{"columns":[{"name":"category","type":"string"},{"name":"category_label","type":"string"},{"name":"term","type":"string"},{"name":"kind","type":"string"},{"name":"era","type":"string"},{"name":"position","type":"string"},{"name":"regex","type":"string"},{"name":"note","type":"string"},{"name":"sources","type":"string"}],"n_rows":87,"rows_kept":87,"cut":false,"text_format":"parquet-jsonl-2026-10-02","bounds":{"document_bytes":16777216,"package_text_limit_bytes":33554432,"package_text_slack_bytes":1024,"rows_first":2000,"rows_last":500,"rows_between":2000,"halvings":0,"cell_chars":16384,"cell_head_chars":4096,"vector_min":64,"vector_head_fixed":16,"vector_head_variable":64,"kv_value_chars":1048576,"nesting_max":64,"binary_text":true},"cells_cut":0,"cells_bad_utf8":0,"cells_raw":0,"cells_binary":0,"cells_binary_text":0,"cells_vector":0,"n_row_groups":1,"reader":"pyarrow 23.0.1, python 3.13","created_by":"parquet-cpp-arrow version 22.0.0","schema":{"fields":[{"name":"category","type":"string","nullable":true,"metadata":null,"children":null},{"name":"category_label","type":"string","nullable":true,"metadata":null,"children":null},{"name":"term","type":"string","nullable":true,"metadata":null,"children":null},{"name":"kind","type":"string","nullable":true,"metadata":null,"children":null},{"name":"era","type":"string","nullable":true,"metadata":null,"children":null},{"name":"position","type":"string","nullable":true,"metadata":null,"children":null},{"name":"regex","type":"string","nullable":true,"metadata":null,"children":null},{"name":"note","type":"string","nullable":true,"metadata":null,"children":null},{"name":"sources","type":"string","nullable":true,"metadata":null,"children":null}],"parquet":"required group field_id=-1 schema {\n  optional binary field_id=-1 category (String);\n  optional binary field_id=-1 category_label (String);\n  optional binary field_id=-1 term (String);\n  optional binary field_id=-1 kind (String);\n  optional binary field_id=-1 era (String);\n  optional binary field_id=-1 position (String);\n  optional binary field_id=-1 regex (String);\n  optional binary field_id=-1 note (String);\n  optional binary field_id=-1 sources (String);\n}\n"},"kv_metadata":[["ARROW:schema",{"$cut":{"chars":1356,"head":""}}],["huggingface","{\"info\": {\"features\": {\"category\": {\"dtype\": \"string\", \"_type\": \"Value\"}, \"category_label\": {\"dtype\": \"string\", \"_type\": \"Value\"}, \"term\": {\"dtype\": \"string\", \"_type\": \"Value\"}, \"kind\": {\"dtype\": \"string\", \"_type\": \"Value\"}, \"era\": {\"dtype\": \"string\", \"_type\": \"Value\"}, \"position\": {\"dtype\": \"string\", \"_type\": \"Value\"}, \"regex\": {\"dtype\": \"string\", \"_type\": \"Value\"}, \"note\": {\"dtype\": \"string\", \"_type\": \"Value\"}, \"sources\": {\"dtype\": \"string\", \"_type\": \"Value\"}}}}"],["content_defined_chunking","{\"min_chunk_size\": 262144, \"max_chunk_size\": 1048576, \"norm_level\": 0}"]]}
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","delve","word","2023-mid2024","","","The canonical tell; usage in academic papers spiked ~25x post-ChatGPT. Faded sharply in 2025.","wikipedia_aisigns, alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","tapestry","word","2023-mid2024","","","As an abstract noun ('rich tapestry of').","wikipedia_aisigns, walterwrites"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","testament","word","2023-mid2024","","","'a testament to'.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","underscore","word","2023-2026","","","Figurative use ('underscores the importance of'). Grok still overuses it as of 2026.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","pivotal","word","2023-2026","","","","wikipedia_aisigns, walterwrites"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","crucial","word","2023-2026","","","","wikipedia_aisigns, walterwrites"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","vital","word","2023-2026","","","","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","robust","word","2023-2026","","","","walterwrites, wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","seamless","word","2024-2026","","","","alston, walterwrites"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","leverage","word","2023-2026","","","As a verb meaning 'use'.","walterwrites, alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","harness","word","2023-2026","","","As a verb ('harness the power of').","walterwrites"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","utilize","word","2023-2026","","","Usually just means 'use'.","walterwrites"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","streamline","word","2024-2026","","","","walterwrites"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","showcase","word","2024-2026","","","","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","foster","word","2024-2026","","","'fostering a sense of'.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","enhance","word","2024-2026","","","","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","landscape","word","2023-2026","","","As an abstract noun ('the evolving landscape of').","wikipedia_aisigns, walterwrites"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","realm","word","2023-2026","","","'in the realm of'.","walterwrites"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","myriad","word","2023-2026","","","","alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","plethora","word","2023-2026","","","","alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","nuanced","word","2024-2026","","","","walterwrites"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","intricate","word","2023-2026","","","Also 'intricacies'.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","meticulous","word","2023-2024","","","Also 'meticulously'.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","vibrant","word","2023-2026","","","","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","boasts","word","2023-2024","","","Meaning 'has'.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","bolster","word","2023-2026","","","Also 'bolstered'.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","garner","word","2023-2024","","","","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","interplay","word","2023-2026","","","","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","multifaceted","word","2023-2026","","","","alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","holistic","word","2024-2026","","","","alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","transformative","word","2024-2026","","","","alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","groundbreaking","word","2024-2026","","","","alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","synergy","word","2023-2026","","","Corporate jargon; near-empty of meaning.","alston, walterwrites"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","empower","word","2024-2026","","","","alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","elevate","word","2024-2026","","","","alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","unlock","word","2024-2026","","","'unlock the potential of'.","alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","cutting-edge","word","2024-2026","","","","alston"]
["vocabulary","Overused vocabulary","paramount","word","2023-2026","","","","alston"]
["transitions","Formulaic transitions / signposting","moreover","word","","sentence_start","","","walterwrites, wikipedia_aisigns"]
["transitions","Formulaic transitions / signposting","furthermore","word","","sentence_start","","","walterwrites, wikipedia_aisigns"]
["transitions","Formulaic transitions / signposting","additionally","word","","sentence_start","","Especially flagged when it opens a sentence.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["transitions","Formulaic transitions / signposting","consequently","word","","sentence_start","","","walterwrites"]
["transitions","Formulaic transitions / signposting","notably","word","","sentence_start","","","walterwrites"]
["transitions","Formulaic transitions / signposting","importantly","word","","sentence_start","","","walterwrites"]
["transitions","Formulaic transitions / signposting","in conclusion","phrase","","","","","walterwrites, aiphrasefinder"]
["transitions","Formulaic transitions / signposting","in summary","phrase","","","","","walterwrites"]
["transitions","Formulaic transitions / signposting","in essence","phrase","","","","","textsight_how"]
["transitions","Formulaic transitions / signposting","ultimately","word","","sentence_start","","","textsight_how"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","it is important to note that","phrase","","","","","walterwrites, kompozy"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","it is worth noting that","phrase","","","","","walterwrites"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","in today's fast-paced world","phrase","","","","","kompozy, walterwrites"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","in today's digital age","phrase","","","","","walterwrites"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","in the ever-evolving","phrase","","","","","walterwrites"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","when it comes to","phrase","","","","","aiphrasefinder"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","navigating the landscape","phrase","","","","","walterwrites"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","navigate the complexities","phrase","","","","","kompozy"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","a testament to","phrase","","","","","walterwrites, wikipedia_aisigns"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","plays a pivotal role","phrase","","","","","walterwrites"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","plays a crucial role","phrase","","","","","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","underscore the importance","phrase","","","","","walterwrites, wikipedia_aisigns"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","the transformative power of","phrase","","","","","walterwrites"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","seamless integration","phrase","","","","","walterwrites"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","treasure trove","phrase","","","","","walterwrites, aiphrasefinder"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","rich tapestry","phrase","","","","","walterwrites, wikipedia_aisigns"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","game-changer","phrase","","","","","walterwrites"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","embark on a journey","phrase","","","","","alston"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","let's delve into","phrase","","","","","aiphrasefinder"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","based on the information provided","phrase","","","","","walterwrites"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","setting the stage for","phrase","","","","","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","left an indelible mark","phrase","","","","","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","stands as a","phrase","","","","Copula-avoidance: 'stands as / serves as' instead of 'is'.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["phrases","Cliche phrases and stock shells","serves as a","phrase","","","","","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["structural","Structural and rhetorical tells","rule_of_three","pattern","","","","Overuse of triples: 'adjective, adjective, adjective' or 'phrase, phrase, and phrase' to make shallow analysis look thorough.","wikipedia_aisigns, textsight_how"]
["structural","Structural and rhetorical tells","negative_parallelism","pattern","","","\\b(not only\\b[^.]*\\bbut\\b|it's not (just )?[^.]*,? (it's|but))","'Not only X but Y', 'It's not X, it's Y', 'no X, no Y, just Z'.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["structural","Structural and rhetorical tells","undue_emphasis_on_significance","pattern","","","","Sweeping claims about legacy/importance/broader trends ('reflects broader', 'marking a shift', 'evolving landscape').","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["structural","Structural and rhetorical tells","vague_attribution","pattern","","","\\b(studies show|experts (say|agree)|research (suggests|indicates|shows)|it is (widely )?(believed|considered)|some (argue|say)|many believe)\\b","Unsourced generalization of opinion.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["structural","Structural and rhetorical tells","outline_like_conclusion","pattern","","","","Closings that pivot to 'challenges and future prospects' as a canned wrap-up.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["structural","Structural and rhetorical tells","inline_header_list","pattern","","","","Bulleted/numbered list where each item starts with a bold header then a colon then description. Very characteristic of chat output.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["structural","Structural and rhetorical tells","over_hedging","pattern","","","\\b(it depends on your specific needs|there are pros and cons|varies from person to person|both have their (own )?(merits|advantages))\\b","Relentless neutrality with no stance.","aifreeforever"]
["punctuation_format","Punctuation and formatting tells","em_dash","pattern","","","\\s\\u2014\\s|\\u2014","LLMs use em dashes more than nonprofessional human text of the same genre, often spaced ( — ) and in a formulaic, punched-up way.","wikipedia_aisigns, textsight_how"]
["punctuation_format","Punctuation and formatting tells","curly_quotes","pattern","","","[\\u201c\\u201d\\u2018\\u2019]","ChatGPT and DeepSeek default to curly quotes/apostrophes; Gemini and Claude usually do not. Also common in professionally typeset human text, so weak alone.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["punctuation_format","Punctuation and formatting tells","overuse_of_boldface","pattern","","","\\*\\*[^*]+\\*\\*","Mechanically bolding every key term in 'key takeaways' style.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["punctuation_format","Punctuation and formatting tells","title_case_headings","pattern","","","","Every heading in Title Case, unlike most human sentence-case prose.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["punctuation_format","Punctuation and formatting tells","emoji_as_formatting","pattern","","","[\\u2705\\u274c\\u2b50\\U0001F300-\\U0001FAFF]","Bullet-point emoji (checkmarks, rockets) used as list markers.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["punctuation_format","Punctuation and formatting tells","leftover_ai_markup","pattern","","","(contentReference|oaicite|oai_citation|turn\\d+search\\d+|:::writing)","Reference/markup bugs pasted straight from a chatbot. A near-certain tell.","wikipedia_aisigns"]
["statistical","Statistical signals","low_burstiness","metric","","","","Low standard deviation of sentence length across the passage.","leap_pb, vortenza_pb, eyesift_pb"]
["statistical","Statistical signals","low_perplexity","metric","","","","Predictable next-word choices. Cannot be measured without a language model; the checker reports proxies (type-token ratio, sentence-length uniformity) and says so.","kompozy, textsight_how"]