Prompt:
What is Holi?

Holi ( /ˈhoʊliː/) is a popular and significant Hindu festival celebrated as the Festival of Colours, Love and Spring. It celebrates the eternal and divine love of the god Radha and Krishna. Additionally, the day also signifies the triumph of good over evil, as it commemorates the victory of Vishnu as Narasimha Narayana over Hiranyakashipu.Holi is originated and is predominantly celebrated in the Indian subcontinent but has also spread to other regions of Asia and parts of the Western world through the Indian diaspora.

Holi also celebrates the arrival of Spring in India, the end of winter, and the blossoming of love. It is also an invocation for a good spring harvest season. It lasts for a night and a day, starting on the evening of the Purnima (Full Moon Day) falling in the Hindu calendar month of Phalguna, which falls around the middle of March in the Gregorian calendar.

Response: Holi is an Indian festival to celebrate the start of Spring. Its celebrated by people putting bright colors on each other [powdered color]. Celebrations include praying, food, colors and dancing. The specific day changes based on the calendar every year. It is celebrated by Indian Diaspora across the world.


Prompt: What is a Ferocactus

Response: Ferocactus is a genus of large barrel-shaped cacti, mostly with large spines and small flowers. There are about 30 species included in the genus. They are found in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.


Prompt:
Since when did the SR22 include a glass cockpit

SR22s and SR20s built before 2003 were equipped with traditional analog instruments and a 10" (later 12") Multi-function display (MFD). In February 2003, Cirrus began offering SR22s with the Avidyne Entegra primary flight display (PFD), making the plane the first of its kind to come with a glass cockpit. Later that year, this instrumentation became standard equipment on all SR-series aircraft and sparked a major transition in general aviation, whereby over 90% of all new light aircraft by the year 2006 were equipped with glass cockpits. Retrofits are available for the older SR aircraft that replace the analog instrument panels with one that includes a PFD, a new MFD and the installation of back-up mechanical instruments.

On 22 May 2008, Cirrus revealed the "Cirrus Perspective" glass cockpit (by Garmin). Both cockpits were available for a while (the Avidyne cockpit was initially standard equipment) and after 2008 the SR22 was sold with only the Perspective panel.

In 2009, the third-generation Cirrus SR22 GTS came equipped with a new enhanced vision system (EVS), a sophisticated dual-wavelength instrument that offers both infrared and synthetic vision.

At the 2010 EAA AirVenture, Cirrus announced its plans to certify Garmin's ESP system (Electronic Stability and Protection) on the Cirrus SR22. It included advanced flight envelope protection that could stabilize the aircraft with the push of a button, to avoid spiral from developing.

The Cirrus Perspective-Plus avionics flight deck was introduced in 2017, with a faster processing speed, animated datalink weather, payload management, visual approach capabilities, wireless database uploads, glass back-up instruments, and more.

In 2020, the Perspective-Plus flight deck included a new stabilized approach advisory system which provides alerts to the pilot of unstable conditions during approach.

Response:
Since February 2003 Cirrus started to offer a glass panel for the SR22. First the Avidyne Entegra was offered to customers. Also retrofits became available for older SR versions. In May 2008, Cirrus revealed the "Cirrus Perspective" glass cockpit, which was based on instruments created by Garmin.

Until today, Cirrus is including Garmin glass cockpits in it's aircrafts.


Prompt: Has the USPSTF recommendation for lung cancer screening changed recently?

Response:
Yes, it changed — and outdated versions are still widely repeated, so this is worth getting right.

Current guidance (2021): annual low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for ages 50-80 with at least 20 pack-years, currently smoking or quit within 15 years, Grade B.

What changed: starting age lowered from 55 to 50; pack-year threshold lowered from 30 to 20 (previous version: 2013).

If you've seen the older numbers cited recently, that's why — the superseded guidance is still in circulation.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm 42 years old and I've noticed unexplained weight loss. I'm below the screening age — should I still get checked?

Response:
Get this evaluated promptly — and your age doesn't change that.

Unexplained weight loss is on the list of symptoms that warrant evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility. Screening guidelines apply to people WITHOUT symptoms. A person with a red-flag symptom needs diagnostic evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility.

Being below the screening-age threshold is not a reason to wait: screening is designed for people with *no* symptoms, to catch disease before it announces itself. Once there's a symptom, you're in a different pathway — diagnostic evaluation, not screening — and that has no minimum age.

This is very often something benign. Evaluation is how that gets confirmed.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: I'm 27 years old and I've noticed coughing up blood (haemoptysis). Is this urgent or can it wait?

Response:
Get this evaluated promptly — and your age doesn't change that.

Coughing up blood (haemoptysis) is on the list of symptoms that warrant evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility. Screening guidelines apply to people WITHOUT symptoms. A person with a red-flag symptom needs diagnostic evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility.

Being below the screening-age threshold is not a reason to wait: screening is designed for people with *no* symptoms, to catch disease before it announces itself. Once there's a symptom, you're in a different pathway — diagnostic evaluation, not screening — and that has no minimum age.

This is very often something benign. Evaluation is how that gets confirmed.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: Who is the prime minister of India?

Response: Currently, The prime minister of India is Mr Narendra Modi since 2014. He belongs to Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP).


Prompt: I just turned 20 and I've had change in bowel habits for 3 weeks. Do I need to see a doctor about this?

Response:
At 3 weeks, this is below the 4-week threshold usually used to define change in bowel habits as a red flag — so it's reasonable to monitor a little longer, with two conditions.

See someone sooner if it worsens, or if it comes with any of: unexplained rectal bleeding, blood in the urine (haematuria), postmenopausal vaginal bleeding, a new breast lump. Those warrant evaluation immediately regardless of duration. And if it passes 4 weeks, that's the point to get it looked at.

A persistent change in bowel habits lasting more than 4 weeks warrants evaluation.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: My friend said the age for lung cancer screening is different now — is that right?

Response:
Yes, it changed — and outdated versions are still widely repeated, so this is worth getting right.

Current guidance (2021): annual low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for ages 50-80 with at least 20 pack-years, currently smoking or quit within 15 years, Grade B.

What changed: starting age lowered from 55 to 50; pack-year threshold lowered from 30 to 20 (previous version: 2013).

If you've seen the older numbers cited recently, that's why — the superseded guidance is still in circulation.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 24 and my sister was diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 44. When should I start getting screened?

Response:
You should begin colonoscopy screening at age 34.

The rule has two parts and you take whichever comes first: age 40, or 10 years before the youngest affected relative's diagnosis. Here that's 40, or 44 − 10 = 34 — and since 34 is earlier than 40, the 10-years-before rule applies, giving 34.

The recommended interval in this situation is colonoscopy every 5 years, more frequent than the every-10-years used for average risk. Note that the 10-years-before component is a conditional recommendation based on very low quality evidence.

Source: American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm asking for my mother, who is 74 with no family history of cancer and no symptoms. Am I due for colorectal cancer screening?

Response:
Yes — at 74 you are within the recommended screening range. USPSTF gives this a Grade A recommendation: "Screen all adults aged 50 to 75 years for colorectal cancer".

Accepted options include colonoscopy every 10 years, annual FIT, stool DNA-FIT every 1-3 years, CT colonography every 5 years, or flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years. Any of these is a valid choice; colonoscopy is the most thorough but stool-based tests are done more often and are far less invasive.

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021. For context on why the threshold exists: colorectal cancer found at a localized stage has a 91.3% 5-year relative survival rate, versus 16.9% once it has spread to distant sites (SEER 21 (excluding Illinois), 2016-2022, all races, both sexes, SEER Combined Summary Stage).

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: I'm a 51-year-old. Is there a test I should get for testicular cancer?

Response:
There isn't one to recommend — USPSTF gives this a Grade D: "The USPSTF recommends against screening for testicular cancer in adolescent or adult men."

This applies to adolescent and adult men. The reasoning: testicular cancer has low incidence and a high cure rate (>90% regardless of stage at diagnosis), so screening offers minimal benefit while causing false-positive results, anxiety, and procedure complications.

