CARE OF NORTHERN ISOLATED NATIVE COMMUNITIES. To explore the benefits that students may derive from assuming responsibility for the medical care of people in isolated communities under a minimum of supervision, two volunteer third-year medical students spent the summer of 1964 caring for 1600 Indians and Metis at Wabasca, Alberta. They worked closely with the local public health nurse and a Catholic nursing sister who maintained a small hospital. Considerable experience was gained in preventive medicine and in the diagnosis and management of a wide variety of illnesses, using basic clinical skills and minimal laboratory facilities. The pressure of responsibility was particularly beneficial. It provided a potent impetus to learn and perfect skills in clinical medicine and basic therapeutics. Visits by an interested clinician every two to three weeks provided the optimum combination of responsibility and supervision. The existence of some local health organization was considered helpful.


THE USE OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION FOR THE TEACHING OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVIEWING TO MEDICAL STUDENTS. While closed-circuit television has been used in medical schools in the United States for some 12 years, its use for teaching diagnostic and psychotherapeutic interviewing to medical students has not previously been reported in Canada. The procedure involved a class of 64 students in their second year for a total of 38 hours. Concurrently with the demonstration interviews, the students were supervised in individual practice interviews with patients. The principles of psychotherapy had to be carefully related to the rest of the medical curriculum which essentially is biologically oriented. Three basic principles of health and healing were adopted because they were as applicable psychologically as physically. Evaluation of the program was undertaken by polling the students by means of a questionnaire. The general conclusion was that the use of closed-circuit television for these purposes far surpasses any other technique and has no major drawbacks.


SUMMER INTERNSHIPS: 12 YEARS' EXPERIENCE WITH UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN SUMMER EMPLOYMENT IN VARIOUS AREAS OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE. Twelve years' experience in providing summer employment for students in official health agencies in British Columbia is reviewed and a two-week orientation course given prior to employment in 1964 is described. In the program, which provides experience in teaching, research and community service, a total of 43 students have been employed. Students seeking this type of employment and accepted for it tend to have high academic standing. They prefer employment in or near Vancouver irrespective of their original home location. Two main employers have been available: specialized agencies in metropolitan Vancouver, or "rural" health units. Students serving in health units showed a strong tendency to enter general practice after graduation. Urban experience tended to lead to specialization.


THE TEACHING PROGRAM IN A PSYCHIATRIC SETTING: ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENTS, TRAINEES AND STAFF. Today, with increasing emphasis on teaching programs, members of the teaching faculty are prone to lose sight of the implications of such programs for the patients, the trainees and the staff. But the effects, for good or ill, are there. For example, what does it mean to a patient to be interviewed in front of a group of students? What effect does the frequent turnover of trainess have on patients? Trainees, for their part, have a desire to succeed, but simultaneously they experience the frustration born of lack of knowledge. They want to help, but how? Staff not only carry a responsibility to teach; they must also evaluate. Indeed for each group there are special problems and for each group special compensations. Only as teaching staffs recognize these special problems-and these special compensations-can they discharge their responsibilities in a way that does justice to education in the truest sense of the word.


THE NEED FOR CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION. Continuing medical education is an essential feature of the practice of modern medicine since it furnishes the means to maintain the doctor's ability to provide quality patient care.TO ENSURE THAT CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION IS PROVIDED EFFICIENTLY AND IN THE BEST QUALITY, AND UTILIZED FULLY, IT IS NECESSARY THAT: (1) the medical faculty inculcate in the student the concept of lifelong learning; (2) the practitioner adopt less time-consuming patterns of practice, to free more of his time for learning; (3) community hospital-based clinical teaching be provided universally; and (4) research be conducted to determine the best of current teaching methods and develop better ones. Conflicting efforts to meet these needs by practitioners (whose primary responsibility it is) and by organized medicine, specialty societies, voluntary health agencies and others have led to inefficient use of medical faculty teachers. The key parties in continuing medical education-practitioner and teacher-can learn best in medical school-administered programs, which need be supported by all other interested organizations.


CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION: SOME THOUGHTS ON SPONSORSHIP. The proper role of departments of continuing medical education in the medical faculties of universities needs to be more clearly defined. Much of the initiative for the development of extramural postgraduate instruction in this country came from organized medicine. The individual practising doctor has traditionally made his needs known most effectively through his professional organizations and should be encouraged to continue to do so. The individual doctor, professional organizations, hospitals and medical schools are all vital elements in any successful program of continuing medical education. A variety of administrative patterns may well emerge, each adapted specially to the region it serves. With a sense of urgency and the co-operation of all concerned, rapid progress in this important field is clearly possible.


CANADIAN SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE.

CANADIAN SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE.


THE MEDICAL LIBRARY IN FERMENT.

THE MEDICAL LIBRARY IN FERMENT.


THE ETHICAL BASIS OF MEDICAL PRACTICE.

THE ETHICAL BASIS OF MEDICAL PRACTICE.


THE AFRICAN LYMPHOMA: PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON RESPONSE TO THERAPY.


CHILDHOOD LYMPHOMA RESEMBLING "BURKITT TUMOR" IN THE UNITED STATES.


CHILDHOOD LYMPHOSARCOMA IN ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, CLINICALLY AND HISTOLOGICALLY RESEMBLING BURKITT'S TUMOR.


COMBINED ESTROGENIC AND ANDROGENIC HORMONE THERAPY IN ADVANCED BREAST CANCER.


DELALUTIN AND ESTROGENS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ADVANCED MAMMARY CARCINOMA IN THE POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMAN.


HORMONAL THERAPY OF METASTATIC FEMALE BREAST CARCINOMA. V. PHENOL,4,4'-(DL-1,2-DIETHYL-ETHYLENE)DI- AND ANDROST-4-EN-3-ONE, 9-CHLORO-11-BETA, 17-BETA-DIHYDROXY-17-METHYL-.


A CYTOLOGICAL SURVEY OF POSTMENOPAUSAL ESTRUS IN AFRICA.


CONGENITAL MESENCHYMAL TUMORS.

CONGENITAL MESENCHYMAL TUMORS.


MEDIASTINAL ORIGIN OF A MELANOTIC PROGONOMA OR RETINAL ANLAGE TUMOR: ULTRASTRUCTURAL EVIDENCE FOR NEURAL CREST ORIGIN.


THE EFFECTS OF NORMAL AND CANCER SERUM ON LIVER REGENERATION IN MICE.


CILIATOXIC COMPONENTS IN CIGARETTE SMOKE. II. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ALDEHYDES.


ERYTHROPOIETIC STIMULATING FACTOR (ESF) IN BLOOD FROM HUMANS WITH CANCER AND ANIMALS WITH NOVIKOFF HEPATOMAS.


CARCINOMA OF THE LUNG AT THE SIRIRAJ HOSPITAL, BANGKOK.


ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE LIVER OF THE TUMOR-BEARING HOST.


THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BRONCHIOLAR ATYPIA AND LUNG CANCER.


CONTINUOUS CULTURE OF HUMAN LYMPHOBLASTS FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF A CHILD WITH ACUTE LEUKEMIA.


THE CLOSED-CHEST METHOD OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION--REVISED STATEMENT.


A FURTHER NOTE ON THE HISTORY OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DIAGNOSIS.


THE RELATION BETWEEN THE LOCATION OF CORONARY OCCLUSIONS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF SHOCK IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.


VENTRICULAR FUSION BEATS DURING ELECTRIC STIMULATION IN MAN; APPLICATION TO CONDUCTION VELOCITY AND ANOMALOUS AV EXCITATION.


HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT OF ETHACRYNIC ACID.

HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT OF ETHACRYNIC ACID.


THE PROGNOSIS IN AORTIC DISSECTION (DISSECTING AORTIC HEMATOMA OR ANEURYSM).


THE CHANGES IN CARDIAC OUTPUT WITH REVERSION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION TO SINUS RHYTHM.


MEASUREMENT OF UNILATERAL RENAL FUNCTION BY EXTERNAL URETERAL COMPRESSION.


HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF CEREBRAL ARTERIOVENOUS ANEURYSMS.


PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY IN ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS AND OTHER RENAL DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION.


THE SAFETY OF HYDROGEN IN SHUNT DETECTION.


CALCULATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT FROM INDICATOR-DILUTION CURVES IN THE PRESENCE OF MITRAL REGURGITATION.


THE TV1-TV6 PATTERN FOR ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND ISCHEMIA; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY.


HEMODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE INJECTION OF RADIOPAQUE MATERIAL.


THE CIRCULATORY EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS PHENTOLAMINE IN MAN.


BRONCHIAL CIRCULATION IN SEVERE MULTIPLE PERIPHERAL PULMONARY ARTERY STENOSIS; CASE REPORT ILLUSTRATING THE ORIGIN OF CONTINUOUS MURMUR.


SALMONELLA AORTITIS IN A PATIENT WITH A HUFNAGEL VALVE.


ON THE EVOLUTION OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE HEART; THE T. DUCKETT JONES MEMORIAL LECTURE.


MASSIVE PULMONARY ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA IN THE NEWBORN; A CORRECTABLE FORM OF "CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE;" AN ADDITIONAL CAUSE OF CYANOSIS WITH LEFT AXIS DEVIATION.


ANATOMY OF THE CORONARY CIRCULATION IN LIVING MAN; CORONARY VENOGRAPHY.


CHILDBEARING PRIOR TO RECOGNITION OF DIABETES; RECOLLECTED BIRTH WEIGHTS AND STILLBIRTH RATE IN BABIES BORN TO PARENTS WHO DEVELOPED DIABETES.


SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN ADIPOSE TISSUE METABOLISM IN ALLOXAN-DIABETIC RATS.


OBSERVATIONS ON BLOOD GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS DURING CONTINUOUS SAMPLING.


EFFECTS OF CORTISOL IN GUINEA PIGS WITH NORMAL AND ATROPHIC EXOCRINE PANCREAS.


COLOR OF THE FACE IN DIABETES MELLITUS; OBSERVATIONS ON A GROUP OF PATIENTS IN JERUSALEM.


EFFECT OF CHLORPROPAMIDE ON UREA SYNTHESIS AND GLYCONEOGENESIS IN THE LIVER.


DIABETES IN 1964; A WORLD SURVEY.

DIABETES IN 1964; A WORLD SURVEY.


FALSE NEGATIVE REACTIONS AND SENSITIVITY IN THE URINE GLUCOSE OXIDASE TEST.


POPULATION AND MODALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF NEURONS IN THE CORONAL REGION OF SOMATOSENSORY AREA I OF THE CAT.


THE LATERAL CERVICAL NUCLEUS OF THE RACCOON.


ISOANTIBODIES TO HUMAN PANCREAS; A PRELIMINARY REPORT.


THE SPECIFIC IMPEDANCE OF THE DORSAL COLUMNS OF CAT: AN INISOTROPIC MEDIUM.


THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER OF FISH.

THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER OF FISH.


EFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA IN THE CAT.


DEGENERATION OF OLFACTORY RECEPTORS INDUCED BY COLCHICINE.


ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF EPENDYMAL CELLS FROM THE MAMMALIAN BRAIN IN TISSUE CULTURE.


ALTERATIONS IN SPINAL CORDS OF NEONATAL RATS FOLLOWING X-IRRADIATION.


THE BENCH CONCEPT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LABORATORY SUITES.


THE POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP OF SOME RECENTLY RECOGNIZED STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCI.


STORAGE OF LEUKOCYTES FOR CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS.


RESULTS OF ROUTINE MONITORING OF BLOOD DONORS FOR HYPERGLYCEMIA IN A CONTINUING SCREENING PROGRAM FOR DIABETES MELLITUS.


METHODS FOR DETECTING MINIMAL CONTAMINATION WITH REOVIRUS.


SEROLOGIC SURVEYS FOR RESPIRATORY VIRUS ANTIBODIES IN NEW YORK STATE.


STATISTICAL TECHNICS FOR QUALITY CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOASSAY.


WINNERS OF 1965 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY INTERNATIONAL AWARD COMPETITION. (DR. WILLIAM WAYNE STEWART).


THE FUTURE OF HEALTH IN INDUSTRY.

THE FUTURE OF HEALTH IN INDUSTRY.


PLUTONIUM ABSORPTION--EVALUATION AND TREATMENT.


THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ACTIVITIES OF THE PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION.


THE CALCULATION OF RADIATION DOSE FROM DISTRIBUTED SOURCES OF TRITIUM.


THE FORMATION OF PEROXIDES IN TISSUE LIPIDS AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS BY IRRADIATION.