But the gas fire never arrived: a case study of Sam.


A venture in community care.

A venture in community care.


I've got a grand health visitor.

I've got a grand health visitor.


A shoulder to cry on.

A shoulder to cry on.


Busman's holiday.

Busman's holiday.


Atopic eczema and its management.

Atopic eczema and its management.


Health education and the delinquent youngster.


Joint staff consultation.

Joint staff consultation.


Head infestation--a persistent problem.

Head infestation--a persistent problem.


National childhood encephalopathy study--a progress report.


Practical work experience for nursery nurse students at a well baby clinic.


Clinical medical officers.

Clinical medical officers.


Interdisciplinary in-service education and training in child abuse.


The probation service and child abuse.

The probation service and child abuse.


Catch them early.

Catch them early.


Child abuse and neglect spells 'can'.

Child abuse and neglect spells 'can'.


Health visitors in Parliament: what M.P's said about health visitors during the third reading of the Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Bill on 7 February 1979.


The Association of Radical Midwives.

The Association of Radical Midwives.


Women's attitudes to the child health services.


Focus on school health: "All they ever do is measure them"?


Commencing research--the difficulties.

Commencing research--the difficulties.


Sociology in the health visitor's training.


Respiratory syncytial virus in Naples outbreak.


Cult diets: a form of child abuse.

Cult diets: a form of child abuse.


Are we still paying lip service to breast feeding?


La Leache League International.

La Leache League International.


The National Childbirth Trust.

The National Childbirth Trust.


Breast feeding--keeping up the milk supply.


Can the duration of breast feeding be extended.


Breast feeding.

Breast feeding.


Trauma when transferring from breast to bottle: a mother's experience.


The specialist health visitor--support or substitute?


Delay in the diagnosis of cerebral palsy: an account of my daughter's first year.


Infant feeding across cultures.

Infant feeding across cultures.


Specialization of health visitors.

Specialization of health visitors.


Creative teaching-learning strategies: creativity theories.


Teaching group skills to nurse managers.


Continuing educational approval committee works toward evaluation of nurse outcomes.


Methods of teaching--revisited. Formal discussion: the Seminar.


Notes on continuing education. Planning committees: an asset in continuing education.


Through the eyes of continuing education--India.


Moral outrage--nurses' right or responsibility. Ethics rounds for nurses.


Mechanisms underlying respiratory failure.


Continuing education promotes social change.


The dialysis nurse's role in an interdisciplinary program.


Nursing management of the acute burn patient and nursing management of optimal burn recovery.


A psychologist's view of the renal dialysis patient.


Obesity in children: an ecological approach.


Triage: coordinated care for the elderly.


Notes on continuing education.

Notes on continuing education.


Methods of teaching--revisited. Formal discussion: the debate.


The use of therapeutic touch in nursing.


Methods of teaching--revisited. Try Haiku.


More on the Nurse Training Act of 1978.

More on the Nurse Training Act of 1978.


Health education for the aging.

Health education for the aging.


Toward improving geriatric care with environmental intervention emphasizing a homelike atmosphere: an environmental experience.


An outbreak of infections caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides. I. Clinical studies. In a 22-month period, strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and multiple aminoglycosides, (designated MARS) were recovered from 108 inpatients with nosocomial infections at a hospital in the midwestern United States. Sixty-six of these patients were staying in a burn unit, and 42 were on other hospital wards. Among the patients with burns, MARS were recovered from the burn wounds of 64%; 32% of the patients with burns had MARS bacteremia. The patients without burns were age-matched with patients with nosocomial infections caused by antibiotic-susceptible strains of S. aureus. Patients from whom MARS were isolated had a longer mean hospital stay (79.6 days vs. 36.9 days; P less than 0.01), developed infection later (26.5 days vs. 13.5 days after admission; P less than 0.01), and had received antibiotic therapy before infection more often (81% vs. 38% of patients; P less than 0.01) than patients in the comparative population. Types of infection and incidences of death and bacteremia were similar in the two groups. Antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus may cause serious infections and significant mortality.


Positive attitudes toward aging: the aged teach the young.


Physiology of aggressive behavior.

Physiology of aggressive behavior.


An outbreak of infections caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides. II. Epidemiologic studies. Studies to determine the epidemiologic behavior of strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides (MARS) were conducted over a period of two and one-half years, during which MARS were isolated from 201 patients at a hospital in the midwestern United States. Most cases of infection or colonization with MARS (156 of 201) occurred in patients with burns. In the burn unit, MARS were recovered from the air, from the hair and hands of personnel, and from inanimate objects. Nasal (72%) and rectal (66%) colonization were common among burned patients with infected or colonized burn wounds but occurred in only six of 74 burn unit personnel. When compared with two control periods, the prophylactic use of antistaphylococcal agents in patients with burns increased markedly at the time the outbreak began. Of the 45 patients without burns from whom MARS were isolated, 42 (93%) were surgical patients. MARS were not demonstrated in the air or environment of patients with infected surgical wounds. None of 334 non-burn unit hospital personnel were found to be carriers of MARS. Four phage types (83A, 6/75/85, 29/52/80, and 92) were recovered during the outbreak. A determinant of antibiotic resistance was probably transmitted among strains of S. aureus.


Arteriovenous malformations of the spinal cord. Spinal AVM's are not rare, and are diagnosed today with increasing frequency by utilization of moedern neuroradiological techniques. Their relationship to the spinal medulla is related to vascular embryological anatomy, and the only effective treatment is directed at obliteration of the fistula. Males are affected more frequently in the middle years of life. Symptoms may mimic spinal cord tumors and demyelinating disorders. The pathogenesis of symptoms, classification, and methods of diagnosis are reviewed, and the various methods of treatment discussed.


Defining health: the step "before" the nursing assessment.


Neurological assessment: a practical approach for the critical care nurse.


Acoustic neuroma--an approach to improved care.


Communicating with hearing impaired elderly adults.


Psychosocial theories of aging: activity, disengagement, and continuity.


The intermittent air-fluidized bed and the neurologically impaired patient.


Posterior cervical stabilization with anterior cervical fusion: an alternative approach to cervical fractures.


Preparing the patient for computerized tomography.


Know your community resources. The senior citizen's primary care clinic: an experiment in collaborating service and education.


Recognition of a classic in gerontological nursing.


Patient care planning through the phases of hospitalization.


The decerebrate patient.

The decerebrate patient.


Self-care after hypophysectomy.

Self-care after hypophysectomy.


Antidiuretic hormone: balance and imbalance.


Asepsis in pulmonary care: improving old traditions.


Multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis.


Neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

Neurogenic bladder dysfunction.


Let's rethink staff development programs. Staff development programs act as agents of change in the health care organizations in which they operate. This article suggests that certain consultative techniques and strategies be used by staff development personnel as alternatives to traditional instructional techniques, to bring about positive change more effectively


A guide to planning critical care units.


Nurses' attitudes toward care of elderly hospital patients: can inservice education bring about positive change?


How does nurse recruitment advertising represent the profession?


Will nursing director's attitudes affect future collective bargaining?


Adapting the patient care conference to primary nursing. Patient care conferences are a crucial element in the concept of primary nursing. The authors compare and contrast team and primary nursing patient care conferences. Changes in format and approach needed for patient care conferences in the primary nursing system are discussed, and specific behaviors for conducting primary nursing patient care conferences are outlined.


WICHE panel of expert consultants report: implications for nursing leaders. A Panel of Expert Consultants, convened for WICHE's Analysis and Planning for Improved Distribution of Nursing Personnel and Services Project, projected nursing requirements for 1982 using an analytic model. Their projections and their recommendations for educational preparation, distribution of nursing services, practice, and planning to meet projected needs have important implications for nursing administrators and nursing educators.


Assertiveness issues for nursing administrators and managers. Nurses in upper- and middle-management positions often struggle with issues related to assertiveness. The author lists some questions that nursing administrators and managers have raised at assertiveness workshops and offers some answers.


The head nurse and the bargaining unit.

The head nurse and the bargaining unit.


Power: a perspective for the nurse administrator. The nurse administrator is viewed as a manager within an organization. In this light, power becomes a critical component of the administrative position, and the hospital environment is shown to manifest traditional organizational power phenomena. The nature of power is explored and the skills and strategies necessary for the acquisition and use of power are outlined.


Future directions: a time for establishing goals and priorities.


Family planning in the practice of midwifery in England and Wales.


Childbirth education certification: who needs it?


A family centered event? Preparing the child for sharing in the experience of childbirth.


Adolescent pregnancy.

Adolescent pregnancy.


Subtracting additives.

Subtracting additives.


Taking the rainbow out of kid's vitamins. Part II. Hyperkinetic children and the Feingold diet.


Addiction in the young: I. Alcoholism. II. Drug abuse.


Informed consent: beyond legalities.

Informed consent: beyond legalities.


Midwifing the adolescents at Lincoln Hospital's teen-age clinics.


Portrait of nurse-midwifery patients in a private practice.


Hypertension.

Hypertension.


The patient in the community setting.

The patient in the community setting.


Knowledge and attitude toward nurse-midwifery among women taking childbirth education classes.


Diabetes: diagnosis and treatment.

Diabetes: diagnosis and treatment.


Why infertility services should be provided by family planning agencies.


Demystifying diagnostic procedures. Part III: Hospital admission--urinalysis.


The 1979 version of the 1985 proposal.

The 1979 version of the 1985 proposal.


The body image in pregnancy.

The body image in pregnancy.


A teaspoonful of medicine, a teaspoonful of trouble?


Hypotensive agents. Part I: Vasodilators.


Characteristics of applicants to nurse-midwifery educational programs.


Demystifying diagnostic procedures. Part II: Hospital admission -- chest X-rays.


Mixing drugs may be hazardous to your patient's health.


Depression.

Depression.


"Categorizing" our patients as individuals.


Changing careers in midlife.

Changing careers in midlife.


Not so "routine".

Not so "routine".


The impact of marital adjustment on pregnancy acceptance.


Children's concepts of illness and internal body parts.


Mothering conjoined twins.

Mothering conjoined twins.


Transition to parenthood.

Transition to parenthood.


Nursing intervention with abusive and neglectful families within the community.


Disease concepts and treatment in the Philippines: review of the literature.


Health planning: the acronyms, the system, the challenges for nurses.


Nursing role in the detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure.


Strategies for patient education.

Strategies for patient education.


ANA proposal--level of entry issue.

ANA proposal--level of entry issue.


A look at the Open University parenthood courses.


Skin disease in pregnancy.

Skin disease in pregnancy.


Episiotomy.

Episiotomy.


Communication -- a failure at all levels.


The effects of home environment on child development.


The role of the midwife.

The role of the midwife.


Fat morphology and adiposity in pregnancy.


How a CHC can help with complaints.

How a CHC can help with complaints.


Normal and abnormal antenatal cardiography patterns.


Special care of babies in the community.


ICM Congress Paper. The midwife and the family unit.


A thought for the future.

A thought for the future.


Representation and consultation.

Representation and consultation.


Midwifery training and practice.

Midwifery training and practice.


"Tranquil delivery" at King's College Hospital.


A training with a difference.

A training with a difference.


Perinatal mortality in Wales.

Perinatal mortality in Wales.


Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus viridans.


Do we provide quality care?

Do we provide quality care?


Viewpoint.....short or long term savings? Will prohibitive costs make dialysis a transient theory?


Promoting patient independence: self-care dialysis.


Nursing management of multiple dialysis units: roles and responsibilities.


Communication between units: capitalizing on opportunities for learning.


Providing continuing education in a nephrology program.


Occupational therapy in outpatient dialysis.


Behaviors and attitudes: can nurses negate the concept of self-care in dialysis patients?


Perspectives on dialysis: a dialysis patient talks about the differences in dialysis centers.


Ultrafiltration--ultra-important.

Ultrafiltration--ultra-important.


Learning from a dying patient.

Learning from a dying patient.


Hemodialysis staff group: peer support in a high pressure setting.


The challenge of 1979.

The challenge of 1979.


Dialysis dementia: what's it all about?

Dialysis dementia: what's it all about?


Nursing responsibilities in a renal clinic.


A review of hepatitis (cause and prevention) for nephrology nurses.


Dialysis dementia.

Dialysis dementia.


Dialysis-related muscle cramps: still the patient's bugbear.


Don't let it be a shock.

Don't let it be a shock.


The legislative log: nursing power.

The legislative log: nursing power.


Clearing the air.

Clearing the air.


Renal disease at a glance: scleroderma.

Renal disease at a glance: scleroderma.


How the nurse practitioner manages the rheumatoid arthritis patient.


Adjusting to chronic dialysis--a patient's view.


Wound management: how teamwork and innovation met a dying patient's needs. Nursing grand rounds.


To punish herself, Laura mutilated her body.


Burnout.

Burnout.


Finding funds for further education.

Finding funds for further education.


Determining and interpreting test validity, reliability and practicality.


Learning primary preventive intervention in the day care center.


Preventing scabies outbreaks.

Preventing scabies outbreaks.


Keeping up: the staff development educator and the professional literature.


The problem co-worker: what to do when you can't ignore her (him) anymore.


Providing holistic patient care as a sex educator.


Route, site, and technique: three key decisions in giving parenteral medication.


The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.


The value of life. Nursing grand rounds.


Offering the rape victim real help.

Offering the rape victim real help.


Suddenly blind at 80.

Suddenly blind at 80.


Transfusing blood safely.

Transfusing blood safely.


Getting children immunization.

Getting children immunization.


Where will you be next year.

Where will you be next year.


Use your nursing expertise in product manufacturing: become a nurse consultant in industry.


Go gentle.

Go gentle.


Things our instructors never told us.

Things our instructors never told us.


Assessing your patient's mental status.

Assessing your patient's mental status.


The nurse's role in systematic weaning from a ventilator.


Screening for glaucoma.

Screening for glaucoma.


When we tried to get close to Carrie, she pushed us away.


What doctors really think of nursing--and nurses.


Vantage point: the nurse practioner movement.


A cybernetics model for continuing education in nursing.


Situational leadership theory.

Situational leadership theory.


Continuing education: whose responsibility?


Facilitating change: a problem-solving/decision-making tool.


Followership: the indispensable corollary to leadership.


Planned change as a leadership strategy.


Safety: too important a matter to be left to the engineers?


Drinking careers.

Drinking careers.


Safety: making factories safe for fork lift truck drivers.


Guide to counselling 6: conclusion.

Guide to counselling 6: conclusion.


Case history: steroids can backfire.

Case history: steroids can backfire.


Occupational first aid. No 6. Unconsciousness.


Equal opportunities to take risks.

Equal opportunities to take risks.


Making contingency studies for a nuclear disaster.


Developing a good OH service in the NHS.


Vinyl chloride: a hazard of the seventies.


Safety: how to allocate resources to competing safety demands.


Case history: alcohol interaction with a workplace chemical.


The new frontier: the occupational health nurse practitioner.


Carpal tunnel syndrome: identification and control.


Implementing health education programs at Australian Paper Manufacturers Limited, Botany Mill.


You can make all the difference in an employee's hospital experience.


The consequences of stress: the medical and social implications of prescribing tranquilizers. Abstracts.


AAOHN today and looking toward the future.


New facility enhances health care program at Richardson-Merrell Inc.


Role of the primary care nurse in employee health service.


Psychogenic illness in industry and the role of the occupational health nurse.


Analysis and planning activities in Ohio--past, present, and future.


Alcohol education program.

Alcohol education program.


Nurse practitioner.

Nurse practitioner.


Standards for nursing practice. VI. ANA Standard III: Goals.


Barriers to the utilization of health care.


Standards for nursing. Practice VII ANA Standard IV: priorities and prescription.


Confessions of a cancer nurse: toward better pain management in a nurse practitioner clinic.


Area nurses faced moral dilemma in world's worst nuclear accident.


PNA board adopts revised statement, March 29 on nursing education for entry into practice.


A conceptual framework: an answer to the problem of professional socialization.


Am I my brother's keeper?

Am I my brother's keeper?


Nursing care of the paraplegic and tetraplegic patients.


The Nigerian patient: his choice for traditional treatment.


Sex discrimination in nursing profession should stop.


In lighter mood: "Mr. Measles".

In lighter mood: "Mr. Measles".


Psychiatric interview--an experience with the traditional herbalists treating psychiatric patients in Ibadan City.


Bylaws as amended April, 1979, National League for Nursing.


State-approved schools of nursing--R.N., 1979. Meeting minimum requirements set by law and board rules in the various jurisdictions.


Evaluation processes in nursing care and nursing education.


The phenomenon of change.

The phenomenon of change.


Physio-biological consequences of electrical fields especially on hospital patients.


The emergence of nursing as a political force.


The purview of political action.

The purview of political action.


Introduction: mandate for nurses: involvement in health policy.


Power, influence, and lobbying.

Power, influence, and lobbying.


Nursing at the national level.

Nursing at the national level.


Why nursing has failed.

Why nursing has failed.


Nursing politics and trends relating to PL 93-641.


Down memory lane--the challenge of bedsores.


The role of the nurse in Nigeria's Basic Health Services Scheme.


Economic forecast for health care.

Economic forecast for health care.


The politics of nursing research.

The politics of nursing research.


What you don't know can hurt you! The implications of hospital cost containment for nursing.


Body image disturbance in an amputee.

Body image disturbance in an amputee.


Politics: the nurse and the health care consumer.


Management perspectives (I'm not sure, but that's my problem).


Say it ain't so, Joe!

Say it ain't so, Joe!


Administrative management.

Administrative management.


Budget administration.

Budget administration.


Labor-management relations.

Labor-management relations.


Staff development.

Staff development.


The changing health care team.

The changing health care team.


Commission on hospitals and health care and you.


My manuscript--myself.

My manuscript--myself.


Institutional sources of articles published in the American Journal of Nursing, Nursing Outlook, and Nursing Research. To identify institutions in which scholarly productivity in nursing is occurring, all articles appearing in American Journal of Nursing, Nursing Outlook, and Nursing Research from 1963 to 1977 were tabulated according to institutional affiliation of author, geographic location of institution, and highest degree obtained by the author. More than half of the 5,560 articles appeared in AJN, and more than half were written by authors in the Mid-Atlantic and North Central areas by the U.S.A. Fifty-eight percent of the articles were written by nurses with at least a masters degree. There were 32 institutions in which at least 20 articles originated during the 15 years studied. The three top-ranking institutions, according to number of publications, were University of Washington, University of California at San Francisco, and the University of California at Los Angeles. The findings revealed that publications in AJN, NO, and NR originated in a large number of institutions and that there were few institutions in which large numbers of articles originated.


Type A (coronary-prone) behavior and transient blood pressure change. A study was conducted to delineate further the physiological mechanisms underlying the type A behavior pattern's influence on coronary heart disease. It was suggested that while chronically elevated blood pressure is apparently not associated with overall A--B distinctions (at least not for males), acting in a type A fashion may be accompanied by temporary increases in blood pressure. Changes in the speech characteristics of 33 black inner-city women during the A--B interview and subsequent unstructured dialogue were analyzed at one-minute intervals and correlated with concomitant blood pressure measurements. Differences in the speech characteristics of women classified type A as opposed to B were consistent with recent studies of white males (e.g., type As spoke significantly faster than type Bs). Further, within-subject blood pressure elevations were significantly associated with louder/more explosive, longer speech episodes. Additional research is urged which examines biochemical and physiological changes as a function of type A behavior considered as a transient state as well as a relatively enduring trait.


Use of vignettes to elicit responses toward broad concepts. Use of vignettes in a measuring instrument is a valid and desirable method of elicting responses toward broad concepts. Ambiguities of any type should be given considered attention in the establishing of validity.


Cutting our political teeth.

Cutting our political teeth.


Health at the hustings: what's in store for health?


Health at the hustings: voting for health.


Holistic care in a cancer care center.

Holistic care in a cancer care center. Emotional moods and subjective evaluations of care received by three groups of terminally ill cancer patients were measured one week after hospital discharge. Patients treated in a newly opened Cancer Care Center, organized to provide holistic care, formed the treatment group (N = 52). Patients treated before the Center opened comprised one comparison group (N = 67), and patients admitted after the Center opened but treated on other units made up the second comparison group (N = 53). Center patients and their relatives evaluated care in significantly more positive terms than patients in either comparison group. Emotional mood was not significantly different across units; however, women reported more positive moods than men.


Defining nursing assignment patterns.

Defining nursing assignment patterns. A new way of defining nursing assignment patterns, consistent with current work in studies of organizations, is presented. An instrument has been devised which allows direct measurement of the assignment pattern in use on a patient unit. Although current instrumentation requires continued refinement, the instrument has been used successfully on a dozen patients units to characterize the assignment pattern and appears to be both practical and superior to more conventional methods of characterizing assignment patterns which are now in use.


Children in hospital: the growth and organisation of playgroups.


Children's fears: a review of the literature with implications for nursing research and practice. Research reports of child's fears were reviewed from a developmental perspective. These studies suggested that as children's fears change with age they become more complex, varied, and realistic. It was concluded that longitudinal studies of children's fears are needed to support or refute the developmental pattern suggested by these studies of distinct age groups at one point in time. It is also suggested that sex, social class, family relationships, and the media be considered in investigations of the development of children's fears. Implications for practice focused on the use of this information in helping parents deal with fears that concern children as they move through childhood.


Tracheal suctioning: a tool for evaluation and learning needs assessment. A 21-item observation tool developed by one of the authors was used to assess learning needs of 30 registered nurses who regularly suction intubated patients. Of the nurses observed, 97 percent had excellent regard for proper equipment utilization and 91 percent for maintenance of sterile environment. These high percentages were responsible for pulling the overall average scores to 65 percent, thus partially disguising the acute need for patient assessment (38 percent), psychological support (57 percent), and procedure (62 percent). Scores for subgroups of nurses--associate degree (group 1), diploma (group II), And baccalaureate (group III)--were 72, 69, and 65, respectively. Of particular concern were low scores in the assessment and psychological support categories. Despite increased emphasis on both of these areas in nursing programs in the last decade, AD graduates received scores of 52 and 57 percent while diploma graduates received scores of 38 and 58 percent and baccalaureate graduates received scores of 26 and 55 percent.


Children in hospital: caring for the needs of the clinical and the family.


Nursing care study: removal of a child's tonsils and adenoids.


Predicting student attrition in a baccalaureate curriculum. A longitudinal study of enrollment data of the Universtiy of Wisconsin--Madison School of Nursing identified several trends in student attrition over a six-year period and formed the basis for the development of a model to predict student attrition. The model proposed to satisfy the need for more precise measures of probable student retention and attrition for counseling and planning purposes in the school's new curriculum. To arrive at a means for predicting student attrition, scores of random samples of continuing and dropout student on achievement, learning style, and psychologial variables obtained during the first three years of the new curriculum were examined using a discriminant analysis technique. A significant differentiation between continuing and dropout students (p less than .000) resulted and allowed a predictive function to be developed. Using a conservative method of identification with student scores transformed by this function, predictions of successful and nonsuccessful students were obtained.


Changes in life goals as related to success in a nursing leadership role. Based on questionnaire returns from 50 nurses in leadership positions, this study revealed major differences in the life goals of successful nurses before and after assuming a leadership role. Our reason for success, the study found, was the nurses' ability to develop life goals consistent with their leadership role.


Knee joint replacement in Christmas disease.


The Nursing Education Research Unit: the early days.


The preoperational child's reaction to immunization. Forty-four children, aged four to seven, who attended two midwestern metropolitan immunization clinics were studied in an attempt to ascertain their responses to a painful stimulus and to observe correlations between their behavioral responses and their subjective ratings of the experience. The children were screened with three tests--two Piaget tests for the preoperational stage development and the Denver Develoment Screening Test for normal development. The children were observed for verbal, vocal, facial, and motor behavior during diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus or diphtheria-tetanus injections. The children then rated the extent of pain during the injection by responding to two instruments, a modification of Eland's Projective Tool and Hester's Poker Chip Tool. Each behavior category was correlated with the pain rating. Significant positive correlations were found for verbal and vocal behaviors while significant negative correlations were found for facial and motor behaviors.


Care of the terminal patient-7. The Jewish view of death.


Behavioural treatment of hyperactivity in a mentally handicapped child.


Mental illness--a logical misrepresentation?


Typical day.

Typical day.


Mending the broken spirit.

Mending the broken spirit.


Legal right or moral conflict?

Legal right or moral conflict?


Nurse could you care more?

Nurse could you care more?


Nursing care study: cholecystectomy for infarction of the gall bladder.


Anatomy of industrial action.

Anatomy of industrial action.


Care of the terminal patient. 8. Staff support.


Asthma.

Asthma.


Resettlement and employment of psychiatric patients.


Community psychiatric nursing--1.

Community psychiatric nursing--1.


When caring needs nurses.

When caring needs nurses.


Standards in nursing.

Standards in nursing.


Improving special care for babies. 1. Developing relationships in special care units.


Jay Report critique--1. Why the recommendations will not succeed.


Nursing care study: a patient with yaws.


Showers for the elderly.

Showers for the elderly.


Care of the terminal patient--9. Californian inspiration.


Mind the bairn's head, nurse.

Mind the bairn's head, nurse.


Technology in nursing. Radiotherapy. 4. Ultrasound in tumour localisation.


Community psychiatric nursing--2 (concluded).


A formula for growth.

A formula for growth.


Improving special care for babies. 2. The clinical aspects.


Nursing care study: lower limb ischaemia.


A modified vision screener.

A modified vision screener.


Nurse could you care more?

Nurse could you care more?


Jay Report critique--2: The Gloucestershire project.


A costly mistake?

A costly mistake?


Tales of mystery and suspense or how the Briggs Bill reached the Statute Book. 1. Personalities.


A friend in need.

A friend in need.


Continuous intravenous infusion of cytotoxic agents.


Communication  skills.

Communication  skills.


Compliance in medication by Asian immigrants.


Systems of life. Calcium homeostasis. 1. Regulation.


Study leave provisions for nursing staff.


The same old story.

The same old story.


The Nigerian Connection.

The Nigerian Connection.


Tales of mystery and suspense or How the Briggs Bill reached the Statute Book. 2. Organisations. The Central Midwives' Board.


Tales of mystery and suspense or How the Briggs Bill reached the State Book. 2. Organisations.


Tales of mystery and suspense or How the Briggs Bill reached the Statute Book. 2. Organisations. The GNC for Scotland.


Tales of mystery and suspense or How the Briggs Bill reached the Statute Book. 2. Organisations. The Council for the Education and Training of Health Visitors.


Rudiments of care. 1. Helping the patient with eating and drinking.


Nursing care study: a patient with carcinoma of the stomach.


Superficial neonatal infection.

Superficial neonatal infection.


Are you ready for the microchip?

Are you ready for the microchip?


Spring of discontent.

Spring of discontent.


One fine summer: a story of an alcoholic.


Doing something about it--and quickly too: a survey on teaching sessions carried out by student nurses.


A patient with mycotic cerebral aneurysm.


Nurses and the law. 11. Accidents at work.


Rudiments of care. 2. Helping the patient learn.


A conjugation of duty.

A conjugation of duty.


Tales of mystery and suspense or How the Briggs Bill reached the Statute Book. 3. The minister's tale.


The nursing officer--1. Reasons for change to a new system.


Cancer chemotherapy: a guide for nurses.


Nursing Times explains: CCETSW (Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work)--the Council Jay prefers.


Man is a social animal.

Man is a social animal.


Our dirty hospitals.

Our dirty hospitals.


Progress on written ward policies.

Progress on written ward policies.


Nursing care study: Molly--a terminal cancer patient.


The nursing officer--2. A review of the literature.


The reversibility of sterilisation.

The reversibility of sterilisation.


A simple method for calculating the component flows of oxygen and air in a given total gas flow to produce a required oxygen concentration during artificial respiration.


A comparison of support bandages.

A comparison of support bandages.


The development of clinical teaching.

The development of clinical teaching.


Technology in nursing. Radiotherapy. 5. Radioisotopes in tumour localisation.


Assumptions and principles underlying standards for terminal care: the International Work Group in Death, Dying and Bereavement.


Charisma.

Charisma.


Community spirit.

Community spirit.


Pressure sores--1. A review of the problem.


The nursing officer--3. A questionnaire for learners.


Nursing research.

Nursing research.


Who is visiting for anyway?

Who is visiting for anyway?


Rudiments of care--4. Helping the patient with respiration.


Symposium on bioethical issues in nursing.


Neuromuscular diagnostic procedures.

Neuromuscular diagnostic procedures.


Muscular dystrophy: comprehensive nursing care.


The role of the nurse in the bioethical decision-making process.


Respiratory care of patients with neuromuscular disease.


Management of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.


Plasma exchange in the management of myasthenia gravis.


Information control and autonomy: does the nurse have a role?


Moral development and clinical decision-making.


Ethical issues in community health nursing.


Ethics rounds with intensive care nurses.


Human values in determining the fate of persons with mental retardation.


Is it ethical to give hope to a dying person?


Advocacy nursing and new meanings of aging.


Symposium on care of the patient with neuromuscular disease.


Controversies in nutrition: a brief review.


A sensible approach to the obese patient.


Counseling patients about diet and nutrition supplements.


