---
license: cc-by-4.0
pretty_name: Radiograph DICOM Ingest (GRAZPEDWRI-DX and FracAtlas subset)
tags:
- medical
- radiology
- radiograph
- x-ray
- fracture
- pediatric
- musculoskeletal
- object-detection
- verifiers
task_categories:
- object-detection
- image-classification
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: data/train-*
  - split: test
    path: data/test-*
---

# Radiograph DICOM Ingest

Source data for the `radiograph-dicom-ingest` Verifiers environment. Each row is one radiograph with:

- the image file exactly as the source distributes it (GRAZPEDWRI-DX 16-bit PNG, FracAtlas JPEG; bytes are not re-encoded),
- the source annotation files for that image, verbatim (Pascal VOC XML, YOLO txt, Supervisely JSON, COCO entries),
- normalized bounding boxes derived from the source YOLO labels.

The dataset contains no DICOM files. It is a research and benchmarking resource and is not for clinical use.

| split | GRAZPEDWRI-DX rows (patients) | FracAtlas rows | total |
|---|---|---|---|
| train | 1,029 (304) | 344 | 1,373 |
| test | 273 (66) | 56 | 329 |
| total | 1,302 (370) | 400 | 1,702 |

## Sources and license

Both sources are published under CC BY 4.0, and this subset is released under the same license. Changes from the sources: a subset of images was selected, the files were repackaged into Parquet, and a normalized `objects` column was derived from the YOLO labels. Image bytes and annotation text are unchanged.

| source | figshare article | files used (figshare file id, published MD5) |
|---|---|---|
| GRAZPEDWRI-DX | [14825193](https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14825193.v2) v2 | `dataset.csv` (35026432, `f2e996300443654faa62983b7ef1b4c1`), `folder_structure.zip` (34268819, `e484b434286428750e9c838a7ed6ada7`), `images_part1.zip` (34268828), `images_part2.zip` (34268849), `images_part3.zip` (34268864), `images_part4.zip` (34268891) |
| FracAtlas | [22363012](https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22363012.v7) v7 | `FracAtlas.zip` (65518038, `fe9da2c7c285915ebee69dfdab8fd396`) |

The build checks the MD5 of `dataset.csv`, `folder_structure.zip` and `FracAtlas.zip`. The four GRAZPEDWRI-DX image zips (about 4 GB each) were not downloaded in full. The selected PNG members were read with HTTP range requests, and each one passed the zip CRC-32 check. By patient id range, the image zips hold: part1 0001–1499, part2 1500–2999, part3 3000–4499, part4 4500–6093.

- GRAZPEDWRI-DX: Nagy E, Janisch M, Hržić F, Sorantin E, Tschauner S. *A pediatric wrist trauma X-ray dataset (GRAZPEDWRI-DX) for machine learning.* Scientific Data 9, 222 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01328-z
- FracAtlas: Abedeen I, Rahman MA, Prottyasha FZ, Ahmed T, Chowdhury TM, Shatabda S. *FracAtlas: A Dataset for Fracture Classification, Localization and Segmentation of Musculoskeletal Radiographs.* Scientific Data 10, 521 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02432-4

## Selection rule

Split assignment is the same for both sources:

```python
split = "test" if int(hashlib.md5(key.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest(), 16) % 100 < 15 else "train"
```

**GRAZPEDWRI-DX** (key = `str(patient_id)`, the integer in `dataset.csv` without zero padding, for example `"1"`):

1. The rule splits the 6,091 patients into a train pool of 5,221 and a test pool of 870.
2. `rng = random.Random(0)`, then `rng.sample(sorted(train_pool), 300)` and `rng.sample(sorted(test_pool), 60)`, in that order.
3. Class-coverage top-up, using the same `rng`: for each of the 9 YOLO classes in alphabetical order, and for each split in the order (train, test), the build checks how many selected patients have at least one Supervisely object of that class. If fewer than 2 do, it adds `rng.sample(sorted(unselected pool patients with the class), min(missing, available))`. This added boneanomaly/test 1159 and 4903; bonelesion/train 2946 and 3855; bonelesion/test 5182 and 5987; foreignbody/train 1237 and 6081; and metal/test 1524 and 4089. The test pool contains no foreignbody patients. The final selection is 304 train and 66 test patients.
4. Every image of a selected patient is included (all studies and projections), so no patient appears in both splits.

**FracAtlas** (key = image stem, for example `"IMG0000019"`). FracAtlas publishes no patient identifiers. `patient_id` is therefore the image id and the split is made per image, so images of one patient can appear in both splits.

1. The candidates are the 4,083 `dataset.csv` rows. Each image is read from `images/Fractured/` or `images/Non_fractured/` according to the `fractured` flag in the CSV. Two groups are excluded:
   - 25 images (23 non-fractured, 2 fractured) have an EXIF Orientation tag other than 1. `datasets.Image` applies `exif_transpose` when decoding, and at least one annotated image (IMG0002628) is labelled in the rotated frame.
   - 59 non-fractured JPEGs are truncated and cannot be fully decoded (IMG0004028 to IMG0004347; the full list is in the build report).
2. `rng = random.Random(0)`, then `rng.sample(sorted(fractured), 200)` followed by `rng.sample(sorted(non_fractured), 200)`.
3. The split is assigned by the hash rule, giving train 344 (177 fractured) and test 56 (23 fractured).

## Columns

| column | type | content |
|---|---|---|
| `image` | Image | Source file bytes, unmodified. GRAZPEDWRI-DX is 16-bit grayscale PNG (decodes as PIL mode `I;16`). FracAtlas is 8-bit JPEG, either RGB or L (358 baseline, 42 progressive). |
| `image_id` | string | Source file stem, such as `0001_1297860435_01_WRI-L2_M014` or `IMG0000019`. |
| `source` | string | `graz` or `fracatlas`. |
| `split` | string | `train` or `test`. This matches the Parquet split. |
| `patient_id` | string | GRAZPEDWRI-DX `patient_id` as text (`"1"`). For FracAtlas, the image id. |
| `width`, `height` | int32 | Pixel size of the stored image, read from the PNG IHDR or the JPEG SOF. |
| `bit_depth` | int32 | Bits per sample: 16 for GRAZPEDWRI-DX, 8 for FracAtlas. |
| `pixel_spacing` | float64 | GRAZPEDWRI-DX `pixel_spacing` column in mm (0.144 or 0.143). Null for FracAtlas. |
| `laterality` | string | GRAZPEDWRI-DX `laterality` (`L`/`R`). Null for FracAtlas. |
| `projection` | string | GRAZPEDWRI-DX `projection` code, verbatim: `1` = AP, `2` = lateral, `3` = oblique. These match the Supervisely tags `projection_ap`, `projection_lat` and `projection_oblique`. Null for FracAtlas. |
| `objects` | struct | `label: list[string]` and `box: list[[x1, y1, x2, y2]]` (float64, normalized). See Box convention below. |
| `voc_xml` | string | Source Pascal VOC XML, verbatim. |
| `yolo_txt` | string | Source YOLO label file, verbatim. Empty for FracAtlas non-fractured images. |
| `supervisely_json` | string | Source Supervisely annotation, verbatim. GRAZPEDWRI-DX only. |
| `coco_annotations` | string | JSON list of the entries in FracAtlas `COCO_fracture_masks.json` whose `image_id` points at this image (`[]` when there are none). `image_id` inside each entry is the COCO file's internal id, and `category_id` 1 is `fractured`. FracAtlas only. |

## Box convention

`objects.box` holds `[x1, y1, x2, y2]` normalized by the stored image's `width` and `height`. In pixels, the box is `x1 * width`, `y1 * height` and so on, in continuous 0-based coordinates: 0 is the left or top edge of the first pixel and `width` is the right edge of the last. The boxes come from the YOLO files. For each line `class cx cy w h`: `x1 = cx - w/2`, `y1 = cy - h/2`, `x2 = cx + w/2`, `y2 = cy + h/2`. Each value is clipped to [0, 1] and rounded to 7 decimals. Labels are the source class names:

- **GRAZPEDWRI-DX**: `yolov5/meta.yaml` lists boneanomaly, bonelesion, foreignbody, fracture, metal, periostealreaction, pronatorsign, softtissue and text. `text` marks burned-in text and side markers. The YOLO box equals the Supervisely rectangle points (or polygon extent) divided by the image size, with no +1 width convention. Across all 20,327 source files the two agree within 0.0015 px. Periosteal reaction and bone lesion are polygons in Supervisely, and `objects` holds their axis-aligned extent. Supervisely `axis` objects (a bone-axis line, one per image) have no YOLO or VOC box and appear only in `supervisely_json`.
- **FracAtlas**: the single class is `fractured`. The YOLO box equals the COCO `bbox` `[x, y, w, h]`, which is float and 0-based, divided by the image size (within 0.0021 px in this subset).

The build cross-checks VOC against YOLO in pixel space for every row. It requires the same label multiset, matches boxes greedily within each label, and flags any coordinate that differs by more than 1 px.

- GRAZPEDWRI-DX VOC holds integer 0-based coordinates: the Supervisely coordinates truncated toward zero, with no 1-based shift. This holds exactly in all 20,327 files. Rows with fractional Supervisely rectangles, mostly `text`, therefore differ by less than 1 px. In this subset the maximum is 0.998 px, and 195 of 1,302 images have a box more than 0.5 px off. No row exceeds 1 px and there are no label mismatches.
- FracAtlas VOC holds the COCO corners rounded half-up. The maximum difference is 0.50 px, with no label mismatches.

## Counts

Object instances, with the number of images containing the class in parentheses:

| source | class | train | test |
|---|---|---|---|
| graz | boneanomaly | 19 (16) | 4 (4) |
| graz | bonelesion | 3 (3) | 2 (2) |
| graz | foreignbody | 4 (4) | 0 (0) |
| graz | fracture | 888 (642) | 288 (196) |
| graz | metal | 13 (12) | 11 (10) |
| graz | periostealreaction | 183 (133) | 70 (39) |
| graz | pronatorsign | 28 (28) | 9 (9) |
| graz | softtissue | 25 (25) | 7 (6) |
| graz | text | 1,178 (1,028) | 311 (272) |
| fracatlas | fractured | 224 (177) | 30 (23) |

- **Image-level labels.** GRAZPEDWRI-DX `fracture_visible = 1` in 642 train and 196 test images. It is blank (negative) in 387 train and 77 test images, and in this subset it agrees exactly with the presence of a `fracture` box. FracAtlas has 177 train and 23 test images with `fractured = 1`; the other 200 have no boxes. Fractured FracAtlas images carry 1 box (153), 2 (42), 3 (3) or 4 (2).
- **Supervisely objects (GRAZPEDWRI-DX).** There are 1,302 `axis` lines, one of them drawn with more than 2 points. Polygon objects are periostealreaction (253) and bonelesion (5).
- **Image properties.**

  | property | GRAZPEDWRI-DX (1,302 PNGs) | FracAtlas (400 JPEGs) |
  |---|---|---|
  | format | 16-bit grayscale (color type 0) | 8-bit: 326 RGB, 74 L |
  | pixel maximum | 65,534–65,535 (full 16-bit range) | 172–255 |
  | size range | 227–1,383 × 364–2,068 px | 373–2,880 px on each side |

- **GRAZPEDWRI-DX metadata.** Pixel spacing is 0.144 mm (1,288 images) or 0.143 mm (14). Laterality is L 654, R 648. Projection is 1 (AP) 648, 2 (lateral) 646, 3 (oblique) 8.

## Source anomalies

GRAZPEDWRI-DX (the label-file checks cover all 20,327 files):

- Every VOC file has an empty `<size/>`, so the image size must come from the PNG or from the Supervisely `size`. They always agree in this subset.
- Every VOC file is pretty-printed with whitespace-padded text nodes (for example `<name>\n  text\n </name>`). Strip the whitespace before use.
- In `5467_0365242890_01_WRI-R1_M010`, VOC and Supervisely have a `metal` box covering the full image height that YOLO omits. This image is not in the subset.
- VOC and YOLO differ by at most 1.000005 px across all files, in one `text` box of `2047_0885653401_01_WRI-R2_M013` (not in the subset). The cause is the integer truncation described above.
- 491 YOLO boxes (32 in the subset) overshoot [0, 1] by at most 5e-7 because of 6-decimal rounding. They are clipped.
- `dataset.csv` starts with a UTF-8 BOM (`filestem`). `yolov5/meta.yaml` has `FILL IN` placeholder paths.

FracAtlas:

- `IMG0003375.jpg` and `IMG0003376.jpg` exist in both `images/Fractured/` and `images/Non_fractured/`. The copies are byte-identical, and `dataset.csv` marks both as fractured. This is why `Non_fractured/` has 3,366 files for 3,364 non-fractured CSV rows. This dataset reads each image from the folder its CSV flag names. `IMG0003375` is in the subset.
- 59 JPEGs are truncated (all non-fractured, IMG0004028 to IMG0004347) and were excluded.
- 25 images carry EXIF Orientation 3, 6 or 8 and were excluded. For IMG0002628 (orientation 8, fractured), the VOC and COCO width and height are swapped relative to the stored JPEG. Three selected images carry Orientation 1 (identity) and were kept.
- `Annotations/YOLO/` contains an extra `labels.txt` (`fractured\r\n`), so it has 4,084 files against 4,083 VOC files.
- VOC `<depth>` is 3 for every selected image, including the 74 single-channel (L) JPEGs.

## Usage

```python
from datasets import load_dataset, Image

ds = load_dataset("path/or/repo", split="train")
row = ds[0]
row["image"]                      # PIL image; GRAZPEDWRI-DX PNGs decode as mode "I;16"
x1, y1, x2, y2 = row["objects"]["box"][0]
pixel_box = (x1 * row["width"], y1 * row["height"], x2 * row["width"], y2 * row["height"])

raw = ds.cast_column("image", Image(decode=False))[0]["image"]["bytes"]  # original file bytes
```

## Reproduce

The build uses Python 3.12 with datasets 5.0.1, pyarrow 25.0.1, pandas 3.0.6, numpy 2.5.3 and Pillow 12.3.0. `scripts/build_dataset.py` downloads nothing except the ranged reads of the selected GRAZPEDWRI-DX PNGs.

```bash
mkdir -p /tmp/rr-src /tmp/rfd/src
curl -L -o /tmp/rr-src/graz_dataset.csv https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/35026432
curl -L -o /tmp/rr-src/graz_folder.zip  https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/34268819
curl -L -o /tmp/rfd/src/FracAtlas.zip   https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/65518038
python scripts/build_dataset.py --graz-csv /tmp/rr-src/graz_dataset.csv \
  --graz-labels /tmp/rr-src/graz_folder.zip --fracatlas-zip /tmp/rfd/src/FracAtlas.zip \
  --work /tmp/rfd/work --out /tmp/rfd/hf
python scripts/build_dataset.py --verify-only --work /tmp/rfd/work --out /tmp/rfd/hf
```

The build writes `data/` and `scripts/` and leaves this README in place. `--work` receives the PNG cache, `report.json` (selection, statistics and source audit) and `rows.jsonl`, which holds one summary per row including the SHA-256 of each image. Verification resolves the splits from this README with `datasets` and checks that the stored features match. It then streams every row group and checks each row: the image SHA-256, the size decoded by `datasets.Image` against `width` and `height`, and that each box lies within the unit square.

## Citation

```bibtex
@article{nagy2022grazpedwri,
  title   = {A pediatric wrist trauma X-ray dataset (GRAZPEDWRI-DX) for machine learning},
  author  = {Nagy, Eszter and Janisch, Michael and Hr{\v{z}}i{\'c}, Franko and Sorantin, Erich and Tschauner, Sebastian},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume  = {9},
  pages   = {222},
  year    = {2022},
  doi     = {10.1038/s41597-022-01328-z}
}

@article{abedeen2023fracatlas,
  title   = {FracAtlas: A Dataset for Fracture Classification, Localization and Segmentation of Musculoskeletal Radiographs},
  author  = {Abedeen, Iftekharul and Rahman, Md. Ashiqur and Prottyasha, Fatema Zohra and Ahmed, Tasnim and Chowdhury, Tareque Mohmud and Shatabda, Swakkhar},
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume  = {10},
  pages   = {521},
  year    = {2023},
  doi     = {10.1038/s41597-023-02432-4}
}
```