FINE STRUCTURE OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES. Edwards, Mercedes R. (New York State Department of Health, Albany) and Roy W. Stevens. Fine structure of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol. 86:414-428. 1963.-Cells of Listeria monocytogenes, at different stages of growth, were fixed with osmium tetroxide and treated with uranyl acetate. The material was dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in prepolymerized methacrylate, and studied in thin sections. In most of the micrographs, the plasmalemma (or plasma membrane) showed a pattern of three dense lines, each ca. 25 A thick, alternating with two light zones, each ca. 30 A thick. The outer light zone was regularly bridged by strands of dense material, and the inner one was not. The dense line at the edge of the cytoplasm was not always discernible because of its similarity in density with the ground cytoplasm, although it could be easily demonstrated in lysed cells and in protoplasts. The latter were found to be limited by a pair of dense lines, each ca. 25 A thick, bounding a light core ca. 30 A thick. This structure corresponds to a "unit" membrane, but it represents only a part of the plasmalemma of the intact cell; it was therefore interpreted as being more complex than a single unit membrane. Intracytoplasmic membranes of various configurations were clearly shown to be extensions of the plasmalemma. They may branch repeatedly and anastomose to form a complicated honeycomb-like organelle or organelles of different appearances, sometimes lamellate. The lamellar bodies are envisioned as resulting from spiraled ingrowths. The various kinds of ingrowths of the plasmalemma were designated "plasmalemmosomes" to indicate their origin; however, some of these organelles in Listeria were similar to those described in different bacteria by other authors. Plasmalemmosomes have been found in both aerobically and anaerobically grown cells. Another outstanding feature in many micrographs was the nucleoid, which contains dense fibrils measuring 25 to 50 A in diameter. These fibrils frequently appeared to be coiled and were of the order of magnitude ascribed to deoxyribonucleic acid molecules.


PATTERNS OF OXIDATIVE ASSIMILATION IN STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS AND ACHROMOBACTER. Tomlinson, Geraldine A. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada) and J. J. R. Campbell. Patterns of oxidative assimilation in strains of Pseudomonas and Achromobacter. J. Bacteriol. 86:434-444. 1963.-Oxidative assimilation of glucose-U-C(14) in the absence of added nitrogen was studied by use of washed-cell suspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Achromobacter strain B81, and Achromobacter viscosus (Alcaligenes viscolactis). The suggestion that oxidative assimilation in these organisms is the reincorporation of endogenously produced ammonia by way of alpha-ketoglutarate is tenable. Each of the four organisms accumulated intermediate compounds which acted as pacemakers for the oxidation of glucose. This phenomenon, partly because it ensured the availability of additional ammonia, undoubtedly increased the degree of oxidative assimilation. Products accumulating in the supernatant fluids during glucose oxidation were alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, gluconate, a low molecular weight carbohydrate, and dicarboxylic acids. No two bacteria formed the same products. Assimilation of radioactivity into the cells, which accounted for 12 to 26% of the available C(14), continued as long as an oxidizable substrate was present, and was paralleled by uptake of endogenously produced ammonia. During the early stages of glucose oxidation, compounds of the cold trichloroacetic acid-soluble pool constituted a major portion of the total radioactivity of the cells. The lipid fractions of P. aeruginosa and Achromobacter B81 were also of high relative activity during this time. The labeling of the nucleic acid fractions of all four bacteria increased with time, more radioactivity being found in fractions from the two Achromobacter species than in those from the pseudomonads. At the completion of the experiment, the largest percentage of incorporated radioactivity was present in the protein fractions. One of the organisms, Achromobacter B81, synthesized a high molecular weight carbohydrate material.


CULTURE AND FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY METHODS IN DIAGNOSIS OF WHOOPING COUGH. Holwerda, Jack (Michigan Department of Health, Grand Rapids) and Grace Eldering. Culture and fluorescent-antibody methods in diagnosis of whooping cough. J. Bacteriol. 86:449-451. 1963.-Nasopharyngeal swabs from 517 suspected whooping-cough patients were examined by culture and by fluorescent-antibody (FA) staining procedures applied to direct slide preparations. A total of 138 were positive by both methods, 25 by culture only, and 25 by FA only. The FA technique was also used in the identification of young cultures. It was shown that a positive culture report could be speeded up by about 1 day by this method. Without FA, onehalf the positive culture reports were made in 3 days; with FA, 75% were reported in a similar period.


TRANSDUCTION OF BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS AND BACILLUS  SUBTILIS BY EACH OF TWO PHAGES. Taylor, Martha J. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.) and Curtis B. Thorne. Transduction of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis by each of two phages. J. Bacteriol. 86:452-461. 1963.-A second transducing bacteriophage, designated SP-15, was isolated from the same soil-sample culture filtrate that supplied the Bacillus subtilis transducing phage, SP-10, reported earlier from this laboratory. SP-10 and SP-15 differ serologically and in several other respects, but share the ability to propagate on B. subtilis W-23-S(r) (streptomycin-resistant) and B. licheniformis ATCC 9945a, and to mediate general transduction in either species when propagated homologously. Attempts to transduce between the species have failed. SP-10 forms plaques readily on both W-23-S(r) and 9945a; SP-15 forms minute plaques on W-23-S(r) and has shown no evidence of any lytic activity on 9945a. Maximal recoveries of prototrophic colonies from mixtures of SP-10 with auxotrophs of either W-23-S(r) or 9945a were obtained only when excess phage was neutralized by post-transduction treatment with specific phage antiserum. Such treatment was not necessary for maximal recovery of transductants effected by SP-15. Unlike SP-10, SP-15 propagated on W-23-S(r) did not transduce B. subtilis 168 (indole(-)). SP-15 transduced B. licheniformis more efficiently than did SP-10. Neither phage was able to transduce B. licheniformis as efficiently as it transduced B. subtilis. The differing influences of multiplicity of infection were compared for the two phages in both species.


COLONIAL DIMORPHISM IN NONMOTILE SALMONELLA. Enomoto, Masatoshi (National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan) and Tetsuo Iino. Colonial dimorphism in nonmotile Salmonella. J. Bacteriol. 86:473-477. 1963.-Two distinct colonial types, LP-type and SD-type, appeared among the nonmotile mutant clones originated from a strain of Salmonella typhimurium when they were cultivated on semisolid gelatin-agar medium (NGA) at 37 C. These colonial types reflect the nonmotile character of the mutant clones: a nonflagellated clone formed an LP-type colony which was large, translucent, and pale yellowish-gray, whereas a paralyzed flagellated clone formed an SD-type colony which was small, opaque, and dense yellowish-gray. Colonial dimorphism was also present in cells paralyzed by nonheritable change: flagellated cells, immobilized by treatment with homologous anti-H serum, formed SD-type colonies, while cells which had lost flagella, growing in the NGA medium containing 0.12% phenol, formed LP-type colonies. The distinction between the two colonial types was not impaired by addition of motility phage or various sugars to NGA, but became obscure when gelatin was omitted from the medium or the temperature of cultivation was lowered. It is concluded that the difference between the two colonial types is due to the presence or absence of flagella on the surface of the bacterial cells. Such correlation between flagellation and colonial type was observed on nonmotile mutants of several other smooth-type Salmonella strains and Escherichia coli but was not found in a rough-type Salmonella strain.


GROWTH AND SPORULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ORGANIC SULFUR-REQUIRING AUXOTROPH OF BACILLUS CEREUS. Lundgren, D. G. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.) and K. F. Bott. Growth and sporulation characteristics of an organic sulfur-requiring auxotroph of Bacillus cereus. J. Bacteriol. 86:462-472. 1963.-This paper reports investigations of several aspects of growth and sporulation of an organic sulfur-requiring auxotroph of Bacillus cereus ATCC 4342. The wild type and B. cereus T were also studied for comparative purposes. Growth of the mutant on minimal medium plus methionine was normal, but sporulation was completely inhibited. Some reaction involved in vegetative-cell maturity was probably blocked at a point just prior to the "triggering" of sporulation, since abnormally large amounts of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) were formed. Growth of the mutant in the presence of cystine or cysteine was also accompanied by the build-up of large amounts of PHB, but some endospores were formed (approximately 5% by 72 hr). Results of dipicolinic acid (DPA), calcium, and heat-resistance studies revealed that the few spores formed by the auxotrophic mutant when grown on cysteine were somewhat below wild-type strains in their development of heat resistance, and considerably lower in content of Ca and DPA. This was not the case with spores formed in cells grown on cystine; heat resistance compared favorably with wild-type spores, but the Ca and DPA levels were lower.


USE OF THE CHICK EMBRYO IN MAINTAINING AND RESTORING VIRULENCE OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE. Walsh, Martin J. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.), Bobby C. Brown, Leonard Brown, and Carl I. Pirkle. Use of the chick embryo in maintaining and restoring virulence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Bacteriol. 86:478-481. 1963.-Data based on its capabilities of producing acute urethritis in human male volunteers showed that Neisseria gonorrhoeae rapidly decreased in virulence after repeated subculture on chocolate agar medium. Cultures of a particular strain (GCM13) in the allantoic cavity of a developing chick embryo maintained virulence after 82 successive transfers. Another strain (GCF62), after loss of virulence through repeated subculture on chocolate agar, was again able to produce infection after 15 consecutive transfers in chick embryo. Thus, chick embryo apparently had the capability not only to maintain the virulence factor but also to reconstitute virulence. It is postulated that chick embryo serves as a selective medium for the growth of virulent gonococci, permitting rapid multiplication of these organisms and suppressing growth of the nonvirulent organisms.


LEPTOSPIRAL COLONIAL MORPHOLOGY.

LEPTOSPIRAL COLONIAL MORPHOLOGY. Stalheim, O. H. V. (University of Wisconsin, Madison) and J. B. Wilson. Leptospiral colonial morphology. J. Bacteriol. 86:482-489. 1963.-A sequence of apparent colonial types was observed with colonies of Leptospira pomona, L. canicola, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, and L. grippotyphosa in agar medium. Although some colonies of these serotypes had a different appearance initially, they eventually developed the mature or final appearance characteristic of the serotype. Colonies of freshly isolated, virulent cultures of L. pomona, L. canicola, and L. icterohaemorrhagiae were similar in appearance to colonies of avirulent strains of the same serotype. Additional studies of three stable and distinct colonial types of a laboratory strain of L. autumnalis revealed no differences in antigenicity, catalase activity, or mouse infectivity; however, differences in susceptibility to lysis by oleic acid were found. Although the colonial variants were stable during several in vitro variations, including growth in the presence of homologous antiserum and mutation to growth in a chemically characterized medium, rapid dissociation in vivo was found.


GROWTH STIMULATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS VAR. LIQUEFACIENS BY CANAVANINE. Hammel, Jay M. (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park) and L. N. Zimmerman. Growth stimulation of Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens by canavanine. J. Bacteriol. 86:490-493. 1963.-l-Canavanine, a competitive inhibitor of arginine, was found to stimulate the growth of Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens in the presence of arginine. This growth stimulation by canavanine was unique, since it previously was found to inhibit the growth of organisms which require arginine. When equimolar concentrations of arginine and canavanine were tested from 10(-7) to 10(-2)m, maximal stimulation occurred at 10(-4)m. Canavanine concentrations of 5 x 10(-6)m to 10(-2)m stimulated growth in the presence of 5 x 10(-5)m arginine. Ornithine similarly stimulated growth. Canavanine inhibited the rate of arginine degradation by the arginine dihydrolase enzyme system in intact cells. It is assumed that the mechanism of canavanine stimulation involves an inhibition of arginine desimidase of the arginine dihydrolase enzyme system, which in turn makes more arginine available for growth over a longer period of time.


EFFECT OF HAPLOID OR DIPLOID CONSTITUTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ON FORMIC HYDROGENLYASE ACTIVITY. Olsen, Ronald H. (Colorado State University, Fort Collins) and James E. Ogg. Effect of haploid or diploid constitution of Escherichia coli on formic hydrogenlyase activity. J. Bacteriol. 86:494-498. 1963.-Phenotypic differences occurring between haploid and presumed diploid strains of Escherichia coli containing homologous genetic material have been observed. In a growth medium containing glucose and Casamino Acids, formic hydrogenlyase (FHL) activity was induced in haploid strains but not in diploid cells. Other differences were noted when haploid and diploid resting-cell suspensions were assayed for their ability to induce maximal FHL activity. For FHL activity, diploid induction lags were significantly longer, and maximal inducible rates were lower than those observed for haploid strains.