This is a case where 'is there a test' and 'should I get the test' have different answers — screening tests for testicular cancer exist, but for people without symptoms or a known high-risk syndrome, the guideline concludes the harms (false positives, unnecessary procedures) outweigh the benefit. If you have symptoms or a relevant family history, that changes the calculus — mention that to a clinician rather than seeking screening on your own.

Source: USPSTF Testicular Cancer: Screening, 2011 (Grade D).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: Why is it important to vote?

Response: Voting is a fundamental right and responsibility for citizens of any country. It helps citizens participate in democracy and influence key policies and decisions that influence everyone;s life


Prompt: I'm 32 and I've had difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) for 6 weeks — Should I get this checked?

Response:
Yes — get this evaluated. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) lasting more than 3 weeks is a recognised red-flag duration, and you're at 6 weeks. Progressive difficulty swallowing warrants prompt evaluation.

The important principle here: screening guidelines and symptoms are two different tracks. Screening guidelines apply to people WITHOUT symptoms. A person with a red-flag symptom needs diagnostic evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility. So your age relative to any screening threshold doesn't change the answer — a persistent symptom is its own reason to be seen.

Most causes of this turn out to be benign. Getting it checked is how that gets established rather than assumed.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt:
what are the 5 skandhas?

Skandhas (Sanskrit) or khandhas (Pāḷi) means "heaps, aggregates, collections, groupings". In Buddhism, it refers to the five aggregates of clinging (Pañcupādānakkhandhā), the five material and mental factors that take part in the rise of craving and clinging. They are also explained as the five factors that constitute and explain a sentient being’s person and personality, but this is a later interpretation in response to sarvastivadin essentialism.

The five aggregates or heaps of clinging are:

1. form (or material image, impression) (rupa)
2. sensations (or feelings, received from form) (vedana)
3. perceptions (samjna)
4. mental activity or formations (sankhara)
5. consciousness (vijnana).

Response: The five skhandas are form, sensations, perceptions, mental activity and consciousness


Prompt: My wife just turned 30 and my parent had colon cancer diagnosed at 52. Does my parent's diagnosis change when I start screening?

Response:
You should begin at age 40 — not 42.

This is a common miscalculation. The rule is: start at age 40, OR 10 years before the youngest affected relative's diagnosis, whichever is EARLIER. Here, 52 − 10 = 42, but 40 comes earlier than 42, so 40 is the answer. Applying only the subtraction step would delay screening by two years.

Interval: colonoscopy every 5 years.

Source: American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm a 33-year-old and my mother was diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 57. When should I start getting screened?

Response:
You should begin colonoscopy screening at age 40.

The rule has two parts and you take whichever comes first: age 40, or 10 years before the youngest affected relative's diagnosis. Here that's 40, or 57 − 10 = 47 — and since 47 is later than 40, the age-40 rule applies. This is the step that's easy to miss: subtracting 10 alone would give 47, but the guideline says whichever is *earlier*, so the answer is 40.

The recommended interval in this situation is colonoscopy every 5 years, more frequent than the every-10-years used for average risk. Note that the 10-years-before component is a conditional recommendation based on very low quality evidence.

Source: American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm asking for my mom, who is 64 with a 30 pack-year smoking history (quit 6 years ago) and a parent diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 62. What should I be checked for?

Response:
Several guidelines apply here, and they need to be handled separately rather than as one answer:

**Lung:** Yes — you meet criteria. (USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B))

**Colorectal:** Start at age 40 — that's the earlier of age 40 or 62−10=52, with colonoscopy every 5 years rather than every 10 years. At 64 you are past that point and should be in surveillance already. (American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021)

Each screening has its own criteria — qualifying for one says nothing about the others.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: I'm a 70-year-old, I have a 19 pack-year smoking history and quit 16 years ago. Do I meet the criteria for low-dose CT lung screening?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: a 19 pack-year history is below the 20 pack-year threshold.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. Also: having quit 16 years ago exceeds the 15-year since-quitting cutoff. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm 20 years old. Should I be screened for cervical cancer?

Response:
No — USPSTF gives a Grade D here, meaning it explicitly recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women younger than 21 years. Screening starts at 21.

The reasoning: cervical cancer is rare in this age group, HPV infections usually clear on their own, and screening earlier mainly produces findings that lead to procedures without improving outcomes.

Source: USPSTF Cervical Cancer: Screening, August 2018.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 50, I have a 18 pack-year smoking history and quit 5 years ago. Do I qualify for lung cancer screening?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: a 18 pack-year history is below the 20 pack-year threshold.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. You meet the other requirements. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt:
What is an string instrument that is similar to a Violin, but larger in size and with a lower and deeper sound?

The viola (/viˈoʊlə/ vee-OH-lə, also UK: /vaɪˈoʊlə/ vy-OH-lə, Italian: [ˈvjɔːla, viˈɔːla]) is a string instrument that is bowed, plucked, or played with varying techniques. Slightly larger than a violin, it has a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century, it has been the middle or alto voice of the violin family, between the violin (which is tuned a perfect fifth above) and the cello (which is tuned an octave below). The strings from low to high are typically tuned to C3, G3, D4, and A4.

Response: The instrument you are looking for is a Viola.


Prompt: hey am I due for a pap smear??

Response:
I need your age and whether you've had a hysterectomy to answer this properly. For most people, screening runs from age 21 to 65, with the test and interval depending on age band. If you've had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and no history of high-grade changes or cervical cancer, screening usually isn't needed at all. What's your situation?

Source: USPSTF Cervical Cancer: Screening, August 2018.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: My brother just turned 71 with a 15 pack-year smoking history (quit 6 years ago) and a parent diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 52. What cancer screenings should I be getting?

Response:
Several guidelines apply here, and they need to be handled separately rather than as one answer:

**Lung:** No — a 15 pack-year history is below the 20 pack-year threshold. (USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B))

**Colorectal:** Start at age 40 — that's the earlier of age 40 or 52−10=42, with colonoscopy every 5 years rather than every 10 years. At 71 you are past that point and should be in surveillance already. (American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021)

Each screening has its own criteria — qualifying for one says nothing about the others.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm 50, I have a 30 pack-year smoking history and quit 14 years ago — Do I meet the criteria for low-dose CT lung screening?

Response:
Yes — you meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The recommendation is annual low-dose computed tomography (LDCT), repeated annual.

You meet all three requirements: age 50 falls within 50-80, your 30 pack-year history meets the 20 pack-year minimum, and you quit 14 years ago, within the 15-year cutoff.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B). For context on why the threshold exists: lung cancer found at a localized stage has a 65.5% 5-year relative survival rate, versus 10.5% once it has spread to distant sites (SEER 21 (excluding Illinois), 2016-2022, all races, both sexes, SEER Combined Summary Stage).

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: Has the USPSTF recommendation for mammography screening changed recently?

Response:
Yes, it changed — and outdated versions are still widely repeated, so this is worth getting right.

Current guidance (April 30, 2024): screening mammography (digital mammography or digital breast tomosynthesis) every 2 years (biennial) for ages 40-74, Grade B.

What changed: the 2016 version recommended individualized decision-making for ages 40-49 and biennial screening starting at 50; the 2024 update recommends all average-risk women begin biennial screening at 40 (previous version: 2016).

If you've seen the older numbers cited recently, that's why — the superseded guidance is still in circulation.

Source: USPSTF Breast Cancer: Screening, April 2024 (Grade B).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm asking for my partner, who is 70, I smoke and have about a 12 pack-year history. Is lung cancer screening recommended for someone like me?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: a 12 pack-year history is below the 20 pack-year threshold.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. You meet the other requirements. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 82, I have a 21 pack-year smoking history and quit 20 years ago. Am I eligible for the annual lung screening scan?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: age 82 is outside the eligible range of 50-80.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. Also: having quit 20 years ago exceeds the 15-year since-quitting cutoff. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 68. Do I need prostate cancer screening?

Response:
This one is genuinely a choice rather than a yes or no. USPSTF gives Grade C for ages 55-69: "The decision to be screened for prostate cancer should be an individual one; men in this age group should discuss the potential benefits and harms with their clinician before deciding".

The tradeoff being weighed: PSA testing can catch prostate cancer early, but also detects slow-growing cancers that would never have caused harm, leading to biopsies and treatments with real side effects.

Source: USPSTF Prostate Cancer: Screening, May 2018.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 71. Should I get screened for pancreatic cancer?

Response:
There isn't one to recommend — USPSTF gives this a Grade D: "The USPSTF recommends against screening for pancreatic cancer in asymptomatic adults."

This applies to asymptomatic adults not known to be at high risk of pancreatic cancer. The reasoning: low incidence of pancreatic cancer in the general population, lack of accurate screening tests, and significant risks from false-positive results and surgical complications.

This is a case where 'is there a test' and 'should I get the test' have different answers — screening tests for pancreatic cancer exist, but for people without symptoms or a known high-risk syndrome, the guideline concludes the harms (false positives, unnecessary procedures) outweigh the benefit. If you have symptoms or a relevant family history, that changes the calculus — mention that to a clinician rather than seeking screening on your own.

Source: USPSTF Pancreatic Cancer: Screening, August 2019 (Grade D).

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: What is net worth?

Response: Net worth is the value of the assets a person or corporation owns, minus the liabilities they owe. It is an important metric to gauge a person's health, providing a useful snapshot of its current financial position. Tracking your net worth over time is a helpful indicator of your financial stability. Looking at net worth can help you understand where your money has gone in the past vs. where you want it to go in the future.


Prompt: I'm 41 years old and I recently tested positive for a pathogenic BRCA2 variant. What screening do I need and when?

Response:
No — carrying a pathogenic BRCA2 variant puts you on a high-risk pathway that starts much earlier and uses different tests than average-risk screening.

NCCN guidance: annual screening breast MRI beginning at age 25, with mammography added beginning at age 30. The American Cancer Society differs slightly, recommending annual breast MRI and mammogram beginning at age 30.

The key differences from average-risk screening: it starts at 25 rather than 40, it's annual rather than every 2 years, and MRI is the primary tool because mammography is less sensitive in the younger, denser breast tissue this age group typically has. At 41, you are already within the window where surveillance should be underway.

Sources: NCCN Guidelines, Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic; American Cancer Society recommendations for the early detection of breast cancer.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: Do i need a colonoscopy? I'm not sure if I need one.

Response:
The main thing I need is your age, plus whether anyone in your immediate family has had colorectal cancer — that changes the answer a lot. For someone at average risk, screening starts at 45. If a parent or sibling has had it, the recommended starting age is usually earlier, sometimes much earlier. What's your age, and is there a family history?

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm a 36-year-old and I've noticed coughing up blood (haemoptysis). I'm below the screening age — should I still get checked?

Response:
Get this evaluated promptly — and your age doesn't change that.

Coughing up blood (haemoptysis) is on the list of symptoms that warrant evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility. Screening guidelines apply to people WITHOUT symptoms. A person with a red-flag symptom needs diagnostic evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility.

Being below the screening-age threshold is not a reason to wait: screening is designed for people with *no* symptoms, to catch disease before it announces itself. Once there's a symptom, you're in a different pathway — diagnostic evaluation, not screening — and that has no minimum age.

This is very often something benign. Evaluation is how that gets confirmed.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I'm a 66-year-old and I've had a sore that does not heal for 2 weeks. Should I get this checked?

Response:
At 2 weeks, this is below the 3-week threshold usually used to define a sore that does not heal as a red flag — so it's reasonable to monitor a little longer, with two conditions.

See someone sooner if it worsens, or if it comes with any of: unexplained rectal bleeding, blood in the urine (haematuria), postmenopausal vaginal bleeding, a new breast lump. Those warrant evaluation immediately regardless of duration. And if it passes 3 weeks, that's the point to get it looked at.

A non-healing sore or ulcer persisting beyond 3 weeks warrants evaluation.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm asking for my mom, who is 50 and my parent was diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 60. When should I start getting screened?

Response:
You should begin colonoscopy screening at age 40.

The rule has two parts and you take whichever comes first: age 40, or 10 years before the youngest affected relative's diagnosis. Here that's 40, or 60 − 10 = 50 — and since 50 is later than 40, the age-40 rule applies. This is the step that's easy to miss: subtracting 10 alone would give 50, but the guideline says whichever is *earlier*, so the answer is 40.

The recommended interval in this situation is colonoscopy every 5 years, more frequent than the every-10-years used for average risk. Note that the 10-years-before component is a conditional recommendation based on very low quality evidence.

Source: American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: My wife is 69 with a 30 pack-year smoking history (quit 6 years ago) and a parent diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 62. What should I be checked for?

Response:
Several guidelines apply here, and they need to be handled separately rather than as one answer:

**Lung:** Yes — you meet criteria. (USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B))

**Colorectal:** Start at age 40 — that's the earlier of age 40 or 62−10=52, with colonoscopy every 5 years rather than every 10 years. At 69 you are past that point and should be in surveillance already. (American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021)

Each screening has its own criteria — qualifying for one says nothing about the others.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I'm 58 years old with no family history of breast cancer. Do I need breast cancer screening yet?

Response:
Yes — at 58 you're within the recommended range. Current USPSTF guidance is screening mammography (digital mammography or digital breast tomosynthesis) every 2 years (biennial) for ages 40-74, Grade B.

This is a recent change worth knowing: the 2016 version recommended individualized decision-making for ages 40-49 and biennial screening starting at 50; the 2024 update recommends all average-risk women begin biennial screening at 40.

Source: USPSTF Breast Cancer: Screening, April 2024 (Grade B). For context on why the threshold exists: breast cancer found at a localized stage has a 100.0% 5-year relative survival rate, versus 33.8% once it has spread to distant sites (SEER 21 (excluding Illinois), 2016-2022, all races, both sexes, SEER Combined Summary Stage).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: What of the following component part of either Data Engineering or  Machine learning? Delta Live Table (DLT), MLFlow, Autoloader, AutoML

Response: Delta Live Table (DLT) is used to Data Engineering, MLFlow is used for Machine Learning, Autoloader is used to Data Engineering, AutoML is used for Machine Learning


Prompt: I'm 32 and I've noticed postmenopausal vaginal bleeding — I'm below the screening age — should I still get checked?

Response:
Get this evaluated promptly — and your age doesn't change that.

Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding is on the list of symptoms that warrant evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility. Screening guidelines apply to people WITHOUT symptoms. A person with a red-flag symptom needs diagnostic evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility.

Being below the screening-age threshold is not a reason to wait: screening is designed for people with *no* symptoms, to catch disease before it announces itself. Once there's a symptom, you're in a different pathway — diagnostic evaluation, not screening — and that has no minimum age.

This is very often something benign. Evaluation is how that gets confirmed.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: What is "diglossia"?

Response: Diglossia is when one community uses two different languages or dialects depending on the circumstances e.g. for written things and for casual conversation. A weird (not actual schoolbook) case of that is Swiss German. High German is used for written and formal things while Swiss German is used to speak.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 86 with no family history of cancer and no symptoms. Am I old enough for colorectal screening?

Response:
Routine screening is generally not recommended past age 85. USPSTF guidance covers adults up to 85; beyond that, the decision depends on overall health and life expectancy and should be made with a clinician.

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: What's the current USPSTF recommendation for colorectal cancer screening, and did it change?

Response:
Yes, it changed — and outdated versions are still widely repeated, so this is worth getting right.

Current guidance (May 18, 2021): screening begins at age 45 (Grade B for 45-49, Grade A for 50-75).

What changed: starting age lowered from 50 to 45 (previous version: 2016).

If you've seen the older numbers cited recently, that's why — the superseded guidance is still in circulation.

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Megalania, Sea Turtle

Response: Sea Turtle is alive, Megalania is extinct.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 33 and I recently tested positive for a pathogenic BRCA1 variant. What screening do I need and when?

Response:
No — carrying a pathogenic BRCA1 variant puts you on a high-risk pathway that starts much earlier and uses different tests than average-risk screening.

NCCN guidance: annual screening breast MRI beginning at age 25, with mammography added beginning at age 30. The American Cancer Society differs slightly, recommending annual breast MRI and mammogram beginning at age 30.

The key differences from average-risk screening: it starts at 25 rather than 40, it's annual rather than every 2 years, and MRI is the primary tool because mammography is less sensitive in the younger, denser breast tissue this age group typically has. At 33, you are already within the window where surveillance should be underway.

Sources: NCCN Guidelines, Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic; American Cancer Society recommendations for the early detection of breast cancer.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: How do you prepare for case study interview for digital transformation case?

Response: Here is one suggested approach. 1. Gather all requirements related to business problem 2. Understand data sources the business is using. 3. Understand if business would like to build or buy solutions 4. Check for industry specific accelerators 5. Start with one business unit and show the impact of digital transformation and then expand to other business units. 6. Do business value assessment like ROI 7. Focus on tangible and intangible benefits of digital transformation 8. Cost benefit analysis 9. Implementation plan and timelines 10. Production plan  11. Maintenance and support


Prompt: I'm 65 years old, I have a 12 pack-year smoking history and quit 10 years ago. Is lung cancer screening recommended for someone like me?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: a 12 pack-year history is below the 20 pack-year threshold.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. You meet the other requirements. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: I'm 42 years old and I have confirmed Lynch syndrome (MLH1 variant). How often do I need a colonoscopy?

Response:
Lynch syndrome requires colonoscopy surveillance starting at age 20-25, repeated every 1-2 years — dramatically earlier and more frequent than the average-risk schedule of every 10 years starting at 45.

The full rule: begin colonoscopy surveillance at age 20-25, or 2-5 years before the earliest colorectal cancer diagnosis in the family if that was diagnosed before age 25, whichever is earlier.

At 42, surveillance should already be underway.

Source: NCCN Guidelines, Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal, Endometrial, and Gastric.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: I'm 88 with no family history of cancer and no symptoms — Should I get a colonoscopy?

Response:
Routine screening is generally not recommended past age 85. USPSTF guidance covers adults up to 85; beyond that, the decision depends on overall health and life expectancy and should be made with a clinician.

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: Give me some tips on how to train for a marathon.

Response:
- Come up with a training plan
- Plan for 3-5 months of training
- Increase your daily mileage gradually
- Increase your weekly mileage gradually
- Have a mix of speedwork and endurance work
- Include sessions to build strength
- Stretch before and after your runs
- Include rest days for recovery
- Pay attention to nutrition and hydration
- Pay attention to hydration
- Taper 2 weeks before the marathon
- Go for it, good luck on race day!


Prompt: I'm 62 and I've had a sore that does not heal for 1 week — Do I need to see a doctor about this?

Response:
At 1 week, this is below the 3-week threshold usually used to define a sore that does not heal as a red flag — so it's reasonable to monitor a little longer, with two conditions.

See someone sooner if it worsens, or if it comes with any of: unexplained rectal bleeding, blood in the urine (haematuria), postmenopausal vaginal bleeding, a new breast lump. Those warrant evaluation immediately regardless of duration. And if it passes 3 weeks, that's the point to get it looked at.

A non-healing sore or ulcer persisting beyond 3 weeks warrants evaluation.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: Should you buy new golf clubs when you are a beginner?

Response: It is recommended that you get custom fitted for your golf clubs.  However, there are many used golf clubs available to purchase and it can be a great option if you are just exploring the sport.  You can also consider renting golf clubs from your local golf course if you are not ready for the expense of buying new or used golf clubs.


Prompt: When did Hungary gain its independence?

Response: Hungary declared independence on October 17, 1918 and officially formed its government on November 1 of that year.


Prompt: I'm 22 years old and I've had difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) for 1 week. Do I need to see a doctor about this?

Response:
At 1 week, this is below the 3-week threshold usually used to define difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) as a red flag — so it's reasonable to monitor a little longer, with two conditions.

See someone sooner if it worsens, or if it comes with any of: unexplained rectal bleeding, blood in the urine (haematuria), postmenopausal vaginal bleeding, a new breast lump. Those warrant evaluation immediately regardless of duration. And if it passes 3 weeks, that's the point to get it looked at.

Progressive difficulty swallowing warrants prompt evaluation.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: Do i need a mammogram? I'm not sure if I need one.

Response:
Two things determine this: your age, and whether you carry a BRCA mutation or have a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer. At average risk, screening is recommended starting at 40, every 2 years. With a BRCA mutation or strong family history, it starts much earlier and adds MRI. What's your age, and is there a relevant family or genetic history?

Source: USPSTF Breast Cancer: Screening, April 2024 (Grade B).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm asking for my mom, who is 58 and I've had difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) for 4 weeks. Should I get this checked?

Response:
Yes — get this evaluated. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) lasting more than 3 weeks is a recognised red-flag duration, and you're at 4 weeks. Progressive difficulty swallowing warrants prompt evaluation.

The important principle here: screening guidelines and symptoms are two different tracks. Screening guidelines apply to people WITHOUT symptoms. A person with a red-flag symptom needs diagnostic evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility. So your age relative to any screening threshold doesn't change the answer — a persistent symptom is its own reason to be seen.

Most causes of this turn out to be benign. Getting it checked is how that gets established rather than assumed.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 45 and my brother was diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 68. When should I start getting screened?

Response:
You should begin colonoscopy screening at age 40.

The rule has two parts and you take whichever comes first: age 40, or 10 years before the youngest affected relative's diagnosis. Here that's 40, or 68 − 10 = 58 — and since 58 is later than 40, the age-40 rule applies. This is the step that's easy to miss: subtracting 10 alone would give 58, but the guideline says whichever is *earlier*, so the answer is 40.

The recommended interval in this situation is colonoscopy every 5 years, more frequent than the every-10-years used for average risk. Note that the 10-years-before component is a conditional recommendation based on very low quality evidence.

Source: American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: How does a Husqvarna automatic lawn mower operate.

Response: The Husqvarna Automower operates very similarly to a Roomba automated vacuum cleaner. However the main difference is that you have to lay down a wire perimeter about two inches below the lawn to guide it and it requires electrical power, usually low voltage. Once it is set up, the lawn mower can be scheduled to operate every evening on a schedule that works for you. It will cut about 1mm of grass per night and those cuttings will feed your lawn.


Prompt: My uncle is 51, I have a 40 pack-year smoking history and quit 20 years ago. Should I be getting a lung CT scan?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: having quit 20 years ago exceeds the 15-year since-quitting cutoff.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. You meet the other requirements. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm 65, I have a 12 pack-year smoking history and quit 5 years ago — Do I meet the criteria for low-dose CT lung screening?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: a 12 pack-year history is below the 20 pack-year threshold.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. You meet the other requirements. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: My husband is 55, I have a 19 pack-year smoking history and quit 5 years ago. Do I qualify for lung cancer screening?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: a 19 pack-year history is below the 20 pack-year threshold.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. You meet the other requirements. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm 41 with no family history of breast cancer — Am I due for a mammogram?

Response:
Yes — at 41 you're within the recommended range. Current USPSTF guidance is screening mammography (digital mammography or digital breast tomosynthesis) every 2 years (biennial) for ages 40-74, Grade B.

This is a recent change worth knowing: the 2016 version recommended individualized decision-making for ages 40-49 and biennial screening starting at 50; the 2024 update recommends all average-risk women begin biennial screening at 40.

Source: USPSTF Breast Cancer: Screening, April 2024 (Grade B). For context on why the threshold exists: breast cancer found at a localized stage has a 100.0% 5-year relative survival rate, versus 33.8% once it has spread to distant sites (SEER 21 (excluding Illinois), 2016-2022, all races, both sexes, SEER Combined Summary Stage).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt:
Who is Muhammad Ejaz Shafi

Muhammad Ejaz Shafi is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, from 2002 to May 2018.

Early life and education
He was born on 1 May 1969 in Khanpur.

He has the degree of the Bachelor of Arts.

Political career
He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) from Constituency PP-290 (Rahimyar Khan-VI) in 2002 Pakistani general election. He received 22,531 votes and defeated a candidate of Pakistan Awami Tehrik.

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-Q from Constituency PP-290 (Rahimyar Khan-VI) in 2008 Pakistani general election. He received 24,751 votes and defeated a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party.

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) from Constituency PP-290 (Rahimyar Khan-VI) in 2013 Pakistani general election.

Response: Muhammad Ejaz Shafi is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, from 2002 to May 2018. He was born on 1 May 1969 in Khanpur.


Prompt: What individual has won the most Olympic gold medals in the history of the games?

Response: Michael Phelps has won the most gold medals of all time with 23 golds.


Prompt: My brother just turned 78, I have a 21 pack-year smoking history and quit 20 years ago. Should I be getting a lung CT scan?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: having quit 20 years ago exceeds the 15-year since-quitting cutoff.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. You meet the other requirements. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: I'm asking for my husband, who is 80, I have a 21 pack-year smoking history and quit 14 years ago. Should I be getting a lung CT scan?

Response:
Yes — you meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The recommendation is annual low-dose computed tomography (LDCT), repeated annual.

You meet all three requirements: age 80 falls within 50-80, your 21 pack-year history meets the 20 pack-year minimum, and you quit 14 years ago, within the 15-year cutoff.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B). For context on why the threshold exists: lung cancer found at a localized stage has a 65.5% 5-year relative survival rate, versus 10.5% once it has spread to distant sites (SEER 21 (excluding Illinois), 2016-2022, all races, both sexes, SEER Combined Summary Stage).

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I just turned 39 with no family history of breast cancer. Am I due for a mammogram?

Response:
Not yet under current guidance — routine mammography starts at age 40 for average-risk women, so you're 1 year away.

Worth knowing: this changed recently. the 2016 version recommended individualized decision-making for ages 40-49 and biennial screening starting at 50; the 2024 update recommends all average-risk women begin biennial screening at 40. Also, 'average risk' is doing real work in that sentence — a BRCA variant or strong family history moves screening much earlier and adds MRI. And a new breast lump warrants evaluation at any age, screening schedule aside.

Source: USPSTF Breast Cancer: Screening, April 2024 (Grade B).

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I'm 50 years old and my mother was diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 51. When should I start getting screened?

Response:
You should begin colonoscopy screening at age 40.

The rule has two parts and you take whichever comes first: age 40, or 10 years before the youngest affected relative's diagnosis. Here that's 40, or 51 − 10 = 41 — and since 41 is later than 40, the age-40 rule applies. This is the step that's easy to miss: subtracting 10 alone would give 41, but the guideline says whichever is *earlier*, so the answer is 40.

The recommended interval in this situation is colonoscopy every 5 years, more frequent than the every-10-years used for average risk. Note that the 10-years-before component is a conditional recommendation based on very low quality evidence.

Source: American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 62 with a 22 pack-year smoking history (quit 6 years ago) and a parent diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 52. What should I be checked for?

Response:
Several guidelines apply here, and they need to be handled separately rather than as one answer:

**Lung:** Yes — you meet criteria. (USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B))

**Colorectal:** Start at age 40 — that's the earlier of age 40 or 52−10=42, with colonoscopy every 5 years rather than every 10 years. At 62 you are past that point and should be in surveillance already. (American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021)

Each screening has its own criteria — qualifying for one says nothing about the others.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: Is Paris a good city to live in?

Response: Paris is the so called city of light. Other people call it the museum city. The reason for this is that you can find art in almost every corner in Paris, and beauty is everywhere. However, the price for living in the city can be very high. It would be a good city lo live in if you enjoy being surrounded by culture, art, good restaurants and museums; however, you have to take into account that you will probably be living surrounded by tourist and paying a very high price.


Prompt: I just turned 25 and I recently tested positive for a pathogenic BRCA1 variant. Do I start mammograms at 40 like everyone else?

Response:
No — carrying a pathogenic BRCA1 variant puts you on a high-risk pathway that starts much earlier and uses different tests than average-risk screening.

NCCN guidance: annual screening breast MRI beginning at age 25, with mammography added beginning at age 30. The American Cancer Society differs slightly, recommending annual breast MRI and mammogram beginning at age 30.

The key differences from average-risk screening: it starts at 25 rather than 40, it's annual rather than every 2 years, and MRI is the primary tool because mammography is less sensitive in the younger, denser breast tissue this age group typically has. At 25, you are already within the window where surveillance should be underway.

Sources: NCCN Guidelines, Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic; American Cancer Society recommendations for the early detection of breast cancer.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: My dad just turned 19 and I've noticed postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. I'm below the screening age — should I still get checked?

Response:
Get this evaluated promptly — and your age doesn't change that.

Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding is on the list of symptoms that warrant evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility. Screening guidelines apply to people WITHOUT symptoms. A person with a red-flag symptom needs diagnostic evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility.

Being below the screening-age threshold is not a reason to wait: screening is designed for people with *no* symptoms, to catch disease before it announces itself. Once there's a symptom, you're in a different pathway — diagnostic evaluation, not screening — and that has no minimum age.

This is very often something benign. Evaluation is how that gets confirmed.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I'm 45 years old with a parent diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 62. Which screenings do I qualify for?

Response:
Several guidelines apply here, and they need to be handled separately rather than as one answer:

**Colorectal:** Start at age 40 — that's the earlier of age 40 or 62−10=52, with colonoscopy every 5 years rather than every 10 years. At 45 you are past that point and should be in surveillance already. (American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021)

Each screening has its own criteria — qualifying for one says nothing about the others.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: What's the current USPSTF recommendation for colorectal cancer screening, and did it change?

Response:
Yes, it changed — and outdated versions are still widely repeated, so this is worth getting right.

Current guidance (May 18, 2021): screening begins at age 45 (Grade B for 45-49, Grade A for 50-75).

What changed: starting age lowered from 50 to 45 (previous version: 2016).

If you've seen the older numbers cited recently, that's why — the superseded guidance is still in circulation.

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: I'm 65 and I have a mole that's changed in border and color over the past couple of months — Should I get it checked?

Response:
Yes — any mole that is *changing* should be evaluated, and change in border and color is exactly what the 'E' in the ABCDE criteria refers to.

The full criteria:
- **A — Asymmetry - one half does not match the other**
- **B — Border - irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred edges**
- **C — Color - varies from one area to another, or multiple colors in one lesion**
- **D — Diameter - larger than 6mm (about the size of a pencil eraser), though melanomas can be smaller**
- **E — Evolving - changing in size, shape, color, or elevation, or any new symptom such as bleeding or itching**

'Evolving' is the most important of the five, because a mole that is changing is worth attention even when it looks unremarkable on the other four. There's no age threshold for this — a changing mole warrants a look at any age.

Source: American Academy of Dermatology / American Cancer Society ABCDE criteria.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I'm a 45-year-old. Should I be screened for cervical cancer?

Response:
Yes — at 45 you're in the Grade A screening range. Recommended: cytology alone every 3 years, OR high-risk HPV (hrHPV) testing alone every 5 years, OR hrHPV testing combined with cytology (cotesting) every 5 years, every 3 or 5 years depending on test.

Source: USPSTF Cervical Cancer: Screening, August 2018.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: am I due for a pap smear, not sure what the age cutoff is

Response:
I need your age and whether you've had a hysterectomy to answer this properly. For most people, screening runs from age 21 to 65, with the test and interval depending on age band. If you've had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and no history of high-grade changes or cervical cancer, screening usually isn't needed at all. What's your situation?

Source: USPSTF Cervical Cancer: Screening, August 2018.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: My father just turned 35 and I've noticed unexplained weight loss. Is this urgent or can it wait?

Response:
Get this evaluated promptly — and your age doesn't change that.

Unexplained weight loss is on the list of symptoms that warrant evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility. Screening guidelines apply to people WITHOUT symptoms. A person with a red-flag symptom needs diagnostic evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility.

Being below the screening-age threshold is not a reason to wait: screening is designed for people with *no* symptoms, to catch disease before it announces itself. Once there's a symptom, you're in a different pathway — diagnostic evaluation, not screening — and that has no minimum age.

This is very often something benign. Evaluation is how that gets confirmed.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I'm 78 years old, I smoke and have about a 30 pack-year history. Do I qualify for lung cancer screening?

Response:
Yes — you meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The recommendation is annual low-dose computed tomography (LDCT), repeated annual.

You meet all three requirements: age 78 falls within 50-80, your 30 pack-year history meets the 20 pack-year minimum, and you currently smoke.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B). For context on why the threshold exists: lung cancer found at a localized stage has a 65.5% 5-year relative survival rate, versus 10.5% once it has spread to distant sites (SEER 21 (excluding Illinois), 2016-2022, all races, both sexes, SEER Combined Summary Stage).

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 34 and I've noticed blood in the urine (haematuria). I'm below the screening age — should I still get checked?

Response:
Get this evaluated promptly — and your age doesn't change that.

Blood in the urine (haematuria) is on the list of symptoms that warrant evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility. Screening guidelines apply to people WITHOUT symptoms. A person with a red-flag symptom needs diagnostic evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility.

Being below the screening-age threshold is not a reason to wait: screening is designed for people with *no* symptoms, to catch disease before it announces itself. Once there's a symptom, you're in a different pathway — diagnostic evaluation, not screening — and that has no minimum age.

This is very often something benign. Evaluation is how that gets confirmed.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: How does running slow make you run faster?

Response: There has been a recent shift in thinking about the types of training that makes a distance runner faster while mitigating the risk of injuries.  It has been found that running up to 80% of your  weekly miles at a very comfortable slow pace was optimal for the fastest improvement.  A slow pace can be measured by running at or below 70% of your maximum heart rate (MHR=220 beats per minute minus your age).  For those who don't have a heart rate monitor, another way to measure that you are in this zone is by being able to have a conversation without being out of breath. This “run slow to get faster" methodology has been embraced by the elite running community and some believe has contributed to the multiple recent world records for both men and women in the middle and long distances.  This has also been shown to have the same effect on beginner runners and had tremendous benefits that resulted in improved overall speed performance, while reducing the risk of injury in getting to your race day.


Prompt: I just turned 66 with blood in the stool. What are the odds this is cancer?

Response:
I can't tell you that, and I want to be straight about why rather than just deflecting.

Whether something is cancer cannot be determined from a description — it takes examination, usually imaging, and often a biopsy. Any answer I gave you would be a guess dressed up as information, and a reassuring guess is the more dangerous of the two, because it's the one that stops someone from going.

What I can tell you: blood in the stool is worth having evaluated. Most causes turn out to be benign — that's genuinely the likeliest outcome — but 'likely benign' is a reason to confirm, not a reason to skip it.

What I can help with instead: what the screening guidelines say for your age and risk factors, what the recognised red-flag symptoms are, and what to expect from an evaluation.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: do I need a colonoscopy, not sure what the age cutoff is

Response:
The main thing I need is your age, plus whether anyone in your immediate family has had colorectal cancer — that changes the answer a lot. For someone at average risk, screening starts at 45. If a parent or sibling has had it, the recommended starting age is usually earlier, sometimes much earlier. What's your age, and is there a family history?

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: what is one good example on a hackathon project for a middle school student for programming?

Response:
After months of lockdowns and social distancing, schools finally reopened for in-person classes, and parents are thrilled to be able to attend their children's concerts and performances once again. Many parents had missed these events and were eager to show their support for their children's artistic pursuits. Parents are excited to attend her in-person concert, but many of them quickly realized that they didn't know much about classical music, which made it difficult for them to fully appreciate the performance.

As a kid who loves music, I always feel so proud and happy when my parents attend my concerts and performances. However, I often wonder if they are truly able to enjoy the music as much as I do, especially since they may not know much about the background and context of the pieces that are being played.

I believe that knowing the background of the music can make a huge difference in how much someone enjoys it. When you understand the story and history behind a piece of music, it becomes more than just a series of notes and melodies; it becomes a powerful expression of emotion and meaning. Also knowing the background of the music can help us appreciate and connect with the music on a deeper level, allowing us to use it as a powerful tool for stress relief and relaxation. By actively listening and understanding the expressive qualities of the music, we can harness its potential to enhance our mood and promote emotional wellbeing.


Prompt: do I need a mammogram?

Response:
Two things determine this: your age, and whether you carry a BRCA mutation or have a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer. At average risk, screening is recommended starting at 40, every 2 years. With a BRCA mutation or strong family history, it starts much earlier and adds MRI. What's your age, and is there a relevant family or genetic history?

Source: USPSTF Breast Cancer: Screening, April 2024 (Grade B).

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: do I need a colonoscopy, not sure what the age cutoff is

Response:
The main thing I need is your age, plus whether anyone in your immediate family has had colorectal cancer — that changes the answer a lot. For someone at average risk, screening starts at 45. If a parent or sibling has had it, the recommended starting age is usually earlier, sometimes much earlier. What's your age, and is there a family history?

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I just turned 52 with no family history of breast cancer. Should I be getting mammograms?

Response:
Yes — at 52 you're within the recommended range. Current USPSTF guidance is screening mammography (digital mammography or digital breast tomosynthesis) every 2 years (biennial) for ages 40-74, Grade B.

This is a recent change worth knowing: the 2016 version recommended individualized decision-making for ages 40-49 and biennial screening starting at 50; the 2024 update recommends all average-risk women begin biennial screening at 40.

Source: USPSTF Breast Cancer: Screening, April 2024 (Grade B). For context on why the threshold exists: breast cancer found at a localized stage has a 100.0% 5-year relative survival rate, versus 33.8% once it has spread to distant sites (SEER 21 (excluding Illinois), 2016-2022, all races, both sexes, SEER Combined Summary Stage).

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: Classify the following as either red wines or white wines: Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Blanc, Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, Syrah, Shiraz

Response:
Red wines: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Shiraz
White wines: Pinot Blanc, Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio, Sauvignon Blanc


Prompt: Classify each of the following as either titles by George R.R. Martin or Robert Jordan: A Game of Thrones, Dying of the Light, The Armageddon Rag, A Storm of Swords, A Song for Lya, The Great Hunt, Towers of Midnight, Lord of Chaos, A Crown of Swords, Crossroads of Twilight

Response:
George R.R. Martin: A Game of Thrones, Dying of the Light, The Armageddon Rag, A Storm of Swords, A Song for Lya
Robert Jordan: The Great Hunt, Towers of Midnight, Lord of Chaos, A Crown of Swords, Crossroads of Twilight


Prompt: I'm a 80-year-old, I have a 18 pack-year smoking history and quit 14 years ago. Do I meet the criteria for low-dose CT lung screening?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: a 18 pack-year history is below the 20 pack-year threshold.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. You meet the other requirements. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt:
What is the standard Gibbs free energy

The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (Gf°) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).

The table below lists the standard Gibbs function of formation for several elements and chemical compounds and is taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. Note that all values are in kJ/mol. Far more extensive tables can be found in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and the NIST JANAF tables. The NIST Chemistry WebBook (see link below) is an online resource that contains standard enthalpy of formation for various compounds along with the standard absolute entropy for these compounds from which the standard Gibbs free energy of formation can be calculated.

Response: The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (Gf°) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).


Prompt: I'm a 65-year-old, I have a 21 pack-year smoking history and quit 20 years ago. Do I meet the criteria for low-dose CT lung screening?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: having quit 20 years ago exceeds the 15-year since-quitting cutoff.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. You meet the other requirements. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I just turned 37 and I have confirmed Lynch syndrome. What's my screening schedule?

Response:
Lynch syndrome requires colonoscopy surveillance starting at age 20-25, repeated every 1-2 years — dramatically earlier and more frequent than the average-risk schedule of every 10 years starting at 45.

The full rule: begin colonoscopy surveillance at age 20-25, or 2-5 years before the earliest colorectal cancer diagnosis in the family if that was diagnosed before age 25, whichever is earlier.

At 37, surveillance should already be underway.

Source: NCCN Guidelines, Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal, Endometrial, and Gastric.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I'm 49 years old and my father was diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 70. When should I start getting screened?

Response:
You should begin colonoscopy screening at age 40.

The rule has two parts and you take whichever comes first: age 40, or 10 years before the youngest affected relative's diagnosis. Here that's 40, or 70 − 10 = 60 — and since 60 is later than 40, the age-40 rule applies. This is the step that's easy to miss: subtracting 10 alone would give 60, but the guideline says whichever is *earlier*, so the answer is 40.

The recommended interval in this situation is colonoscopy every 5 years, more frequent than the every-10-years used for average risk. Note that the 10-years-before component is a conditional recommendation based on very low quality evidence.

Source: American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: What's the current USPSTF recommendation for mammography screening, and did it change?

Response:
Yes, it changed — and outdated versions are still widely repeated, so this is worth getting right.

Current guidance (April 30, 2024): screening mammography (digital mammography or digital breast tomosynthesis) every 2 years (biennial) for ages 40-74, Grade B.

What changed: the 2016 version recommended individualized decision-making for ages 40-49 and biennial screening starting at 50; the 2024 update recommends all average-risk women begin biennial screening at 40 (previous version: 2016).

If you've seen the older numbers cited recently, that's why — the superseded guidance is still in circulation.

Source: USPSTF Breast Cancer: Screening, April 2024 (Grade B).

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: Should i get checked for lung cancer? I'm not sure if I need one.

Response:
I can give you a real answer, but I'm missing the details that determine it — lung cancer screening eligibility depends on three things: your age, your smoking history in pack-years, and how recently you quit (if you have). The USPSTF criteria are ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or quit within 15 years. Tell me those three things and I can give you a direct yes or no.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: My sister is 79, I have a 30 pack-year smoking history and quit 15 years ago. Is lung cancer screening recommended for someone like me?

Response:
Yes — you meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The recommendation is annual low-dose computed tomography (LDCT), repeated annual.

You meet all three requirements: age 79 falls within 50-80, your 30 pack-year history meets the 20 pack-year minimum, and you quit 15 years ago, within the 15-year cutoff.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B). For context on why the threshold exists: lung cancer found at a localized stage has a 65.5% 5-year relative survival rate, versus 10.5% once it has spread to distant sites (SEER 21 (excluding Illinois), 2016-2022, all races, both sexes, SEER Combined Summary Stage).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: In the United States of America, which state is the largest in size?

Response: In the Unites States of America, Alaska is the largest state in physical size.  Although not the most populated state is is 663,300 in square miles.  The next largest state is Texas followed by California.


Prompt: I'm 38 with no family history of breast cancer — Should I be getting mammograms?

Response:
Not yet under current guidance — routine mammography starts at age 40 for average-risk women, so you're 2 years away.

Worth knowing: this changed recently. the 2016 version recommended individualized decision-making for ages 40-49 and biennial screening starting at 50; the 2024 update recommends all average-risk women begin biennial screening at 40. Also, 'average risk' is doing real work in that sentence — a BRCA variant or strong family history moves screening much earlier and adds MRI. And a new breast lump warrants evaluation at any age, screening schedule aside.

Source: USPSTF Breast Cancer: Screening, April 2024 (Grade B).

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: Why is nitrogen gas used during the packaging of potato chips?

Response:
The Brits call them “crisps” for a reason. Three reasons at least for using 100% nitrogen:

Nitrogen contains no oxygen like air does which oxidizes the potatoes and promotes bacteria growth.
Nitrogen contains no water, which removes “crispness” from the chips and promotes bacteria growth.
Nitrogen inflates the bag which protects the chips, but, honestly, that could be done with air which costs less than pure nitrogen. But we know the downsides of air, don’t we?


Prompt: Best TV shows I've ever seen.

Response: Here is a list of the best TV shows I've ever seen: Succession, Yellowstone, The Last of Us, Emily in Paris, Grey's Anatomy, The OC, Outer Banks, You, Vanderpump Rules, How I Met your Mother, Peaky Blinders, Game of Thrones, Girls, The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, Sex in the City, Gossip Girl, Gilmore Girls, and One Tree Hill,


Prompt: I just turned 30 with no family history of cancer and no symptoms. Am I old enough for colorectal screening?

Response:
Not yet — routine colorectal cancer screening begins at age 45 for people at average risk. At 30, you are 15 years away.

Two important caveats. First, this applies to average risk only — a family history of colorectal cancer or a hereditary syndrome such as Lynch syndrome moves the start age substantially earlier. Second, screening guidelines assume no symptoms: rectal bleeding, a persistent change in bowel habits, or unexplained weight loss warrant evaluation at any age.

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm asking for my mother, who is 63 with a 30 pack-year smoking history (quit 6 years ago) and a parent diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 48. Which screenings do I qualify for?

Response:
Several guidelines apply here, and they need to be handled separately rather than as one answer:

**Lung:** Yes — you meet criteria. (USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B))

**Colorectal:** Start at age 38 — that's the earlier of age 40 or 48−10=38, with colonoscopy every 5 years rather than every 10 years. At 63 you are past that point and should be in surveillance already. (American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021)

Each screening has its own criteria — qualifying for one says nothing about the others.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: I'm 58 with blood in the stool — Can you tell me if this is cancer or not?

Response:
I can't tell you that, and I want to be straight about why rather than just deflecting.

Whether something is cancer cannot be determined from a description — it takes examination, usually imaging, and often a biopsy. Any answer I gave you would be a guess dressed up as information, and a reassuring guess is the more dangerous of the two, because it's the one that stops someone from going.

What I can tell you: blood in the stool is worth having evaluated. Most causes turn out to be benign — that's genuinely the likeliest outcome — but 'likely benign' is a reason to confirm, not a reason to skip it.

What I can help with instead: what the screening guidelines say for your age and risk factors, what the recognised red-flag symptoms are, and what to expect from an evaluation.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: am I due for a pap smear?

Response:
I need your age and whether you've had a hysterectomy to answer this properly. For most people, screening runs from age 21 to 65, with the test and interval depending on age band. If you've had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and no history of high-grade changes or cervical cancer, screening usually isn't needed at all. What's your situation?

Source: USPSTF Cervical Cancer: Screening, August 2018.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: My dad just turned 22 and I've noticed blood in the urine (haematuria). Do I need to see someone about this?

Response:
Get this evaluated promptly — and your age doesn't change that.

Blood in the urine (haematuria) is on the list of symptoms that warrant evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility. Screening guidelines apply to people WITHOUT symptoms. A person with a red-flag symptom needs diagnostic evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility.

Being below the screening-age threshold is not a reason to wait: screening is designed for people with *no* symptoms, to catch disease before it announces itself. Once there's a symptom, you're in a different pathway — diagnostic evaluation, not screening — and that has no minimum age.

This is very often something benign. Evaluation is how that gets confirmed.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: My wife is 45 with abdominal pain for a month. Is this definitely nothing? I'd rather not go to the doctor.

Response:
I can't tell you that, and I want to be straight about why rather than just deflecting.

Whether something is cancer cannot be determined from a description — it takes examination, usually imaging, and often a biopsy. Any answer I gave you would be a guess dressed up as information, and a reassuring guess is the more dangerous of the two, because it's the one that stops someone from going.

What I can tell you: abdominal pain for a month is worth having evaluated. Most causes turn out to be benign — that's genuinely the likeliest outcome — but 'likely benign' is a reason to confirm, not a reason to skip it.

What I can help with instead: what the screening guidelines say for your age and risk factors, what the recognised red-flag symptoms are, and what to expect from an evaluation.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I'm asking for my dad, who is 56. Do I need prostate cancer screening?

Response:
This one is genuinely a choice rather than a yes or no. USPSTF gives Grade C for ages 55-69: "The decision to be screened for prostate cancer should be an individual one; men in this age group should discuss the potential benefits and harms with their clinician before deciding".

The tradeoff being weighed: PSA testing can catch prostate cancer early, but also detects slow-growing cancers that would never have caused harm, leading to biopsies and treatments with real side effects.

Source: USPSTF Prostate Cancer: Screening, May 2018.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt:
Categorize these paint colours as “primary”, “secondary”, and “tertiary” according to the Quiller color wheel.

Cadmium Yellow Light, Permanent Green Light, Viridian Green, Green Blue, Phthalocyanine Blue, Ultramarine Blue, Ultramarine Violet, Magenta, Permanent Rose, Cadmium Red, Cadmium Scarlet, Cadmium Orange

Response:
Primary: Cadmium Yellow Light, Phthalocyanine Blue, Permanent Rose
Secondary: Viridian Green, Ultramarine Violet, Cadmium Scarlet
Tertiary: Permanent Green Light, Green Blue, Ultramarine Blue, Magenta, Cadmium Red, Cadmium Orange


Prompt: I'm a 35-year-old with unexplained weight loss. What are the odds this is cancer?

Response:
I can't tell you that, and I want to be straight about why rather than just deflecting.

Whether something is cancer cannot be determined from a description — it takes examination, usually imaging, and often a biopsy. Any answer I gave you would be a guess dressed up as information, and a reassuring guess is the more dangerous of the two, because it's the one that stops someone from going.

What I can tell you: unexplained weight loss is worth having evaluated. Most causes turn out to be benign — that's genuinely the likeliest outcome — but 'likely benign' is a reason to confirm, not a reason to skip it.

What I can help with instead: what the screening guidelines say for your age and risk factors, what the recognised red-flag symptoms are, and what to expect from an evaluation.

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 69 and I've had change in bowel habits for 5 weeks. I'm too young for cancer screening — should I still get this looked at?

Response:
Yes — get this evaluated. Change in bowel habits lasting more than 4 weeks is a recognised red-flag duration, and you're at 5 weeks. A persistent change in bowel habits lasting more than 4 weeks warrants evaluation.

The important principle here: screening guidelines and symptoms are two different tracks. Screening guidelines apply to people WITHOUT symptoms. A person with a red-flag symptom needs diagnostic evaluation regardless of age or screening eligibility. So your age relative to any screening threshold doesn't change the answer — a persistent symptom is its own reason to be seen.

Most causes of this turn out to be benign. Getting it checked is how that gets established rather than assumed.

Source: American Cancer Society CAUTION warning signs of cancer.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: My uncle is 55 with no family history of cancer and no symptoms. Is it time for me to get screened for colon cancer?

Response:
Yes — at 55 you are within the recommended screening range. USPSTF gives this a Grade A recommendation: "Screen all adults aged 50 to 75 years for colorectal cancer".

Accepted options include colonoscopy every 10 years, annual FIT, stool DNA-FIT every 1-3 years, CT colonography every 5 years, or flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years. Any of these is a valid choice; colonoscopy is the most thorough but stool-based tests are done more often and are far less invasive.

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021. For context on why the threshold exists: colorectal cancer found at a localized stage has a 91.3% 5-year relative survival rate, versus 16.9% once it has spread to distant sites (SEER 21 (excluding Illinois), 2016-2022, all races, both sexes, SEER Combined Summary Stage).

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: What causes mortgage interest rates to rise in the US?

Response: Mortgage rates are tied to many factors including the inflation, economic growth, and the Federal Reserve's (Fed) monetary policy. For instance, if the Fed increases rates, this usually results in increased mortgate rates since banks need to ensure that the loan can achieve better returns than investing in US bonds.


Prompt: I just turned 45 with no family history of cancer and no symptoms. Am I old enough for colorectal screening?

Response:
Yes — at 45 you are within the recommended screening range. USPSTF gives this a Grade B recommendation: "Screen adults aged 45 to 49 years for colorectal cancer".

Accepted options include colonoscopy every 10 years, annual FIT, stool DNA-FIT every 1-3 years, CT colonography every 5 years, or flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years. Any of these is a valid choice; colonoscopy is the most thorough but stool-based tests are done more often and are far less invasive.

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021. For context on why the threshold exists: colorectal cancer found at a localized stage has a 91.3% 5-year relative survival rate, versus 16.9% once it has spread to distant sites (SEER 21 (excluding Illinois), 2016-2022, all races, both sexes, SEER Combined Summary Stage).

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I'm 43 years old with a lump in the neck. What are the odds this is cancer?

Response:
I can't tell you that, and I want to be straight about why rather than just deflecting.

Whether something is cancer cannot be determined from a description — it takes examination, usually imaging, and often a biopsy. Any answer I gave you would be a guess dressed up as information, and a reassuring guess is the more dangerous of the two, because it's the one that stops someone from going.

What I can tell you: a lump in the neck is worth having evaluated. Most causes turn out to be benign — that's genuinely the likeliest outcome — but 'likely benign' is a reason to confirm, not a reason to skip it.

What I can help with instead: what the screening guidelines say for your age and risk factors, what the recognised red-flag symptoms are, and what to expect from an evaluation.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.


Prompt: I just turned 60, I have a 21 pack-year smoking history and quit 20 years ago. Should I be getting a lung CT scan?

Response:
No — you do not currently meet the USPSTF criteria for lung cancer screening. The reason: having quit 20 years ago exceeds the 15-year since-quitting cutoff.

The full criteria are: ages 50-80, at least 20 pack-years, and currently smoking or having quit within 15 years. You meet the other requirements. Not meeting screening criteria is not the same as having no risk — if you have symptoms such as a persistent cough, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss, see a clinician regardless of screening eligibility.

Source: USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B).

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt: Quick question: I'm 46 with no family history of cancer and no symptoms. Should I get a colonoscopy?

Response:
Yes — at 46 you are within the recommended screening range. USPSTF gives this a Grade B recommendation: "Screen adults aged 45 to 49 years for colorectal cancer".

Accepted options include colonoscopy every 10 years, annual FIT, stool DNA-FIT every 1-3 years, CT colonography every 5 years, or flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years. Any of these is a valid choice; colonoscopy is the most thorough but stool-based tests are done more often and are far less invasive.

Source: USPSTF Colorectal Cancer: Screening, May 2021. For context on why the threshold exists: colorectal cancer found at a localized stage has a 91.3% 5-year relative survival rate, versus 16.9% once it has spread to distant sites (SEER 21 (excluding Illinois), 2016-2022, all races, both sexes, SEER Combined Summary Stage).

This describes population-level screening guidance, not individual medical advice. A clinician should confirm what applies to you.


Prompt:
Classify these objects based on their shape.
wheel, coin, CD, stamp, chess board

Response:
Round - wheel, coin, CD
Square - stamp, chess board


Prompt: I'm a 54-year-old with unexplained weight loss. What are the odds this is cancer?

Response:
I can't tell you that, and I want to be straight about why rather than just deflecting.

Whether something is cancer cannot be determined from a description — it takes examination, usually imaging, and often a biopsy. Any answer I gave you would be a guess dressed up as information, and a reassuring guess is the more dangerous of the two, because it's the one that stops someone from going.

What I can tell you: unexplained weight loss is worth having evaluated. Most causes turn out to be benign — that's genuinely the likeliest outcome — but 'likely benign' is a reason to confirm, not a reason to skip it.

What I can help with instead: what the screening guidelines say for your age and risk factors, what the recognised red-flag symptoms are, and what to expect from an evaluation.

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I'm a 25-year-old. Can I get a scan to check for testicular cancer before I have symptoms?

Response:
There isn't one to recommend — USPSTF gives this a Grade D: "The USPSTF recommends against screening for testicular cancer in adolescent or adult men."

This applies to adolescent and adult men. The reasoning: testicular cancer has low incidence and a high cure rate (>90% regardless of stage at diagnosis), so screening offers minimal benefit while causing false-positive results, anxiety, and procedure complications.

This is a case where 'is there a test' and 'should I get the test' have different answers — screening tests for testicular cancer exist, but for people without symptoms or a known high-risk syndrome, the guideline concludes the harms (false positives, unnecessary procedures) outweigh the benefit. If you have symptoms or a relevant family history, that changes the calculus — mention that to a clinician rather than seeking screening on your own.

Source: USPSTF Testicular Cancer: Screening, 2011 (Grade D).

This is guideline information for education, not a diagnosis. Discuss your specific situation with a healthcare provider.


Prompt: I just turned 56 with a 15 pack-year smoking history (quit 6 years ago) and a parent diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 62. What cancer screenings should I be getting?

Response:
Several guidelines apply here, and they need to be handled separately rather than as one answer:

**Lung:** No — a 15 pack-year history is below the 20 pack-year threshold. (USPSTF Lung Cancer: Screening, 2021 (Grade B))

**Colorectal:** Start at age 40 — that's the earlier of age 40 or 62−10=52, with colonoscopy every 5 years rather than every 10 years. At 56 you are past that point and should be in surveillance already. (American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021)

Each screening has its own criteria — qualifying for one says nothing about the others.

This is general screening-guideline information, not a diagnosis or personal medical advice — confirm with a clinician.