Nutrition during pregnancy, lactation, and oral contraception. The current state of knowledge in regard to nutritional requirements for pregnant and lactating women and for women who are taking oral contraceptives is reviewed.  During pregnancy caloric intake should be moderately increased, and the consumption of 30-60 mg of iron and 800-1200 mg of calcium is recommended. Phosphorus intake should also be increased, but this increase should be balanced by a corresponding increase in calcium intake.  Consumption of vitamins A and D should be increased but excessive increases should be avoided.  Vitamin E should be slightly increased.  The desirability of increasing vitamin K is till a matter of dispute.  Pregnant women have a slightly increased need for most water soluble vitamins.  Research has adequately demonstrated the need to increase folic acid and B6 consumption.  There is some evidence that iodine, chromium, and zinc deficiencies may be teratogenic.  Some care should be taken not to overconsume sodium, but the need for stringest restriction is unwarranted.  Heavy consumption of alcohol and caffeine should definitely be discouraged during pregnancy. Certain problems experienced by pregnant women, such as nausea, may be managed through nutritional modification.  The increased nutritional needs for lactating women can, in most cases, be met by increasing milk consumption by 3-3 1/2 cup/day and by consuming a well balanced diet.  The content of maternal milk may to some extent be altered by the consumption patterns of the mothers.  Ingestion of certain drugs and chemicals may also alter maternal milk.  The use of oral contraceptives apparently affects metabolism, but the consequences of these effects are largely unknown.  Oral contraceptive usage generally increases the serum levels of triglycerides, iron, copper, and vitamin A and reduces levels of some B vitamins of vitamin C and of zinc and albumin.  These effects vary from woman to woman and at the present time there is no agreement on the need for dietary supplementation.  The effects of a variety of drugs on lactating women and the effects of oral contraceptive usage on nutritional status are presented in tabular form.


Symposium on the nurse as change agent.

Symposium on the nurse as change agent.


Planned change in nursing: the theory.

Planned change in nursing: the theory.


Change--for nursing service and education.


Task force--genesis of a change.

Task force--genesis of a change.


The change from functional to primary nursing.


The psychiatric nurse as a change agent.


A re-examination of nursing diagnosis.

A re-examination of nursing diagnosis.


Physical assessment skills: a historical perspective.


A review of student stress in nursing education programs.


Aging: a reappraisal.

Aging: a reappraisal.


The sick role reconceptualized.

The sick role reconceptualized.


Touch: reflections & perceptions.

Touch: reflections & perceptions.


A model of adaptation to the stress of chronic illness.


Touch: attitudes & practice.

Touch: attitudes & practice.


The conduct of inquiry into nursing.

The conduct of inquiry into nursing.


Saving the children.

Saving the children.


Mothering & early infant stimulation.

Mothering & early infant stimulation.


An application of psycho-social role theory to the aging: (role possibilities of the elderly in nurse-patient interactions).


Adaptation, a basic concept in nursing.

Adaptation, a basic concept in nursing.


Sexuality in older persons: implications for nursing practice.


Dog causes rabies--community need be conscious: some observations based on a study.


The value of sports and recreation for the mentally retarded.


Factors influencing participation and nonparticipation in a formal inservice education programme for nursing personnel in a state government hospital in Orissa.


Some facts about health care...and a more effective approach.


Understand your child's play.

Understand your child's play.


We need looking after, too!

We need looking after, too!


The Finnish success story.

The Finnish success story.


The nurse manager in 1979.

The nurse manager in 1979.


Vital links: the quality controllers.

Vital links: the quality controllers.


Practical nursing: excreta.

Practical nursing: excreta.


Anatomy and physiology. The skeleton. 1.


Community nursing: back to the push-bike?


Urinary tract infection: bacteria danger on the ward.


Nursing care study. Decubitus ulcer: a secondary problem is cured.


Picture quiz: strabismus.

Picture quiz: strabismus.


An image of the new Tory care to come.

An image of the new Tory care to come.


Patient support systems: and so to bed.

Patient support systems: and so to bed.


Worm's-eye view of the RRB.

Worm's-eye view of the RRB.


Do you see what I see?

Do you see what I see?


A simple Swedish recipe.

A simple Swedish recipe.


Vital links: working out in the wash.

Vital links: working out in the wash.


A new rung on the ladder.

A new rung on the ladder.


Bridging the information gap.

Bridging the information gap.


Teaching the parents to help the child.

Teaching the parents to help the child.


Practical nursing: turning clock system to prevent pressure sores.


Teamwork and morale.

Teamwork and morale.


The skeleton: 2. Anatomy and physiology.


Community nursing: from horror to normality.


Psychosocial nursing: trouble stirring in the kitchen.


Cystic fibrosis: a disease of unknown causes.


Old age: Mrs Brown, not 'old' at 92.

Old age: Mrs Brown, not 'old' at 92.


Picture quiz: dehydration.

Picture quiz: dehydration.


An umbrella of protest.

An umbrella of protest.


To strike or not to strike?

To strike or not to strike?


Breast-feeding: the natural way. The choice is theirs.


Breast-feeding: the natural way. Early and often for best results.


Breast-feeding: the natural way. Time for subtle changes.


Vital links: a ministry of calm.

Vital links: a ministry of calm.


Keeping the incontinent patient dry.

Keeping the incontinent patient dry.


A dry bed--and save on costs.

A dry bed--and save on costs.


Anaphylactic shock: a shock that's easy to see.


Nursing care study. Distress therapy: breaking the grief barrier.


Community nursing: a fight for independence.


A chance to break down the European barriers.


Assessing the (equipment) situation.

Assessing the (equipment) situation.


Chiropody for occupational health nurses: our own two feet.


Legal aid.

Legal aid.


Back to the 80 pound pay target.

Back to the 80 pound pay target.


Patients who never complain.

Patients who never complain.


Care-giving within boundaries.

Care-giving within boundaries.


Vital links: getting them back on their feet.


Sexual problems: a pattern of disharmony.


Community nursing: giving safety a plug.


Nursing care study. Hair pulling: cured by a motor cycle helmet.


Nursing care study. Varicose veins and heart failure: towards a peaceful end.


Rampton: why were Elliott's fears ignored?


Why the exam system fails.

Why the exam system fails.


Vital links: keeping the cupboard full.

Vital links: keeping the cupboard full.


The nursing process - a useful step?

The nursing process - a useful step?


Bathing without back injury.

Bathing without back injury.


Sexual problems: when two's better than one.


Ward accidents. Danger! Why old people fall.


Cash curbs hit hospitals.

Cash curbs hit hospitals.


Leukaemia and viruses: a possible tool for prevention.


Nursing care study. Schizophrenia: Laura learns to make friends.


What COHSE should remember about pay beds.


The case for better studies.

The case for better studies.


Tranquillisers: panacea or plague?

Tranquillisers: panacea or plague?


Community nursing: learning total patient care.


Vital links: the art of self-expression (Bruce Males).


Counselling: doing it the family way.

Counselling: doing it the family way.


The great American health bill.

The great American health bill.


Good birth guide - or is it?

Good birth guide - or is it?


The patient needs to talk.

The patient needs to talk.


Action now for a better life in hospital.


Community nursing: the HV -- a professional friend.


Neurosurgery: the casualties of conflict.


Nursing care study. Hyaline membrane disease: born with a fighting chance.


Euro directives will be just another headache.


A tabby with a tiger in his tank?

A tabby with a tiger in his tank?


Learning to live with computers.

Learning to live with computers.


Community nursing: Kent's blueprint for the 1980s.


Use of morphine: lifting the mantle of mystery.


Nursing care study. Reactive depression: a problem of personality.


Nurses rev up for the battle to break even.


Increasing nurse power. Dilemma: power or powerlessness.


Increasing nurse power. Nurse power: a challenge.


Increasing nurse power. Nurse power in Australia.


The nurse in youth and countryside development.


The Leveriza Project--a demonstration of primary care nursing.


Youth and countryside development: its challenges to nursing.


Prolonged ice cold application for patients with urinary retention.


Vagus nerves and the gastric tissue histamine concentration in pylorus ligated albino rats. Gastric tissue histamine concentration was determined, 6 and 16 hours after pylorus ligation in vagus intact and vagotomized albino rats and the results were compared with those of respective control animals, sacrificed, 6 and 16 hours after ether anaesthesia alone. The gastric tissue histamine concentration of rats subjected to none of the experimental situations was also determined and taken into comparison. The results show that the stress of pylorus ligation reduced the gastric tissue histamine concentration, the reduction being more with increased duration of stress. On the other hand, subdiaphragmatic vagtomy preserved the histamine concentration of gastric tissue irrespective of the duration to which the animals were exposed following pylorus ligation. It appears that increase in vagal discharges during stress leads to increased liberation of histamine from the gastric wall, thereby, reducing the gastric tissue histamine concentration; the reduction being proportional to the duration of stress and increase in vagal discharges, whereas, in the absence of vagal impulses following subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, the gastric tissue histamine concentration is preserved in spite of the stress to which the animals were exposed.


Effect of hyperammonaemia on blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in sheep. The effects of continuous intravenous infusions (6 h) of ammonium chloride (5.6; 11.2; and 16.8 mumol.kg-1.min) on plasma glucose and immunoreactive insulin (I.R.I.) levels were studied in three adult sheep. Infusions of 5.6 and 11.2 mumol.kg-1.min elevated ammonia levels in circulating blood from 100 to 150 and 300 microgram.100 ml-1, respectively, but showed no appreciable effect on plasma glucose and I.R.I. concentrations. Infusion of 16.8 mumol.kg-1.min-1 resulted in a blood ammonia concentration of about 400 microgram.100 ml-1 after six hours of infusion. Blood ammonia returned to normal 1 to 2 hours after the end of infusion. Plasma glucose concentration tended to increase slightly from 65 to 75 mg . 100 ml-1 when 16.8 mumol of NH4Cl were infused kg-1.min-1 and remained at the elevated level at least for two additional hours when ammonia infusions were stopped. Plasma I.R.I. tended to decrease from 48 to 38 microunits . ml-1 during the time of the NH4Cl infusion and increased continually to 82 microunits . ml-1 when NH4Cl infusions were stopped. It is concluded from the time courses of plasma glucose and plasma I.R.I. that the effect of ammonia infusion of these parameters cannot entirely be explained by a regulatory release of adrenaline.


Comparison of metabolic effect of ammonia and adrenaline infusions in sheep. Intravenous infusions of ammonium chloride (62.3 mumol.kg-1.min-1) for 30 min caused a significant increase in blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. A similar effect was also observed during infusion of adrenaline. Propanolol--a beta-receptor blocking agent--completely prevented the rise of blood pyruvate and lactate after adrenaline when 8.3 microgram.kg-1.min-1 of propranolol were infused, but not after NH4Cl administration. Lipolytic actions of adrenaline were completely prevented but that of NH4Cl was only significantly diminished by blockade of beta-receptors with propranolol. It was concluded that the influence of ammonium ions on blood lactate and pyruvate and FFA was not entirely mediated by adrenaline.


Observations on the fine structure of the testicular interstitial cells in the camel (Camelus dromedarius).


Effect of cold exposure on mammary gland uptake of fat precursors and secretion of milk fat and carnitine in the goat.


Developing research-based innovation protocols: process, criteria, and issues.


Attitudes of nursing personnel toward death and dying: I. Linguistic indicators of avoidance.


Nurses' and physicians' performance on clinical simulation test: hypertension.


Some conceptual and methodological issues in nurse practitioner research.


A factor analysis of attitudes of rural health care consumers toward nurse practitioners.


What to watch for when you give penicillin.


An (unabashed) assessment of nurses by their most demanding patients.


How nurses rate with the public: we want you, we need you.


How nurses rate with the public: how - and where - the handmaiden image is changing.


Assertiveness workbook: 'You're right, I'm not all that terrific!' Put a damper on manipulative criticism--with fogging.


Fractured hip: how to position and mobilize patients - without undoing their surgery.


Expect the unexpected with abdominal trauma.


How to administer those tricky lipid emulsions.


Could you cope with a nuclear accident?

Could you cope with a nuclear accident?


Legally speaking: you can be sued for doing the right thing, too.


Has the 'expanded role' destroyed nursing?


Jane's report problem.

Jane's report problem.


How nurses rate with MDs: still the handmaiden.


What to watch for when you give tetracyclines.


Preparing your patient to live with his cast.


How to spot the vicious cycle of insulin 'rebound'.


RN's assertiveness workbook: 'That role's not in my repertoire!'.


A master-plan for teaching the patient with spinal cord injury.


Sorting out the adrenergic/cholinergic drugs.


Nurses need liberation - but from whom?

Nurses need liberation - but from whom?


Intractable headache? Biofeedback could be a solution.


Diploma nursing scrutinized.

Diploma nursing scrutinized.


Colleagueship: the professional priority.


Externship: a way to bridge the gap.

Externship: a way to bridge the gap.


Improving clinical evaluation.

Improving clinical evaluation.


Justifying clinical nursing specialists.


Documenting patient teaching.

Documenting patient teaching.


Employee evaluations: what's the difference.


The art and science of supervision: what does a leader do?


Law for the nurse supervisor: injections and the law--Part II.


Preparing an employable nurse.

Preparing an employable nurse.


An adaptation of primary nursing.

An adaptation of primary nursing.


Be free, let me be me.

Be free, let me be me.


Involving staff in discharge planning.

Involving staff in discharge planning.


A study of accidents in a hospital.

A study of accidents in a hospital.


Am I still a nurse?

Am I still a nurse?


Law for the nurse supervisor. The study of credentialing in nursing: a new approach--Part I.


The art and science of supervision: across departmental frontiers.


The multiple dimensions of stress.

The multiple dimensions of stress.


Health education for the public: stress and stress management.


Stress management through hypnosis.

Stress management through hypnosis.


Assertiveness: freeing the nurse to practice.


Effecting time management.

Effecting time management.


Stress research in clinical settings.

Stress research in clinical settings.


Trends in acupuncture research-2. Acupuncture and the autonomic nervous system.


Puppy rearing-7: Chewing.

Puppy rearing-7: Chewing.


Parvoviral enteritis and panleukopenia in dogs.


Dermoid sinus in a Rhodesian Ridgeback.

Dermoid sinus in a Rhodesian Ridgeback.


A new device for positioning small animals for surgery.


More on febantel and trichlorfon.

More on febantel and trichlorfon.


Too much risk in using altered live virus vaccine in exotic species.


Cytology of intrauterine fluid in a case of pyometra in a dog.


Ectopic implantation of a canine tooth displaced by trauma.


Malathion aerosol for treatment of scaly face mites in caged birds.


Microsporum gypseum infection in three Mexican prairie dogs.


Reduplication of the esophageal lumen in a quarter horse filly.


Eimeria leuckarti in five Minnesota horses.


Renal damage to cattle during acorn poisoning.


The fallacy of assuming death by predation.


Viral leukoencephalomyelitis in a goat in Michigan.


How the 1978 tax act affects you.

How the 1978 tax act affects you.


Confusion in genera of ear mites in rabbits.


Consultation and referral improve veterinary practice.


The many faces of veterinary medicine. Can any veterinarian wear them all?


Rare-earth radiographic intensifying screens for veterinary radiology.


Urolithiasis and cystotomy in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellanus).


Puppy rearing--10: early isolation--identification and treatment.


A case of true bilateral hermaphroditism in a dog.


The efficacy and safety of injectable butamisole in dogs.


A simple procedure for endotracheal intubation of the dog. (a photo essay).


Leptospirosis in a dog.

Leptospirosis in a dog.


Effects of postsurgical ligation of a transposed parotid duct.


Oculosympathetic paralysis (Horner's syndrome) in the dog.


Use of a stainless steel floor grill for performing large animal surgery in the field.


Selection of an incision site for cesarean section in the cow.


A swine management program.

A swine management program.


Toxicosis in dairy cattle: was it crude-oil poisoning?


Evaluation of albendazole as a thysanosomicide in sheep.


Radiographic anatomy of the barred owl (Strix varia).


Hardware disease in an Egyptian goose.

Hardware disease in an Egyptian goose.


Ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in the mouse.


Surgical removal of an apical fragment of a fractured proximal sesamoid bone (and a retrieval procedure).


How self-employed persons can ease the ever-increasing tax tab.


Complications of sand impaction colic (a case report).


Milk fever and concurrent fascioliasis.

Milk fever and concurrent fascioliasis.


Implementing quality health care for the American Indian patient.


Cultural sensitivity in the care of the Hispanic patient.


A project to develop cultural content in nursing.


Physical and psychological assessment of the black patient.


Perspectives on the Asian American's implications for health care.


Cardiac rehabilitation progressive care in West Virginia.


Changing patterns of nursing practice.

Changing patterns of nursing practice.


Nurse power--what it means to me.

Nurse power--what it means to me.


And all that is people.

And all that is people.


Why fitness?

Why fitness?


Concerned, qualified and prepared to care.


Nurses politically concerned and active, study of voting habits reveals.


Sunset Laws affect RN boards and acts.

Sunset Laws affect RN boards and acts.


Dramatic increase in faculty pay cited in recent AACN survey.


Forms that facilitate patient teaching.

Forms that facilitate patient teaching.


Qualified--will you be?

Qualified--will you be?


Creating an intermediate care facility.

Creating an intermediate care facility.


Postmyocardial infarction syndrome.

Postmyocardial infarction syndrome.


A.A.R.N. Brief on Child Care.

A.A.R.N. Brief on Child Care.


From poultices to politics.

From poultices to politics.


International nursing: what is it and who does it?


Compliant behavior and changed body image.


Double-voided dilemma.

Double-voided dilemma.


If the patient is a suspected criminal.

If the patient is a suspected criminal.


Continuous infusion tobramycin combined with carbenicillin for infections in cancer patients. The cure rate of infections in cancer patients is adversely affected by neutropenia (less than 1,000/mm3). In particular, patients with severe neutropenia (less than 100/mm3) have shown a poor response to antibiotics. To overcome the adverse effects of neutropenia, tobramycin was given by continuous infusion and combined with intermittent carbenicillin. Tobramycin was given to a total daily dose of 300 mg/m2 and carbenicillin was given at a dose of 5 gm every four hours. There were 125 infectious episodes in 116 cancer patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. The overall cure rate was 70%. Pneumonia was the most common infection and 61% of 59 episodes were cured. Gram-negative bacilli were the most common causative organisms and 69% of these infections were cured. The most common pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae and this, together with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, accounted for 74% of all gram-negative bacillary infections. Response was not influenced by the initial neutrophil count, with a 62% cure rate for 39 episodes associated with severe neutropenia. However, failure of the neutrophil count to increase during therapy adversely affected response. Azotemia was the major side effect recognized, and it occurred in 11% of episodes. Major azotemia (serum creatinine greater than 2.5 mg/dl or BUN greater than 50 mg/dl) occurred in only 2%. Azotemia was not related to duration of therapy or serum tobramycin concentration. This antibiotic regimen showed both therapeutic efficacy and acceptable renal toxicity for these patients.


Evaluation of primary nursing unit.

Evaluation of primary nursing unit.


Education or exploitation?

Education or exploitation?


Billy was totally unresponsive.

Billy was totally unresponsive.


How to insert an IV.

How to insert an IV.


Psychiatric nurses in the emergency room.


Final inline filters.

Final inline filters.


Programmed instruction: fundamentals of IV maintenance.


Compatibility guide for combining IV medications.


What educational costs are deductible?

What educational costs are deductible?


At NYU Medical Center: new care unit to cut hospital costs by 40%.


New Zealand nurse visits ANA: nurses of different nations share purpose, objectives.


Credentialing study: a design for the future.


An eyewitness account of Three Mile Island incident.


Flexible work week key to career satisfaction.


Using RNs can relieve shortage of rural health care personnel.


TV program examines drug abuse in elderly.


Community health nursing provides care alternatives.


Report on the state of the Association.

Report on the state of the Association.


Credentialing: a call for action and cooperation.


Certification process complex but rewarding.


Energy: tapping the body's natural resource.


An alternative proposal: the single entry level.


Change in management styles could affect your career's future.


Alternatives for display of discarded sponges.


The nurse as expert witness.

The nurse as expert witness.


Perioperative nurses use patient teaching conference.


OR nurse involvement will ensure exam is valid, job-related.


What rules should govern salesmen in the operating room?


Nursing or administration: which is better?


AORN proposed standards for inhospital sterilization.


Statement on first assisting.

Statement on first assisting.


Statement on entry into nursing practice.


NLN reaffirms support of multiple entry levels.


Nurses at work: the non-commercial traveller story.


Disinfection of C.P.R. training manikins.


Readin' and writin'.

Readin' and writin'.


Optimal qualifications for a director of nursing. Part I.


To whom are we accountable?

To whom are we accountable?


Psychiatric wards in general hospitals.

Psychiatric wards in general hospitals.


Negative parental evaluations: how they affect the child.


R.N. to B.S.N.: obstacle course or professional education?


Health care in underserved areas: baccalaureate students are there.


A quick look at the entry level competence of ADN's.


Industrialism and the S.N.U.

Industrialism and the S.N.U.


Nurse education.

Nurse education.


Manpower utilization in a general hospital.


Nursing in major disasters and emergencies.


My third day after birth.

My third day after birth.


RANF: professional association or trade union?


Patient pressure.

Patient pressure.


Drugs in current use: epilepsy and its treatment.


Health care planning and cost control.

Health care planning and cost control.


Deficiencies in traditional reporting and recording techniques.


The Visiting Nursing Service.

The Visiting Nursing Service.


Nursing care of children with congenital abnormalities.


College-based nurse education: introducing a college-based nursing programme.


College-based nurse education: nursing education in a multi-disciplinary institution.


Shocking lesson from fire film.

Shocking lesson from fire film.


Misappropriation of title.

Misappropriation of title.


Autonomy and responsibility go hand in hand.


[From one Parliamentary Commission to the next].


Motivation under stress.

Motivation under stress.


Isolation procedure and properties of monomer unit from lysozyme digest of peptidoglycan complex excreted into the medium by penicillin-treated Brevibacterium divaricatum mutant. 1. The peptidoglycan complex excreted in large amounts into the medium by the biotin-requiring mutant Brevibacterium divaricatum NRRL-2311 incubated in the presence of penicillin for 1 h has been investigated. A convenient isolation procedure with high yield for the pure monomeric unit from lysozyme digest of the accumulated polymer is described. 2. It is shown that the released peptidoglycan possesses the linear uncross-linked structure made of repeating disaccharide-pentapeptide unit [GlcNAc-MurNac-Ala-D-Glyn(meso-DAP-D-Ala-D-Ala)] which was isolated by stepwise gel filtration and fractionation of the digestion mixture in 10-mg quantities. Evidence that the minor digestion product of accumulated peptidoglycan possesses the glycan-linked dimer structure is given. Under conditions of beta-elimination, the monomeric unit yielded a lactylpentapeptide which was isolated in pure form by gel filtration. 3. The monomer unit originating from the cultures to which L-[U-14C]glutamic acid was added simultaneously with penicillin incorporated the label exclusively in the peptide chain, whereas that labeled from E11-14C]acetate as the precursor contained radioactivity in both the peptide chain (53%) and N-acetylamino groups (47%) of the glycan portion.


Further experience with the syndromes produced by coca paste smoking. Cocaine base or white coca paste was smoked heavily by 188 patients who came to four hospitals of Lima, Peru. The length of hospitalization varied from two days to six months. All patients were admitted because coca paste smoking had become a serious problem for their health or for social adjustment. Coca paste was smoked mixed with tobacco or marihuana. The main symptoms were anxiety mingled with euphoria and a rapidly developing compulsion to continue smoking. Frequently the patients developed irritability, illusions, hallucinations. When the use of the drug was heavy and continued for many hours or several days, the patients developed successively four stages of psychological reaction: euphoria, dysphoria, hallucinosis, and acute paranoid psychosis. The main symptoms and signs of all of these phases are discussed.


Piperacillin and carbenicillin; a collaborative in vitro comparison against 10,838 clinical bacterial isolates.


Trends in reported illegal narcotic use in Canada: 1956-1975.


The influence of cannabis on glucoregulation. The effects of the administration of cannabis resin in different doses on haematic glucose levels, on plasmic IRI and on the amount of ammonia in the blood have been studied in dogs which had not been fed or had been fed intravenously with glucose. The results show that such resin leads to an increase in haematic glucose, accompanied by a reduction in plasmic IRI and an increase in ammonia levels. In addition, a decrease is observed in the tolerance of glucose administered intravenously.


Comparative activities of ampicillin, epicillin and amoxycillin in vitro and in vivo. The antibacterial activities of three aminopenicillins ampicillin, epicillin and amoxycillin were compared in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the three penicillins were very similar and the compounds were active against non-beta-lactamase-producing strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella species, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Streptococci including Streptococcus faecalis, and non-beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci were also sensitive to the compounds but Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus species were resistant. At concentrations close to MIC value epicillin and ampicillin showed similar bactericidal activity against E. coli and against S. typhi and both compounds caused a slower rate of kill than was seen with amoxycillin. Microscopical observation of the cells exposed to ampicillin and epicillin for 1 h showed the presence of filamentous forms which lysed slowly, whereas cells exposed to amoxycillin for the same period rapidly. Epicillin was similar to or slightly less active than ampicillin against experimental mouse infections, and against the majority of infections both compounds were significantly less effective than amoxycillin by the oral and subcutaneous routes of administration.


Pyrolysis of cannabinoids: a model experiment in the study of cannabis smoking.


Non-medical drug use among intercollegiate athletes at five American universities.


Environmental effects on morphine content in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Ten cultivars of opium poppy were tested for morphine content during the past five years at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Techniques employed to determine the adaptive potential (Finlay and Wilkinson, 1963; Eberhart and Russel, 1966), relative stability and environmental interaction showed the significant varietal differences when the cultivars' mean square was tested over pooled deviations as the error term. Significant V- X -E (linear) component suggests the existence of genetically conditional differences in the stability of cultivars. Highest morphine content was observed in cultivar H and least in R. Four cultivars exceeded the grand mean. Within the five-year study period three were observed to have given the highest morphine content.


Proof of the consumption of cannabis.

Proof of the consumption of cannabis.


Chlorophyll organization and energy transfer in photosynthesis.


Effects of ions and gravity forces on the supramolecular organization and excitation energy distribution in chloroplast membranes. This study was designed to explore the possible relationship between chloroplast membrane stacking or particle aggregation in stacked membrane regions (or both) and excitation energy distribution between photosystems I and II. To this end we have quantitatively examined the effects of different concentrations of univalent ions on the above-mentioned parameters, using a combination of freeze-fracture and thin-section electron microscopy for structural analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to assay energy-transfer processes. Membrane stacking was found to saturate at about 150mM-NaCl. Maximal EFs-face particle density and chlorophyll fluorescence occurred at about 100mM-NaCl, although only 50% of the potential EFs-face particles were located in stacked membrane regions at this salt concentration. Centrifugation (30,000 g, 1 h) could significantly increase the amount of stacked membranes at salt concentrations between 20- and 60-mM-NaCl; in contrast, centrifugation had little effect on cation-regulation of chlorophyll fluorescence properties. These and other findings suggest that neither chloroplast membrane stacking nor the aggregation of EF-face particles into stacked regions is directly related to the mechanism of excitation energy distribution between the two photosystems (as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence changes) although both structural and functional changes may be mediated by the same membrane component. It is proposed that the salt-induced stacking of chloroplast membranes and the concomitant aggregation of EF-face particles is mediated by the screening of negative surface charges on the membrane pigment-protein subunits, by the establishment of specific interactions between light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes and by 'entropic ordering' forces.


The field of possible structures for the chlorophyll a dimer in photosystem I of green plants delineated by polarized photochemistry. Photoselection experiments with immobilized photosystem I particles have been done to determine the mutual orientation of pigments in the reaction centre. When these particles are excited and interrogated with linearly polarized light, the flash-induced transient absorption changes (mainly from the chlorophyll a dimer) reveal linear dichroism, which yields information on the mutual orientation between the excited and the interrogated transition moments. The interpretation of the data, however, is ambiguous, (1) for reasons of principles inherent in the photoselection technique when applied to complex systems and (2) because of incomplete knowledge about the relative contribution of x- and of y-polarized transitions of chlorophyll a to absorption or to absorption changes at a given wavelength. We find it impossible to attribute any particular structure to the photooxidizable dimer based on photoselection data alone. Instead we present a field of possible structures, imposing constraints on proposed models for the dimer structure.


Energy transfer in a model of the photosynthetic unit. A simple model of the photosynthetic unit has been constructed and used for simulated Förster-type energy migration, fluorescence and intersystem crossing, in order to gain insight into the conditions that influence both the form and the lifetime of the fluorescence decay in vivo. The model consists of a two-dimensional random lattice with one central trap. The simulation was done by means of repetitive Monte Carlo-type computations. The results obtained show that the form of the decay curve changes from exponential to non-exponential, as the chlorophyll concentration (molecules/nm2) is increased. The fluorescence lifetimes (tau 1/e) were also found to decrease substantially with only slight increases inc concentration. At a concentration comparable to that of chlorophyll in the chloroplast, both the form of the fluorescence decay and the lifetime are in fair agreement with experiment in vivo. The reasons for non-exponentially of the decay as well as the properties of energy migration are discussed. Preliminary work involving the dependence of trapping rate on donor concentration is also presented.


Chlorophyll orientation and exciton migration in the photosynthetic membrane. Measurements of the linear dichroism and of the polarization of the fluorescence with oriented chloroplasts have revealed a definite orientation of the pigment molecules with respect to the membrane plane. The Qy transition moments of the chlorophyll a molecules are more closely inclined with respect to this plane for the forms absorbing at longer wavelengths than for those absorbing at shorter wavelengths. The fluorescence depolarization by energy transfer, determined with magnetically-oriented chloroplasts, indicates that the degree of local order increases with wavelength for the different (absorption wavelength) forms of chlorophyll a in vivo. Laser pulses of either picosecond or microsecond duration have been used to probe the emission spectrum, lifetime and quantum yield of fluorescence of chloroplasts at various temperatures. With single picosecond pulses, singlet-singlet annihilations occur within the light-harvesting chlorophyll molecules. In the case of microsecond pulses, triplet excitions act as efficient quenchers of the singlets. By monitoring both the yield of carotenoid triplets and of the fluorescence during and after a laser flash, one can show that the carotenoid triplets account for part of but not all the fluorescence quenching.