THERMOSENSITIVITY OF POLIOVIRUS.

THERMOSENSITIVITY OF POLIOVIRUS. Wallis, Craig (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.) and Joseph L. Melnick. Thermosensitivity of poliovirus. J. Bacteriol. 86:499-504. 1963.-Polioviruses are thermosensitive agents, although thermoresistant strains have been obtained and reported in the literature. Such resistant strains can be developed by exposure of the virus to cystine during multiple-cycle yields. Thermoresistant strains can be converted to the thermosensitive state by passing the virus in cells maintained in a cystine-free medium, or by reducing the virus with glutathione. The thermoresistant variants seem to result from the conditions under which virus is grown and harvested. Consequently, many such thermostable polioviruses actually represent phenotypic rather than genotypic variation.


PRODUCTION OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS. Lomanitz, Rachel (University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City) and John M. Hale. Production of delayed hypersensitivity to Cryptococcus neoformans in experimental animals. J. Bacteriol. 86:505-509. 1963.-Rabbits and guinea pigs have been sensitized to somatic, as well as whole-cell, antigens of a small-capsuled variant of Cryptococcus neoformans ODH-DV. Rabbits have also been sensitized to soma and to whole cells of a large-capsuled patient isolate. The time required for appearance of skin reactivity, after intracutaneous injection of antigenic material, indicated that the hypersensitivity developed was of the delayed type. This was subsequently demonstrated in both rabbits and guinea pigs by passive transfer of the hypersensitivity to normal animals. Efforts to transfer the skin sensitivity to normal rabbits with serum from sensitized animals were unsuccessful, indicating that humoral antibodies are not involved. Preliminary studies suggest that the sensitizing antigen resides in the cell wall and is highly specific.


NEW TYPE OF STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE RESULTING FROM ACTION OF THE EPISOMELIKE MUTATOR FACTOR IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. Gundersen, Wenche B. (Oslo University, Oslo, Norway). New type of streptomycin resistance resulting from action of the episomelike mutator factor in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 86:510-516. 1963.-Analyses have been performed to elucidate the genetic nature of the streptomycin resistance that results from the action of the previously described episomelike mutator factor in Escherichia coli. This streptomycin resistance has been found to differ from ordinary one-step streptomycin resistance. The new type of streptomycin resistance, "mutator resistance," can be lost, either spontaneously or by treatment with ultraviolet light and acriflavine. It is more stable in a K-12 strain than in the original E. coli strain 635. Mutator resistance segregates like a chromosomal marker in genetic crosses, and is located near the ordinary streptomycin locus. The locus for mutator resistance is distinct from that of ordinary streptomycin resistance, apparently located further toward the threonine region. Mutator resistance, unlike ordinary one-step streptomycin resistance, appears as a dominant character. The possibilities of its being a suppressor or regulator mutation are discussed.


SPECIFIC VIRAL INTERFERENCE IN HELA CELL CULTURES CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH COXSACKIE B5 VIRUS. Crowell, Richard L. (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.). Specific viral interference in HeLa cell cultures chronically infected with Coxsackie B5 virus. J. Bacteriol. 86:517-526. 1963.-The presence of large amounts of Coxsackie B5 virus in culture fluids of a HeLa subline, serially propagated over a 3-year period, provided evidence for attainment of a viral carrier state. Human serum in the growth medium of carrier cultures appeared prerequisite for maintenance of a stable virus-cell equilibrium. Virus was eliminated from HeLa cells by addition of B5 antiserum to the growth medium, whereas subcultivation in calf serum medium resulted in cellular degeneration by virus. HeLa cells, chronically infected by B5 virus, retained normal morphology in monolayer cultures and were found preservable by freezing. Persistently infected HeLa cells formed colonies with high efficiency in a medium containing B5 antiserum, to provide evidence that the majority of cells in carrier populations were not fatally infected. The significance of occurrence of small and large plaque variants of B5 virus in the carrier system remains to be determined. Coxsackie B5-carrier cultures were found specifically resistant to superinfection by all members of Coxsackie group B. This resistance, due to viral interference, was not extended to three immunological types of Coxsackie group A, poliovirus types 1 to 3, adenovirus T1, or vaccinia virus. Viral interference was found to be a consequence of altered surfaces of carrier cells, as reflected by decreased adsorption kinetics and cell penetration by Coxsackie group B viruses. The data suggested that Coxsackie group B viruses share a unique requirement, distinct from that of polioviruses, for reception and eclipse by HeLa cells. Interference between polioviruses and members of Coxsackie group B is discussed.


PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOAGULASE. Zolli, Zeno, Jr. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), and Charles L. San Clemente. Purification and characterization of staphylocoagulase. J. Bacteriol. 86:527-535. 1963.-Separation and extreme purification of coagulase from Staphylococcus aureus strain 70 was achieved by using three cycles of dialysis in ethanol-water mixtures under controlled conditions, followed by molecular sieving through a column of Sephadex G-200. By manipulation of five variables (pH, ionic strength, temperature, protein, and ethanol concentration), the final preparation showed an approximate 3700-fold increase in activity per mg of protein. The successfully isolated coagulase containing 15.0% nitrogen was characterized serologically and chemically. By use of agar diffusion techniques, one zone of precipitation was obtained with the highly purified material. Additional confirmation of purity was evidenced by the appearance of a single peak with cellulose acetate paper electrophoresis with a barbital buffer at pH 8.6. Progressive and eventual elimination of carbohydrate, deoxyribonuclease, lipase, and phosphatase was observed through the four stages of purification. Temperature studies showed that the stability of each fraction was inversely related to its purity.


CYTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANTIMICROBIAL ANTIBIOSIS. III.   CYTOLOGICALLY DISTINGUISHABLE STAGES IN ANTIBIOTIC ACTION OF COLISTIN SULFATE ON ESCHERICHIA COLI. Kaye, Jeremy J. (Cornell University Medical College, New York, N.Y.) and George B. Chapman. Cytological aspects of antimicrobial antibiosis. III. Cytologically distinguishable stages in antibiotic action of colistin sulfate on Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 86:536-543. 1963.-Broth cultures of Escherichia coli were subjected to a constant concentration of colistin sulfate for varying periods of time. Controls and treated cells were fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in methacrylate, and ultrathin sections were examined in an electron microscope. Three stages in the antibiotic process were discerned. Stage 1 was characterized by a disruption of the axial orientation of the nuclear material and by an invasion of nuclear areas by tufts of material presumably of cytoplasmic origin; no loss of cellular contents could be detected cytologically. Stage 2 was characterized by the loss of nuclear material and by a loss of typical cytoplasmic granularity, an increase in cytoplasmic electron density, and an agglomeration of the cytoplasm into packed tufts of material; in contrast to the nuclear material, there was no loss of cytoplasmic material in this stage. Stage 3 was characterized by the loss of the altered cytoplasmic material but with the persistence of mesosomes, plasma membrane, and cell wall. Speculation that each and all of these changes might have resulted from an altered intracellular milieu secondary to a primary effect of the antibiotic on the plasma membrane is presented.


EFFECTS OF SODIUM CAPRYLATE ON CANDIDA ALBICANS. I. INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATION ON ULTRASTRUCTURE. Adams, J. N. (University of Georgia, Athens), Barbara G. Painter, and W. J. Payne. Effects of sodium caprylate on Candida albicans. I. Influence of concentration on ultrastructure. J. Bacteriol. 86:548-557. 1963.-Morphological effects of exposure to various concentrations of sodium caprylate were studied in living cells and ultrathin sections of Candida albicans. Budding was inhibited when cells were cultured in 0.0025 m sodium caprylate. Cells relieved from treatment at this concentration initiated reproductive processes at a much-stimulated rate. Momentary or 30-min exposures to 0.1 m caprylate affected cells in much the same manner as those treated at the lower concentration. Alteration of ultrastructure was brought about by treating with 0.0025 and 0.005 m concentrations prior to embedding and sectioning. Condensation of vacuolar material, change in size and number of mitochondria, loss of mitochondrial cristae, and increased electron density of the cytoplasm were observed. Cellular integrity was progressively lost as a result of treatment at levels up to 0.1 m. The highly electron-dense cytoplasm of cells cultured in media containing 0.025 m or higher inhibitor appeared to break into irregular masses, but the nucleus and vacuole sometimes could be identified. Cells treated at the 0.1 m level contained a condensed mass of opaque and unidentifiable cytoplasmic constituents within the skeletal cell wall. Cytological observations were correlated with physiological studies.


ELECTRON-TRANSPORT COMPONENTS OF STREPTOMYCIN-DEPENDENT ESCHERICHIA COLI. Bragg, P. D. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C, Canada) and W. J. Polglase. Electron-transport components of streptomycin-dependent Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 86:544-547. 1963.-When a streptomycin-dependent strain of Escherichia coli was grown in antibiotic-free medium, the resulting streptomycin-depleted cells were found to contain relatively large amounts of vitamin K(2). Cytochromes a(1) and a(2) were absent from depleted cells, and these cells metabolized glucose with the accumulation of lactic acid. Depleted cells were normal in their content of coenzyme Q(8), total flavine, and cytochrome b. Growth of depleted cells on medium containing dihydrostreptomycin restored their ability to metabolize lactic acid concomitantly with a decrease in vitamin K(2) to a normal level, and with the formation of cytochromes a(1) and a(2). It is concluded that streptomycin (or dihydrostreptomycin) is required by dependent E. coli for maintenance of the integrity of the electron-transport system.


EFFECTS OF SODIUM CAPRYLATE ON CANDIDA   ALBICANS. II. INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS ON BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES. Payne, W. J. (University of Georgia, Athens) and E. R. Bannister. Effects of sodium caprylate on Candida albicans. II. Influence of various concentrations on biochemical changes. J. Bacteriol. 86:558-562. 1963.-Suspending resting cells of Candida albicans in buffered solutions of 0.1 m sodium caprylate resulted in leakage of K(+), protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and carbohydrate (including glucose) but not of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or sterol. In 0.025 m caprylate, the yeast leaked carbohydrate but not any of the other metabolites, whereas at 2.5 x 10(-3)m or in buffer alone there was no significant leakage. Inclusion of 2.5 x 10(-3)m sodium caprylate in Sabouraud dextrose broth cultures, however, suppressed growth greatly. Assays of relative protein, RNA, and DNA contents of dried cells taken from the suppressed cultures revealed changes in the rates of production of each from those of untreated cultures.


INORGANIC PYROPHOSPHATASE OF DESULFOVIBRIO DESULFURICANS. Akagi, J. M. (University of Illinois, Urbana) and L. Leon Campbell. Inorganic pyrophosphatase of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. J. Bacteriol. 86:563-568. 1963.-The inorganic pyrophosphatase of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans was purified 136-fold by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and ethanol fractionation and diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography. Mg(++) or Mn(++) was required for optimal activity; Co(++) was only 65% as effective as Mg(++). The optimal ratio of Mg(++) to pyrophosphate was 1.0 at pH 8.0. The K(s) for the pyrophosphatase was found to be in the region of 1.9 x 10(-3)m. Sulfhydryl inhibitors and sodium fluoride had no effect on enzyme activity at a concentration of 10(-3)m. The purified enzyme did not hydrolyze adenosine triphosphate, glycerol phosphate, diphenyl phosphate, or p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Thermal stability studies showed that the enzyme is rapidly inactivated at temperatures above 40 C.


CHIMPANZEE KIDNEY TISSUE CULTURES FOR GROWTH AND ISOLATION OF VIRUSES. Dick, Elliot C. (University of Wisconsin, Madison). Chimpanzee kidney tissue cultures for growth and isolation of viruses. J. Bacteriol. 86:573-576. 1963.-Chimpanzee kidney tissue cultures were employed for propagation of several laboratory strains of viruses that commonly inhabit the respiratory and intestinal tracts, or both, and for isolation of viruses from throat washings of persons with common colds and tonsillitis-pharyngitis. This tissue culture host was found to support the growth of approximately the same viruses as do Rhesus monkey kidney tissue cultures, with two exceptions: (i) chimpanzee kidney tissue culture was much more susceptible to herpes simplex infection, and (ii) cytopathic effects were not produced by either "M" or "H" strains of muriviruses (common cold viruses). The presence of adventitious viruses in some uninoculated chimpanzee kidney tissue cultures is suspected.


PRESERVATION OF ANTIGEN-COATED SHEEP  ERYTHROCYTES BY FREEZING FOR USE IN INDIRECT HEMAGGLUTINATION PROCEDURE. Hubert, Earl G. (Veterans Administration Center, Los Angeles, Calif.), George M. Kalmanson, and Lucien B. Guze. Preservation of antigen-coated sheep erythrocytes by freezing for use in indirect hemagglutination procedure. J. Bacteriol. 86:569-572. 1963.-Preservation of sheep erythrocytes, coated with various protein and lipopolysaccharide antigens, was accomplished by rapid freezing and storage at -70 C in a dextrose-lactose solution. The stored cells were tested at intervals in an indirect hemagglutination procedure. Sensitivity of these cells was maintained, and antibody titers were consistently reproducible throughout the period of testing. These observations suggest that sheep erythrocytes may be coated with a variety of antigens and may be employed satisfactorily in an indirect hemagglutination test, even after storage at -70 C for a period up to 6 months.


MACROSCOPIC PATTERNS OF BACTERIA AFTER DEVELOPMENT IN DROPS OF LIQUID MEDIUM. Lorian, Victor (Laboratório Central de Tuberculose, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Macroscopic patterns of bacteria after development in drops of liquid medium. J. Bacteriol. 86:582-584. 1963.-Cultures of bacteria in liquid media with 0.06% triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride showed visible macroscopic development and a characteristic pattern for each strain, when deposited in 0.35-ml drops on the surface of silicone-coated glass or in concavities of slides, after 3 to 4 hr of immobility in an incubator at 37 C. These patterns could be due to sedimentation or autoagglutination occurring as the bacteria developed under these conditions.


EFFECT OF PH ON INTERMEDIATES PRODUCED DURING GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF BACILLUS CEREUS. Nakata, H. M. (Washington State University, Pullman). Effect of pH on intermediates produced during growth and sporulation of Bacillus cereus. J. Bacteriol. 86:577-581. 1963.-Cultures of Bacillus cereus strain T, grown in an unbuffered glucose-yeast extract-mineral salts medium and in the same medium buffered at pH 6.4, 7.0, or 7.4, were examined to determine the effect of pH on the production and utilization of metabolic intermediates during growth and sporulation. Although the growth rate of the unbuffered cultures decreased as a result of changes in pH, the growth rates of the buffered cultures were constant and similar. Only slight differences were observed in the final number of spores produced, and in the time required for the completion of the sporulation process. Acetic and lactic acids were the chief acidic end products of growth in buffered media, in which more than twice the amount of these acids accumulated than was detected in unbuffered cultures. In the latter cultures, pyruvic acid, rather than lactic acid, was formed together with acetate. Acetoin also accumulated in the unbuffered cultures, but none was detected in any of the buffered cultures. All of these intermediates were rapidly utilized by the cells once sporulation began. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid accumulation in the cells during the early stages of sporulation was also influenced by pH, with the greatest accumulation of this polymer occurring in the cells grown at pH 6.2 to 6.4. These results support the hypothesis that high polymer content in the cells is not imperative for the completion of sporulation. However, if any is formed, it is completely utilized during the final stages of spore formation.


COMPLEMENTATION OF LECITHINASE ACTIVITIES BY CLOSELY RELATED PSEUDOMONADS: ITS TAXONOMIC IMPLICATION. Bates, Janice L. (University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky.) and Pinghui V. Liu. Complementation of lecithinase activities by closely related pseudomonads: its taxonomic implication. J. Bacteriol. 86:585-592. 1963.-A lecithinase activity was demonstrated by a mixture of cell-free extracts from two strains of closely related pseudomonads, neither of which was able to show this activity when grown alone. One component, from B-2265 (Pseudomonas aureofaciens var. nonliquefaciens), was heatlabile, nondialyzable, and antigenic. The other component, from 22/3 (P. fluorescens), was relatively heat-stable, nondialyzable, and nonantigenic. Antisera produced with the component of B-2265 alone neutralized the activity of the complete enzyme made up with both components, as well as that of similar enzymes of related species, such as P. aureofaciens, P. chlororaphis, and P. fluorescens. The taxonomic implication of these findings is discussed. The suggestion is made that determination of the serological specificity of an enzyme or its antigenic subunits is a more reliable criterion for establishing relationships of bacterial strains than methods depending on the overall similarity of biochemical activities.


INFLUENCE OF TISSUE CULTURE PASSAGE ON VIRULENCE OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS FOR MOTHER MICE. Campbell, Charles H. (Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, N.Y.). Influence of tissue culture passage on virulence of foot-and-mouth disease virus for mother mice. J. Bacteriol. 86:593-597. 1963.-Foot-and-mouth disease virus serially passaged in bovine cell cultures was more lethal for mother mice than the parent virus from infected steers. In tests with virus from several pools of bovine tongue tissue, only 0 to 20% of the mice died. Serial passage of such virus in primary calf-kidney cell cultures progressively increased the lethality of the virus. By the eighth passage, after which no further appreciable increase was observed, the mortality was 60%. As the lethal capability of this virus population increased, the average time required for it to produce death decreased.


SAFRANINE O: RELIABLE SELECTIVE DYE FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF BRUCELLA SUIS.


HOLDER FOR READING RESULTS OF TUBE TESTS.


FLAGELLATION OF FLAVOBACTERIUM PISCICIDA.


SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLOSTRIDIUM BIFERMENTANS AND CLOSTRIDIUM SORDELLII BASED UPON SOLUBLE ANTIGENS.


MYXOBACTERIA FROM SOILS OF THE ALASKAN AND CANADIAN ARCTIC.


SEPARATION OF PHOSPHATASE FROM STAPHYLOCOAGULASE PREPARATIONS.


DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID BASE COMPOSITION OF A MYCOBACTERIOPHAGE.


CELL-WALL CONSTITUENTS OF LACTOBACILLUS DELBRUECKII.


COLONIAL GROWTH OF ANAEROBIC SPIROCHETES ON SOLID MEDIA. Hardy, Paul H., Jr. (The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.), Young C. Lee, and E. Ellen Nell. Colonial growth of anaerobic spirochetes on solid media. J. Bacteriol. 86:616-626. 1963.-A total of 14 strains of treponemes and one of Borrelia vincentii were cultivated as colonies on agar plates inoculated under ordinary atmospheric conditions, but incubated anaerobically. Every spirochete strain produced diffuse colonies with growth located primarily in the agar; in addition, eight treponeme strains also produced discrete colonies with surface growth. These represented stable colonial variants in several strains, and in one the spirochetes in the surface colonies showed permanently altered cellular morphology. Sufficient variation in colonial morphology was noted between strains to suggest that this may have some value in further classification of this group of microorganisms. Several conditions contributed to the successful growth of all strains as colonies, the most important of which was the use of a firm jelling agar preparation, Ionagar No. 2, that permitted preparation of plates with a final agar concentration of 0.7%. Agar concentrations of 0.9%, or above, in media inhibited treponeme growth.


ABSCESS-FORMING FACTOR(S) PRODUCED BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. I. COLLODION BAG IMPLANTATION TECHNIQUE. Lam, Gow T. (Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.), Francis J. Sweeney, Jr., Charlotte M. Witmer, and Robert I. Wise. Abscess-forming factor(s) produced by Staphylococcus aureus. I. Collodion bag implantation technique. J. Bacteriol. 86:611-615. 1963.-A collodion bag with a pore size sufficiently large to permit the diffusion of the staphylococcal extracellular products, but small enough to retain bacterial cells, was developed from a mixture of collodion and flexible collodion. These collodion bags were filled with various staphylococcal components and bacterial cells, and then implanted for 5 days into the peritoneal cavities of Swiss albino mice and four strains of inbred mice. It was found that live organisms, cell wall, and extracellular products promote an abscesslike formation around the collodion bags. The bags were surrounded with a thick layer of fibrous tissue and infiltrated with leukocytes. The exudate was free from bacterial cells. In contrast, no encapsulation occurred when the bags were filled with sterile culture medium, saline, or extracellular products which were free from coagulase after filtration through a Millipore filter.


EFFECTS OF ANTISERUM ON ADSORBED PHAGE.

EFFECTS OF ANTISERUM ON ADSORBED PHAGE. Reiter, Harvard (U.S. Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.). Effects of antiserum on adsorbed phage. J. Bacteriol. 86:637-641. 1963.-The penetration of T(3) bacteriophages attached to the host cells could be delayed or entirely prevented by antiserum against T(3) phage. The antiserum-sensitive period of the attached phages increased at lower temperatures. The degree of inhibition increased with antiserum concentration and with early exposure to antiserum. Bacteriophages T(1) and T(4) were not affected by antiserum in this manner; T(7) reacted similarly to T(3).


GLUCOSE METABOLISM OF TWO STRAINS OF MYCOPLASMA LAIDLAWII. Castrejon-Diez, Jaime (Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.), Thelma N. Fisher, and Earl Fisher, Jr. Glucose metabolism of two strains of Mycoplasma laidlawii. J. Bacteriol. 86:627-636. 1963.-Two strains of Mycoplasma laidlawii were incubated in systems containing d-glucose-C(14); carbon dioxide, acetate, pyruvate, and lactate were isolated from appropriate fluids after resting-cell and growth experiments. In resting-cell experiments, radioactivity recoveries were shown to be 95% for M. laidlawii A and 89% for M. laidlawii (Adler). By growth studies, the radioactivity recovery for M. laidlawii A was 83% and for M. laidlawii (Adler) was 90.5%. Low specific activities of the products as compared with the specific activity of glucose suggested cellular pools, or that the dissimilation of other substances present in the complex growth medium yielded products which contributed to the dilution factors. Enzyme studies added support to the hypothesis that glycolysis is operative in these organisms. Experiments with d-glucose-1-C(14) or d-glucose-6-C(14) as substrate suggested that the hexose monophosphate shunt may be functional in M. laidlawii (Adler), particularly since glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase, and transketolase were demonstrated. This pathway is absent in M. laidlawii A.


SPONTANEOUS LYSIS AND PHAGE-CARRIER STATE IN BRUCELLA CULTURES. Renoux, Gerard (Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France), and Andree Suire. Spontaneous lysis and phage-carrier state in Brucella cultures. J. Bacteriol. 86:642-647. 1963.-When broth or saline suspensions of 60 randomly chosen Brucella strains were directly poured onto plates of Albimi Agar, distinct plaques, indicative of phage activity, developed. Unselected Brucella cultures containing cell types that gave rise to several morphologically distinct colonial types all proved to be naturally phage-infected. Selection and study of some of these colonial types led to the following conclusions: (i) S or SI colonies do not carry the phage and are sensitive to it; (ii) pure R colonies are phage-resistant and do not carry the phage; (iii) butyrous or sticky white P ("Porteuses") colonies develop from "carrier cells" resistant to phage; and (iv) the progeny of cells of the P colony type segregate into cells that give rise to P, S, or SI colonies. However, when plates were streaked with a cotton swab soaked in the Brucella suspension, no visible plaque developed. The phenotypic changes occurring after phage infection are believed to play a role also under natural conditions; they are able to explain most of the natural behavior of Brucella. Their occurrence, however, does not exclude other genetic mechanisms that may produce similar phenotypic effects.


CHEMICAL STUDIES ON CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. III. ISOLATION OF HIGHLY POTENT TOXIN FROM BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. Onoue, Kaoru (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan), Masayasu Kitagawa, and Yuichi Yamamura. Chemical studies on cellular components of Bordetella pertussis. III. Isolation of highly potent toxin from Bordetella pertussis. J. Bacteriol. 86:648-655. 1963.-The thermolabile toxin of Bordetella pertussis was extracted at alkaline pH with 0.15 m saline from the disrupted cells. The toxin was purified successively by calcium phosphate gel treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, precipitation with potassium phosphate at alkaline pH, and finally by chromatography on a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column. Although the purified toxin still contained a small amount of agglutinin-absorbing activity, and inhomogeneity was detected by the agar gel diffusion test, the lethal and skin-necrotizing activities were much higher than those previously reported. The data obtained suggest that the toxin is proteinaceous.


ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES IN FACULTATIVE AND ANAEROBIC ACTINOMYCES. Overman, John R. (Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C.) and Leo Pine. Electron microscopy of cytoplasmic structures in facultative and anaerobic Actinomyces. J. Bacteriol. 86:656-665. 1963.-Electron microscopy of cytoplasmic complexes and the cytoplasmic fine structure of Actinomyces bovis, A. israelii, A. naeslundii, and A. propionicus demonstrated marked differences among these four species. Also included in the present study was Lactobacillus bifidus, an organism closely related to the Actinomyces species. A relatively small and compact cytoplasmic membrane complex of A. propionicus was unique in its morphology. Membrane structures of A. naeslundii and A. israelii were relatively large and consisted of coils of various sizes of the cytoplasmic membrane. No membrane complexes were found in L. bifidus or A. bovis. Measurements of cell-wall thickness indicated a significant difference between A. bovis and A. israelii. On the basis of general morphology, cell-wall thickness, and cytoplasmic membrane complexes, A. bovis and A. israelii appear to be distinct species. The relation of the fine structure complexity to phylogenetic position of these organisms is considered.


INHIBITORY ACTION OF PHAGE K ON STAPHYLOCOCCAL DEHYDROGENASES. I. EFFECT ON VARIOUS STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, INCLUDING MEMBERS OF THE PHAGE-TYPING SERIES. Ralston, D. J. (University of California, Berkeley) and B. S. Baer. Inhibitory action of phage K on staphylococcal dehydrogenases. I. Effect on various strains of Staphylococcus aureus, including members of the phage-typing series. J. Bacteriol. 86:666-672. 1963.-The polyvalent phage K was found to depress the dehydrogenase activities of a large number of Staphylococcus aureus strains, as measured by the reduction of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride to the insoluble red formazan. The inhibition occurred immediately after the absorption of a multiplicity of phage particles, and was independent of the infectibility of the strains and of the killing ability of the phage. It appeared to be closely associated with the phenomenon of sensitization-a change in the cell surface which increased the susceptibility of the wall to digestion by soluble staphylococcal lysins and simultaneously abolished the capacity to synthesize phage. The inhibitory effect occurred both in nutrient media and in a nongrowth glucose - phosphate buffer supplemented with cysteine.


EFFECT OF CARBON SOURCES ON FORMATION OF ALPHA-AMYLASE BY BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS. Welker, N. E. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio) and L. Leon Campbell. Effect of carbon sources on formation of alpha-amylase by Bacillus stearothermophilus. J. Bacteriol. 86:681-686. 1963.-A chemically defined medium was devised for use in alpha-amylase induction studies. The addition of 0.1% casein hydrolysate to the chemically defined medium permitted growth on fructose, and with glucose, sucrose, maltose, starch, and glycerol it shortened the lag period and increased both the growth rate and the total enzyme produced. Growth did not occur when gluconate, acetate, or succinate were used as carbon sources. alpha-Amylase was produced during the logarithmic phase of growth; the amount produced was inversely proportional to the rate of growth. The poorer the carbon source for growth (glycerol, k = 0.24; glucose, k = 0.26; sucrose, k = 0.42), the higher was the amount of enzyme produced (glycerol, 109 units/ml; glucose, 103 units/ml; sucrose, 45 units/ml). Cells grown on technical-grade maltose (k = 0.26) or starch (k = 0.42) did not conform to this relationship in that unusually large amounts of alpha-amylase were produced (362 and 225 units/ml, respectively). Cells grown on fructose or sucrose had the same growth rate (k = 0.42), but smaller amounts of alpha-amylase were produced on fructose (fructose, 0 to 4 units/ml; sucrose, 45 units/ml). An intracellular alpha-amylase was not detected in Bacillus stearothermophilus.


BIOTIN BIOSYNTHESIS. I. BIOTIN YIELDS AND BIOTIN VITAMERS IN CULTURES OF PHYCOMYCES BLAKESLEEANUS. Eisenberg, M. A. (Columbia University, New York, N.Y.). Biotin biosynthesis. I. Biotin yields and biotin vitamers in cultures of Phycomyces blakesleeanus. J. Bacteriol. 86:673-680. 1963.-The addition of pimelic acid to a well-aerated medium resulted in a 10- to 12-fold increase in the biotin production of Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Azelaic acid also stimulated biotin production, but not to the same extent as did pimelic acid. A number of biotin analogues were found to be inactive. Further enhancement of the biotin yield could not be attained by replacing glucose and aspargine by other carbon and nitrogen sources. Replacement cultures, however, proved to be equally as effective as growing cultures under the same conditions. The omission of trace elements reduced the growth and biotin production. The "true" biotin was affected to a greater extent than the "total" biotin. Zinc and iron proved to be the essential trace metals. In the absence of zinc, both the growth and the total biotin production were markedly reduced. The omission of iron affected primarily the biotin production. P. blakesleeanus produces biotin, desthiobiotin, biotin-d-sulfoxide, biocytin, and an unknown biotin vitamer. The latter has been identified as an amino acid by electrophoretic analysis. It is avidin-uncombinable, and does not support the growth of Lactobacillus arabinosus (L. plantarum) or Neurospora crassa.


INDUCTION OF ALPHA-AMYLASE OF BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS BY MALTODEXTRINS. Welker, N. E. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio) and L. Leon Campbell. Induction of alpha-amylase of Bacillus stearothermophilus by maltodextrins. J. Bacteriol. 86:687-691. 1963.-Technical-grade maltose contained 3.5% glucose, 0.5% maltotriose, and 2.5% of the higher molecular weight maltodextrins. The first five homologues (maltose being the first in the series) of the maltodextrin series were isolated and purified. Each member of the series was found to be chromatographically pure. The physical and chemical properties were determined. It was shown that the contaminating maltodextrins found in technical grade maltose were linear (1-4 linked) polymers of glucose, ranging from maltotriose to maltohexaose. The addition of maltose, maltotriose, maltohexaose, maltopentaose, and maltotetraose (all at 10(-4)m) to cultures growing in a chemically defined medium resulted in a stimulation in the differential rate of alpha-amylase synthesis by 1.2, 1.6, 1.9, 2.3, and 3.0 times that of the sucrose control, while glucose had no effect. The induction data indicate that Bacillus stearothermophilus 1503-4 is a partial constitutive strain with respect to alpha-amylase synthesis.


AMINO SUGARS IN L FORMS OF BACTERIA AND PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS. Sharp, John T. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.). Amino sugars in L forms of bacteria and pleuropneumonia-like organisms. J. Bacteriol. 86:692-701. 1963.-Studies of several bacterial L forms and their parent bacteria have revealed similar amino sugars in the two forms of microorganisms, with the exception that muramic acid was absent from the streptococcal and staphylococcal L forms. In contrast, muramic acid was found in a Proteus L form. Some of the properties of the muramic acid component in the Proteus L form are described. The solubility of this material was observed to be very different in the L form as compared with the bacterium. Some implications of this observation are discussed. Two strains of pleuropneumonia-like organisms did not contain muramic acid.


SURVEY OF THE BACTERIOCINES OF ENTEROCOCCI. Brock, Thomas D. (Indiana University, Bloomington), Barbara Peacher, and Deborah Pierson. A survey of the bacteriocines of enterococci. J. Bacteriol. 86:702-707. 1963.-A survey has been made of bacteriocine production by a wide variety of well-characterized strains of group D streptococci. On the basis of spectrums and sensitivity to chloroform, heat, and proteolytic enzymes, five distinct bacteriocines can be defined. Type 1 is produced by all Streptococcus zymogenes (S. faecalis var. zymogenes) strains, is active against a wide variety of gram-positive bacteria, and is also a hemolysin. Type 2 is produced by some S. liquefaciens (S. faecalis var. liquefaciens) strains, and acts on many enterococci as well as on certain other lactic acid bacteria. Type 3 is produced by certain strains of both S. faecalis and S. faecium, and inhibits a wide variety of group D streptococci, but is inactive against all other lactic acid bacteria tested except Leuconostoc citrovorum. Type 4 is produced by certain S. faecium strains and resembles in certain ways the type 3 activity, but differs from it in other ways. Type 5 has been found to be produced by only one proteolytic strain of S. zymogenes, and this bacteriocine has a very narrow spectrum. The strain that produces this bacteriocine also produces type 1 activity. No strain is sensitive to a bacteriocine of the type it produces.


PROBABLE IDENTITY OF A GROUP D HEMOLYSIN WITH A BACTERIOCINE. Brock, Thomas D. (Indiana University, Bloomington) and Joseph M. Davie. Probable identity of a group D hemolysin with a bacteriocine. J. Bacteriol. 86:708-712. 1963.-All strains of Streptococcus zymogenes (S. faecalis var. zymogenes) produce a bacteriocine which is active against lactic acid bacteria and most other grampositive bacteria. Mutants which have lost the hemolytic characteristic lose at the same time their bacteriocine-producing ability. A strain which was resistant to the bacteriocine but which was nonhemolytic and nonbacteriocinogenic was irradiated, and two hemolytic mutants were isolated from it. These mutants were also bacteriocinogenic. Thus, the two activities are gained or lost together by mutation. Both activities are destroyed by chloroform vapors and are antagonized by lecithin. Both activities are destroyed at the same rate by treatment at 45 C under mildly acid conditions, and both activities are stable when heated in agar. The two activities are produced in parallel during the growth cycle, and disappear in parallel. The possible ecological role of a substance which is both a hemolysin and a bacteriocine is discussed.


INDUCTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL PENICILLINASE BY BENZYLPENICILLIN: EFFECT OF PH, CONCENTRATION OF FERROUS ION AND INDUCER, AND DURATION OF EXPOSURE OF CELLS TO INDUCER. Leitner, Felix (Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, Ill.), Helen M. Sweeney, T. F. Martin, and Sidney Cohen. Induction of staphylococcal penicillinase by benzylpenicillin: effect of pH, concentration of ferrous ion and inducer, and duration of exposure of cells to inducer. J. Bacteriol. 86:717-727. 1963.-The kinetics of induction of penicillinase by benzylpenicillin in exponentially multiplying Staphylococcus aureus strain 55-C-1 were shown to vary with the pH. At pH 7.3 in the absence of free inducer, the rate of increase of penicillinase activity rapidly declined and came to a halt. At pH 5.4 to 5.5 and in the presence of optimal concentrations of Fe(++), the penicillinase activity of the induced culture increased linearly with time for 2.5 or more generations, but the rate of increase usually declined eventually. Evidence was advanced to support the concept that the acidic pH and optimal Fe(++) concentration maintain the induced formation of enzyme. The induced increase in penicillinase activity appeared 3 to 4 min after the addition of benzylpenicillin. The degree of induction of penicillinase varied with the duration of exposure of the staphylococci to the inducer and with the concentration of inducer. Maximal induction under our conditions was attained by exposure for 15 min to benzyl-penicillin at an initial concentration between 0.6 and 2 units/ml.


BACTERIAL NUCLEOTIDASES.

BACTERIAL NUCLEOTIDASES. Kohn, J. (Queen Mary's Hospital, London, England) and J. L. Reis. Bacterial nucleotidases. J. Bacteriol. 86:713-716. 1963.-The 3- and 5- nucleotidase activity in various bacterial species was investigated. Both enzymes were found in bacterial extracts in varying proportions. The nucleotidases were found to be very active in Proteus vulgaris, in which organism they were studied in detail. The relative activities, the pH optima, and the effect of metal ions were investigated. It was concluded that bacterial 3- and 5-nucleotidases are distinct and separate enzymes.


NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON THE "AUTO-PLAQUE" PHENOMENON IN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA. Berk, Richard S. (Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich.). Nutritional studies on the "auto-plaque" phenomenon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 86:728-734. 1963.-Examination of 20 cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicated that 18 cultures possessed the common property of spontaneously lysing to form "plaques" or erosions on themselves in the absence of a sensitive indicator strain. Maximal lysis and plaque production was found to occur on a medium with a Tryptone concentration of 2.0 to 2.5%. Reduction of the Tryptone concentration to 0.5% or less supported growth, but was usually inadequate for support of lysis. However, addition of l-asparagine or l-arginine to 0.5% Tryptone induced lysis. Examination of five strains of Pseudomonas, which routinely exhibited the autolytic phenomenon, indicated that all were both lysogenic and pyocinogenic when tested against other Pseudomonas strains on both 2 and 0.5% Tryptone. Culturing of autolytic strain Pa-1 on a simple medium composed of glucose and inorganic salts appeared to be inadequate for "auto-plaque" formation, although lysis occurred occasionally when a yeast extract concentration of 1% was incorporated into the medium. Suppression of auto-plaque formation was also effected by growing the culture on Technicon dialyzing membrane D3 overlaid on 2% Tryptone, although lysogenic lysis of an indicator strain was demonstrable on the membrane.


ALTERATION IN TRANSFORMABILITY OF DIPLOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE AFTER THE ACQUISITION OF GENETIC DETERMINANTS INDUCING RESISTANCE TO ERYTHROMYCIN. Sirotnak, Francis M. (Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, N.Y.), Ramona B. Lunt, and Dorris J. Hutchison. Alteration in transformability of Diplococcus pneumoniae after the acquisition of genetic determinants inducing resistance to erythromycin. J. Bacteriol. 86:735-739. 1963.-The genetic alteration of a highly transformable (competent) recipient strain of Diplococcus pneumoniae by the transformation of at least two of three identified erythromycin-resistance determinants (Ery(a), Ery(b), Ery(c)) results in a marked decrease (Ery(a-b) recombinant) or complete loss (Ery(a-c) recombinant) in the ability to be transformed. The occurrence of transformable cells in cultures of the R6 Ery(a-b) recombinant strains, although greatly diminished, still varies during growth in a manner characteristic of the fully competent parent strain. Both Ery(b) and Ery(c) determinants appear to be linked to Ery(a). In experiments using P(32)-labeled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), data correlating DNA uptake with transformation show a decrease or loss in uptake capacity of the erythromycin-resistant strains.


INHIBITORY ACTION OF PHAGE K ON STAPHYLOCOCCAL DEHYDROGENASES. II. ITS POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP TO SENSITIZATION AND CELL LYSIS. Ralston, D. J. (University of California, Berkeley) and M. D. Perry. Inhibitory action of phage K on staphylococcal dehydrogenases. II. Its possible relationship to sensitization and cell lysis. J. Bacteriol. 86:740-748. 1963.-By measuring the reduction of the dye triphenyl tetrazolium chloride to the insoluble red formazan, an analysis was made of the inhibition by phage K of the dehydrogenase capacity of populations of Staphylococcus aureus K(1), to determine to what extent this might be associated with the ability of phage K to sensitize the cells-a reaction characterized by the conversion of the cell wall to susceptibility to lysis by the staphylococcal enzyme, virolysin. Increasing multiplicities of phage progressively increased the fractions of sensitized cells and also caused increasing inhibition of the dehydrogenase activity of the populations. The dehydrogenase activities of the sensitized fractions were compared with those of the nonsensitized fractions. Over a wide range of phage-bacterium ratios, the dehydrogenase activities of the sensitized fractions were found to be lower than those of the nonsensitized fractions. Microscopically, this was reflected by the appearance of large numbers of cells with a reduced amount of visible formazan granules. When lysin was added to the phage-treated cells, lysis occurred mainly from cell fractions which possessed little or no tetrazolium-reducing capacity. The data indicated that sensitization by phage was accompanied by a marked decrease in cellular dehydrogenase activity but was not associated with a complete inhibition of these enzymes. A comparison was made between the dehydrogenases of phage-sensitized cells and cells found to be "spontaneously" sensitive to virolysin, i.e., lysed by the enzyme without any prior exposure to phage. Like phage-sensitized cells, the spontaneously sensitized staphylococci possessed low dehydrogenase activity and lacked the capacity to support phage synthesis. In tests of a given cell preparation, the dehydrogenase levels of the phage-sensitized fractions were found to be close to, or even lower than, the level of the spontaneously sensitized fraction, suggesting that in S. aureus K(1) the sensitized state is associated in some manner with a reduction of the dehydrogenase activity to a critical level. There is as yet no evidence for any direct causal relationship between sensitization and dehydrogenase inhibition.


EFFECT OF ETHAMBUTOL ON CYTOLOGY OF MYCOBACTERIUM SMEGMATIS. Gale, Glen R. (Veterans Administration Hospital, Durham, N.C.) and Helen H. McLain. Effect of ethambutol on cytology of Mycobacterium smegmatis. J. Bacteriol. 86:749-756. 1963.-Electron microscopy showed the effects of the antimycobacterial drug, ethambutol [d-2,2'-(ethylenediimino)-di-1-butanol], on the cytology of Mycobacterium smegmatis. After 10 hr of exposure to the drug, cells no longer contained material which, in control cells, was closely associated with cellular division, possibly genetic substance. No marked changes were observed in other cellular structures. It was concluded that the drug may block one or more steps in the synthesis of pentose nucleic acid or deoxypentose nucleic acid, ultimately causing cessation of cellular division and loss of viability. These cytological findings were compatible with results of other investigators on the mode of action of this drug.


KINASES OF STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS. I. ENZYME LOCALIZATION. Moore, L. Daneo (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia) and D. J. O'Kane. Kinases of Streptococcus faecalis. I. Enzyme localization. J. Bacteriol. 86:766-772. 1963.-Cell-free extracts of Streptococcus faecalis 10C1 were found to contain a membrane-associated, particulate hexokinase with activity toward glucose, fructose, mannose, and, to a lesser extent, galactose, gluconate, and mannitol. In addition, the cell cytoplasm contained kinases specific for fructose, mannose, and galactose. No specific kinases were found for gluconate or mannitol, although in the presence of mannitol adenosine triphosphate was utilized by a cytoplasmic fraction. The possibility is discussed that the main pathways of gluconate and mannitol metabolism are oxidation followed by phosphorylation.


ACTION OF PLAGUE MURINE TOXIN ON MITOCHONDRIA FROM RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE ANIMALS. Kadis, Solomon (Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.), Samuel J. Ajl, and James H. Rust, Jr. Action of plague murine toxin on mitochondria from resistant and susceptible animals. J. Bacteriol. 86:757-765. 1963.-Purified murine Pasteurella pestis toxin inhibited the respiration of liver mitochondria isolated from both the rat and the rabbit. Toxin had little or no effect on the respiration of rabbit sarcosomes, but when they were disrupted with either sodium deoxycholate or sonic vibration their respiration was inhibited. The respiration of heart mitochondria from rats immunized with toxoid-adjuvant mixtures was inhibited only slightly by the toxin, whereas the respiration of liver mitochondria from immunized rats was inhibited to the same degree as that from nonimmunized animals. Toxin caused the heart mitochondria of the rat to swell, but had little or no effect on the heart mitochondria of the rabbit. Also, brain mitochondria were not swollen by the toxin.


EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS-PHAGE RELATIONSHIPS. West, B. (University of Oklahoma Medical Center, Oklahoma City), Florene C. Kelly, and Doris A. Shields. Effect of sodium chloride on staphylococcus-phage relationships. J. Bacteriol. 86:773-780. 1963.-Phage patterns of 21 phage-propagating strains of staphylococci on medium with high NaCl content appeared to be an expression of the staphylococcal cells, as well as of the salt tolerance of the phages. Serological group A phages, previously found to be NaCl-tolerant in the free state, were capable of lysing susceptible staphylococci on 3, 7.5, and 10% NaCl Trypticase Soy Agar. None of the other phages tested was active when the medium contained 7.5 and 10% NaCl. Increasing the NaCl content of the medium rarely resulted in nonspecific reactions; rather the effect was, generally, a narrowing of the phage spectrum of the cells, with persistence in the phage pattern of the phage, or phages, which were propagated on the cells being tested. Although NaCl tolerance of the phages was the chief limiting factor of phage activity in the presence of 7.5 and 10% NaCl, reactions on salt medium also depended on the degree of susceptibility of cells to phage on routine typing medium and to certain other unexplained factors. In some instances, under the influence of increased NaCl, significant lysis at 1000 RTD was replaced by thinning of growth (inhibition), with or without the presence of plaques. Conversely, certain phage-cell combinations, which gave inhibition at 1000 RTD on standard medium produced some degree of lysis when the NaCl concentration was increased. Studies of phage 81 and its propagating strain showed that replication of phage occurred in 10% NaCl medium, although adsorption diminished as salt concentration was increased, and the time required to reach maximal lytic activity was delayed.


PROLINE METABOLISM IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. II. REGULATION OF TOTAL GROWTH OF A PROLINE AUXOTROPH BY A PROLINE-OXIDIZING SYSTEM. Frank, Leonard (The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md.). Proline metabolism in Escherichia coli. II. Regulation of total growth of a proline auxotroph by a proline-oxidizing system. J. Bacteriol. 86:781-784. 1963.-With a simple kinetic model, it was shown that a proline-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli was subject to growth limitation on proline by a proline-oxidizing system active in the growing cells.


BIOSYNTHETIC LATENCY IN EARLY STAGES OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACIDTRANSFORMATION IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS. Nester, E. W. (University of Washington, Seattle) and B. A. D. Stocker. Biosynthetic latency in early stages of deoxyribonucleic acid transformation in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 86:785-796. 1963-In the Bacillus subtilis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) transformation system, transformants do not increase in number for 3 to 5 hr after the addition of DNA. During most of this period, the transformants are resistant to the bactericidal action of penicillin under conditions which result in the killing of over 90% of the recipient population. This lag in growth and nonmultiplication of the transformants (inferred from penicillin resistance) is also reflected in a lag in the synthesis of an enzyme specified by the donor DNA. Thus, when a cell population deficient in the enzyme tryptophan synthetase is transformed to tryptophan independence, activity of this enzyme cannot be detected in whole cells until 3 to 4 hr after the cells have been exposed to the DNA. Recombination between donor and recipient DNA occurs long before this. Even 30 min after exposure of a competent population of try(2) (-)his(2) (+) cells to try(2) (+)his(2) (-) DNA, 20% of the total try(2) (+) activity found in re-extracted DNA exists as recombinant DNA, try(2) (+)his(2) (+). This value, the maximal linkage obtained, remains constant during incubation of the DNA-treated culture for an additional 5 hr. In addition to the heterogeneous response of a DNA-treated competent culture to penicillin killing, the recipient culture appears to be heterogeneous in ability to undergo transformation. Thus, the frequency of joint transformation of two unlinked markers is much higher than would be expected on the basis of the random coincidence of more than one DNA molecule entering the same cell in a uniformly competent recipient population. A possible relationship between these two aspects of heterogeneity of a DNA-treated recipient population is discussed.


TRANSFORMATION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS TO MOTILITY AND PROTOTROPHY: MICROMANIPULATIVE ISOLATION OF BACTERIA OF TRANSFORMED PHENOTYPE. Stocker, B. A. D. (Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, Calif.). Transformation of Bacillus subtilis to motility and prototrophy: micromanipulative isolation of bacteria of transformed phenotype. J. Bacteriol. 86:797-804. 1963.-A nonmotile (nonflagellated, fla(-)) try(-) strain of Bacillus subtilis was transformed to fla(+) and to try(+) by wild - type deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at comparable rates. Bacteria of fla(+) phenotype were recognized by their motility approximately 3 hr after uptake of DNA, and bacteria of try(+) phenotype at about the same time by their elongation into filaments in a medium lacking tryptophan. Of phenotypically transformed bacteria of each sort isolated by micromanipulation, the majority produced only transformed progeny, a mixture of transformed and untransformed, or a mixture of two kinds of transformant. Some produced only untransformed progeny, or progeny transformed only at a locus linked to that concerned in their phenotypic transformation. In a few clones, some partial heterozygotes were present even ten generations after DNA uptake. In nonmotile clones derived from motile isolates, the unilinear transmission of motility to one to four descendants was detected; it is attributed to persistence of a corresponding number of units of some product of an unincorporated fla(+) gene, probably flagella or cell walls each carrying several flagella. No pedigrees indicating unilinear transmission of an unincorporated fla(+) gene were observed.


ACTION OF HAEMOPHILUS CULTURES ON DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID. Biberstein, Ernst L. (University of California, Davis), Patricia D. Mini, and Marjorie G. Gills. Action of Haemophilus cultures on delta-aminolevulinic acid. J. Bacteriol. 86:814-819. 1963.-Utilization of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) by strains of Haemophilus recovered from various sources was investigated. With the 37 cultures studied, there was perfect correlation between absence of hemin requirement and ability to convert ALA to porphyrin. A total of 29 strains, including representatives of H. parainfluenzae, H. parahaemolyticus, H. "parasuis," and H. gallinarum, fell into this group. The remaining eight isolates, which were incapable of porphyrin synthesis from ALA, were strains of H. influenzae, H. suis, and a Haemophilus culture of uncertain classification obtained from a splenic abscess in a deer. In the active preparations, the products of synthesis included a mixture of porphyrins, porphobilinogen (PBG), and a pigment which absorbed light strongly at 470 to 480 mmu. Paper chromatographic studies of fractions of supernatants and cells revealed the presence of porphyrins having R(F) values similar to those of uro- and protoporphyrins, as well as some intermediate rates of migration probably representing coproporphyrins. Porphyrins were found both intra- and extracellularly, and PBG and the pigment absorbing at 470 to 480 mmu were confined to the supernatant.


ACTION OF A HISTIDINE ANALOGUE, 1,2,4-TRIAZOLE-3-ALANINE, IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM. Levin, Alfred P. (The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.), and Philip E. Hartman. Action of a histidine analogue, 1,2,4-triazole-3-alanine, in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 86:820-828. 1963.-The effect of the histidine analogue, 1,2,4-triazole-3-alanine (TRA), on growth and enzyme synthesis in histidine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium has been studied. TRA allows an increase of approximately 50% in the amount of protein in a culture but does not allow concomitant synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. Although the analogue prevents the formation of active bacteriophage and of enzymatically active inosine 5'-phosphate dehydrogenase, it does not prevent the formation of enzymatically active l-histidinol phosphate phosphatase or of imidazoleacetol phosphate transaminase, two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of histidine. Of the three known functions of histidine in the cell, TRA mimics two: it is incorporated into protein, and it acts as a repressor material for synthesis of enzymes involved in the formation of histidine. TRA fails to act as a feedback inhibitor of the first step in the formation of histidine.


REPRESSIBLE ACID PHOSPHOMONOESTERASE AND CONSTITUTIVE PYROPHOSPHATASE OF SACCHAROMYCES MELLIS. Weimberg, Ralph (Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.), and William L. Orton. Repressible acid phosphomonoesterase and constitutive pyrophosphatase of Saccharomyces mellis. J. Bacteriol. 86:805-813. 1963.-Saccharomyces mellis produces a nonspecific acid phosphomonoesterase (pH optimum of 5.5 to 6.0) when grown in a medium devoid of phosphate. Only minimal amounts of this enzyme are present in cells harvested from media containing phosphate. The enzyme requires no cofactors. It is inhibited by such anions as phosphate, arsenate, molybdate, and borate. S. mellis also contains an inorganic pyrophosphatase with a pH optimum of 7.5. The properties of this enzyme are distinctly different from those of the acid phosphomonoesterase. The pyrophosphatase requires Mg(++) for activity. This enzyme is constitutive, since it is present in cells regardless of the phosphate content of the growth medium.


L FORMS ISOLATED FROM A STRAIN OF SERRATIA. Bandur, Bojana M. (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston) and Louis Dienes. L forms isolated from a strain of Serratia. J. Bacteriol. 86:829-836. 1963.-In an L culture isolated from a strain of Serratia, two types of colonies developed, one (S-1) similar to the usual L colonies with the centers embedded in the agar and the other (S-2) similar in gross appearance to the usual bacterial colonies. The S-2 colonies consisted almost exclusively of large bodies and were produced by the direct multiplication of the large bodies. This occurred by enlargement, deformation, and segmentation. The organisms in the two types of L colonies were equivalent, and the type of growth was determined by environmental influences. The high viability of the cultures and the relative lack of autolysis permitted the study of the reproductive processes and the resulting growth under varying conditions. The basic reproductive process, as in other L forms and pleuropneumonia-like organisms, seemed to be the multiplication of small granules, either free or in small or large aggregates enclosed in a common envelope. It was possible to observe clearly the growth of small granules from the large bodies.


IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN ORAL STRAINS OF FUSOBACTERIUM AND LEPTOTRICHIA. de Araujo, Wilson C. (National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Md.), Eileen Varah, and Stephan E. Mergenhagen. Immunochemical analysis of human oral strains of Fusobacterium and Leptotrichia. J. Bacteriol. 86:837-844. 1963.-Lipopolysaccharides, isolated by phenol-water extraction of 27 strains of oral gram-negative bacteria conforming either to Fusobacterium polymorphum or Leptotrichia buccalis, were shown to be endotoxic by their ability to alter dermal reactivity to epinephrine and to be serologically specific by hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. Numerous serotypes of these organisms were detected by hemagglutination tests with purified lipopolysaccharides. A F. polymorphum lipopolysaccharide produced two visible precipitin bands in agar gel with antiserum prepared against the homologous organism. Each of the immunologically distinct components of the endotoxin, isolated by differential centrifugation, altered dermal reactivity to epinephrine and acted as a hapten in hemagglutination tests. Crude antigens from F. polymorphum strains, released in supernatant fluids of heat-killed bacterial suspensions, showed broad serological cross-reactivity with antiserum prepared against homologous and heterologous strains of F. polymorphum but not with antiserum prepared against L. buccalis strains. Broad serological cross-reactivity of these crude F. polymorphum antigens could be eliminated by prior treatment with phenol or trypsin, indicating that the common antigen or antigens in these organisms are protein. Double-diffusion tests in agar identified and differentiated type-specific lipopolysaccharide from other antigens extracted by heat from these organisms. Similarly prepared crude antigens from L. buccalis had broad serological activity with antiserum prepared against various strains of L. buccalis but not with F. polymorphum. In contrast to the crude antigens from F. polymorphum, this serological cross-reactivity could not be eliminated by treatment with phenol or trypsin.


STEROLS AS COMPONENTS IN THE MATING REACTION OF HANSENULA WINGEI. Hunt, D. E. (Charles V. Chapin Hospital, Providence, R.I.) and P. L. Carpenter. Sterols as components in the mating reaction of Hansenula wingei. J. Bacteriol. 86:845-847. 1963.-Agglutinative mating strains 5 and 21 of the yeast Hansenula wingei did not agglutinate after the cells of these two strains were treated with nystatin. The agglutination-inhibiting action of this antibiotic could not be reversed by washing, or heating, or washing and heating the cells. When cells of the two mating types, which had not been treated with nystatin, were heated and washed three times with a chloroform-ethanol (1:3, v/v) solution, the agglutination reaction was reduced significantly. If unwashed cells of mating strain 5 were tested for agglutination with chloroform-ethanol washed cells of mating strain 21, normal agglutination occurred readily. The reciprocal of this agglutination test also resulted in normal agglutination. Evidence is presented that the factor(s) required for the mating reaction in H. wingei can be supplied by either strain, and sterols or related compounds have an active role in the mating reaction.


SEROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BUTYRIVIBRIO FROM THE BOVINE RUMEN. Margherita, S. S. (University of California, Davis) and R. E. Hungate. Serological analysis of Butyrivibrio from the bovine rumen. J. Bacteriol. 86:855-860. 1963.-The cultural and fermentation characteristics of a number of strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens isolated from the bovine rumen of cattle from different areas were determined, and the strains were subjected to serological analysis by the techniques of agglutination, immunodiffusion, and indirect hemolysis. In general, the results of the three methods agreed fairly well, but some variation was shown according to the method of preparation of the antigen. Much serological heterogeneity was disclosed. The greatest degree of agglutinating cross-reactivity was observed with strains isolated simultaneously from two animals in the same herd of African zebu cattle and with a Pullman strain. These cross-reactions were confirmed by immunodiffusion and indirect hemolysis tests. Agglutinating cross-reactions at low titers were observed between additional strains. The African isolates were shown to possess unique, as well as shared, antigens.


POLYSACCHARIDE STORAGE AND GROWTH EFFICIENCY IN RUMINOCOCCUS ALBUS. Hungate, R. E. (University of California, Davis). Polysaccharide storage and growth efficiency in Ruminococcus albus. J. Bacteriol. 86:848-854. 1963.-Ruminococcus albus strain RAM requires biotin, p-aminobenzoic acid, pyridoxamine, isovalerate, isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, and either cysteine or sulfide. Rumen fluid and casein hydrolysate improve growth but are not essential. Up to 35% iodophilic polysaccharide is stored in cells from batch cultures and 17% in a continuous culture on a 10-hr cycle. The storage product is a polymer of glucose resembling starch. The yield of cells in continuous culture, corrected for stored starch, averaged 102 mg per mmole of cellobiose fermented to waste products. It is postulated that nine high-energy phosphates are derived from each cellobiose molecule. Conversions providing this number are discussed.


FINE STRUCTURE OF MYCOTA. XI. OCCURRENCE OF THE GOLGI DICTYOSOME IN THE HETEROBASIDIOMYCETE PUCCINIA PODOPHYLLI. Moore, Royall T. (University of California, Berkeley). Fine structure of mycota. XI. Occurrence of the Golgi dictyosome in the heterobasidiomycete Puccinia podophylli. J. Bacteriol. 86:866-871. 1963.-The Golgi dictyosome is reported for the first time in the subclass Heterobasidiomycetidae in the rust Puccinia podophylli Schw. It is observed that the dictyosome appears to be limited to primordial cells, particularly those nearest the host, and does not occur in the aeciospores. In comparison with the Golgi systems of plant and animal cells, the Golgi complex of P. podophylli is found to be more similar to those of the latter. Also discussed is the distribution of the Golgi complex in fungi described in published reports and the need for more such reports so that the range of its variation and distribution may be established.


FERREDOXIN OF CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOSACCHAROLYTICUM. Wilder, Martin (University of Kansas, Lawrence), R. C. Valentine, and J. M. Akagi. Ferredoxin of Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum. J. Bacteriol. 86:861-865. 1963.-An electron-transferring agent has been isolated from Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum. This factor was found to participate as an electron carrier in the phosphoroclastic reaction of pyruvate, with the subsequent formation of acetyl phosphate and molecular hydrogen. It can be employed interchangeably with the ferredoxin of C. pasteurianum in various reactions. Thermal-stability studies indicated that this factor from C. thermosaccharolyticum was comparatively more heat-resistant than the carrier obtained from C. pasteurianum. It was concluded that this carrier was ferredoxin or a ferredoxin-like substance.


EXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLOSIS. III. NEW TOXIC  FRACTION (L) OBTAINED FROM SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS AND ITS IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. Kawakami, Masaya (Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan), Nobutaka Osawa, and Susumu Mitsuhashi. Experimental salmonellosis. III. New toxic fraction (L) obtained from Salmonella enteritidis and its immunological properties. J. Bacteriol. 86:872-879. 1963.-A method is described for the purification of the heat-labile toxins of a fully virulent strain, 116-54, of Salmonella enteritidis by ion-exchange chromatography. One component of the heat-labile toxin (L) was homogeneous, as evidenced by the results of the ultracentrifugal analysis and agar gel diffusion test. The mouse ld(50) was 1.3 mug, and chemical studies indicated that this toxin was a simple protein in nature. It was also evidenced by chemical and immunological tests that this toxin differs from the O antigen (lipopolysaccharide-protein complex).


IRREGULAR VARIATION IN CELLULAR NITROGEN ASSOCIATED WITH CULTURE AGE OF MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM.


IMMUNOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE LINKAGE OF D-MANNOSE RESIDUES.


IMMUNIZATION OF RABBITS WITH PERIODATE-OXIDIZED PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPE VI SPECIFIC CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE  COUPLED TO HORSE ANTIBODY.


COLOR-CODING CHROMEVALENT ANTIGEN.

COLOR-CODING CHROMEVALENT ANTIGEN.


GROWTH INHIBITION BY BIOTIN IN A STRAIN OF RHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM.


INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATE OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT FROM AEROBACTER AEROGENES.


ENZYME FORMATION IN PEDIOCOCCUS PENTOSACEUS TREATED WITH MITOMYCIN C.


IMPROVED TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETECTION OF ACID-FAST BACILLIBY FLUORESCENCE.


DETECTING CELLULOSE-DIGESTING BACTERIA.

DETECTING CELLULOSE-DIGESTING BACTERIA.


TEMPERATURE AS A FACTOR IN DETERMINING  ORDER OF ELUTION IN GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF SOME C5-C8 HYDROCARBONS.


IMPURITIES IN ANALYTICAL REAGENT GRADE CHEMICALS.


A SAMPLE APPLICATOR FOR COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY.


THE INFLUENCE OF ESTERIFYING AND ACETYLATING  GROUPS ON THE RETENTION TIMES OF AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.


COMPOUND IDENTIFICATION BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.  A COMPARISON TO THE PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD OF SCHAUER AND BULIRSCH.


A SIMPLE, GENERAL METHOD FOR GRADIENT ELUTION  USING ELUENTS OF UNEQUAL DENSITY.


GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS. V. THE DETERMINATION   OF RELATIVE RETENTIONS IN RX9 AND RETENTION INDEX UNITS BY MEANS OF SECONDARY  STANDARDS.


DETERMINATION OF ERRORS IN A DENSITOMETRIC ANALYSIS   OF GLYCINE ON PAPER CHROMATOGRAMS.


A NEW METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY.


SEPARATION OF CYSTEINE AND ITS OXIDATION PRODUCTS BY  PAPER AND THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY.


THE SEPARATION OF THE RARE EARTHS BY PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY  WITH REVERSED PHASES. I. BEHAVIOUR OF COLUMN MATERIAL.


THE SEPARATION OF THE RARE EARTHS  BY PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH REVERSED PHASES. II. BEHAVIOUR OF INDIVIDUAL  ELEMENTS ON HDEHP-CORVIC COLUMNS.


CHROMATOGRAPHY ON PAPER IMPREGNATED WITH ION-EXCHANGE  RESINS. VIII. SOME TEMPERATURE EFFECTS IN PARTITION AND ION-EXCHANGE PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY.


ISOTOPIC EFFECTS IN GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY.  I. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOUR OF BENZENE AND PERDEUTEROBENZENE.


MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN THE PRACTICES OF A GROUP OF PRIVATE PHYSICIANS. A COMPARISON OF PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETES. I. THE FIRST SIXTY DAYS.


IF CHRONIC DISEASES WERE ACUTE, WITH SOME RUMINATIONS ABOUT THEIR PREVALENCE.


THE INVESTIGATOR'S RESPONSIBILITY TO THE PATIENT.


COHORT ANALYSIS OF PARKINSON'S SYNDROME: EVIDENCE FOR A SINGLE ETIOLOGY RELATED TO SUBCLINICAL INFECTION ABOUT 1920.


ON GOING TO SEE THE DOCTOR, THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PATIENT TO THE DECISION TO SEEK MEDICAL AID. A SELECTIVE REVIEW.


A METHODOLOGICAL STUDY OF UNDER-REGISTRATION OF TUBERCULOSIS MORTALITY IN EGYPT (UAR).


DISSOCIATION OF VISUAL AND AUDITORY HABITS FOLLOWING PRETECTAL LESIONS IN RATS AND CATS.


SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF CEREBELLECTOMY IN THE RAT.


TWO TYPES OF MOSSY FIBER TERMINALS IN THE CEREBELLUM AND THEIR REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION.


AN AFFERENT HIPPOCAMPAL FIBER SYSTEM IN THE FORNIX OF THE MONKEY.


FUNCTIONAL NEURONAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CORDS OF THE CRAYFISH, PROCAMBARUS CLARKII (GIRARD).


CORTICAL AREA 8 AND ITS THALAMIC PROJECTION IN MACACA MULATTA.


INCLUSIONS IN THE NEURONS OF APLYSIA  CALIFORNICA (COOPER, 1863) (GASTROPODA OPISTHOBRANCHIATA).


FIBER PROJECTIONS FROM THE NUCLEUS CAUDALIS OF THE SPINAL TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS.


THE STRUCTURE OF THE DORSAL ROOT NERVES OF AMPHIOXUS; AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY.


ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY-A MATTER OF DISCRIMINATION.


I-131 TRIIODOTHYRONINE UPTAKE OF RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES AS A THYROID FUNCTION TEST.


BACTERIA VERSUS VIRUSES IN NEOPLASIA.

BACTERIA VERSUS VIRUSES IN NEOPLASIA.


PRE-ECLAMPTIC TOXAEMIA OF PREGNANCY AND THE USE OF ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE DRUGS.


SEX CHROMATIN ABNORMALITIES AMONGST MENTALLY  DEFECTIVE EGYPTIAN CHILDREN.


SERUM PROTEINS IN THE PARTURIENT MOTHER AND NEW BORN, AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY.


THE PHAGOCYTIC INDEX OF POST-MORTEM BLOOD.


SERUM CHOLINESTERASE LEVELS IN HEALTHY EGYPTIAN INDIVIDUALS.


OCCUPATIONAL HEARING LOSS.

OCCUPATIONAL HEARING LOSS.


RELATION OF DYSLIPOPROTEINAEMIA TO SITE OF ARTERIAL OCCLUSION IN DIABETES.


THE USE OF THE EGYPTIAN VEGETABLE MILK (EL LABAT) AS FOOD IN DISEASES OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN.


THE EFFECT OF 2, 6-BIS  (DIETHANOLAMINO)-4,8-DIPIPERIDINE (PERSANTIN) ON THE PROTHROMBIN TIME.


ANALOGY BETWEEN LEPROSY AND TUBERCULOSIS.


CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA OF LIVER SUCCESSFULLY REMOVED. (REPORT OF A CASE AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE).


MANAGEMENT OF CEREBRO-VASCULAR ACCIDENTS.


DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF HEAD INJURIES.


THE BLOOD VOLUME IN HEALTHY EGYPTIAN MALE ADULTS. STUDY WITH SODIUM RADIOCHROMATE.


THE ABSORPTION AND HEPATIC UPTAKE OF ORALLY INGESTED RADIOACTIVE CYANOCOBALAMIN IN DIABETES MELLITUS.


PROTEINURIA IN THE RAT.

PROTEINURIA IN THE RAT.


THE ACTION OF PARATHIONE ON THE C.N.S.

THE ACTION OF PARATHIONE ON THE C.N.S.


ANGIORETICULOMAS OF THE BRAIN--ALIAS-HAEMANGIOBLASTOMA (REPORT ON ELEVEN CASES).


THE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SPIROLACTONES ON ASCITES AND INTRASPLENIC PRESSURE IN BILHARZIAL LIVER CIRRHOSIS.


STUDIES ON THE MALABSORPTION SYNDROME AMONG EGYPTIANS. I. FOECAL FAT AND D-XYLOSE ABSORPTION TESTS IN PELLAGRA AND ANCYLOSTOMIASIS.


A CLINICOBACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF CASES OF BILHARZIAL ULCER AND CANCER OF THE BLADDER IN EGYPT.


THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANDIBLE IN A 34 MM. HUMAN EMBRYO.


EVALUATION OF THE HYPERTENSIVE PATIENT.

EVALUATION OF THE HYPERTENSIVE PATIENT.


CURABLE MEDICAL DISEASES. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IV.


COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURES.

COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURES.


ACTION OF PINEAL EXTRACTS ON THE GONADS AND THEIR FUNCTION.


THE EFFECT OF THYROID DEFICIENCY ON THE OESTROUS CYCLE AND CONCEPTION IN THE EWE.


THE INHIBITORY ACTION OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS ON ADRENAL STEROIDOGENESIS AT THE ADRENAL LEVEL.


THE SUPPRESSION OF OVULATION IN THE RAT BY RABBIT ANTI-OVINE-LH SERUM.


LOCALIZATION OF TRITIATED OESTRADIOL-17 BETA WITHIN TISSUES BY AUTORADIOGRAPHY.


A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN NEUROHYPOPHYSIS.


STEROIDS OF THE SEMEN OF ELASMOBRANCH FISH.


EFFECTS OF INSULIN, GLUCOSE AND GLYCEROL ON FAT METABOLISM IN ALLOXAN-DIABETIC SHEEP.


ALLOXAN DIABETES IN PREGNANT EWES.

ALLOXAN DIABETES IN PREGNANT EWES.


A METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION AND ESTIMATION OF NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN THE URINE OF NEWBORN INFANTS.


THE MEASUREMENT OF URINARY PREGN-5-ENE-3BETA,17ALPHA,20ALPHATRIOL WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE STEIN-LEVENTHAL SYNDROME.


THE EXCRETION OF NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN THE URINE OF NEWBORN INFANTS.


STUDIES ON THE TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY WITH NORETHYNODREL.


DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPLANTED FRAGMENTS OF EARLY CHICK BLASTODERM. II. CULTURE ON PROTEIN-DEFICIENT MEDIUM ENRICHED WITH RNA.


LENS REGENERATION FROM THE CORNEA IN XENOPUS LAEVIS.


SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE.


WHY PEOPLE SEEK DENTAL CARE: A TEST OF A CONCEPTUAL FORMULATION.


THERMAL STRESS AND ANOMALOUS DEVELOPMENT OF MOSQUITOES  (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE). I. EFFECT OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURE ON DIMORPHISM OF ADULTS OF AEDES STIMULANS.


AGRICULTURAL MIGRATION AND MATERNITY CARE.


A COMPARISON OF SELF AND PHYSICIANS' HEALTH RATINGS IN AN OLDER POPULATION.


A STUDY OF EXCLUSIONS IN A MENTAL REHABILITATION PROGRAM.


PHYSICIANS, THIRD PARTY PAYMENTS, AND PROFESSIONAL PREROGATIVES.


POST HOSPITALIZED DISABLED CHILDREN.

POST HOSPITALIZED DISABLED CHILDREN.


MENTAL PATIENTS AS "LINE WORKERS," "MACHINES," AND "OUTPUTS".


THE RESEARCH-ORIENTED SINGLE HOME FOLLOW-UP INTERVIEW: ITS VALIDITY AND EFFECTIVENESS AS A METHODOLOGICAL TOOL.


THE EFFECT OF DESICCATION ON THE VIABILITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.


THE MEASUREMENT OF BACTERIAL RESPIRATION ON PIG SKIN  WITH MICRO-RESPIROMETERS.


A RESPIROMETER TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING GERMICIDAL ACTIVITY ON SKIN.


A SEVENTEEN-YEAR SURVEY OF THE RINGWORM FLORA OF BIRMINGHAM.


AUTORADIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF RADIOACTIVE BACTERIA  INTRODUCED INTO SEA WATER AND SEWAGE.


AN OUTBREAK OF  HUMAN INFECTION DUE TO SALMONELLA TYPHI-MURIUM, PHAGE TYPE 4, ASSOCIATED WITH THE  USE OF UNPASTEURIZED LIQUID EGG.


ON THE RECOGNITION AND THERAPY OF SIMIAN  WOOLSORTER'S DISEASE.


INFECTIVITY OF INFLUENZA VIRUS AEROSOLS.


THE USE OF ACETYLETHYLENEIMINE IN THE PRODUCTION OF  INACTIVATED FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VACCINES.


IN VITRO MEASUREMENT OF THE POTENCY OF INACTIVATED  FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS VACCINES.


COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON SALMONELLA TYPHI GROWN  IN VIVO AND IN VITRO. III. THE IMMUNIZING POTENCIES OF  ACETONE-KILLED VACCINES PREPARED FROM IN VIVO- AND IN VITRO-GROWN BACTERIA  AND THE IMMUNIZING POTENCY OF SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM INFECTED ORGANS.


INTRADERMAL TAB IMMUNIZATION AGAINST  ENTERIC INFECTIONS.


TRANSPLANTATION: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE.


SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE  OF THE QUCHTERLONY GEL DIFFUSION TECHNIQUE IN THE STUDY OF MYXOMATOSIS.


FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY IN DERMATOLOGY.

FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY IN DERMATOLOGY.


QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF OSTEOMA CUTIS.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF OSTEOMA CUTIS.


THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED SOLAR RADIATION ON MELANOCYTES OF THE HUMAN EPIDERMIS.


PSORALEN PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST SKIN CANCER: REPORT OF CLINICAL TRIAL I.


PSORALEN PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST SKIN CANCER: REPORT OF CLINICAL TRIAL II.


LIPOGENESIS IN HUMAN SKIN. III. VARIATION WITH BODY SITE.


STUDIES OF THE SOLUBLE ANTIGENS OF COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS BY IMMUNODIFFUSION.


THE PREPARATION OF SLIDES OF THE EXFOLIATED CELLULAR MATERIAL IN BODY FLUIDS.


A NON-DRYING FIXATIVE FOR USE IN A CERVICAL SMEAR DIAGNOSTIC POSTAL SERVICE.


DETECTION OF VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS PRODUCED BY OBLIGATE GRAM-NEGATIVE ANAEROBES.


A NOTE ON THE ESTIMATION OF URINARY COPPER.


A SILVER IMPREGNATION TECHNIQUE FOR PERIPHERAL NERVES IN FROZEN SECTIONS OF DECALCIFIED AND OF SOFT TISSUES OF THE ORAL CAVITY.


THE EFFECT OF THE ANTICOAGULANT ON PROTEIN ESTIMATIONS.


A RAPID METHOD FOR DECALCIFICATION OF BONE FOR HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION USING THE "HISTETTE.


INTERACTION OF RIBOSOMES AND SYNTHETIC POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDES.


AN ENZYMICALLY SYNTHESIZED RNA OF ALTERNATING BASE SEQUENCE: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION.


STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ACTIVE RIBOSOMES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI.


THE BINDING OF S-RNA BY ESCHERICHIA COLI RIBOSOMES.


ON THE REGULATION OF THE MORPHOGENESIS OF BACTERIOPHAGE T4.


THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A PROTEIN ISOLATED FROM BACTERIOPHAGE PHI-X174.


THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF HISTIDASE INDUCTION IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS.


THE ROLE OF THYMINE DIMER IN THE PHOTO-INACTIVATION OF THE BACTERIOPHAGE T4V1.


ULTRAVIOLET DICHROISM OF F-ACTIN ORIENTED BY FLOW.


M 13 BACTERIOPHAGE LIBERATION FROM INTACT BACTERIA AS REVEALED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.


THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE S-RNA-POLYPEPTIDE COMPLEX.


EFFECT OF FATTY ACID ON THE IODINATION OF BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN.


CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF HUMAN BRAIN GANGLIOSIDES.


GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID AND OXYGEN POISONING.


FREE AMINO ACIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN DOG BRAIN:  POST-MORTEM AND ANOXIC CHANGES, EFFECTS OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE INFUSION, AND LEVELS DURING SEIZURES INDUCED BY PICROTOXIN AND BY PENTYLENETETRAZOL.


SUBSTRATES AND THE POTASSIUM AND SODIUM LEVELS OF GUINEA PIG: CEREBRAL CORTEX SLICES IN VITRO: EFFECTS OF APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL PULSES, OF INHIBITORS AND OF ANOXIA.


THE CALCIUM CONTENT OF ISOLATED CEREBRAL TISSUES AND THEIR STEADY-STATE EXCHANGE OF CALCIUM.


THE EFFECT OF ISCHAEMIA ON NERVE CONDUCTION IN THE CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME.


THE EFFECT OF STIMULUS INTENSITY ON MOTOR LATENCY IN THE CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME.


TRANS-SYNAPTIC RETROGRADE DEGENERATION IN THE VISUAL SYSTEM OF PRIMATES.


THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RETINAL ARTERY PRESSURE IN CEREBROVASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY.


SPINAL CORD INFARCTION OCCURRING DURING THORACO-LUMBAR SYMPATHECTOMY.


ANATOMICAL STUDIES OF THE COLLATERAL BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN AND THE RETINA.


SUBACUTE ENCEPHALITIS IN AN ADULT ASSOCIATED WITH NECROTISING MYELITIS AND RESULTS OF ANIMAL INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS.


NEUROPATHOLOGICAL AND NEUROCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF GENERALIZED GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE.


SCHILDER'S DISEASE (SUDANOPHILIC LEUCODYSTROPHY) IN FIVE MALE MEMBERS OF ONE FAMILY.


REFLEX VASOMOTOR ABNORMALITIES IN THE HANDS OF MIGRAINOUS SUBJECTS.


IS PREGNANCY ORDER A FACTOR IN EPILEPSY?


A STUDY OF VISUAL PERSERVATION.

A STUDY OF VISUAL PERSERVATION.


THE ESTIMATION OF MEAN POTENTIAL DURATION IN ENDOCRINE MYOPATHY.


A NEW SCANNING ISOTOPE, MERCURY-197. A PRELIMINARY REPORT.


PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST USING KRYPTON-85.


THE THYROXIN-PROTEIN DISSOCIATION INDEX, A MODIFIED T3 RESIN UPTAKE PROCEDURE.


FOUR CHANNEL MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDING AND DIGITAL ANALYSIS OF RADIO-HIPPURAN RENAL FUNCTION TESTS IN NORMAL SUBJECTS.


DISTRIBUTION OF SOME  RADIOIODINATED TETRACYCLINES IN ANIMALS.


SUPPLEMENTING THE RATE METER BY ADDING AN EFFICIENT LOW-PASS FILTER.


A STUDY OF THE STABILITY OF NEOHYDRIN (3-ACETOXYMERCURI-2METHOXYPROPYLUREA) LABELED WITH MERCURY-203.


THE EFFECT OF PERSONAL OPINION ON DISABILITY EVALUATION.


EFFECTS ON DOGS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO MICROWAVE RADIATION.


NEW CONCEPTS OF SHOCK.

NEW CONCEPTS OF SHOCK.


DISABILITY EVALUATION: A FUNCTION OF THE INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.


INHALATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AS A CAUSE OF SKIN REACTION RESEMBLING DRUG ERUPTION.


RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS IN A WORKING POPULATION--A REPORT ON METHODS.


CURRENT EVALUATION OF PROCTOLOGY IN INDUSTRY.


THE ORAL SURGEON AND HIS PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY.


USE OF A 'SOMA' COMPOUND IN PAIN CONTROL AFTER ORAL SURGERY.


ORAL EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY.

ORAL EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY.


HYDROCORTISONE INJECTED INTO TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT: PRELININARY INVESTIGATION.


CLINICAL APPRAISAL OF METHOHEXITAL SODIUM AND THIOPENTALSODIUM IN AMBULATORY PATIENTS.


REPARATIVE GIANT-CELL GRANULOMA: A REPORT OF TWO CASES.


THE 'L' SPLINT FOR THE FRACTURED MANDIBLE: A NEW PRINCIPLE OF PLATING.


TOTAL EXTRACTION FOR IMMEDIATE DENTURES UNDER LOCAL ANESTHESIA SUPPLEMENTED BY INTRAVENOUS TRANQUILIZERS.


SUBMUCOPERIOSTEAL WIRE FIXATION OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURES.


METHOXYFLURANE: ITS USE IN PROLONGED DENTAL PROCEDURES.


DOUBLE-BLIND EVALUATION OF TWO ANALGESIC COMBINATIONS FOR PAIN AFTER MINOR ORAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES.


CONGENITAL ATRESIA OF SUBLINGUAL DUCT WITH RANULA: REPORT OF CASE.


UNUSUAL ODONTOGENIC TUMOR:REPORT OF CASE.


ADENOAMELOBLASTOMA OF THE MAXILLA: REPORT OF CASE.


NASOALVEOLAR CYST: REPORT OF CASE.

NASOALVEOLAR CYST: REPORT OF CASE.


AMYLOIDOSIS OF THE TONGUE IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA: REPORT OF CASE.


HEMORRHAGIC CYST OF THE MAXILLA: REPORT OF CASE.


FIBROCEMENTOMA: REPORT OF CASE.

FIBROCEMENTOMA: REPORT OF CASE.


NUCLEAR SEX OF GERMINAL TUMORS OF THE TESTIS.


A METHOD OF MEASURING RESIDUAL ANGULATION AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN WEDGING.


BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING OF SALMONELLA PARATYPHI A.


A REVIEW OF THE PHYSIO-PATHOLOGIC RESEARCHES ON THE ADRENAL GLAND.


PRIMARY INTERMUSCULAR HYDATID CYST. A CASE REPORT.


PORENCEPHALY; A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND CASE REPORT.


INTERESTING ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC CHANGES INDUCED BY SMOKING.


ANTISTREPTOLYSIN 'O' TITRE IN HEALTH AND IN VARIOUS DISEASES IN INDIANS.


QUINETHAZONE AS A DIURETIC AGENT.

QUINETHAZONE AS A DIURETIC AGENT.


A METHOD OF RADIOCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF CESIUM-137 IN HUMAN URINE.


TRANSFER OF RADIOCESIUM INTO HEN'S EGGS FOLLOWING SINGLE AND DAILY ORAL ADMINISTRATION.


A SECOND BITE AT THE CHERRY, BEING A FURTHER NOTE ON THE MEDICAL LIBRARY AT R.N.H. PLYMOUTH.


BALANCE OF COBALT IN JAPANESE PEOPLE AND DIET.


ANALYSIS OF FATAL DROWNING ACCIDENTS WHICH OCCURRED IN 1961.


RADIATION INJURY TO MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY OF ELECTROLYTES.


A STUDY OF FROSTBITE TREATMENT.

A STUDY OF FROSTBITE TREATMENT.


A CLINICAL CASE OF PORCELAIN CROWNS.

A CLINICAL CASE OF PORCELAIN CROWNS.


DERMATOLOGY CLINIC: A TELEVISION COLLOQUIM.


BASIC PRINCIPLES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF MALARIA ERADICATION PROGRAMMES IN RELATION TO OTHER MASS CAMPAIGNS.


HEPATIC GRANULOMA CAUSED BY ASCARIS OVA.


AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STOMATOGLOSSITIS AND DEFECTIVE VISION.


THE TREATMENT OF TAPEWORM INFESTATION WITH 'ANTHIPHEN'.


CHEMICAL STUDIES ON VITAMIN B12 AND ITS RELATED COMPOUNDS.  V. BIOSYNTHESIS OF COBAMIDES FORM X FACTOR AND DIMETHYLBENZIMIDAZOLE BY GROWING CELLS OF PROPIONIBACTERIUM SHERMANII.


BIOGENESIS OF RIBOFLAVIN IN GREEN LEAVES. V. ABSENCE OF THE EFFECT OF CYSTEINE AND ASCORBIC ACID ON THE ENZYMATIC CONVERSION OF 6,7-DIMETHYL-8-RIBITYLLUMAZINE TO RIBOFLAVIN UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITION.


STUDIES ON PLANT FLAVOKINASE. I. OCCURRENCE OF FLAVOKINASE IN GREEN LEAVES.


BIOGENESIS OF RIBOFLAVIN IN GREEN LEAVES.   VI. NON-ENZYMATIC PRODUCTION OF 6-METHYL-7-HYDROXY-8-RIBITYLLUMAZINE FROM NEW ORGANIC REACTION OF 6,7-DIMETHYL-8-RIBITYLLUMAZINE WITH P-QUINONE.


STUDIES ON PLANT FLAVOKINASE. II. THE PURIFICATION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF BEAN FLAVOKINASE.


METABOLIC ACTIVITIES OF MONONUCLEOSIDES ON THE ACTIVATION OF LIVER-PYRUVATE OXIDASE SYSTEM RELATING TO THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE.


FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF VITAMIN A ESTERS  IN FISH LIVER OILS.


STUDIES ON VITAMIN A DETERMINATION BY CYCLOHEXANE EXTRACTION METHOD.


STUDIES ON FATTY ACID ESTERS OF FLAVINS. III. NUTRITIONAL AND ARIBOFLAVINOSIS-CURING EFFECTS.


THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN B12 ADMINISTRATION ON JAPANESE CHILDREN.


STUDIES ON INTERACTION OF THIAMINE OR ITS RELATED COMPOUNDS WITH PROTEINS. III. INTERACTION OF O-BENZOYLTHIAMINE DISULFIDE WITH PROTEIN.


INTESTINAL SENSITIVITY TO GASTRIC JUICE.


STIMULUS TO GASTRIC ACID SECRETION ARISING OUTSIDE THE STOMACH, DUODENUM, AND PANCREAS.


THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPIN ON THE ANTRAL PHASE OF GASTRIC SECRETION.


MEDICAL EDUCATION AND THE RISE OF HOSPITALS. II. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.


VASODILATOR EFFECTS OF NICOTINYL TARTRATE (RONIACOL TARTRATE).


THOMAS HODGKIN--QUAKER PHYSICIAN.

THOMAS HODGKIN--QUAKER PHYSICIAN.


HEPATOMA ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOGLYCEMIA, POLYCYTHEMIA, AND HYPERCALCEMIA.


CARCINOMA AND HYDRALAZINE TOXICITY IN PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION.


AN APPRAISAL OF LONG-TERM RESULTS IN SURGICAL TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER.


SALMONELLA TYPHOSA INFECTION IN A 68-YEAR-OLD INVALID.


MILITARY AND CIVILIAN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE.