Comparison of metoprine (DDMP) and etoprine (DDEP) by measuring the inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into the DNA of human leukemic cells 1,2,3. In vitro studies were used to measure the incorporation of labeled deoxyuridine into the DNA of human leukemic cells in autologous plasma in order to compare the inhibitory effects of two diaminopyrimidines, metoprine and etoprine. The results indicate that these two lipid-soluble folate antagonists give similar qualitative and quantitative effects over a concentration range of from 1 to 100 micrometer. However, drug-induced inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA was quite variable for cells obtained from different adult patients, even within a given morphologic type of leukemia. Despite these biologic varitions in leukemic sensitivity in vitro, both drugs gave virtually identical results on an equimolar basis.


Structure of the polysaccharide formed by incubating glycogen with D-[14C]glucose in the presence of the glycogen debranching enzyme [amylo-(1 linked to 6)-glucosidase-4-alpha-glucanotransferase]. [14C]Glycogen has been synthetized in vitro by incubating D-[14C]glucose with rabbit-liver glycogen in the presence of a pure preparation of the glycogen debranching enzyme [amylo-(1 linked to 6)-glucosidase-4-alpha-glucanotransferase]. The course of the reaction has been monitored and 14C-products isolated after 30 min and 5 h. The distribution of D-[14C]glucose groups in the polysaccharides has been determined by debranching the molecules with a crystalline isoamylase from Pseudomonas. The quantities of unlabeled and 14C-linear unit chains containing D-[14C]glucose at their reducing ends have been determined by paper chromatography followed by enzymic degradation and analysis. In the 30-min product, between 65 and 85% of the D-[14C]glucose groups were covered by unlabeled groups because of transferase action. In the 5-h product, the extent of covering approached 100%. Extensive redistribution of unlabeled groups also was found to have occurred, even in the early stages of the reaction. It is concluded that the D-[14C]glucose incorporation assay for amylo-(1 linked to 6)-glucosidase, as ordinarily carried out, is probably not specific just for the hydrolytic action of this enzyme, but that it depends indirectly on its transferase activity as well.


Differing viewpoints? Licensure..auxiliary utilization...examination format...can the dentist members and the public members agree? A commentary by Emma Coleman Jones, JD, Public Member.


Differing viewpoints? Licensure...auxiliary utilization...examination format...can the dentist members and the public members agree? An interview with Edward J. Becker, DDS, Board President.


The effect of selected surfactants on the wetting behavior of gypsum die stone on impression materials.


The economy model denture. One Trustee's account of CDA's approach to the denturism issue.


A better idea for peer review.

A better idea for peer review.


State Board of Dental Examiners--its changing perspective.


The denturist debacle.

The denturist debacle.


Mall programs in Orange County promote preventive dentistry.


Dental health counselors: San Gabriel Valley Dental Society bridges the dental health information gap.


The supervising dentist. Teaching children to practice what we preach.


Sugar disease disaster.

Sugar disease disaster.


Interview: Frank F. Shuler. A candid conversation with the ADA president.


Malpractice and the CDA dentist.

Malpractice and the CDA dentist.


Mandatory continuing education.

Mandatory continuing education.


Fluoride in restorative and preventive dentistry.


Deferred compensation of CDS payments.

Deferred compensation of CDS payments.


Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: current status of etiology and treatment.


The feds are coming.

The feds are coming.


Consumerism: the other side of the coin.


The case for preservation of third molars.


Fluoride treatment of orthodontic plates and dentures.


One step at a time.

One step at a time.


A new image for a familiar idea. The Health Systems Agency.


Sex appeal and the dentist.

Sex appeal and the dentist.


The feds are here--almost.

The feds are here--almost.


Incomplete tooth fracture. Prediction and prevention.


The issues facing dentistry.

The issues facing dentistry.


The marginal seal afforded by new cavity varnishes.


Denti-cal.

Denti-cal.


Developing a model for family dental practice. Educational innovation at USC.


Sulfate metabolism of amelogenesis in teeth-germs of young cats.


Studies of genetic markers in human saliva. (IV). Frequencies of a new polymorphic protein (Pm) systems from parotid saliva of Japanese in Tokyo.


Adsorption of Bacterionema maturchotii to uncoated and coated hydroxyapatite.


Reduction in the number of Streptococci of the gingival sulcus by preoperative antisepsis of the oral cavity.


A melanotic ameloblastic fibro-odontoma.


Scanning electron microscopy of the alveolar ridge of the edentulous mandible.


Histopathological study of the bismuth line formation in rat gingiva.


Eruption of permanent teeth of handicapped children.


Multiple primary cancers and prolonged survival: familial colonic and endometrial cancers. We describe features of multiple cancers in a small kindred wherein a cluster of tumors affecting various anatomic sites has been observed among eight directline relatives. Three of these individuals have had two or more primary malignancies, and one woman showed a remarkable tolerance to invasive cancer, having had four histologically verified neoplasms (cancers of the ovary, endometrium, and colon, and myelogenous leukemia). The constellation of tumors occurring at an early age among relatives of the kindred supports a genetic etiology.


A 48-month evaluation of fissure sealing with a diluted composite material. The idea of pit and fissure sealing has found wide acceptance in caries prevention. The present investigation evaluates the retention of a diluted composite material (Concise Enamel Bond System) used as a pit and fissure sealant. On the basis of a clinical evaluation in 63 children of the retention of the material for 48 months, it seems justified to assume that a diluted composite material is a fully acceptable alternative to other fissure-sealing materials.


Bacterial infection and acute myeloblastic leukaemia: an analysis of two hundred patients undergoing intensive remission induction therapy.


The professional matrix.

The professional matrix.


Symmetry and dental arch form of orthodontically treated patients.


Succinate oxidation in hamster brown adipocytes.


Energy dissipation in brown fat.

Energy dissipation in brown fat. Heat evolution in isolated brown fat cells has been measured by microcalorimetry. Thermogenesis (= oxygen consumption) is enhanced in the presence of CO2. This effect is probably due to pyruvate carboxylase activity which will increase the mitochondrial concentration of oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate serves as condensing partner for acetyl-CoA coming from fatty acid oxidation. The high rate of oxygen consumption is impossible in cells when mitochondrial respiration is coupled to ATP synthesis, due to low amounts of ATP synthetase enzyme. A loosening of coupling is therefore required. This is possibly facilitated by acyl-CoA.


6-OH-dopamine and the development of brown adipose tissue in the cold.


Levels of noradrenaline in plasma during thermogenesis induced by cold-exposure or by noradrenaline infusion in warm- and in cold-acclimated rats. Oxygen consumption and concentration of noradrenaline (NA) in arterial plasma have been measured in warm-acclimated (WA) and in cold-acclimated (CA) rats during exposure to cold and in barbital-sedated WA or CA rats receiving intravenous infusions of NA at various doses at room temperature. In WA and in CA rats in the cold, NA in plasma increased rapidly from a resting level of 0.1 to 0.2 ng/ml at thermoneutrality to values 5 to 10 times greater at -19 degrees C. The increases were directly related to the degree of cold exposure and were maintained throughout exposure. In barbital-sedated WA or CA rats infused with NA the plasma levels of NA which stimulated calorigenesis were approximately 10 times greater than those resulting from overflow of NA into the blood during intense cold exposure and were in the range found by others to be effective in stimulating O2 consumption in isolated brown adipocytes.


Brown adipose tissue: the dominant site of nonshivering thermogenesis in the rat. Measurements with tracer microspheres of changes in tissue blood flow associated with noradrenaline (NA)-induced calorigenesis in warm-acclimated and in cold-acclimated (CA) rats revealed very large increases in flow to brown adipose tissue (BAT). The data on flow together with measurements of the arteriovenous difference in blood O2 across interscapular BAT indicate that BAT accounts for at least 60% of the NA-induced nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) of CA rats. Skeletal muscle was found to be only minimally, if at all, involved in this NST.


"Cascade" principle of the control of non-shivering thermogenesis by intravenously infused noradrenaline. A hypothesis is presented according to which noradrenaline (NA) infused into the blood reaches the biophase of thermogenic cells through three "cascade" steps, namely the blood volume, extravascular space and biophase. The influx rate of the NA entering the system is given by a forcing function and multiplied by cardiac output. Distribution of the NA at each step is identically described by three differential equations.


Latency of thyroid hormone action on heat production in the rat. Euthyroid rats had an immediate calorigenic response to L 3-5-3' triiodothyronine (T3) 5 microgram/kg of about +10% lasting 8 hr and a somewhat greater response to T.S.H. Larger doses (50 microgram/kg) of T3 had a latency of 4-5 hr but the response was greater and lasted longer.


Non shivering thermogenesis and implication of the thyroid in cold labile and cold resistant populations of the golden spiny mouse (Acomys russatus). The golden spiny mouse is dependent on non shivering thermogenesis (N.S.T.) for thermoregulation at cool ambient temperatures. Mice from the shores of the Dead Sea (Ein-Gedi, EG-mice) lose body heat when exposed to 6 degrees C. Their rate of cooling is linearly correlated to the magnitude of N.S.T. This is true for mice acclimated to 28 degrees C, born in the laboratory or freshly captured. Mice from the high mountains of South Sinai (S-mice) resist cooling under the same conditions and their N.S.T. is about twice that of EG-mice. EG-mice did not acclimate to cold. However thyroxine injections made them cold resistant and their N.S.T. rose to values close to that of S-mice. Light and electronmicroscopy of the thyroids in mice acclimated to 28 degrees C and exposed to 6 degrees C, or injected with TRH suggested intense activity in S-mice and little activity in EG-mice.


Effects of diets and cold acclimation on lipoprotein lipase activity and cyclic nucleotide levels in some tissues of rats. In view to study a possible regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity by tissue cyclic nucleotide levels (cAMP and cGMP), parallel determinations of the three factors were performed on brown adipose tissue (BAT), epidymal fat (WAT) and heart of rats. Opposite variations of cAMP levels and LPL activity were only observed in WAT following high fat diet administration. The enhancement of LPL activity in BAT and in heart by cold acclimation or feeding an hyperlipidic diet was never associated with a decrease in cAMP content. The variations of cAMP and cGMP levels were not dependent. It is concluded that there is no effect of cyclic nucleotide levels in the enhancement of LPL activity in these tissues.


Glucocorticoids and carbohydrate metabolism in hypothermic and hibernating hamsters. In hibernating hamsters carbohydrate reserves are regulated and are in dynamic equilibrium. During "deep" hypothermia (Tb 7-8 degrees C) hamsters undergo a progressive hypoglycemia, depletion of liver glycogen, and death within 24 hours. Glucocorticoid treatment results in enhanced blood and liver carbohydrates, prolonged survival at Tb 7-8 degrees C, and enhanced thermogenic capacity leading to arousal.


Comparative measurements of in vitro thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue from control and cold adapted rats. Heat output and oxygen uptake rates as well as caloric equivalents of O2 were measured in brown fat fragments from cold-adapted and control rats. Resting metabolic rate per unit wet weight was the same in both groups. Submaximal responses to noradrenaline were significantly lower in the cold-adapted than in the control group. Apparent maximal responses were the same for both groups. Caloric equivalents of O2 gave no evidence for anaerobic glycolysis even under conditions of oxygen limitation.


Studies on some thermogenetic enzymes in brown adipose tissue of genetically obese mice. The effects of cold exposure on several enzymes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) were examined in two types of genetically obese mice (C57BL/6J-ob and C57BL/6J-Ay) and their thin litter mates. In the thin C57BL/6J mice, the activities of two alpha-glycerophosphate-generating enzymes i.e., glycerokinase (GK) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GDH), increased in BAT at cold exposure. Resemble results were observed in the yellow obese mice (A(y) mice). Nevertheless, in the obese-hyperglycemic mice (ob mice) showing a poor resistancy to cold, the increases of these enzymes were not observed. In addition, the increase of lipase activity, observed in BAT of the thin litter mates, was also not observed in BAT of ob mice. The decrease of NEFA release from BAT at cold exposure and the prominentry high inhibition rate of lipase by M NaCl were observed also in ob mice. Then the qualitive change of BAT lipase may exist in ob mice.


Some effects of acute cold stress on carbohydrate metabolism in the rat. Eviscerated, nephrectomized rats were used as peripheral tissue preparations to study the rate of utilization of glucose after acute (24 h) exposure of intact animals to cold. The preparations taken from fed (but not fasted) rats 1) required more glucose infused IV to maintain normoglycemia and 2) disposed of single IV loads of glucose more rapidly than normal. Cold lowered both glucose concentration in blood and liver glycogen, although more food was eaten. Plasma insulin was normal or below. Acute cold-induced shivering thermogenesis in fed rats is associated with increased rates of utilization of glucose by skeletal muscle that are not dependent on insulin.


Free fatty acid and glycerol metabolism in cold exposed new-born rabbit.


The role of the body mass: body surface ratio in thermo-regulatory responses to cold, hypoxia, and hypercapnia in new-born, adult, and aged guinea pigs. The relationship between body weight (BW) and the changes in colonic temperature (deltaTc) was analyzed in newborn, adult, and old guinea pigs. No correlation could be demonstrated between BW and, deltaTc in response to cold with the exception of the 10 to 20 day-old group. In hypercapnia statistically significant or almost significant coefficient were obtained in three groups, showing--as expected--that the fall in Tc tended to decrease with increasing BW. In hypoxia a statistically significant coefficient was obtained in the young adult group, demonstrating that--contrary to expectation--the fall in Tc tended to be greater with increasing BW.


Comparison of induced and spontaneous arousals in hibernating hedgehogs. Respiratory and circulatory differences between periodic spontaneous arousals and induced arousals in hibernating hedgehogs were studied in a constant ambient temperature of + 4.2 +/- 0.5 oC. The increase in O2 consumption, blood pressure and heart rate was faster during induced arousals than during periodic spontaneous arousals. Based on our present studies we suggest that even the smallest stimulus able to induce the awakening is sufficient to modify the process so that it differs markedly from a spontaneous arousal.


Metabolic and hemodynamic aspects of the hypothermia of early burn shock. Guinea pigs briefly anesthetized with Halothane were burned over 70% of their body surface area. Core temperature progressively decreased over an 8 hour period reaching its lowest level just before death. Heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption also diminished over this period. The fractional distribution of the cardiac output to the pancreas, adipose tissue, burned and unburned skin and muscles fell sharply. Actual volume flow to the heart and brain also decreased while plasma FFA concentration exhibited little change. However, hyperglycemia was noted due in part to peripheral insulin resistance. Although plasma catecholamines increased during this trauma, their effect was muted by a low plasma pH and a rising lactic acid concentration. It is postulated that the destroyed peripheral temperature receptors, hypoxic areas of the brain, decreased blood flow through high metabolic areas and low oxygen and substrate utilization in the periphery brought about the hypometabolism.


Catechol-O-methyl transferase activity in whole brown adipose tissue of rat in vitro. The activity of the extraneuronal uptake-catechol-O-methyl transferase system was measured in BAT pieces in vitro, under conditions preventing physicochemical modification of the added NE. Results suggest that this system might effectively modulate the thermogenic response of BAT to NE.


Control of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in brown adipose tissue of infant rats. Activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPK) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of infant rats is high and is depressed by a single injection of corti-costeroid or insulin. Both hormones inhibit synthesis of the enzyme in BAT and increase it in liver. Fatty acid synthetase activity is enhanced by these hormones, but only in BAT. It is suggested that corticosteroids may act via insulin release, since both blood glucose and blood insulin levels rise after steroid injection. The difference in response between BAT and liver is ascribed to the difference in adenyl cyclase response in the two tissues.


Polyamine and magnesium effects on mitochondrial respiration in control and heat-acclimated rats. Studies were made of polyamine and Mg++ effects on rat liver mitochondrial alpha ketoglutarate oxidase (alphaKGO) and succinoxidase (SO). High spermidine levels suppress S3 and S4 of alphaKGO at 0.6-1.17 mM Mg++: some combinations of it and Mg++ increase the respiratory control ratio (RCR). Spermine suppresses S4 of alphaKGO and increases the RCR but suppresses the RCR of SO at high levels. In heat-acclimated (HA) animals in which we have studied only spermine effects on alphaKGO, RCRs of HA rats are greatly increased compared to those of controls.


A matter of credibility.

A matter of credibility.


How tax shelters shape up now.

How tax shelters shape up now.


Measures of management: where more help pays off most.


The class of '76. How well are they winging it?


Measures of management: your income.

Measures of management: your income.


'My stocks do double duty.'.

'My stocks do double duty.'.


Ways to pick a winner.

Ways to pick a winner.


The view from the bottom.

The view from the bottom.


A helping hand for the nail nibbler.

A helping hand for the nail nibbler.


Success, the games dentists play.

Success, the games dentists play.


The pleasures and problems of riding bare.


The risks you run going bare.

The risks you run going bare.


Save your energy in the office!

Save your energy in the office!


Which way to ride?

Which way to ride?


That's the way the dollars go.

That's the way the dollars go.


Measures of management: sizing up your staff.


Creating the climate for successful dentistry.


In search of serenity.

In search of serenity.


A word of wisdom for the new dentist.

A word of wisdom for the new dentist.


A denturist's eye view of you.

A denturist's eye view of you.


How fair salaries get that way.

How fair salaries get that way.


Counterattack on denturism.

Counterattack on denturism.


The risks you run in hiring help.

The risks you run in hiring help.


Measures of management: your office expenses.


Is it true what they say about dental assistants?


Can this partnership be saved?

Can this partnership be saved?


How to be outrageously successful supervising women.


Married to your mortgage?

Married to your mortgage?


On control.

On control.


Can this partnership be saved? Putting it back together.


Where to live in retirement.

Where to live in retirement.


Wills and other means of planning an estate.


The unknown professional.

The unknown professional.


Are you a good manager? 'A few simple rules can help'.


Bookkeeping made easier for dental laboratories.


Test tube tooth decay: a demonstration.

Test tube tooth decay: a demonstration.


Communication disorders: an overview and practices for the dental hygienist.


Affective dental hygiene.

Affective dental hygiene.


Techniques of interviewing and resume writing.


The hypertensive dental patient: detection and treatment.


Reminiscences of a dental practice in London.


Clinical conduct related to oral pathology findings.


Preventive dental health program for the infant.


Interpersonal functioning of dental hygiene students.


The jury's still out in Colorado.

The jury's still out in Colorado.


Dr. Black's school raises the roof over tuition.


For married students, it can't work without a lot of sharing.


Tuition is high at Georgetown, but financial aid meets 85 percent of students' need.


Here's what recent federal legislation may offer you in the way of financial aid.


Is it too easy to finance that new practice?


An associateship can reduce that initial burden of debt.


Mercury: the unseen hazard in the dental office.


'Dental consumerism' means good dentistry.


How did you spend your vacation?

How did you spend your vacation?


Many seek residencies, few are chosen. What are your chances?


The dental missionary.

The dental missionary.


The first phone call.

The first phone call.


Personal satisfaction for the dental practitioner.


The art of the dental examination.

The art of the dental examination.


The initial interview.

The initial interview.


Maximum dentistry in minimum visits.

Maximum dentistry in minimum visits.


Oral premedication in anxiety and pain control.


Payments arrangements.

Payments arrangements. No matter what financial arrangements are made with patients, there is no foolproof method of ensuring payment. As stated earlier, the financial arrangement does not indicate mistrust of the patient, but is a means of communication. If we accept the fact that nearly all patients have full intentions of meeting their financial obligations, the guiding rule should be flexibility. Inflexibility when making financial arrangements may limit the growth of your practice. Sensitivity is an important ingredient in helping to understand and to meet your patient's needs. Many more patients will accept necessary dentistry if they are given the opportunity to select a method of payment with which they are comfortable.


The financially healthy dentist.

The financially healthy dentist.


The third party and you.

The third party and you.


Patient responsibility.

Patient responsibility.


Recall. The philosophy, methods, and results.


Appointment book control.

Appointment book control.


Relationship of the physical plant to efficiency.


The future of dentistry.

The future of dentistry.


Needed--a grading system for continuing education.


Causes and cures of malpractice.

Causes and cures of malpractice.


Vacation seminars deductible? Maybe...maybe not.


Practices less rewarding than expected, doctors report in survey.


This appointment card speaks loud and clear.


Where did the money go?

Where did the money go?


Just how professional are you?

Just how professional are you?


Applying the fine art of constructive criticism.


Are we guilty of 'super sell'?

Are we guilty of 'super sell'?


What your questionnaires told us about your health.


What's behind the stress and strain of dentistry?


A steal of a deal on seal!

A steal of a deal on seal!


A better way to handle dental insurance.


7 steps to selling your practice.

7 steps to selling your practice.


The 3% miracle.

The 3% miracle.


Tax deductions he didn't get.

Tax deductions he didn't get.


Term life insurance?

Term life insurance?


Home owners, property 'traders' benefit from new tax law.


Do questions from your patients bug you?


Hills are alive with 'sound of dentistry'.


Use of pin-retained amalgam in major tooth reconstruction.


Role of 'detail person' is vital in well-run office.


'Body language'--it 'says a mouthful'.

'Body language'--it 'says a mouthful'.


Listening to your patients: therapy for them--and you.


Office emergency: coronary heart disease.


Occlusal stress in complete dentures.

Occlusal stress in complete dentures.


Case report: construction of complete dentures for Parkinson patient.


III-fitting dentures: surgery for hyperplastic tissue.


Systematic approach eases new construction problems.


Morale...apathetic.

Morale...apathetic.


A guide to 'safe' indulgence: eat, drink--and be wary.


Use of the bite block in a fixed prosthesis.


Case report: use of endosteal implants in oral reconstruction.


Faulty patient 'logic' can result in lost teeth.


Changing attitudes toward our health care system.


Move to another city: convenient location a 'must'.


Dentist takes some of the 'sting' out of chimpanzee's bite.


Value of serum copper measurement in acute leukaemia of childhood. Serum copper level (SCL) determination was carried out on sixteen normal children and on 16 with acute leukaemia. A significant increase in SCL was observed in cases of leukaemia than in normal controls. Drop of SCL occurs in cases who respond to quadruple chemotherapy, while those who failed to respond showed persistantly high serum copper level.


Chemotherapy withheld from retarded patient.


Treatment of a class I malocclusion with large diastemas between the upper and lower anterior teeth.


Commentary on the Mollin technique.

Commentary on the Mollin technique.


Something wrong in Maine.

Something wrong in Maine.


Pediatric occlusal therapy: a scientific approach to comprehensive interceptive orthodontics for the general practitioner.


Serum lysozyme in inflammatory bowel disease--an uncertain indicator.


Duplication of part of the long arm of chromosome 1 in myelofibrosis terminating in acute myeloblastic leukemia.


Osteosarcoma associated with osteopoikilosis.


Significance of the cell cycle in commitment of murine erythroleukemia cells to erythroid differentiation. The relationship between differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells (MEL) induced by DMSO and the cell division cycle has been analyzed. We demonstrate that incubation in the presence of DMSO increases the length of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. A method of synchronization of MEL cells by unit gravity sedimentation has been developed and characterized. Using this method, a series of synchronized cell populations covering the entire cell division cycle can be generated simultaneously. Cells synchronized by this technique were challenged with DMSO and analyzed for kinetics of commitment to the differentiation program. Our results indicate that populations of cells in G1 or G2 at the time of addition of inducer give rise to a greater proportion of committed cells than an unfractionated population, while cells in S phase result in a lower percentage of committed cells than the unfractionated population when cultured in DMSO.


Specific and sensitive combined high-performance liquid chromatographic-flow fluorometric assay for intracellular 6-thioguanine nucleotides metabolites of 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine. A new non-radioisotopic technique is described for measuring rates of intracellular formation by human leukemic blasts of 6-thioguanine nucleotide metabolites, obligatory intermediates in the antineoplastic action of both 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine itself. The method is both specific and sensitive, and involves combined high-performance liquid chromatography and flow fluormetric detection of oxidized 6-thioquanine nucleotides in alkaline permanganate-treated cell extracts. Non-metabolized 6-thioguanine and 6-thioxanthine are also separated and quantitated in this system, permitting complementary in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis. The assay may be applied to detect resistant disease at an early stage in therapy, and thereby provides the opportunity for alternative treatments to be instituted.


The determination of 5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid in human urine by mass fragmentography.


Stress trajectories within the mandible under occlusal loads. A human mandible was duplicated in birefringent resin. The distribution and effect of occlusal forces within the mandible was demonstrated utilizing birefringent resin models compared to natural specimens. The results of this study reinforce those theories that assign function a major role in bone remodeling in the mandible. Further, the condyle is seen to be a stress-bearing structure.


Thermal stimulation of the oral mucosa and nasal airway resistance. A procedure for measuring nasal airway resistance using posterior rhinorheometry is described. Baseline nasal airway resistances +/- 1 S.D. at an airflow of 0.5 L/sec were found to be 1.077 +/- 0.683 cm H2O for inhalation and 1.359 +/- 0.792 cm H2O for exhalation. Application of either cold water (4 to 6 C) or warm water (44 to 52 C) to the oral mucosa significantly increased nasal airway resistance. Application of tepid water (26 to 28 C) did not alter nasal airway resistance significantly.


Colored emission of rare earth ions in a potassium feldspar glass. The viability of rare earth ions as fluorescent coloring additives for dental porcelain was investigated. The data presented allow the formulation of porcelain with specific color properties under illumination by ultraviolet light. Attention is drawn to the possibility of energy transfer occurring with the result that prediction of color may not be done by application of the additive color-mixing scheme.


The effect of burnishing on the mercury vapor emission of amalgam.


Parameters that affect the color of denture resins. The effect of specular reflection, background color and specimen thickness on the color of four commercial denture resins was studied by reflection spectrophotometry. Higher values of luminous reflectance and excitation purity were obtained with a white than with a black background, whereas dominant wavelength was lowered slightly.


Corrosion of dental amalgam in culture media.


An analysis of three mixed dentition analyses. The accuracy of prediction of three mixed dentition analyses was compared. Hixon and Oldfather's method was found to be the most accurate. A simplified version of the analysis obviates referral to a table, allowing assessment of the size of the unerupted teeth prior to eruption of the lateral incisor.


Supernumerary tooth formation in mouse molar transplants.


The effect of topical application with an organic and inorganic fluoride compound on the inhibition of dental plaque in humans. Accumulation of dental plaque for 3 and 7 days respectively was determined by calculating the difference between the postcollection and precollection weights of enamel slabs attached to orthodontic bands cemented to the upper first molars of 3 subjects. Pretreatment of the enamel slabs with amine-fluoride or -chloride respectively-at an equivalent amine concentration-prevented plaque deposition on the slabs, whereas pretreatment with sodium monofluorophosphate was less effective. The fluoride concentrations of all fluoride-pretreated enamel slabs were similar. No convincing demonstration of significant differences between the treatments could be predicted in view of the discrepancy in results at the 3- and 7-day test periods.


The effect of disaccharides on the plaque-forming potential of Streptoccoccus mutans. The comparative and combined effects of sucrose, maltose, and lactose as factors on the plaque-forming potential of Streptococcus mutans were assessed. With increasing additions of maltose to sucrose-supplemented medium there was decreasing plaque formation. Lactose additions slightly increased plaque formation, but when combined with maltose they significantly enhanced the maltose inhibition of plaque formation.


A method for demonstrating resin penetration into dentin.


Chlorhexide and fluoride in prevention of plaque and caries in hamsters. The effect of combined administration of chlorhexidine and fluoride in the drinking water of hamsters on plaque and caries prevention was studied. Plaque indices of the hamsters receiving chlorhexidine either alone or simultaneously with fluoride were significantly lower than those of the control and fluoride only treated hamsters. The type of plaque indices used in this investigation was area scores. The necessity of quantitatively assessing plaque by several parameters was emphasized. The degrees of caries of the experimental groups were significantly lower than of the control group during the cariogenic diet regime. The anticariogenic effect of chlorhexidine and fluoride at low concentrations each provided simultaneously with a cariogenic diet, was confirmed. The differences in caries rate between the experimental groups were not significant. No additive effect on the cariostatic action of chlorhexidine and fluoride was observed when both reagents were applied simultaneously due probably to the low F concentration in the drinking water. The results did not show a direct quantitative relationship between plaque and caries.


The seeded growth of calcium phosphates on dentin and predentin. The in vitro mineralization of predentin (PD) and of the organic component of dentin (OD) has been studied in a supersaturated solution of calcium phosphate at 37 C and pH=7.4 at total calcium and phosphate concentrations close to those in vivo. The mineralization of OD can be divided into at least three periods based upon the morphology and the specific surface area of the mineral phase formed. Dissolution of the newly precipitated mineral on OD revealed a stoichiometry close to that for octacalcium phosphate. In contrast, PD was ineffective as a crystal nucleator. The mineralization of the inorganic component of dentin (ID) and whole dentin (D) has also been examined.


Ultrastructural observations of horseradish peroxidase in synovial lining cells of the rats' temporomandibular joint.


Mastication and maturity: a longitudinal study in pigs. The electromyography of mastication was studied longitudinally in miniature pigs, and the effects of age and food type were assessed. Within-individual variation was large relative to between-individual variation. Duration of chewing strokes increased with age and with more resistant foods. The results are compared with data on human beings and other animals.


Radiation-induced epithelial-submucosal separation: an electron and light microscopical investigation. Irradiation injury of the mouse tongue was studied by electron and light microscopy. A specific lesion was found to be the result of edema. Epithelial compensation was seen in the form of proliferation of desmosomes and  hemidesmosomes, elongation of rete ridges, and hypertrophy of cytoplasmic projections from basal cells.


Lidocaine's influence on the accumulation and depletion rates of mouse brain amines. Mouse brain was analyzed for serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Pargyline plus lidocaine treatment caused an increased accumulation rate of serotonin over one hour compared to pargyline controls. alpha Methyl-p-tyrosine plus lidocaine treatment caused a decreased depletion rate of dopamine over four hours compared to rates of alpha methyl-p-tyrosine controls, and no difference for norepinephrine.


Histologic effect of fractionated doses of selectively applied 60Co irradiation on the teeth of albino rats. This study compares the effects of fractionated 2400, 4800 and 7200 rad doses of Co-60 irradiation on the formed and developing teeth of the rats. The 7200 rad dosage was found to cause damage to both odontoblasts and ameloblasts of developing incisors but to spare previously formed molars.


Root surface caries in the molar teeth of rice rats. III. Inhibition of root surface caries by fluoride.


Growth of the fetal rat craniofacial complex secondary to the postfusion rupture of the palate. Isolated cleft palate was created by in utero surgical rupture of the previously intact rat palate. Cephalometric analysis was performed on mandibular and maxillary growth and on nasal septal height. The findings showed that the surgical procedure has no effect, beside cleft palate production, on continuing fetal craniofacial growth.


Survey of the seven serological types of Streptococcus mutans in six-year-old children.


The symmetrical nature of bilateral asymmetry (delta) of deciduous and permanent teeth.


Interaction between shoveling of the maxillary and mandibular incisors.


Bifurcated root canals and crown diameter.


An in vitro study of the effects of artificial sweeteners on adherent plaque formation.


Fluoride re-liquefies alginates.

Fluoride re-liquefies alginates.


Traumatically induced defects of enamel in permanent teeth in sheep.


Inhibition of caries in hamsters by 2-deoxy-D-glucose.


A simple alarm device for the Bennet PR-2 ventilator. A simple alarm device for use with the Bennet PR-2 ventilator is described. It is based on the operation of a photo-electric cell, is simple in construction, and can be used on other types of ventilators if the pressure gauge is compatible.


Quality and perceived usefulness and utilization of continuing dental education: a response.


The role of state boards of dentistry.

The role of state boards of dentistry.


Can academic distress be predicted prior to dental school.


Activity vs achievement as criteria for fellowship.


The challenges to the dental profession as an integral part of the health service.


The plight of scientific journals.

The plight of scientific journals.


In defense of fistulation.

In defense of fistulation.


Gingival degerming.

Gingival degerming.


The specialty of stomatology.

The specialty of stomatology.


Transplantation experience.

Transplantation experience.


1978 ICD Journalism Awards.

1978 ICD Journalism Awards.


Graduate and postgraduate dental education--adequate or inadequate?


The case for the addition of a basic science to the dental curriculum.


Dental education. Summary of the 1977-1978 Annual Report of the Council on Dental Education.


Comparison of three-year and four-year dental school curriculums.


Dental planning information: more than a body count.


The specialty of administration.

The specialty of administration. Administration was defined. Some current administrative theory was discussed, pointing out the relevance and importance of informal organizations, goals and needs of individuals, and the leadership and the decision-making process. Administrators of dental schools should have some formalized education and experience in administrative theory. They should become specialists in administration, possess advanced degrees, have field experience, and serve internships. It is essential that administrators are aware, not only of their duties, but also of their obligations to their supportive team. Finally, it can be said that success as an administrator will depend primarily on the quality of decisions made.


Stabilization of avulsed teeth in children with the flexible mouthguard splint.


Dental caries and trace element composition of whole human enamel: Western United States. Samples of whole enamel prepared from 83 teeth were analyzed for the concentrations of 30 trace elements. Samples were from lifelong residents, younger than 20 years of age, of a high-caries area (Oregon) and a low-caries area (California). All samples were caries-free, prepared by standardized methods, and analyzed by spark source mass spectrometry by one laboratory. Elements strongly associated with a high prevalence of caries were copper, and, to a lesser extent, aluminum, sulfur, titanium, chromium, nickel, silver, and tin. A low prevalence of caries was associated with high concentrations of strontium in enamel.


Hemophilia and dental treatment.

Hemophilia and dental treatment. Hemophilic patients must be thought of as special patients. Since routine dental procedures, however, do not usually involve bleeding, there is no contraindication to general dental treatment for hemophiliacs. Aspirin-containing compounds should never be prescribed. Caution must be used with local anesthetic block techniques. Preventive dentistry is vital to the younger hemophiliac; older hemophiliacs may require extensive treatment to restore mouths that have been neglected for years. Surgical dental procedures are now considered possible for hemophiliacs and may be performed on an outpatient basis, but they must be judiciously coordinated by the dental and medical team.


Anaphylaxis due to local anesthesia hypersensitivity: report of case. During a routine dental appointment, a patient had an anaphylactic reaction to an injection of a local anesthetic, mepivacaine HCl 3% without a vasoconstrictor. Immediate medical treatment alleviated the symptoms and prevented a more profound collapse. The patient may have been sensitized during emergency treatment at a hospital at which time a local anesthetic was probably administered. Keeping life-saving drugs on hand will help in the immediate treatment of patients undergoing anaphylactic shock, but taking an accurate medical history will provide a clue to a patient's previous exposure and reaction to drugs, thereby preventing a medical emergency.


The identification and measurement of a folate-binding protein in human serum by radioimmunoassay. Antiserum raised in rabbits against the FBP obtained from CML cells, and the purified binder labeled with 125I, have been used for an RIA which can measure an immunologically similar protein in human serum. The concentration of the binding protein in normal serums ranged from 1.2 to 9.3 ng/ml, with a mean +/- S.E.M. of 3.8 +/- 0.4 ng/ml. Elevated values of the binder protein were measured in the serums from patients with folate deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, liver disease, uremia, myeloproliferative disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and various types of cancer and in the serum from pregnant women. The concentration of the binder protein and the capacity of the serum to specifically bind isotopically labeled PGA correlated poorly, indicating that the binding protein concentration and degree of saturation by endogenous serum folate vary independently in many instances.


Treatment of acute leukemia in adults.

Treatment of acute leukemia in adults.


Mandibular osteosynthesis by miniature screwed plates via a buccal approach. The modified Michelet's (1973) technique of mandibular osteosynthesis, which consists of monocortical juxta-alveolar and sub-apical osteosynthesis, without compression and without inter-maxillary fixation, is described. This technique can be used in many types of mandibular fracture, single or multiple, associated or isolated, except in the case of a fracture of the condylar neck and in the presence of pre-existing infection. Infected fractures are treated by orthopaedic methods. Materials used (plates and screws) and particulars of the method have been tested by multi-disciplinary experimentation, particularly by anatomical verification and biomechanical studies. The ideal line of osteosynthesis is described. For the author, this technique is a routine treatment of any type of mandibular fracture.


Concomittant dislocations of the face and skull.


Fixation of the edentulous residual portion of the mandible in cases of hemimandibulectomy. A new method of fixing the edentulous residual portion of the mandibular stump is described: an extraoral apparatus as suggested by Anderson (19361 and a malar bone screw is used for attaching a rod to fix the mandibular stump.


Diagnosis of fractures of the head and neck with the aid of cylindrical pantomograms taken with a new device. The use of cylindrical image layers in pantomographic roentgen diagnosis of fractures of the middle third of the face and base of the skull, is presented. Three dimensional pictures are presented from the horizontal, backward tilt (retroversion) and forward tilt (anteversion) projections as well as the projection of the base of the skull, which yield most information. Of these, the horizontal projection may be considered to be the projection which provides the best basic picture of the middle third of the face. The backward tilt projection reveals the bone structures of the central area and fractures in them best. Fractures in the lateral region are best seen in the forward tilt projection. The radiography of the base of the skull and the lateral walls on one film also presents a new application of the pantomographic technique. The positions of the patient used in taking these roentgenograms with a new pantomographic device developed for patients in a horizontal position are explained, and photographs of them presented. The future aims of this investigation series are referred to in the discussion.


Transoral clivectomy; (a case report).

Transoral clivectomy; (a case report). A transoral approach to the basilar artery was developed. The operation involved midline division of the palate followed by reflection of an inferiorly based pharyngeal flap to expose the clivus. A window was cut in the bone and the dura mater incised to allow access to the vertebral-basilar vasculature. The advantage of this approach lies in the direct exposure of the basilar artery and related brain stem. It ensures delicate structures are not damaged, thus reducing operative mortality and morbidity.


Experience with 220 cases of mandibular reconstruction. Extensive resections of the mandible are usually carried out for malignat tumours or non-malignant tumours with a tendency to reccur, such as ameloblastomas. These hemi-resections include the ascending and horizontal ramus of the mandible. Such mutilations have serious functional and aesthetic consequences. In order to avoid these drawbacks we use two sorts of implants. The first are made from metallic and plastic materials. They are used when patients are too weak to support a bone graft, when there is insufficient soft tissue coverage, or when a recurrence of the tumour is feared. In order to be well tolerated they must be made of materials which are fully accepted by the tissues. For the plastic part we use methyl-methacrylate and, for the metal part, "durallium". The second type is used to maintain a bone graft in good position. It is completely metallic. The pattern is made in wax and reproduced in durallium. They are made and adjusted in the same way as plastic implants. The results are analysed separately covering two periods. In the first (1955-1967), the failures have been relatively large (25%). During the second period (1967-1974), a better choice of operative indications and a more precise technique gave better results (failure: 13%).


En bloc cortical resection in the treatment of paramandibular carcinomas. The authors describe a method which, according to the site of the lesion, permits the removal of a segment of the internal or external mandibular cortex en bloc with the primary tumour and with the satellite lymph nodes. This method, which retains the continuity and height of the mandible, offers the advantage of a greater radicality and at the same time avoids those impairments of the endoral morphology which are an obstacle to a subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation. Its advantages are compared with other surgical techniques proposed for the treatment of paramandibular cancer.


Biochemical treatment of precancerous oral lesions: the effectiveness of various analogues of retinoic acid. Leukoplakia is neither a clinical, aetiological nor histopathological entity. Therefore treatment is difficult particularly in multifocal and advanced lesions. Since 1970, we have tested the therapeutic effect of different derivatives of all-trans-retinoic acid. The study includes 75 cases with homogeneous leukoplakia without or with minimal epithelial dysplasia. Over 60% of the cases treated showed positive early results. In follow-ups from 1 to 6 years about 45% of cases showed complete or partial remission. The rest showed relapses or even progression. In cases with recurrence without changes in the morphological characteristics, positive effects were achieved with 1 to 4 repeated courses of therapy. All derivatives of retinoic acid tested so far have shown undesirable side effects with systematic manifestations or local symptoms: interruption of treatment (4) or reduction of dosage (9) were unavoidable for that reason. Regarding the side effects, retinoic acid should only be given under clinical supervision. Of the derivates tested to date, aromatic retinoid seems to have the best curative potential in homogenic leukoplakia.


Experimental study on the free transplantation of mucosa and lyophilised dura to the oral cavity. The covering of epithelial defects in the oral cavity presents special problems in preprosthetic surgery, since special requisites for function and quality of mucosal grafts must be satisfied. In animal experiments mucosal defects in the oral cavity of 30 rabbits were repaired with free transplants of autologous mucosa and heterologous lyophilised dura. A comparative clinical and histological assessment of the healing processes showed that there was no essential difference between both methods. Considering the necessary second intervention, the infliction of a second wound, as well as the limited source of mucosa, our results show that the use of lyophilised dura in preprosthetic surgery is preferable.


Extensive anterior cervical incisions in aesthetic surgery: a polite dissent.


Evaluation of severity of ischemic heart disease by the resting vectorcardiogram.


Growth changes in the various segments of vertical facial height in Chinese.


Assessment of left ventricular performance in coronary artery disease.


Prorenin in essential hypertension.

Prorenin in essential hypertension.


HLA antigens and diffuse toxic goiter in Taiwan.


Studies on parathion poisoning. II. Urinary p-nitrophenol in acute parathion poisoning.


Studies on acute methanol intoxication.

Studies on acute methanol intoxication.


Fostering practitioner involvement in research.


Correlates of pulmonary complications following thoracotomy for cancer: model for developing clinical research.


Effect of puromycin treatment on the regeneration of hemisected and transected rat spinal cord. The effect of puromycin on spinal cord regeneration was studied following implantation into the site of spinal cord hemi- or transection of Gel-foam saturated with puromycin (1 mM) in a saline carrier, implantation of Gel-foam sponge saturated with saline (carrier control), or lesion alone (lesion control). The spinal cords of 107 rats were studied with light and electron microscopy 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days postoperative (DPO). Spinal cord hemisected animals developed a dense cicatrix at the site of lesion replete with connective tissue, blood vessles, and myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres which could be traced to peripheral sources. Rostrally at the C.N.S.--cicatrix interface, there were reactive neuroglial cells, occasional nerve fibres and finger-like projections of spinal cord (due to cavitation lesions) which contained neuroglia, axons and dendrites. Implantation of saline in Gel-foam resulted in the same morphology as in hemisected animals except for increased lesion size due to mechanical factors and decreased cicatrix density during the first 30 DPO. Puromycin treatment resulted in a cicatrix with initial decreased cell density but which contained a new class of nerve fibres at 30 DPO. These nerve fibres were oriented in a rostro-caudal direction, were unmyelinated, 0.1-0.2 micron in diameter and had expanded smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Some of these nerve fibres were degenerating at 30 DPO and all were absent by 60 DPO. The puromycin-treated spinal cord within 200 micron rostral to the basal lamina contained nerve terminal conglomerates, which resembled boutons, in fascicles from 30-90 DPO (duration of experiment). Hemisection of the spinal cord by crushing 1-1 1/2 segments rostral to the site of puromycin implantation at 30 DPO resulted in degeneration of these nerve fibres in the cicatrix as well as the degeneration of nerve terminal conglomerates just rostral to the basal lamina. The regenerative capacity of the spinal cord is discussed in relationship to these findings.


The effects of a clamping regime on voiding dysfunction rate after low anterior resection and abdominal-perineal resection.


Nurse assertiveness.

Nurse assertiveness.


Classification of nursing diagnoses.

Classification of nursing diagnoses.


Protocol for the management of the hemophiliac having oral surgery.


Problems with research in oral surgery programs.


The dissemination of professional knowledge.


Control of occupational exposure to nitrous oxide in the oral surgery office. Occupational exposure to inhalation anesthetics can be substantially reduced by control measures that have been recently developed. The incentive for their use should be the suspected relationship between chronic exposure to trace concentrations of agents, such as nitrous oxide, and health hazards. Control measures include the use of a newly developed scavenging nasal mask, relatively gastight anesthetic equipment, and vented suction machine, supported by an air monitoring program. With these measures, the concentration of nitrous oxide inhaled by the oral surgeons studied was reduced 97%.


Nitrous oxide pollution levels in oral surgery offices. Nitrous oxide pollutant levels, surveyed in oral surgery offices in Southern California, were lower than previously reported. These evaluations were related to rebreathed gas samples obtained from the operator and assistants, and appear to correlate well with exposure to nitrous oxide contamination. The lower levels in the hallway were tenfold less than those previously reported. Better air-conditioning in these offices and better airway control could be responsible, in part, for the difference.


Measurement of anesthetic pollution in oral surgery offices.


Clinicopathological conference. Case 23, part 2. Amyloidosis of the tongue secondary to multiple myeloma.


Temoromandibular joint synovial chondromatosis: report of case.


The calcifying odontogenic cyst: report of case. A 14-year-old black girl with a calcifying odontogenic cyst that resembled a cystic compound odontoma radiographically was examined and treated. The clinical, radiographic, and histologic picture presented by the lesion and its treatment were discussed.


Ewing sarcoma of the mandible: report of case. A case of Ewing sarcoma, primarily localized in the mandible in a 19-year-old woman, is reported. The case report covers the initial symptoms, which are often misleading, the history, clinical, radiographic, and histologic features; and the treatment by surgery complemented with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.


Osteochondroma of the tongue: report of case.


Nonsurgical resolution of mucoceles.

Nonsurgical resolution of mucoceles.


A precise technique for shaving of the prominent chinpoint.


Classification of lymphomatous disease.

Classification of lymphomatous disease.


Frozen autogenous mandible as an immediate replacement graft. A study in animals was designed to examine the feasibility of grafting autogenous frozen mandible. Two groups of animals were used. In the first group, periosteum was elevated from the bone before resection. In the second group, the periosteum was removed with the resected specimen. Osteogenesis was shown by clinical, radiographic, fluorescence, and histologic studies in both groups of animals. The same technique was performed in nine humans with carcinomas that involved the mandible. The results were encouraging. We believe that immediate or delayed reconstruction with autogenous frozen mandible in a patient undergoing ablative surgery of the head and neck with involvement of the bone may offer the patient, as well as the surgeon, another acceptable treatment modality.


The significance of age changes in human alveolar mucosa and bone. The denture-bearing mucosa of aged maxillary and mandibular ridges show morphologic changes that are irreversible. These changes limit the extensibility and the rebound capacity of the denture-bearing area.


A back-action amalgam carrier.

A back-action amalgam carrier. A method has been presented for alteration of a conventional lever-type amalgam carrier for use in placement of amalgam in difficult-to-reach distobuccal and distolingual preparations. The few minutes required to alter one of these instruments will be more than repaid in time saved while attempting to place amalgam with a conventional carrier or cotton pliers. It is hoped that in the future one of the manufacturers of the conventional-type carriers will add this altered instrument to their product line.


Clinical comparison of masticatory performance and electromyographic activity of patients with complete dentures, overdentures, and natural teeth. In this study, which is the first of its kind, it has been shown that overdenture patients, when compared to complete denture patients, while chewing a test food for a constant number of strokes, expended an equivalent amount of muscle effort, chewed more slowly and efficiently, and evidenced significantly better masticatory performance by producing an increased volume of fine test food particles. These findings provide a sound justification for the extra effort required to retain some natural teeth to provide overdenture services to patients. The fact that patients can masticate food more efficiently with overdentures than with complete dentures justifies the increased cost and time involved in their construction. The longitudinal effects that overdentures have on the basic physiopathologic processed involved in the progression of ridge resorption and the advantages of maintaining periodontal proprioception also should be studied.


Evaluation of a viscosity-reducing agent for composite resins.


Film thickness of cements beneath complete crowns. The results showed that Durelon, EBAC, zinc phosphate, Epoxylite CBA, and Fynal had thinner film thicknesses than EBA and Fluro-Thin. In addition, venting of a crown resulted in lower film thicknesses with all cements except Fynal and EBAC. No significant differences occurred with these two cements whether the crown was vented or not. Obviously many other factors besides film thickness, such as toxicity, strength, and solubility, have to be considered before selecting a cement for clinical use. When only film thickness is to be considered, all of the cements in the study could be recommended for the cementation of crowns with the exception of EBA and Fluoro-Thin.


Sjögren's syndrome: diagnosis and dental treatment. This article illustrates the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and dental treatment for Sjögren's syndrome. Suggestions are offered in the treatment of xerostomia or SS.


An evaluation of facial prostheses.

An evaluation of facial prostheses. A survey was conducted to evaluate patient reactions to facial prostheses that were provided to 143 patients in the past 7 years at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Of the 76 patients who responded, 38 patients were wearing their prostheses and 38 patients were not wearing their prostheses. Reasons cited by the patients for not using their prosthesis included lack of retention, additional surgery, discomfort, and irritation. Most of the prostheses were prepared in silicone rubber with color characterization accomplished by the tattooing method. More than 69% of the prostheses were remade within a year because of rapid changes in the defect, prosthesis material, or prosthesis color. The study revealed the need for improvement in materials, adhesive techniques, and the psychological orientation of the patient. This project was conducted at a teaching and research institute. No fees for the patients were required. Therefore our data might differ from that collected from a private practice or clinic.


Delivering surface irradiation to persistent unresectable squamous cell carcinomas: a prosthodontic solution. A simple afterloading maxillofacial radiotherapy prosthesis is used to provide surface irradiation to a persistent superficial carcinoma. Fabrication, loading, and application of the device, as well as indications for and advantages of its use, have been presented.


Prosthodontic treatment for Pierre Robin syndrome. A brief review of the Pierre Robin syndrome and the various methods of treatment employed for children with the condition have been outlined. A suggested treatment approach utilizing an acrylic resin obturator with an adjustable wire tongue restraint has been discussed.


Laminagraphic study of mandibular condyle position when recording centric relation. Laminagraphs were made of each temporomandibular joint of 20 subjects (1) with the mandible forcefully retruded to centric relation and (2) with the mandible positioned by a closing force while an anterior guidance prosthesis was being used. The radiographs were compared by measurements of condylar position; results indicated the condyles to be significantly more superior in the glenoid fossa when anterior guidance was used. The difference in anterior-posterior positioning of the condyles appeared to occur randomly. Measurements of the joint spaces with the mandible in centric relation using anterior guidance indicated that mandibular condyles were not centered in the fossae. There seemed to be a range in the size of the space that could be considered normal.


Carving dental restorations.

Carving dental restorations. The finishing of dental restorations is accomplished most adequately when carving, rotary, and finishing instruments are designed and used for maximum surface contact on natural teeth. General considerations and a detailed technique for carving and contouring dental restorations with these instruments have been described and illustrated.


Clinical management of denture-induced inflammations.


A study of the patellofemoral contact in human knees.


Melanoma of the skin in New Jersey.

Melanoma of the skin in New Jersey.


Variation in the sensitivity of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of hemophilus influenzae type b meningitis.


Protein-supplemented starvation: an interpretive review.


Case reports. Pseudotumors of the arm following injections of procaine polyvinyl pyrrolidone: report of two cases.


Mobile bronchial papilloma spontaneously expectorated.


Early diagnosis of acoustic neuromas--a key to excellent results.


Excisional new attachment procedure.

Excisional new attachment procedure.


Endodontics and the overdenture.

Endodontics and the overdenture.


Diagnostic problem of the month.

Diagnostic problem of the month.


Legal representative comments.

Legal representative comments.


Controlling our destiny.

Controlling our destiny.


Effect of aluminum and teflon cooking vessels on fluoride content of boiling water.


Periodontal mini course (PMC) No. 1.

Periodontal mini course (PMC) No. 1.


Physiologic resistance to dental caries.


Danger lurks in the medicine bottle.

Danger lurks in the medicine bottle.


Judgment day.

Judgment day.


In-service training for employees of nursing homes.


Periodontal mini course (PMC) No. 2.

Periodontal mini course (PMC) No. 2.


Bicycle accident victim.

Bicycle accident victim.


The clinical significance of the physiologic approach to the control of dental caries.


Use of fluoride - impregnated prophylaxis cups with a 1.0% stannous fluoride paste.


HSA councils meet to study health care.

HSA councils meet to study health care.


Missouri's fluoridation fiasco--a call for leadership.


Need to inform everyone.

Need to inform everyone.


Periodontal mini course (PMC) No. 3.

Periodontal mini course (PMC) No. 3.


[President Stocker interviewed].

[President Stocker interviewed].


Periodontal mini course.

Periodontal mini course.


Occlusion.

Occlusion.


Professionals under attack.

Professionals under attack.


Wound healing.

Wound healing.


Thirteen cases of leukemia in a family.

Thirteen cases of leukemia in a family. Thirteen cases of leukemia, 12 of them acute, occurred in 3 generations of a family comprising 293 members. Individual cases could not be linked to the possession of any of a range of genetic markers. Cytogenetic studies showed no constitutional chromosome abnormalities. Preliminary results of virologic studies suggested the presence of oncornaviruses in at least 1 leukemic individual in this family. This aggregation of leukemia cases likely resulted from a genetic, probably polygenic, predisposition, in association with the activity of leukemogenic factors whose nature remains to be clearly defined.


Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and transient renal failure. Results of cytotoxic treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.


Evaluation of the dizzy patient.

Evaluation of the dizzy patient.


A review of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, colon, and other commonly encountered sites.


Prediction of success in medical school.


Editorials: Personality and medical students.


Priorities in health education.

Priorities in health education.


Clinical management of neoplasia--2. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy.


Radiological refresher--10. Bone tumours.


Spurious thrombocytosis in acute myelocytic leukemia.


New abortion legislation: a comparison with professional policy. The Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion Act 1977 and the Crimes Amendment Act 1977 recently enacted by the New Zealand Parliament are compared with policies regarding induced abortion which have been adopted by national health professional organizations.  The spirit of the Act and most of the detailed provisions concerning abortion are restrictive and inconsistent with the policies of most professional organizations in the field.  The Act prescribes a supervisory committee to oversee abortion decision-making, whereas most of the professional organizations favor the decision being an individual one by the woman or a joint woman-doctor decision.  Committees are feared by health professionals for the delay they cause.  Restriction of the grounds for granting abortions goes against the stated policy of all the health professional organizations.  Most of the organizations favor licensing of places which perform abortions, but the licensing requirements of the new Act are felt to be too restrictive.  Most professional organizations favor the Act's protection for health professionals who do not wish to perform or assist with aboritons on the grounds of conscience.


Professional and public opinion on abortion law proposals. Subsequent to the 1977 New Zealand Contraception, Sterilization and Abortion Bill, 4 amendents relating to authorization of abortion requests were proposed.  Consequently, in an effort to determine public and medical professionals' opinions about the amendments, 4 surveys were undertaken.  Results showed that approximately two-thirds of doctors approved of legal abortion upon agreement of 2 doctors and when the Director-General of Health performed his usual regulatory role.  A majority of doctors in a 2nd survey indicated that the question of abortion should be a matter between the woman and her physician in the 1st 3 months of pregnancy.  When nurses were questioned, results showed a clear majority supporting the amendment allowing the woman and 2 financially independent doctors to decide.  However, when 1000 randomly selected individuals were questioned, approximately two-thirds favored a more liberal amendment allowing the woman and her physician to determine whether an abortion should be performed.


Collective bargaining and the nursing profession: an overview.


A review of public hospital nursing staff levels.


The report of the Royal Commission on Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion: a comparison with health professional policies.


A review of current nursing issues.

A review of current nursing issues.


A survey of men practising as nurses and male students in schools of nursing.


Female sexual dysfunction.

Female sexual dysfunction.


Termination of pregnancy in Gisborne.

Termination of pregnancy in Gisborne. The 182 abortion cases referred to the Cook Hospital in Gisborne, New Zealand from November 1973 to December 1975 were analyzed in regard to referral patterns, operative methods, pregnancy duration prior to abortion, complication rates, and patient characteristics, including their contraceptive practices before and after abortion.  The results of the analysis were compared to data on a series of New Zealand women who obtained abortions in Melbourne, and to abortion data obtained from the Auckland Medical Aid Center.  The abortion rate among Gisborne residents increased markedly from 0.37/100 live births in 1969-1973 to 17.9/100 live births in 1976.  The 182 patients were referred to the hospital by 16 of the 19 doctors practicing in the areas, and in general, the % of patients referred by each doctor for termination was proportional to the % of patients delivered by that doctor at the hospital.  Of the 182 patients referred, 170 were subsequently aborted.  Most of these women were aborted by vacuum aspiration.  12% of the abortion patients were less than 21 years of age and 25% were over 30 years of age.  4.4% of the patients were nulliparous and 15.6% had 5 or more children.  46.8% were single.  Over 50% of patients used no contraception during the conception month.  Following the abortion, most patients practiced contraception.  20% were sterilized, 40% took oral contraceptives, and 13% used injectables.  75% of the patients who still live in the area continue to attend the hospital's family planning clinic.  Tables provide: 1) abortion rates for Gisborne residents, and 2) distribution of abortion cases by operative method, gestation duration, complications, parity, marital status, age, and contraceptive practice before and after conception.


Factors contributing to marital and sexual problems.


Carcinoembryonic antigen.

Carcinoembryonic antigen.


Gallium-67 citrate in human tumors. Ultrastructural localization by autoradiography.


Chronic dialysis. Fluid removal by dental suction device.


Camphor overdosage. Therapeutic considerations.


Continuous-irrigation resectoscope. Experience in 50 prostatectomies.


Spontaneous premature rupture of membranes. Correlation with ambient atmospheric pressure.


Knee ligament repair.

Knee ligament repair.


Acute osteomyelitis. Medical management in children.


Can oxygen reverse symptoms of senility?


Community residential programs for mentally ill. Failure to develop in New York State.


Lung cancer etiology. Critical appraisal.


Glaucoma in elderly.

Glaucoma in elderly.


Cardiac evaluation of school sports participants. Guidelines approved by the Medical Society of the state of New York.


Tetracyclines: new look at old antibiotic. I. Clinical pharmacology, mechanism of action, and untoward effects.


Laurence-Moon Biedl syndrome. Urographic observations.


Colonic obstruction. Adhesive remnant of infundibular-pelvic ligament constricting midascending colon.


Murder or suicide?

Murder or suicide?


American Indian medicine and contemporary health problems. II. Powerful medicinal plants in traditional Iroquois culture.


Continuing education--some answers.

Continuing education--some answers.


Tell the public why you do what you do.

Tell the public why you do what you do.


Constructing a health education curriculum.


An only slightly biased viewpoint. Part II. A Valium to get you through the seventies?


Gerontology in action.

Gerontology in action.


Alcoholism intervention and treatment: an interview.


The betrayal of youth. Part III (Conclusion).


What school nurse-teachers can do to help control cancer.


Distribution of anti HBs in Christchurch hospital staff. Three hundred and thirty-eight North Canterbury Hospital Board staff in 11 different job categories have been tested for anti HBs during a two-year period, June 1975 to June 1977. Forty-three sera were positive for anti HBs, 10 following documented hepatitis B, nine following prophylactic anti HBs and 23 without any previous history of hepatitis. 22.4 percent of the medical staff, 10 percent of the nurses, 11.4 percent of the laboratory staff, 36.4 percent of the dental staff tested were positive for anti HBs.


Retinal venous occlusion and ABO blood-groups. The distribution of ABO blood-groups in 79 patients with a retinal venous occlusion (RVO) was not significantly different from that of local blood donors. In 67 of these patients it was found that the visual outcome six months after the RVO is significantly associated with the patient's ABO blood-group. For central and branch retinal vein occlusions taken together 18 percent of patients with blood-group A had a vision of 6/9 or better in the affected eye, whereas 46 percent of patients with blood-group 0 and 49 percent of patients with blood-groups, O, B or AB achieved this vision.


Once daily administration of a beta-blocker in hypertension. In 156 patients in general practice, a slow release formulation of oxprenolol given once daily was substituted for conventional beta-receptor-blockers given two or three times daily. At the end of eight weeks there was a significant improvement in blood pressure control which was thought to be due to improved patient compliance. There was also a reduction in the frequency and severity of side-effects which was not drug specific but could be partly explained by the reduction in blood pressure. As 77 percent of the patients considered the once daily dose in a calendar pack to be helpful, simplification of dosage was thought to be an important factor in improving patient compliance, which resulted in better blood pressure control without an increase in unwanted effects.


Reprogramming the social environment of an autistic child. The effects of a token reinforcement and response cost procedure on the social skills, and academic and problem behaviours of a nine-year-old autistic child were assessed using a token economy treatment programme. The treatment was carried out in the child's home environment with his parents acting as therapists. It was found that the child's learning was enhanced and his problem behaviours were brought under parental control. These results seem particularly significant because it demonstrates the feasibility of using a token economy treatment programme with autistic children.


Medical journals and advertising.

Medical journals and advertising.


Influenza.

Influenza.


Preparing for the health needs for the year 2000.


Urinary stones revisited.

Urinary stones revisited.


The sartorial sign.

The sartorial sign.


Acute glomerulonephritis in childhood: a retrospective study of hospital admissions in New Zealand. A retrospective study of hospital admissions for acute glomerulonephritis in childhood has shown a mean yearly admission rate over a 10 year period of 96 (32 per million of the total population). There is a marked regional variation, with rates in the Gisborne, Tauranga and Waikato areas seven to nine times as high as the lowest rate (in Christchurch).


The anthropometry of Western Samoan pre-school children. A limited survey of the physical characteristics of Western Samoan pre-school children was conducted. The Samoan children appear larger than their European counterparts in early infancy, although this difference is lost by nine months of age. There is a need to establish standards of growth for Western Samoan children. Until these standards are available caution is advised when comparing Samoan infant growth parameters with UK norms.


Intramural oesophageal haematoma complicating anticoagulant therapy. A case of intramural oesophageal haematoma complicating anticoagulant therapy is described. Severe chest pain and complete obstruction of the oesophagus resulted. Early fibreoptic endoscopy facilitated the diagnosis. The condition resolved spontaneously with conservative management. A similar case has not been previously reported.


Practolol peritonitis with autopsy findings. This case of practolol peritonitis was the first recognised in Australasia and fifth in the world series. At post mortem there was some indefinite indication that, in time and after withdrawal of the drug, the lesion slowly resolves.


Congenital rubella and diabetes mellitus.


The doctors' attitude to the dying patient.


Rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis.


Determination of blood pressure.

Determination of blood pressure.


Alcoholism--a vanishing disease.

Alcoholism--a vanishing disease.


Report of seminar for coronary care unit nurses supported by the National Heart Foundation of N.Z.


Coronary care district nurse.

Coronary care district nurse.


The nurse's role in the promotion of mental health in obstetrics.


A nurse's visit to the United States.

A nurse's visit to the United States.


Community health nursing in Auckland.

Community health nursing in Auckland.


Child health.

Child health.


Regional WHO conference on primary health care.


Towards 2002: a community perspective.

Towards 2002: a community perspective.


Our responsibilities to the person beside the respirator.


Evaluation of community health nursing.

Evaluation of community health nursing.


Technical institute nursing programmes.

Technical institute nursing programmes.


Latitude unlimited.

Latitude unlimited.


Institutional neurosis.

Institutional neurosis.


Thyroglossal duct cysts.

Thyroglossal duct cysts.


An autopsy study of the metastatic patterns of human leukemias. This paper analyses the distribution of metastases at every site of the human body in acute lymphoblastic, chronic lymphocytic, acute myeblastic and chronic myelocytic leukemias in patients that come to autopsy. It appeared that the 4 types of leukemia had a similar seeding frequency of the skin, breast, trachea, diaphragm and all other muscles. The highest incidence of metastases was found in the lymphatic system (i.e. all lymph-nodes and spleen). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed an excess of metastases in the major blood vessels, pleura, large intestines, extrahepatic biliary tract, ureters, prostate, cervix uteri, central nervous system, thymus, ovaries and pituitary. The excess of metastases at specific sites did not cluster either in topographical areas or in anatomical systems, with the exception of metastases in the central nervous and endocrine systems (acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Chronic lymphocytic leukemia showed an excess of metastases in all lymph nodes, kidney, adrenals and heart. A lymphatic route of dissemination, as opposed to a blood-borne spread of malignant cells, was hypothesised to account for the excess of metastases in the above mentioned organs in patients affected with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Soil specificity with the degree of anaplasia of leukemic cells may account for the higher than expected occurrence of metastases in a given organ, for a specific leukemia. This remark holds true particularly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.


Eimeria tenella: experimental studies on the development of resistance to amprolium, clopidol and methyl benzoquate. The development of resistance by the Houghton strain of Eimeria tenella to the anticoccidial drugs amprolium, clopidol and methyl benzoquate has been studied. Resistance to amprolium and clopidol developed more readily in experiments where a large number of coccidia were exposed to the drug, either by increasing the number of oocysts in the inoculum or by increasing the number of birds in the group. When 45 birds were given 2.0 X 10(6) oocysts, resistance to amprolium and clopidol appeared after 6 and 7 passages respectively. In previous experiments, under similar conditions, resistance to robenidine developed after 6 passages, suggesting little difference between these three drugs. Resistance to amprolium and clopidol arose gradually as the concentration of drug was increased, but resistance to methyl benzoquate appeared in a single step from sensitivity to high-level resistance. Both amprolium and clopidol-resistant lines showed an 8-fold reduction in drug sensitivity. Attempts to measure the degree of resistance by calculation of the ED50 were unsuccessful.


Perinatal medicine: postnatal aspects. A pediatrician's view.


Mechanical ventilation in the neonate.

Mechanical ventilation in the neonate.


The coveted R.F.

The coveted R.F.


Respiratory function: 4-monitoring artificial ventilation.


Bicarbonate for a boy, vinegar for a girl.


Immunotherapy for patients with osteogenic sarcoma: approaches to an "out-reach" program.


Cooperativity in O2 binding to iron porphyrins. The solid-gas O2 binding equilibrium has been studied for for ferrous "picket fence" porphyrinates with sterically hindered axial imidazoles. Such systems show significant cooperativity in their binding of O2: at low O2 pressures a low O2 affinity form exists, and at high O2 pressures a higher O2 affinity form develops. Direct analogies are drawn to the cooperativity shown in O2 binding by hemoglobin. These model systems mimic hemoglobin quantitatively.


Structure of hemoglobins Zürich [His E7(63)beta replaced by Arg] and Sydney [Val E11(67)beta replaced by Ala] and role of the distal residues in ligand binding. In hemoglobin Zürich the side chain of the distal arginine attaches itself to the propionate of the heme, leaving the heme pocket wide open, allowing sulfanilamides easy access to the iron, and doubling the partition coefficient between CO and O2. The replacement of the distal valine by alanine in hemoglobin Sydney leaves a large gap inside the heme pocket, which is partly filled by a water molecule bonded to the distal histidine. Hemoglobin Sydney has the same partition coefficient between CO and O2 as hemoglobin A. Replacement of the distal histidine increases the stretching frequency of CO linked to the beta heme by 6 cm-1, but replacement of the distal valine increases it by only 3 cm-1, but replacement of the distal histidine leaves the O-O stretching frequency unchanged.


The disulfide bond connecting the chains of ricin. Studies on the disulfide bond connecting the two polypeptide chains of ricin are reported. Reduction of this bond in the native protein requires approximately 50-fold more mercaptoethanol than the reduction of the bond in the protein denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate. An improved procedure for the formation of this disulfide bond from recombined chains is reported. A and B chains spontaneously and rapidly reassociate into a stable complex with a sedimentation velocity similar to that of native oxidized ricin before the disulfide bond reforms. The mixture of both chains also behaves on Bio-Gel P-100 like native oxidized ricin. However, the complex formed by the two chains, assayed before the disulfide bond can reform, and reduced ricin, carboxymethylated to prevent reoxidation, shows a significant decrease in toxicity to mice and a decrease in ability to inhibit protein synthesis in HeLa cells in culture.


Nucleotide sequences of the separate origins of synthesis of bacteriophage G4 viral and complementary DNA strands. Bacteriophage G4 has physically separated origins of synthesis of its viral and complementary DNA strands. Chain termination and "plus and minus" DNA sequencing methods have been used to obtain the nucleotide sequence of these two origins. The unique origin at which the complementary DNA strand is initiated has located in the untranslated region between genes F and G. This sequence, which has considerable secondary structure, contains a stretch which is complementary to the RNA primer that is observed during synthesis in vitro of the G4 complementary DNA strand [Bouché, J.P., Rowen, L. & Kornberg, A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem., in press]. This G4 origin shows extensive sequence homology with the bacteriophage lambda origin of DNA replication [Denniston-Thompson, K., Moore, D. D., Kruger, D. E., Furth, M. E. & Blattner, F. R. (1977) Science 198, 1051-1056]. The sequence around the site in gene A at which G4 viral DNA strand synthesis is initiated by the nicking action of the cistron A protein is very similar to that of bacteriophage phiX174. An (A + T)-rich stretch flanked by (G + C)-rich sequences may be involved in the interaction between the DNA and protein.


Unsymmetrical and concerted examples of the effect of enzyme--enzyme interactions on steady-state enzyme kinetics. In previous papers of this series, emphasis has been placed on the steady-state phase transition and critical properties of large lattices of interacting, symmetrical, and identical enzyme molecules. The present paper is concerned with a number of examples of enzyme--enzyme interactions that do not belong to the class of models of the earlier papers. These are more biochemically oriented and include heterologous dimers, a linear chain with unsymmetrical interactions, and concerted isologous dimers (half-the-sites reactivity).


Mammalian cytoplasmic actins are the products of at least two genes and differ in primary structure in at least 25 identified positions from skeletal muscle actins. Muscle and cytoplasmic actins from several species have been compared by extensive fingerprint analysis and by partial amino acid sequence determination with the known amino acid sequence of rabbit muscle actin. Although complete sequences have not been established, the following characteristics are apparent. (a) Cytoplasmic actins are the products of two different genes. The difference seen in isoelectric focusing studies is probably determined only by the nature of the three amino-terminal acidic residues. (b) Mammalian cytoplasmic actins are exceedingly similar and perhaps identical. (c) Cytoplasmic actins may differ by at least 25 amino acid replacement from rabbit muscle actin. These replacements have been identified for calf thymus actin; however, other cytoplasmic actins show the same replacements. (d) The replacements always involve-except for the first five residues-neutral amino acid residues. (e) The replacements are not randomly distributed. Residues 18-75 are constant whereas residues 2-18 and 259-298 show many substitutions. (f) The main component of smooth muscle actin from chicken gizzard shows the charge characteristics found at the amino terminus of the less acidic cytoplasmic actin species. In the rest of the polypeptide chain, gizzard actin resembles skeletal muscle actin, although two substitutions of the cytoplasmic type have been identified. (g) Heart muscle actin is very similar to skeletal muscle actin. Only two amino acid replacements have been found; they are of the cytoplasmic type. (h) Skeletal muscle actins from chicken and beef have not shown a replacement.


Purification of ADP-ribosylated nuclear proteins by covalent chromatography on dihydroxyboryl polyacrylamide beads and their characterization. Nuclear proteins modified by mono or poly ADP-ribosylation were selectively isolated and purified by covalent chromatography on a dihydroxyboryl polyacrylamide bead column that specifically interacts with cis-diol-containing compounds. From rat liver nuclei that had been incubated with NAD+, histones and some nonhistone proteins were extracted with 0.25 M HCl. Approximately 60% of the ADP-ribose incorporated into 20% trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material was recovered in this extract. The ADP-ribosylated material was then isolated from the extract by covalent chromatography on a borate gel column and further purified by carboxymethylcellulose column chromatography. As judged by electrophoretic mobilities in various gel systems and by amino acid compositions, approximately 50% of the ADP-ribose recovered in the carboxymethylcellulose fractions was associated with several nonhistone proteins with molecular weights of 2-6 x 10(4), while 35% aand 15% were associated with histones H2B and H1, respectively. Since the average chain length of the polymer bound to any of these proteins was less than two ADP-ribos-l units, the percentage distribution reflects the number of ADP-ribosylated sites rather than the chain length.


Altered nucleosome structure containing DNA sequences complementary to 19S and 26S ribosomal RNA in Physarum polycephalum. The localization of DNA sequences coding for ribosomal RNA was studied by hybridization of purified ribosomal RNA to DNA from chromatin fragments prepared by limited digestion of Physarum nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease. The 32P-labeled 19S and 26S RNA hybridized to DNA from nucleosome monomers, dimers, trimers, and higher oligomers, separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation, although the level of hybridization to DNA from nucleosome fractions was less than the level of hybridization to undigested nuclear DNA. The distribution of 19S and 26S rDNA sequences in the nucleosome fractions differed from the distribution of bulk DNA in that the rDNA sequences were recovered primarily in two fractions containing monomer-sized DNA lengths (140-160 base pairs). The percentage of DNA hybridizing to 19S plus 26S RNA was greater in peak A, the more slowly sedimenting monomer peak, than in any other chromatin fraction at all stages of digestion. Peak A and monomer particles differed in protein content and distribution. The presence of ribosomal cistrons in an altered nucleosome configuration may be related to changes in functional states of rDNA chromatin.


Regulation of protein synthesis: activation by double-stranded RNA of a protein kinase that phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Incubation of reticulocyte lysates or isolated crude ribosomes with low levels of double-stranded RNA (0.1-10 ng/ml) induces the formation of an inhibitor of protein synthesis initiation similar to that observed in heme deficiency. The inhibitor is associated with a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activity (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) that phosphorylates the small polypeptide (38,000 daltons) of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2. Activation of the inhibitor requires ATP in addition to double-stranded RNA and is accompanied by the phosphorylation of a 67,000-dalton polypeptide of unknown function. The inhibitor remains associated with the ribosomes during high-speed sedimentation. Once formed, the ribosome-associated inhibitor phosphorylates eIF-2 and inhibits protein synthesis in the absence of double-stranded RNA. Inhibition is prevented by exogenous eIF-2. The bound inhibitor can be solubilized by extraction with 0.5 M KCl. The soluble inhibitor preparation retains the ability to phosphorylate the small polypeptide of eIF-2 and to inhibit protein synthesis. Untreated crude ribosomes also contain cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activities that phosphorylate the middle polypeptide (49,000 daltons) of eIF-2 and several polypeptide subunits of eIF-3 (160,000, 125,000, and 65,000 daltons); these kinase activities are not affected by double-stranded RNA and do not inhibit protein synthesis.


Common ancestor for concanavalin A and lentil lectin? The primary structure of the alpha subunit from Lens culinaris lectin was determined by analysis of tryptic peptides and was shown to consist of 52 amino acid residues. The molecular weight calculated on the basis of the sequence is 5928. The whole chain is homologous with the region between positions 75 and 121 from concanavalin A. The NH2-terminal sequence of the beta chain, determined by automated Edman degradation, is homologous to another portion of the concanavalin A molecule, between positions 123 and 165. Comparison of the 94 residues from the lentil lectin alpha and beta chains with concanavalin A reveals the existence of 43 identities. Thirty-four other homologies could have arisen, each by a single nucleotide substitution. This extensive homology suggests that the lentil lectin alpha and beta chains may be proteolytic fragments from a single polypeptide chain of the same length as concanavalin A.


Increased incorporation of adenosine into adenine nucleotide pools in serum-deprived mammalian cells. The effects of serum deprivation on the incorporation of adenosine into the intracellular adenine nucleotide pools by several mamalian cell lines were studied. Cells arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle showed increased incorporation of exogenous adenosine into their adenine nucleotide pools as compared with growing cells. This phenomenon is unexpected because salvage pathways from all other preformed nucleosides and bases as well as the de novo synthesis of adenine nucleotides is decreased after arrest of growth by serum deprivation. The incorporation of adenosine into adenine nucleotides may serve as an intracellular signal in the regulation of growth in mammalian cells.


Oligosaccharides containing glucose and mannose in glycoproteins of the thyroid gland. The glucose-containing oligosaccharides formed by calf thyroid slices incubated with radioactive glucose were studied. A compound soluble in chloroform/methanol/water, 1:1:0.3 (vol/vol), was found that was indistinguishable from the previously described glucose-containing dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharide formed by liver microsomes. Glycopeptides were prepared by treating the glycoproteins with pronase, the amino acids were removed with alkaline borohydride, and the products were examined by paper electrophoresis and chromatography. A saccharide equal to that which occurs in the glucose-containing dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharide could not be detected but glucose was found in oligosaccharides that seemed to be smaller by about three to five monosaccharide residues. The same results were obtained by direct treatment of the glycoproteins with alkaline borohydride.


Oligonucleotide inhibitor of protein synthesis made in extracts of interferon-treated chick embryo cells: comparison with the mouse low molecular weight inhibitor. Cytoplasmic extracts of interferon-treated primary chick embryo cells contain an enzyme activity that synthesized an inhibitor of chick cell-free protein synthesis. The same activity was detected in extracts of cells treated with mock preparations of interferon, but at <0.3% of the level found in interferon-treated cell extracts. The enzyme was activated by double-stranded RNA and could be isolated by binding to columns of poly(I)-poly(C)-agarose. In the column-bound state, the enzyme reacted with ATP to synthesize the inhibitor, which could then be continuously eluted from the column. The inhibitor was purified and its structure and function were compared with those of the low molecular weight inhibitor of protein synthesis made by an enzyme from interferon-treated mouse L cells. The avian and mammalian inhibitors comigrated on thin layers of polyethyleneimine-cellulose during chromatography in three different solvent systems, and they coeluted as a series of peaks from columns of DEAE-cellulose during sodium chloride gradient elution. Digestion with bacterial alkaline phosphatase or snake venom phosphodiesterase yielded products that similarly comigrated. Functionally, the two inhibitors were interchangeable: both inhibited protein synthesis in extracts of mammalian and avian cells, producing 50% inhibition at a concentration of about 0.3 nM (AMP equivalents). We conclude that the chick cell-derived oligonucleotide inhibitor has a structure that is closely related or identical to that of the inhibitor made in the mouse system, and that both preparations inhibit cell-free protein synthesis in a non-species-specific manner.


Flash photolysis of human serum albumin: characterization of the indole triplet absorption spectrum and decay at ambient temperature. The method of flash photolysis was used to identify the transient absorption spectrum and to characterize the decay kinetics of the indole triplet of human serum albumin. This protein was studied because it contains a single indole side chain which is deeply buried in an expandable oily region and because the phosphorescence of the homologous indole in bovine serum albumin could not be detected at ambient temperatures. The transient was identified on the following basis: (i) its triplet-triplet absorption spectrum was similar to those previously reported for indole and tryptophan; (ii) it was quenched by small quantities of oxygen; and (iii) it was photobleached by 370- to 700-nm light. In a nitrogen-saturated solution at room temperature, the indole triplet decays exponentially for more than a factor of 10 with a lifetime of 0.5 msec. These observations suggest that, because of its exponential decay and relatively long lifetime, the triplet will be more valuable than the indole singlet as an intrinsic reporter group for the study of the structure and dynamics of proteins in solution.


Aspartic acid racemization in heavy molecular weight crystallins and water insoluble protein from normal human lenses and cataracts. High D/L aspartic acid ratios are observed in heavy molecular weight aggregates and in water-insoluble protein extracted from whole lenses and nuclear and cortical regions. Purified alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallins have low D/L ratios. Fractionation of urea-solubilized material from the water-insoluble protein yields four molecular weight classes of proteins. Fractions representing crosslinked material or apparently degraded products have high D/L ratios. Racemization within lens proteins may contribute to formation of the water-insoluble fraction seen in aging lenses and cataracts.


Ligandin retains and albumin loses bilirubin binding capacity in liver cytosol. Circular dichroism methods were used to detect bilirubin-ligandin interactions in rat liver cytosol and fractions obtained at various stages during purification of ligandin. Ligandin retained its capacity to bind bilirubin in the presence of components of liver supernatant, but albumin, which binds bilirubin in serum, lost the capacity to bind bilirubin in liver supernatant. This was attributed to a greater binding specificity exhibited by ligandin. In their respective physiological milieus, albumin and ligandin are structurally adapted to bind ligands: albumin in serum, and ligandin in the cytosol of the liver cell. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the concentration of ligandin within the liver could regulate the net flux of certain organic anions from plasma into the liver.