Dynamics of excitions created by a single picosecond pulse. A theoretical analysis of bimolecular annihilation in finite domains is presented. A Pauli master equation is formulated for the case of varying incident delta function excitation sources. Expressions for the quantum fluorescence yield and its time dependence are derived. The relationship between the fluorescence yield and the number of hits per domain depends on two parameters: the rate constant of bimolecular exciton annihilation and the dimension of the domain in which this annihilation occurs. Recent experimental results imply that the exciton diffusion constant (D) is large (D approximately to greater than 10(-3) cm2 S-1) and that the photosystem II domains may contain as many as five photosynthetic units. An analysis of the time decay of the fluorescence indicates that, for a few hits per domain, the decay may be considered as exponential but for many hits it becomes non-exponential. Thus the fluorescence decay depends on the intensity of the excitation source and/or on the dimension of the domains. Conditions which change the effective size of the domain may change the shape of the fluorescence decay. Some biological consequences and experimental applications of this theory are presented.


Fluorescence of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complexes: implications for the photosynthetic unit. To the extent that extracted light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins (LHCPs) retain the chlorophyll configuration which they had in vivo, information on the optical properties of LHCPs is useful for an assessment of the transfer process of the primary excitation energy in photosynthesis. Within this context we report and discuss the implication of three kinds of data on spinach chloroplast LHCP. First, an analysis of the spectroscopic dependence of absorption, polarization and circular dichroism (reported recently by R.L.V.) suggests a model affording the possibility of easy chlorophyll a intercomplex transfer with chlorophyll b groups acting as local antitraps. Second, the ratio of LHCP emission and absorption probabilities obeys the Stepanov relation over a relatively wide range, an observation which suggests rapid Chl b-Chl a excitation equilibration. Finally, an LHCP absolute fluorescence yield as great as 10% has been measured, which provides a possible upper limit for the yield of the antenna fluorescence.


Picosecond fluorescence from photosynthetic systems in vivo. Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence emission from the pigments of intact photosynthetic systems and isolated pigment-protein fractions has been used to probe the mechanism of energy transfer and the organization of the pigments. The fluorescence kinetics of chlorophyll and the phycobilins of the red alga, Porphyridium cruentum, are governed by time-dependent kinetics, but the observed time dependence of the chlorophyll a fluorescence decay from dark-adapted Chlorella pyrenoidosa and spinach sub-chloroplast fractions is still open to conjecture. In contrast to the green plants containing only chlorophyll and carotenoids, Porphyridium shows distinct emission bands for each the pigments in the transfer sequence. The rate of energy transfer in vivo has the empirical form: dS/dt = -1/2S At-1/2, where S is the excited-state population of the donor pigment and A is the overall rate of energy transfer to the acceptor pigment. The kinetic analysis can describe closely the observed fluorescence risetimes and lifetimes of the photosynthetic pigments of Porphyridium. The extremely rapid rates of energy transfer, determined by this treatment, imply that exciton migration within each pigment bed of the phycobilisome is less extensive than in the chlorophyll-antenna systems. Changes in the fluorescence yield and decay kinetics of chlorophyll a and allophycocyanin in vivo can be induced at high excitation intensities by exciton-exciton annihilation.


Energy transfer and its dependence on membrane properties. With isolated chloroplasts variations in the degree of energy transfer between light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complexes can be induced by changing the cation content of the suspending medium. The changes can be observed by measuring chlorophyll-fluorescence yields and lifetimes and are probably brought about by conformatial changes in the thylakoid membrane. Detailed studies of the properties of cation-induced changes in chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that the alterations in pigment organization are due to variations in the density of positive charges immediately adjacent to the surface of the thylakoid membrane, being in qualitative agreement with predictions based on the Gouy-Chapman theory of diffuse double layers. Possible mechanisms for the membrane structural changes controlling energy transfer are given.


Tripartite and bipartite models of the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis. Tripartite and bipartite models for the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis are presented and examined. It is shown that the equations for the yields of fluorescence from the different parts of the photochemical apparatus of the tripartite model transform into the simple equations of the bipartite formulation when the probability for energy transfer from the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex to photosystem II is unity. The nature of the 695 and 735 nm fluorescence bands which appear in the emission spectrum of chloroplasts at low temperature is examined. It is proposed that these bands are due to fluorescence from energy-trapping centres which form in the antenna chlorophyll of photosystem II and photosystem I on cooling to low temperature. Even though these fluorescence emissions can be regarded as low temperature artifacts since they are not present at physiological temperatures, they nevertheless are proportional to the excitation energy in the two photosystems and can be used to monitor energy distribution in the photochemical apparatus. However, the question of their artifactual nature is crucial to the interpretation of fluorescence-lifetime measurements at low temperature.


Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical activity of chloroplasts at low temperature. Fluorescence kinetics and emission spectra of pea and spinach chloroplasts were studied between 294 and 4.2 K. In the presence of MgCl2 the fluorescence-induction curves were sigmoidal between 294 and 180 K but they lost their inflection points at lower temperature. In the absence as well as in the presence of Mg2+ ions, analysis of the kinetics of the area over the induction curve revealed two different components, indicating the existence of two different types of reaction centres at all temperatures. The 'rate constants' for these centres were nearly independent of temperature between 294 and 200 K, but showed a sharp decrease on further cooling. Emission spectra at low temperature showed the previously observed bands at 685, 695 and 735 nm. All three bands showed a considerable increase on cooling between 180 and 4.2 K, but with different temperature-dependence. The amplitude of the 695 band became constant below about 50 K, whereas the 685 emission increased markedly in this region. The relative proportion of the socalled variable fluorescence was almost the same at 685 and 695 nm, both at 80 and at 5 K. The data are discussed in terms of changes of energy-transfer rates on cooling.


Properties of chlorophyll on plasticized polyethylene particles. There are several reasons for suspecting that there is a specific interaction between chlorophyll and galactolipids in the chloroplast. The model system described is intended to detect association of chlorophyll with polar lipids and other surfactants at a hydrocarbon-water interface. It consists of chlorophyll and other lipids or surfactants absorbed to the surface of polyethylene particles, which have been swelled with undecane to allow the lipophilic parts of these molecules to be anchored firmly in the hydrocarbon substrate. The absorption spectrum of adsorbed chlorophyll is usually modified by the presence of surfactant, and usually in the direction of decreased order of aggregation. Spectra in the presence of glycolipids in particular seem peculiar to the surfactant. The particles are strongly fluorescent, at room temperature as well as at 77K, and emission bands from aggregated chlorophyll species are observed along with fluorescence of monomeric chlorophyll.


Transfer and trapping of excitation energy in photosystem II. The fluorescence yield of chlorophyll a of system II in spinach chloroplasts as a function of the fraction q- of reaction centres in the weakly trapping state PQ-, with reduced acceptor Q-, and reduced primary donor chlorophyll, P, of the reaction centre, is described by the function phi = a/(1 - pq-), a and p being constants (Van Gorkom et al. 1978); P was estimated to be 0.74. By special treatment and additions it was ascertained that the donor complex (S-states, see below) was in the reduced state. Three models of pigment systems have been considered: separate units; units with a boundary limiting energy transfer; and the matrix or pigment bed model, which was found to describe the experimental data. The following supplementary assumptions were made: ktf greater than kt greater than k't greater than 0. The rate constant ktf is that for electronic excitation transfer from a chlorophyll a molecule (or reaction-centre chlorophyll) to the surrounding chlorophyll molecules; kt and k't are rate constants for trapping at the reaction centres in the state PQ and PQ-, respectively. From this model and additional data such as fluorescence yield in vivo and in vitro, kt was estimated to be 4 X 10(11) S-1 and k't = 7.1 X 10(10) S-1; ktf greater than 10(12) S-1. In dark-adapted Chlorella, a series of curves respresenting changes in fluorescence yield as a function of time in a succession of six 16 microseconds xenon flashes spaced at 3 s crossed at one point. It is concluded from this and other observations that in the states S2 and S3 (with two or three oxidizing equivalents in the donor complex of system II) a certain fraction of the reaction centres occurs in a special conformational state. In this state electron transfer and, possibly, energy transfer to P+ are appreciably decreased.


Pregnancy metabolism, diabetes and the fetus. Introduction.


Pregnancy metabolism, diabetes and the fetus.


Culture in vitro as a means of analysing the effect of maternal diabetes on embryonic development in rats. Rodents have been used by many investigators for studies of the effects that maternal diabetes during pregnancy may have on developing fetuses. In Wistar rats, the induction of mild chronic diabetes at the onset of pregnancy by alloxan or streptozotocin results in abnormalities of the nervous system and the heart, recognized in embryos at 11--13 days' gestation. Thus, early organogenesis is evidently affected in these embryos. With a method which enables rat embryos to be cultured in vitro in serum for the period of their early organogenesis, the growth and differentiation of embryos from normal and from diabetic rats can be observed in some detail. It is also possible to compare the effects of normal and of diabetic maternal serum on their development. The results reported here show that embryos from diabetic animals are more likely to be retarded or abnormal than those from non-diabetic animals when cultured in identical serum. The development of both types of embryo is more successful in diabetic than in non-diabetic serum, however, possibly because of the higher glucose content of diabetic serum. Cultures of fetal organs may also be used as test systems for the effects of diabetic maternal serum. Sacral vertebrae, some of which fail to ossify in fetuses from daibetic rats, are now being grown in media containing diabetic serum. It is planned to test the effects of insulin on these cultures.


Chlorophyll-protein complexes of brown algae: P700 reaction centre and light-harvesting complexes. Thylakoid membranes from several brown algae have been fragmented with the non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100. Three intrinsic chlorophyll-protein complexes with different pigment compositions have been isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Brown algae contain the photosystem 1 reaction-centre complex, a P700-chlorophyll a-protein which has similar spectroscopic and chemical properties to those of higher plants. This complex represents about 10--20% of the total chlorophyll in all species; the Acrocarpia paniculata complex has a chlorophyll/P700 ratio of 38. Two main light-harvesting complexes have also been isolated, which have properties unique to brown algae. The heavier of these, an orange fraction, is a fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-protein; this complex contains most of the fucoxanthin and has only chlorophyll c2. The other, a green fraction, is a chlorophyll a/c-protein enriched in violaxanthin. Neither of these complexes possesses detectable photosystem 1 or photosystem 2 activities. Both of these complexes efficiently transfer light energy to chlorophyll a, indicating that the molecular arrangement of their pigments is similar to that in vivo. Differential extraction of thylakoid membranes indicates that the P700-chlorophyll a-protein is the complex most firmly embedded in the membrane, but the fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-protein is the least firmly bound. We suggest that the fucoxanthin complex is the most variable component of the photosynthetic unit of brown algal chloroplasts.


The outcome of diabetic pregnancies: a prospective study. In a large prospective study of pregnancy the perinatal mortality rate was 141/1000 births for diabetic gestations in which the onset of labour was spontaneous, 33/1000 for diabetic gestations in which labour was induced or the infant delivered by Caesarean section and 34/1000 for the non-diabetics. Forty per cent of the perinatal mortality excess in the diabetics was due to the consequences of maternal vascular lesions, i.e. large placental infarcts and marked retardation of placental growth. Seventeen per cent of the perinatal mortality excess was related to maternal acidosis or to insulin shock, 12% to severe congenital anomalies, 12% to the complications of Caesarean sections and the remainder to other disorders. Mothers with diabetes mellitus had more than twice the frequency of atheromata, fibrinoid change and thrombi in decidual arteries as non-diabetic mothers. Histological grading revealed that overweight newborns of diabetic mothers had immature lungs by comparison with the lungs of normally grown infants of diabetic mothers and infants of non-diabetic mothers. Low IQ values and an excess of neurological abnormalities in children of diabetic mothers who were ketotic during pregnancy were found to be due to amniotic fluid bacterial infections and their complications rather than to the maternal ketosis.


Methionyl-tRNA-Met-f deacylase. Purification, characterization, and effects on translational initiation complexes. A methionyl-tRNA-Met-f deacylase was found in ribosomal salt wash from cultured human cells of the HeLa line. This enzyme was purified by the use of DEAE-cellulose, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and isoelectric focusing, and appears to be a protein with a native molecular weight of 80,000, which consists of two 40,000-Mr subunits. The mechanism of the Met-tRNA-Met-f deacylase is shown to involve end-product inhibition by the deacylated form of Met-tRNA-Met-f. The methionyl-tRNA-Met-f deacylase is rather specific for Met-tRNA-Met-f as opposed to Met-tRNA-Met-m, has a KCl optimum of 85 mM, is inhibited by MgCl2 and is inhibited by GTP and NAD+ at physiological concentration. 40-S and 60-S subunits inhibit the enzyme, possibly by binding to it. The stability of translational initiation complexes, containing methionyl-tRNA-Met-f, was investigated in the presence of the enzyme. Purified ternary complex was slowly broken down by the enzyme, while the 40-S-subunit . Met-tRNA-Met-f complex was stable in the presence of enzyme. The 80-S complex formed with A-U-G trinucleotide as the message molecule was broken down, whereas the 80-S complex formed with globin mRNA was stable in the presence of the enzyme. The physiological role of this enzyme is unclear, but it might act to regulate initiation by deacylating Met-tRNA-Met-f.


Congenital anomalies and the diabetic and prediabetic pregnancy. Congenital anomalies are two to four times more frequent in the offspring of diabetic mothers than in those of non-diabetic mothers, and represent an increasingly important cause of perinatal mortality. These anomalies involve multiple organ systems more often than those found in the children of non-diabetic mothers. The excess of anomalies associated with maternal diabetes occurs in many organ systems. Anomalies are no more frequent in the offspring of diabetic fathers and pre-diabetic mothers than among those of non-diabetics, suggesting that non-genetic factors are the important determinants. Anomalies are most frequent in the offspring of mothers who have developed diabetes at an early age, many of whom have diabetes of long duration, are insulin-treated, and may have vascular complications. The relative importance of each of these factors in the pathogenesis of anomalies is unknown, but present evidence is consistent with a hypothesis that anomalies are the result of metabolic disturbances in the intrauterine environment during the first trimester of pregnancy. Whether or not their incidence can be reduced by optimum metabolic control of maternal diabetes during this period is unknown.


Synthesis of chloroplast ribonucleic acid in Chlamydomonas  reinhardtii toluene-treated cells. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells treated with toluene at 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C incorporate ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) into chloroplast RNA at 25 degrees C and also at 35 degrees C. The incorporation requires all four NTPs and Mg2+, and is completely inhibited by DNase, RNase, actinomycin D (40 microgram/ml) and rifampicin (350 microgram/ml).  However, the incorporation is almost totally insensitive to both alpha-amanitin and streptolydigin at 200 microgram/ml.


Eucaryotic elongation factors Ts is an integral component of rabbit reticulocyte elongation factor 1. Elongation factor 1 (EF-1) was purified from rabbit reticulocytes and found to contain at least two distinct polypeptides: one of Mr 53 000 and one of Mr 30 000. The 30 000-Mr polypeptide was purified from EF-1 by treatment of the factor with 5.4 M guanidine . HCl and subsequent chromatography on DEAE-BioGel A in the presence of 5 M urea. By a number of functional criteria, the 30 000-Mr polypeptide was found to be the eucaryotic elongation factor Ts (eEF-Ts). These criteria include the ability of the polypeptide to stimulate Artemia salina eEF-Tu-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to 80-S ribosomes as well as eEF-Tu + EF-2-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis. The reticulocyte factor also markedly increased the rate of exchange of eEF-Tu . gdp complexes with free GTP. Furthermore, rabbit antibodies to EF-1 from A. salina which was previously shown to contain eEF-Ts [Slobin, L. I. and Möller, W. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 84, 69--77] were found to cross-react with reticulocyte eEF-Ts, suggesting extensive structural homology between brine shrimp and rabbit eEF-Ts. The demonstration that eEF-Ts is and integral component of EF-1 from such diverse sources as brine shrimp and rabbit reticulocytes supports the conclusion that the factor is universally present in eucaryotic EF-1.


Photoaffinity labeling of rat liver ribosomes by phenylalanine-tRNA N-acylated by 2-nitro-4-azidobenzoic acid.


Principal substrates of fetal metabolism: fuel and growth requirements of the ovine fetus. In those fetuses studied, the glucose uptake by the fetus has been a major source of calories, although in all instances it has been insufficient to account for the total fuel requirements of the fetus. The glucose/oxygen quotients in different mammalian fetuses vary from about 0.5 to 0.8. Glucose transport across the placenta has been altered by fetal hyperinsulinaemia and by maternal fasting. Fetal hypoglycaemia is common to both conditions. However, umbilical glucose uptake increases with fetal hyperinsulinaemia and decreases with maternal fasting. During fasting, concomitant with a decrease in fetal glucose supply, there is an increase in amino acid catabolism. A high rate of placental production of both ammonia and lactate has been demonstrated in several mammalian species. Umbilical lactate uptake is sufficient to account for about 25% of the oxygen consumption in the ovine fetus. Ammonia production by the sheep placenta is reflected in increased ammonia concentrations in both the maternal and fetal circulations. In the ovine fetus, transport of umbilical amino acid has exceeded that required for new tissue growth, supporting the observations of a high urea production rate during fetal life. Neutral and basic amino acids represent the bulk of the amino acids transported across the placenta. In contrast there is a net uptake of glutamate from the fetal circulation into the placenta and very little umbilical uptake of aspartic acid. The umbilical uptake of free fatty acids varies markedly among species. In some species, such as the sheep and the cow, no umbilical veno-arterial differences for free fatty acids can be demonstrated.


The influence of preconceptional glucose values on the outcome of pregnancy. A relationship between maternal diabetes and fetal malformations has been recognized for a long time, but there has been considerable difference of opinion about the size of the risk. Several defects of the pelvis and lower limbs appear to be relatively common in offspring of diabetic mothers. In experimental studies a dose relationship has been shown between some drugs (insulin-Trypan blue) and lower limb malformations. Three patients are discribed with congenital malformations with diabetes or prediabetes during pregnancy. Is the caudal regression syndrome a part of a larger syndrome caused by a disturbance of glucose homeostasis?


Congenital malformations: the possible role of diabetes care outside pregnancy. A consecutive and prospective series comprising 949 newborn infants of diabetic mothers treated during pregnancy and delivery in the period 1966--1977 has been analysed. The malformation rate was 8.2%. As compared to infants of mothers (White classes B-F alone) controlled outside pregnancy elsewhere, the rate of malformations was significantly reduced (from 14.1 to 7.4%) in fants whose mothers attended two hospitals specializing in the treatment and ambulatory control of diabetics. For diabetics not controlled at a diabetic centre outside pregnancy the malformation rate was 9% in classes B + C and 19.4% in classes D + F, compared to 6.2 and 8.5%, respectively, for those who were controlled. The rates of malformation (total as well as severe alone) were significantly reduced in infants of White's classes D + F, and insignificantly reduced in classes B + C (in class A no comparison could be made). The findings indicate that poor diabetic control outside pregnancy is teratogenic, although the 'disastrous malformation factor' of diabetes appears not to be totally dependent on the degree of compensation of the disbetic metabolism, as measured by the variables usually applied.


Evidence for fatty acid transfer across the human placenta. Lipid analysis of blood from umbilical artery and vein, experiments on artificially perfused human placentas, measurements of fetal blood triglyceride concentrations and the relative percentage of essential fatty acids in fetal adipose tissue are all consistent with the view that fatty acids cross the human placenta and that the flow to the fetus is influenced by maternal blood concentrations of free fatty acids and triglycerides.


Typhoid fever resistant to furazolidone, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole.