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+ *.7z filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.lfs.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.lz4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.mds filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.mlmodel filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.onnx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.parquet filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pb filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pickle filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pkl filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pt filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pth filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.rar filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.safetensors filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tar.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tar filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tflite filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Audio files - uncompressed
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+ *.pcm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.sam filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.raw filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Audio files - compressed
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+ *.aac filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.flac filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.mp3 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.ogg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.wav filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Image files - uncompressed
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+ *.bmp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.gif filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tiff filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Image files - compressed
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+ *.jpg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.jpeg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.webp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Video files - compressed
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+ ---
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+ pretty_name: FineMed-fr
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+ language:
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+ - fr
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+ license:
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+ - odc-by
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+ - cc-by-sa-4.0
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+ task_categories:
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+ - fill-mask
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+ - text-generation
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+ size_categories:
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+ - 10M<n<100M
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+ tags:
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+ - medical
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+ - healthcare
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+ - biomedical
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+ - clinical
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+ - french
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+ - pretraining
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+ - data-filtering
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+ - fineweb-2
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+ - finepdfs
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+ - finewiki
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+ configs:
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+ - config_name: fineweb-2
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+ default: true
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+ data_files:
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+ - split: train
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+ path: data/fineweb-2/*.parquet
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+ - config_name: finepdfs
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+ data_files:
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+ - split: train
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+ path: data/finepdfs/*.parquet
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+ - config_name: finewiki
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+ data_files:
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+ - split: train
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+ path: data/finewiki/*.parquet
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+ ---
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+
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+ # FineMed-fr
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+
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+ <center>
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+ <img src="assets/logo_finemed.png" width="100%" alt="FineMed-fr: A large-scale French medical corpus annotated along multiple quality axes">
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+ </center>
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+
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+ <!-- arXiv ID pending: banner with Technical Report (and the citation below) hidden until the ID is assigned; uncomment these and replace the arXiv ID placeholder. -->
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+ <!--
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+ <p align="center">
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+ <a href="https://huggingface.co/blog/bofenghuang/doctobert-fr-release">🤗 Blog</a> |
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+ <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.XXXXX">📄 Technical Report</a> |
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+ <a href="https://github.com/doctolib-lab/doctobert">💻 Code</a> |
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+ <a href="https://huggingface.co/collections/doctolib-lab/finemed-fr">🌐 FineMed</a> |
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+ <a href="https://huggingface.co/collections/doctolib-lab/doctobert-fr">🩺 DoctoBERT</a>
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+ </p>
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+ -->
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+
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+ <p align="center">
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+ <a href="https://huggingface.co/blog/bofenghuang/doctobert-fr-release">🤗 Blog</a> |
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+ <a href="https://github.com/doctolib-lab/doctobert">💻 Code</a> |
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+ <a href="https://huggingface.co/collections/doctolib-lab/finemed-fr">🌐 FineMed</a> |
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+ <a href="https://huggingface.co/collections/doctolib-lab/doctobert-fr">🩺 DoctoBERT</a>
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+ </p>
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+
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+ ## 📚 Introduction
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+
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+ **FineMed-fr** is a large, openly available corpus of French medical text for language-model pretraining: **21.1M documents** and **19.2B words** of real-world medical writing, annotated along several quality axes.
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+
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+ The corpus is drawn from three heterogeneous open-web sources ([FineWeb-2](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-2),
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+ [FinePDFs](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs), and
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+ [FineWiki](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/finewiki)), which together provide the scale, source
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+ diversity, and stylistic range that curated medical corpora often lack. We keep only the French medical
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+ content, then label every surviving document along three axes:
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+
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+ - **Subdomain**: which of 15 medical subdomains the document belongs to, separating biomedical and
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+ clinical writing (e.g. scientific papers, clinical guidelines) from consumer-facing material
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+ (e.g. wellness blogs, commercial health pages).
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+ - **Educational quality**: how instructive the document is for medical education, scored 0–5 on an
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+ additive rubric adapted from [FineWeb-Edu](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu).
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+ - **Medical-term density**: the richness of medical terminology, measured as the fraction of
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+ characters that fall inside extracted medical-term spans.
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+
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+ We release the corpus unfiltered so you can set your own thresholds on the annotation columns to fit your task.
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+
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+ ## 🆕 What's New
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+
86
+ - **v1.0** (2026-06): first release.
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+
88
+ ## 🚀 How to Use
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+
90
+ ```python
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+ from datasets import load_dataset
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+
93
+ ds = load_dataset("doctolib-lab/finemed-fr", split="train") # fineweb-2 (default)
94
+ ds = load_dataset("doctolib-lab/finemed-fr", "finepdfs", split="train")
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+ ds = load_dataset("doctolib-lab/finemed-fr", "finewiki", split="train")
96
+ ```
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+
98
+ Because the corpus is released unfiltered, downstream filtering is left to the user. For example, to retain only high-quality, term-dense documents:
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+
100
+ ```python
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+ filtered = ds.filter(
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+ lambda x: x["edu_quality_normalized_score"] >= 4 and x["medical_entity_density"] >= 0.10,
103
+ num_proc=8,
104
+ )
105
+ ```
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+
107
+ ## 🔧 Curation Pipeline
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+
109
+ The three source corpora have already undergone standard LLM-pretraining curation upstream (language ID,
110
+ heuristic quality filtering, deduplication), which we inherit as a quality baseline. Beyond this baseline,
111
+ we apply two further steps:
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+
113
+ 1. **Medical prefiltering.** Medical content constitutes only a small fraction of each source and is
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+ further diluted by commercial pages. We run a [multilingual domain classifier](https://huggingface.co/nvidia/multilingual-domain-classifier)
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+ (a DeBERTa-v3 covering 26 domains) over the first 512 tokens of each document and retain only those
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+ whose top-1 predicted label is `Health`, reducing each source to 5.3% of FineWeb-2, 7.7% of FinePDFs,
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+ and 1.5% of FineWiki (by document).
118
+ 2. **Multi-axis annotation.** Every retained document is then labeled by three dedicated lightweight
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+ annotators, each fine-tuned via two-stage knowledge distillation from LLM teachers (a smaller
120
+ teacher providing high-volume supervision, followed by a larger teacher providing high-quality
121
+ supervision):
122
+ - A [subdomain classifier](https://huggingface.co/doctolib-lab/finemed-subdomain-classifier-fr) takes the document text and URL as input and predicts one of 15 medical subdomains;
123
+ - An [educational-quality scorer](https://huggingface.co/doctolib-lab/finemed-edu-scorer-fr) takes the document text and regresses a 0–5 educational-quality score;
124
+ - A [medical-entity extractor](https://huggingface.co/doctolib-lab/finemed-entity-extractor-fr) identifies medical-term spans, whose character coverage defines the medical-term density.
125
+
126
+ Distilling each annotator from its LLM teachers, rather than applying an LLM directly across the full
127
+ corpus, reduces annotation cost by roughly an order of magnitude.
128
+
129
+ **Subdomain.** `health_domain_classification_best_class` is one of these 15 values:
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+
131
+ | subdomain | description |
132
+ | --------- | ----------- |
133
+ | Clinical cases & vignettes | Single-patient narratives: presentation, evaluation, management, outcomes; case-based teaching. |
134
+ | Clinical guidelines & pathways | Non-patient-specific recommendations, algorithms, and standards; named guidelines or consensus statements. |
135
+ | Patient education & lifestyle | Consumer-facing explanations and how-to advice on prevention, self-care, symptoms, diet, fitness, mental well-being. |
136
+ | Wellness, supplements & CAM | Botanicals, vitamins, supplements, complementary or alternative therapies outside mainstream clinical guidance. |
137
+ | Public health, policy & programs | Population surveillance, epidemiology, screening, laws and regulation, financing and insurance, community guidance. |
138
+ | Commercial & promotional | Marketing or sales content: pricing, booking, calls-to-action, affiliate/SEO, comparative ads, testimonials. |
139
+ | Drugs, trials & regulation | Drug development and evaluation: clinical trials, approvals and labels, PK/PD, safety monitoring, pharmacovigilance. |
140
+ | Biomedical & mechanistic science | Experimental or preclinical research: labs, omics, pathways, cell/animal models, assays, mechanisms. |
141
+ | Medical devices, diagnostics & imaging | Device or modality descriptions and clinical use; diagnostics, wearables, sensors, imaging. |
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+ | Health IT, telemedicine & operations | EHR/EMR, data standards, interoperability, analytics, telemedicine, workflow, staffing, procurement, logistics. |
143
+ | Occupational health & safety | Workplace hazards, exposures, PPE, training, and compliance with occupational regulations. |
144
+ | Health workforce education & training | Professional curricula, CME, certification, simulation, residency/fellowship information. |
145
+ | Health services & facilities | Neutral descriptions of care-delivery models, service lines, facility capabilities, long-term/residential care. |
146
+ | Other health | Health-related content that is unclear or insufficient to classify under the other subdomains. |
147
+ | Others | Not clearly health-related, too brief, or lacking detail (e.g. navigation/boilerplate). |
148
+
149
+ **Medical-term classes.** `medical_entities` groups the extracted terms under these 8 keys (taxonomy adapted from UMLS):
150
+
151
+ | class | covers |
152
+ | ----- | ------ |
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+ | `disease` | disease, syndrome, infection, cancer, injury, symptom, clinical finding, mental disorder |
154
+ | `drug` | prescription medication, vaccine, therapeutic compound, drug class, contrast agent |
155
+ | `body_part` | organ, tissue, bone, muscle, blood vessel, nerve, cell, body fluid, anatomical region |
156
+ | `medical_procedure` | surgery, diagnostic test, medical examination, laboratory test, imaging procedure |
157
+ | `molecular_marker` | gene, protein, enzyme, receptor, genetic variant, biochemical analyte |
158
+ | `clinical_device` | surgical tool, implant, prosthetic, diagnostic scanner, monitoring equipment |
159
+ | `vital_function` | heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturation |
160
+ | `living_beings` | bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, pathogen, model organism |
161
+
162
+ **Educational quality.** `edu_quality_normalized_score` runs from 0 (not useful) to 5 (excellent) for
163
+ medical education; `edu_quality_score` is the raw value before rounding. The exact rubric used to prompt
164
+ the LLM annotators is in [`edu_quality_annotation_prompt.txt`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/doctolib-lab/finemed-fr/blob/main/assets/edu_quality_annotation_prompt.txt).
165
+
166
+ ## 📊 Dataset Statistics
167
+
168
+ Each source is provided as a separate config. Per-source statistics:
169
+
170
+ | config | source | documents | words | median words/doc |
171
+ | ------------ | -------------------- | ---------: | ------: | ---------------: |
172
+ | `fineweb-2` | FineWeb-2 (fra_Latn) | 18,888,234 | 12.03 B | 346 |
173
+ | `finepdfs` | FinePDFs (fra_Latn) | 2,137,275 | 7.16 B | 766 |
174
+ | `finewiki` | FineWiki (frwiki) | 38,620 | 26.55 M | 283 |
175
+ | **total** | | 21,064,129 | 19.21 B | 369 |
176
+
177
+ <!-- Average annotation values per source:
178
+
179
+ | config | mean edu score | mean density |
180
+ | ----------- | -------------: | -----------: |
181
+ | `fineweb-2` | 2.01 | 0.080 |
182
+ | `finepdfs` | 2.76 | 0.069 |
183
+ | `finewiki` | 3.12 | 0.140 |
184
+ | **overall** | 2.09 | 0.079 | -->
185
+
186
+ Annotation values vary substantially across subdomains. Distribution of educational-quality scores across the 15 subdomains:
187
+
188
+ ![Educational quality by subdomain](assets/all_edu_quality_by_subtopic_count.png)
189
+
190
+ Distribution of medical-term density across the same subdomains:
191
+
192
+ ![Medical-term density by subdomain](assets/all_medical_entity_density_by_domain.png)
193
+
194
+ Per-source versions of both plots are available in [assets/](https://huggingface.co/datasets/doctolib-lab/finemed-fr/tree/main/assets).
195
+
196
+ <!-- Domain composition of each source (% of documents; **Health** is the retained fraction):
197
+
198
+ | domain | FineWeb-2 | FinePDFs | FineWiki |
199
+ | ------ | --------: | -------: | -------: |
200
+ | Arts & Entertainment | 9.7% | 6.5% | 18.6% |
201
+ | Home & Garden | 6.5% | 2.4% | 0.2% |
202
+ | News | 6.1% | 4.3% | 5.8% |
203
+ | People & Society | 5.9% | 10.1% | 18.1% |
204
+ | Food & Drink | 5.6% | 5.0% | 1.7% |
205
+ | Sports | 5.5% | 4.8% | 13.0% |
206
+ | **Health** (retained) | **5.2%** | **7.8%** | **1.5%** |
207
+ | Travel & Transportation | 5.2% | 3.0% | 11.4% |
208
+ | Business & Industrial | 5.0% | 5.7% | 0.9% |
209
+ | Jobs & Education | 4.1% | 11.7% | 0.8% |
210
+ | Law & Government | 2.3% | 16.5% | 3.4% |
211
+ | Science | 1.1% | 4.0% | 7.3% |
212
+ | Others | 43.8% | 18.2% | 17.3% | -->
213
+
214
+ ## 📋 Data Fields
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+
216
+ All configs share these columns:
217
+
218
+ | column | type | description |
219
+ | ------ | ---- | ----------- |
220
+ | `text` | string | document text |
221
+ | `id` | string | source document id (matches the id in the source dataset) |
222
+ | `url` | string | source URL |
223
+ | `num_words` | int64 | whitespace word count |
224
+ | `domain_classification_best_class` / `_best_score` / `_scores` | string / double / list | prefilter domain classifier output (the medical subset is `Health`) |
225
+ | `health_domain_classification_best_class` / `_best_score` / `_scores` | string / double / list | 15-class medical-subdomain classifier output |
226
+ | `edu_quality_score` / `edu_quality_normalized_score` | double / int64 | educational-quality scorer (FineWeb-Edu rubric adapted to medicine); raw score and its 0–5 rounded form |
227
+ | `medical_entities` | struct | extracted medical terms grouped into 8 classes; each class is a deduplicated list of surface strings |
228
+ | `medical_entity_density` | float | fraction of characters covered by those terms, measured over the document's middle 512-token window (or the whole document when it is shorter than 512 tokens) |
229
+
230
+ Source-specific provenance columns:
231
+
232
+ - `fineweb-2`: `dump`, `date`, `file_path`, `language`, `language_score`, `language_script`, `minhash_cluster_size`, `top_langs`
233
+ - `finepdfs`: `dump`, `date`, `file_path`, `offset`, `token_count`, `language`, `page_average_lid`, `page_average_lid_score`, `full_doc_lid`, `full_doc_lid_score`, `per_page_languages`, `is_truncated`, `extractor`, `page_ends`
234
+ - `finewiki`: `wikiname`, `page_id`, `title`, `date_modified`, `in_language`, `wikidata_id`, `bytes_html`, `wikitext`, `version`, `infoboxes`, `has_math`
235
+
236
+ **Example record.** A full `fineweb-2` row (provenance columns differ for the other configs):
237
+
238
+ ```json
239
+ {
240
+ "text": "Attention L'actualité thérapeutique sur le VIH évolue rapidement ... Pneumopathie bactérienne chez les patients infectés par le VIH ...",
241
+ "id": "<urn:uuid:2cc73ad5-d0ae-483c-8b59-78147734bcb8>",
242
+ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
243
+ "url": "http://www.actions-traitements.org/spip.php?article1961",
244
+ "date": "2014-03-10T06:59:32Z",
245
+ "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/.../CC-MAIN-...-00091-....warc.gz",
246
+ "language": "fra",
247
+ "language_score": 0.9974,
248
+ "language_script": "Latn",
249
+ "minhash_cluster_size": 7,
250
+ "top_langs": "{}",
251
+ "domain_classification_scores": [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
252
+ "domain_classification_best_class": "Health",
253
+ "domain_classification_best_score": 1.0,
254
+ "num_words": 600,
255
+ "health_domain_classification_scores": [0.0092, 0.0349, 0.832, 0.0, 0.0267, 0.0, 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0, 0.0001, 0.0, 0.0043, 0.0933, 0.0],
256
+ "health_domain_classification_best_class": "Clinical guidelines & pathways",
257
+ "health_domain_classification_best_score": 0.832,
258
+ "edu_quality_score": 4.75,
259
+ "edu_quality_normalized_score": 5,
260
+ "medical_entities": {
261
+ "disease": ["pneumonie", "méningites", "fièvre", "sida", "..."],
262
+ "drug": ["traitement antirétroviral"],
263
+ "body_part": [], "medical_procedure": [], "molecular_marker": [],
264
+ "clinical_device": [], "vital_function": [],
265
+ "living_beings": ["Streptococcus pneumoniae", "Klebsiella pneumoniae", "VIH", "..."]
266
+ },
267
+ "medical_entity_density": 0.242
268
+ }
269
+ ```
270
+
271
+ *(a real FineWeb-2 row; `text`, `file_path`, and entity lists trimmed for display)*
272
+
273
+ <!--
274
+ ## 📖 Citation
275
+
276
+ ```bibtex
277
+ @misc{doctobert2026,
278
+ title = {Where Does the Signal Live? A Web Data Recipe for Medical Encoder Pretraining},
279
+ author = {Huang, Bofeng and Sun, Jacques and Bouchacourt, Diane and Barascud, Nicolas and Fogel, Fajwel},
280
+ year = {2026},
281
+ eprint = {2606.XXXXX},
282
+ archivePrefix = {arXiv},
283
+ primaryClass = {cs.CL}
284
+ }
285
+ ```
286
+ -->
287
+
288
+ ## ⚖️ Licensing
289
+
290
+ FineMed-fr inherits the licenses of its source datasets:
291
+
292
+ - `fineweb-2` and `finepdfs`: ODC-BY 1.0 (as in the upstream FineWeb releases)
293
+ - `finewiki`: CC BY-SA 4.0 (derived from Wikipedia)
294
+
295
+ ## ⚠️ Considerations
296
+
297
+ FineMed-fr consists of public text from the web, PDFs, and Wikipedia, restricted to medical content.
298
+ As real-world web data, it may contain personal information, and medical pages may reference protected
299
+ health information. All such content was already publicly accessible, and we did not remove or mask it.
300
+ The corpus has not been clinically validated and does not constitute medical advice. Users handling
301
+ personal or health data should perform de-identification before use.
302
+
303
+ ## 🏛️ Acknowledgments
304
+
305
+ This work was granted access to the HPC resources of IDRIS (Jean Zay) under the allocations 2025-AD011016291 and 2026-A0200617487 made by GENCI.
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1
+ Below is a proposed rubric to evaluate the quality of health-related content on
2
+ web pages. The goal is to filter for high-quality data suitable for training
3
+ language models in the health domain. Points are accumulated based on the
4
+ satisfaction of each criterion:
5
+
6
+ - Add 1 point if the extract provides basic health information that is clearly
7
+ focused on a medical or health topic. It moves beyond a passing mention and
8
+ offers at least minimal informational value, even if mixed with irrelevant or
9
+ low-quality elements.
10
+
11
+ - Add another point if the extract offers usable health information while
12
+ keeping noise low. Promotional or sensational tone does not dominate, and
13
+ internal consistency is maintained across terms and claims. This tier reflects
14
+ baseline rigor without assessing external truth.
15
+
16
+ - Award a third point for specificity, density, and domain precision. The
17
+ content moves beyond generalities to present concentrated, explicit
18
+ information with clear conditions or boundaries. Domain-appropriate medical
19
+ terminology is used accurately and consistently, the signal-to-noise ratio is
20
+ high, and vague lifestyle phrasing or generic wellness buzzwords are avoided.
21
+ Organization may still be simple; this tier emphasizes informational richness
22
+ and precise language.
23
+
24
+ - Grant a fourth point if the extract is coherent and well-structured.
25
+ Information is organized with a clear progression suitable for the purpose,
26
+ integrating details into cohesive explanations. Headings or implicit structure
27
+ support navigation; lists (if present) are contextualized; paragraphs connect
28
+ ideas; terminology remains consistent throughout; mechanical or templated
29
+ artifacts that disrupt readability are absent or minimal.
30
+
31
+ - Bestow a fifth point for expert synthesis or actionable guidance. The extract
32
+ organizes knowledge into transferable structures that support reasoning or
33
+ decisions, or it achieves exceptional depth or breadth with clear boundaries
34
+ and rationale. Decision logic, criteria, or stepwise guidance are articulated
35
+ in a way that can be followed. Case narratives that abstract into
36
+ generalizable patterns also qualify. This tier rewards knowledge organization
37
+ and procedural clarity rather than external truth claims.
38
+
39
+ After examining a given extract:
40
+
41
+ - Output in the following JSON format only (no extra text).
42
+ - Briefly justify your total score, up to 100 words.
43
+ - Conclude with an overall quality score as an integer from 0 to 5.
44
+
45
+ {
46
+ "reasoning": "<Your justification, under 100 words>",
47
+ "score": "<0-5 integer>"
48
+ }
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