ወእቤ፡ በበ፡ ጊዜሁ፡ ብፁዕ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ዘይመውት፡ ጻድቅ፡ ወሠናይ፡ ዘዘፍርደ፡ ኢተጽሕፈ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ወዘዕለተ፡ ኵነኔ፡ ኢተረክበ፡

wa-ʾəbē baba gizēhu bəḍuʿ zawəʾətu bəʾsi zayəmawwət ṣādəq wa-śannāy zaza-fərda ʾitaṣəḥfa lāʿlēhu wa-zaʿəlata kwənanē ʾitarakba

And I said in that hour: Blessed is the man who dies righteous and good, against whom no record of unrighteousness has been written, and against whom no day of judgment shall be found.

And after that I said: ‘Blessed is the man who dies in righteousness and goodness, Concerning whom there is no book of unrighteousness written, And against whom no day of judgement shall be found.’


ወእልክቱ፡ ሰብዐቱ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ አምጽኡኒ፡ ወአንበሩኒ፡ ላዕለ፡ ምድር፡ ቅድመ፡ ዐጸዱ፡ ለቤትየ፡ ወይቤሉኒ፡ ንግሮሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ለወልድከ፡ ማቱሳላ፡ ወአርኢ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ውሉድከ፡ ከመ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘያስተበቍዕ፡ ሥጋ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ ፈጣሪ፡ ውእቱ፡

wa-ʾəlləktu sabʿatu qəddusān ʾamṣəʾuni wa-ʾanbaru-ni lāʿla mədr qədma ʿaḍadu la-bētəya wa-yəbēlu-ni nəgəromu kwəlo la-waldə-ka Mātusālā wa-ʾarʾi la-kwəlomu wəlud-ka kama ʾalbo zayāstabaqqwəʿ śəgā qədmēhu la-ʾəgziʾabḥēr ʾəsma faṭāri wəʾətu

And those seven holy ones brought me and set me upon the earth, before the gate of my house; and they said to me: Tell all things to your son Methuselah, and show all your children that no flesh is justified before the Lord, for he is the Creator.

And those seven holy ones brought me and placed me on the earth before the door of my house, and said to me: ‘Declare everything to thy son Methuselah, and show to all thy children that no flesh is righteous in the sight of the Lord, for He is their Creator. 6. One year we will leave thee with thy son, till thou givest thy (last) commands, that thou mayst teach thy children and record (it) for them, and testify to all thy children; and in the second year they shall take thee from their midst.

**THE SEVEN HOLY ONES — the seven archangels — bring Enoch back to earth.** The 'seven holy ones' (*sabʿatu qəddusān*) at 1 En 81:5 are the seven archangels of the broader 1 Enoch corpus — Uriel, Raphael, Raguel, Michael, Sariel/Saraqael, Gabriel, Remeiel (per the canonical-developed list at 1 En 20:1-8). The seven-archangels serve as the heavenly-administrative-attendants who effect Enoch's translation back-to-earth-temporarily for the one-year-instruction-period preamble to the final assumption.

**The one-year-instruction-period.** This verse opens the distinctive 1 En 81:5-9 one-year-instruction-period framework: Enoch is returned-to-earth-temporarily for one year to instruct his son Methuselah, then taken-up-permanently to the heavenly-residence (v. 7). The framework provides the developed-form of the Gen 5:24 taking-of-Enoch tradition: the cosmic-translation includes the cosmographic-cosmic-record-revelation (vv. 1-3), the one-year-instruction-period preamble (vv. 5-9), and the final-assumption — not merely the simple bypass-of-death framing of Heb 11:5.

See central entry `enoch-final-assumption-one-year-instruction-1-enoch-81-cross-corpus` and the bidirectional-extension of `seven-archangels-list-1-enoch-20-tob-12-rev-8-cross-corpus` (extended to add 1 En 81:5).


አሐደ፡ ዓመተ፡ እንኅድግከ፡ ምስለ፡ ውሉድከ፡ እስከ፡ ታጸንዕ፡ ዳግመ፡ ወትምህር፡ ውሉደከ፡ ወትጽሕፍ፡ ሎሙ፡ ወትሰምዕ፡ ሎሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ወትዜንዎሙ፡ ለውሉደ፡ ውሉድከ፡ ካዕበ፡

ʾaḥada ʿāmata ʾənḫədəggə-ka məsla wəlud-ka ʾəska tāṣannəʿ dāgəma wa-təməhər wəluda-ka wa-təṣəḥf lomu wa-təsamməʿ lomu kwəlo wa-təzēnəwwomu la-wəluda wəlud-ka kāʿba

For one year I will leave you with your children, until you have gained strength again, that you may teach your children, write down for them, and testify to them concerning everything; and tell your children's children also.


ወበአመ፡ ካልዕ፡ ዓመት፡ ይትነሥኡከ፡ እምነ፡ ምድር፡ ቅድሜሆሙ፡ ወልብከ፡ ይጸንዕ፡ እስመ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ዘጻድቀ፡ ኆሊቆሙ፡ ይከውን፡ ወኃጥአን፡ ይትኄሰሱ፡ ለበበ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡

wa-ba-ʾama kāləʿ ʿāmat yətnaśśəʾu-ka ʾəmənna mədr qədmēhomu wa-ləbbə-ka yəṣannəʿ ʾəsma ṣādəqān zaṣādəqa ḫolaqomu yəkawwən wa-ḫāṭəʾān yətḫēsasu laba-ḫāṭiʾatomu

And in the second year they shall take you from their midst; and your heart shall be strengthened, for the righteous shall be reckoned with the righteous, and the sinners shall be punished for each of their sins.

Let thy heart be strong, For the good shall announce righteousness to the good; The righteous with the righteous shall rejoice, And shall offer congratulation to one another.

**Enoch's final assumption — the permanent taking-up.** This verse states the final-assumption event: in the second year (after the one-year-instruction-period preamble of v. 6), Enoch is taken from the human-community permanently. The 'taking from their midst' framework develops the Gen 5:24 *wa-lōʾ ʾēnennû kî lāqaḥ ʾōṯô ʾĕlōhîm* ('and he was not, for the Elohim took him') in the Second-Temple-Jewish cosmographic-cosmic-translation register.

The 1 En 81:7 framework is the textual-fountainhead of the Enoch-Metatron tradition that develops through 2 Enoch (Slavonic Enoch, late 1st c. CE; the angelic-summons-to-translation + the heavenly-ascent through the seven heavens) and 3 Enoch (Sefer Hekhalot, c. 5th-6th c. CE; the identification of the cosmic-translated-Enoch with the enthroned-Metatron). See central entries `enoch-final-assumption-one-year-instruction-1-enoch-81-cross-corpus` and `enoch-as-scribe-mediator-figure-12-jub-4-metatron-cross-corpus`.


ወዘይፈቅድ፡ ጻድቅ፡ ለበበ፡ ጊዜሆሙ፡ ይፈጽም፡ ሎሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ግብረ፡ ሠናየ፡ እንበለ፡ ሐሰት፡ ወእንበለ፡ ኃጢአት፡

wa-zayəfaqqəd ṣādəq laba-gizēhomu yəfaṣṣəm lomu kwəlo gəbra śannāya ʾənbala ḥassat wa-ʾənbala ḫāṭiʾat

And whoever desires righteousness in their times shall accomplish for them every good work, without falsehood and without sin.

But the sinners shall die with the sinners, And the apostate go down with the apostate.


ብዙኃን፡ ኀጥአን፡ ይተኀጐሉ፡ በውስተ፡ ኃጢአቶሙ፡ እስከ፡ ኵሉ፡ ግብሮሙ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ይኩን፡ ጻድቀ፡

bəzuḫān ḫāṭəʾān yətaḫaggwalu ba-wəsta ḫāṭiʾatomu ʾəska kwəlu gəbromu ṣādəqān yəkun ṣādəqa

Many sinners shall perish in their sins, until all the deeds of the righteous shall be reckoned righteous.

And those who practise righteousness shall die on account of the deeds of men, And be taken away on account of the doings of the godless.’


ወይእዜ፡ ወልድየ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘንተ፡ እነግረከ፡ ወእጽሕፈከ፡ ኪያሁ፡ ኵሎ፡ ከሠትኩ፡ ለከ፡ ወአንሣእኩ፡ ለከ፡ ለመጽሐፍት፡ ኪያሆሙ፡ ኵሉ፡

wa-yəʾəzē waldə-ya kwəlo zanta ʾənaggərə-ka wa-ʾəṣəḥfa-ka kiyāhu kwəlo kaśatku la-ka wa-ʾansāʾəku la-ka la-maṣaḥəft kiyāhomu kwəlu

And now, my son, I tell you all this and write it for you; I have disclosed all to you, and I have given you the books concerning all these things.

And in those days they ceased to speak to me, and I came to my people, blessing the Lord of the world.


ወይእዜሰ፡ ወልድየ፡ ማቱሳላ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘንተ፡ እነግረከ፡ ወእጽሕፈከ፡ ኵሎ፡ ለከ፡ ከሠትኩ፡ ወወሀብኩከ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ በእንተ፡ ኵሉ፡ እሉ፡

wa-yəʾəzē-sa waldə-ya Mātusālā kwəlo zanta ʾənaggərə-ka wa-ʾəṣəḥfa-ka kwəlo la-ka kaśatku wa-wahabku-ka maṣḥafa ba-ʾənta kwəlu ʾəllu

And now, my son Methuselah, I am telling you all this and writing it for you; I have disclosed all to you, and have given you the book concerning all these things.

And now, my son Methuselah, all these things I am recounting to thee and writing down for thee, and I have revealed to thee everything, and given thee books concerning all these: so preserve, my son Methuselah, the books from thy father’s hand, and (see) that thou deliver them to the generations of the world.

Aramaic 4Q211 frag 1 col. i fragmentary parallel (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 171-175)


ዕቀብ፡ ወልድየ፡ ማቱሳላ፡ ዘንተ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ እምነ፡ እዴሁ፡ ለአቡከ፡ ወታኅሥሥ፡ ለትዉልዶሙ፡ ዓለም፡

ʿəqab waldə-ya Mātusālā zanta maṣḥafa ʾəmənna ʾədēhu la-ʾabuka wa-tāḫśəśś la-təwlədomu ʿālam

Keep, my son Methuselah, this book from the hand of your father, and hand it on to the generations of the world.

I have given wisdom to thee and to thy children, [And thy children that shall be to thee], That they may give it to their children for generations, This wisdom (namely) that passeth their thought.


ጥበበ፡ ወሀብኩከ፡ ለከ፡ ወለውሉድከ፡ ወለእለ፡ ይከውኑ፡ ውሉድከ፡ ከመ፡ ይሁቡ፡ ለውሉዶሙ፡ ለትዉልዶሙ፡ ዘጥበብ፡ ዘይትገበር፡ እምነ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ወወርኅ፡ ወከዋክብት፡

ṭəbab-a wahabku-ka la-ka wa-la-wəludə-ka wa-la-ʾəlla yəkawwənu wəludə-ka kama yəhabu la-wəludomu la-təwlədomu zaṭəbab zayətgabbar ʾəmənna ḫolaqomu la-ḍaḥay wa-warḫ wa-kawākəbt

I have given wisdom to you and to your children, and to those who shall be your children, that they may give it to their children and to their generations — wisdom which is wrought from the reckoning of the sun and the moon and the stars.

And those who understand it shall not sleep, But shall listen with the ear that they may learn this wisdom, And it shall please those that eat thereof better than good food.

Aramaic 4Q211 may preserve fragmentary parallel (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000)


ברירין כל צדיקיא ברירין אלין די מהלכין באורח קושטא ולית בהון חטאן כאלין חיביא בחושבן יומיא די הוה שמשא מהלך בשמיא בתרעין שתא וקדמיתיהון

běrīrīn kol ṣaddīqayyāʾ běrīrīn ʾillēn dī měhalkīn bě-ʾōraḥ qōšṭāʾ wě-lēt běhōn ḥaṭāʾīn ke-ʾillēn ḥayyābayyāʾ bě-ḥūšbān yōmayyāʾ dī hăwāʾ šimšāʾ měhalek bi-šmayyāʾ bě-tarʿīn šittāʾ wě-qadmāyēhōn

Blessed are all the righteous, blessed are those who walk in the way of righteousness and have no sin like the sinners in the reckoning of the days during which the sun travels in the heaven through the six gates and through what is before them.

Blessed are all the righteous, blessed are all those who walk in the way of righteousness and sin not as the sinners, in the reckoning of all their days in which the sun traverses the heaven, entering into and departing from the portals for thirty days with the heads of thousands of the order of the stars, together with the four which are intercalated which divide the four portions of the year, which lead them and enter with them four days. 5. Owing to them men shall be at fault and not reckon them in the whole reckoning of the year: yea, men shall be at fault, and not recognize them accurately. 6. For they belong to the reckoning of the year and are truly recorded (thereon) for ever, one in the first portal and one in the third, and one in the fourth and one in the sixth, and the year is completed in three hundred and sixty-four days.

**THE BEATITUDE-POLEMIC — Aramaic-PRIMARY witness (4Q211 + 4Q209 frag 28).** This verse is the central calendrical-polemic-as-beatitude statement of the Astronomical Book: keeping the right (364-day solar) calendar = righteousness; using the wrong (lunar) calendar = sin. The beatitude-formula (*běrīrīn kol ṣaddīqayyāʾ* 'blessed are all the righteous') frames the calendrical-choice as a moral-religious choice with eternal consequences.

The verse is preserved in the Aramaic 4Q211 + 4Q209 frag 28 in fuller form than the Ge'ez transmission preserves. The polemical-edge is one of the sharpest in the Second-Temple-period Jewish corpus: the calendar-dispute is framed in beatitude-and-curse register, parallel to the Jubilees 6:32-38 polemic and the broader Qumran-Enochic-Jubilees identity-marker tradition.

See central entry `qumran-364-day-solar-calendar-polemic-1-enoch-72-82-jubilees-cross-corpus` for the systematic treatment of the calendrical-identity-keystone status of the 364-day solar calendar.

Aramaic 4Q211 frag 1 col. ii lines 1-9 + 4Q209 frag 28 preserves THE POLEMIC TEXT in Aramaic (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 172-180; Drawnel 2011 pp. 365-380)


וטעין בהון אלין ארבעת יומיא די מסתפין לשנת שמשא די לא חשבין בהון עם מלכות שמשא ועם מלכות כוכביא

wě-ṭāʿēn běhōn ʾillēn ʾarbaʿat yōmayyāʾ dī mistappīn lě-šěnat šimšāʾ dī lāʾ ḥāšbīn běhōn ʿim malkūt šimšāʾ wě-ʿim malkūt kōkěbayyāʾ

And they err concerning them — these four days that are added to the solar year — those who do not reckon them with the dominion of the sun and with the dominion of the stars.

**The four-epact-days polemic in Aramaic — the sharpest articulation.** Aramaic-PRIMARY witness (4Q211). The verse states explicitly the calendrical-error that the polemic targets: the failure to count the four epact-days (the days that bring the schematic 360-day base year to 364) within the dominion of the sun and the stars. The polemic targets the proto-Rabbinic / Pharisaic / Temple-Establishment tradition that did not count these four days as part of the solar calendrical-system. The Aramaic preservation of the polemic in fuller form than the Ge'ez is consistent with the witness-fullness-inversion pattern documented at the per-translation overlay.

Aramaic 4Q211 frag 1 col. ii preserves explicit polemic on the four days (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000)


እስመ፡ ሰብእ፡ ኢይኄልቍዎሙ፡ በበ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡ ለዓመት፡ ይስሕቱ፡ ኪያሆሙ፡ ኮኑ፡ ለበበ፡ ጥዕና፡ ዘዓመት፡ እስመ፡ ሰብእ፡ ይስሕቱ፡ ኪያሆሙ፡ ወኢየአምሩ፡ በበ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡ ለበበ፡ ዓመት፡ ግን፡ ጻድቅ፡ ይሰምዕ፡ ኪያሆሙ፡ ወመጽሐፍ፡ ይኄልቅ፡ ኪያሆሙ፡ ጻድቅ፡

ʾəsma sabʾ ʾiyəḫēlqəwwomu baba ḫolaqomu la-ʿāmat yəsḥətu kiyāhomu konu laba-ṭəʿnā za-ʿāmat ʾəsma sabʾ yəsḥətu kiyāhomu wa-ʾiyaʾəmru baba ḫolaqomu laba-ʿāmat gənn ṣādəq yəsamməʿ kiyāhomu wa-maṣḥaf yəḫēlləq kiyāhomu ṣādəq

For humans do not count them in the reckoning of the year, and they err concerning them; these are for the well-being of the year. For humans go astray concerning them and do not know them in the reckoning of the year. But the righteous shall heed them, and the book shall reckon them rightly.

**The righteous-shall-heed-them — the closing polemical articulation.** This verse closes the calendrical-polemic section with the righteous-vs-sinners distinction made explicit: the righteous keep the right calendar (counting the four epact-days within the dominion of the sun and stars); the sinners fail to count them. The 'book shall reckon them rightly' invokes the heavenly-tablets framework of 1 En 81: the cosmic-record will preserve the correct calendrical reckoning for the righteous against the sinners' erroneous reckoning. The polemical-cluster of 72:32 + 74:11-12 + 75:1-3 + 82:4-6 forms the foundational textual-articulation of the 364-day-solar-calendar identity-marker in the Astronomical Book.


እስመ፡ ብርሃናት፡ እሙንቱ፡ ወወርኅ፡ ወኆለቆሙ፡ ለመዋዕልት፡ ኮኑ፡ ለበበ፡ መንበራቲሁ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ወከዋክብት፡ ይትዐጻዑ፡ ለሎቱ፡

ʾəsma bərhānāt ʾəmuntu wa-warḫ wa-ḫolaqomu la-mawāʿəlt konu laba-manbarātihu la-ḍaḥay wa-kawākəbt yətʿaḍḍāʿu lalotu

For they are luminaries, with the moon; and the reckoning of the days belongs to them, according to the stations of the sun; and the stars are appointed for it.

And the account thereof is accurate and the recorded reckoning thereof exact; for the luminaries, and months and festivals, and years and days, has Uriel shown and revealed to me, to whom the Lord of the whole creation of the world hath subjected the host of heaven. 8. And he has power over night and day in the heaven to cause the light to give light to men—sun, moon, and stars, and all the powers of the heaven which revolve in their circular chariots. 9. And these are the orders of the stars, which set in their places, and in their seasons and festivals and months.


ወእሉ፡ ስማቲሆሙ፡ ለመራኅያኒሆሙ፡ ዘይከውን፡ ላዕለ፡ መንግሥቶሙ፡ ለበበ፡ ሕገጊሆሙ፡ ወለበበ፡ ጊዜሆሙ፡

wa-ʾəllu səmātihomu la-marāḫəyānihomu zayəkawwən lāʿla mangəśtomu laba-ḥəgagihomu wa-laba-gizēhomu

And these are the names of their leaders who are over their dominion, according to their laws and according to their times.

Aramaic 4Q211 may preserve partial parallel (Drawnel 2011)


አርባዕቱ፡ መራኅት፡ እለ፡ ይትፈልጡ፡ አርባዕተ፡ ክፍላተ፡ ዓመት፡ ይቀውሙ፡ ድኅሬሆሙ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ መራኅት፡ ለአውራኅ፡ ወሰለስቱ፡ ድኅሬሆሙ፡ ለመዋዕል፡

ʾarbāʿtu marāḫət ʾəlla yətfaḷaṭu ʾarbāʿta kəfəlāta ʿāmat yəqawwəmu dəḫrēhomu śallastu marāḫət la-ʾawrāḫ wa-salāstu dəḫrēhomu la-mawāʿəl

Four leaders, who distinguish the four parts of the year, are set in their places; and after them three leaders of the months, and three after them of the days.


ወእሉ፡ ስማቲሆሙ፡ ለመራኅያኒሆሙ፡ ዘይከውን፡ ላዕለ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡ ለመዋዕል፡ ሰማን፡ ወያን፡ ቄሊል፡ ወሄሊአምሞ፡

wa-ʾəllu səmātihomu la-marāḫəyānihomu zayəkawwən lāʿla ḫolaqomu la-mawāʿəl Saman wa-Yān Qēlil wa-Hēliʾamamo

And these are the names of their leaders who are over the reckoning of the days: Saman, and Yan, Qelil, and Heliyammamo.

And these are the names of those who lead them, who watch that they enter at their times, in their orders, in their seasons, in their months, in their periods of dominion, and in their positions. 11. Their four leaders who divide the four parts of the year enter first; and after them the twelve leaders of the orders who divide the months; and for the three hundred and sixty (days) there are heads over thousands who divide the days; and for the four intercalary days there are the leaders which sunder the four parts of the year. 12. And these heads over thousands are intercalated between leader and leader, each behind a station, but their leaders make the division. 13. And these are the names of the leaders who divide the four parts of the year which are ordained: Mîlkî’êl, Hel’emmêlêk, and Mêl’êjal, and Nârêl. 14. And the names of those who lead them: Adnâr’êl, and Îjâsûsa’êl, and ’Elômê’êl—these three follow the leaders of the orders, and there is one that follows the three leaders of the orders which follow those leaders of stations that divide the four parts of the year.


ወእሉ፡ ስማቲሆሙ፡ ለመራኅያን፡ እለ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ መልክኤል፡ ወኤልሜኤል፡ ወሄላምሜሌክ፡ ወሜሌጄል፡ ወናርኤል፡

wa-ʾəllu səmātihomu la-marāḫəyān ʾəlla məslēhomu Malkəʾēl wa-ʾElməʾēl wa-Hēlamamēlek wa-Mēlējēl wa-Nārəʾēl

And the names of the leaders who are with them: Melkiel, and Elmeel, and Helemmelek, and Meleyal, and Narel.

**The four season-leader angel-names — Melkiel, Helemmelek, Meleyal, Narel.** The four named season-leaders are the angelic-administrative-leaders of the four 91-day quarters of the 364-day solar year (cf. ch 75). The Ge'ez witness preserves a five-name list (Melkiel, Elmeel, Helemmelek, Meleyal, Narel) where the system expects four; the modern critical reconstruction (Charles 1912; Nickelsburg-VanderKam 2012) identifies the canonical four as Melkiel (first quarter), Helemmelek (second quarter), Meleyal (third quarter), Narel (fourth quarter). The fifth name (Elmeel) is likely a scribal-doublet inflation. The WoH translation preserves the Ge'ez verbatim per the per-verse layered-witness convention.

The theophoric *-ʾēl* ending follows the standard Hebrew/Aramaic angelological pattern (Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Uriel, Sariel). The four season-leaders are the next-level-subordinates of Uriel (the overall cosmic-administrative-angel over the luminaries) in the Astronomical Book's angelological hierarchy.


ወይከውን፡ መንገሊሆሙ፡ ለመንግሥቶሙ፡ አሐደ፡ ለለ፡ አሐዱ፡ ዘይከውን፡ ድኅረ፡ መንግሥቶሙ፡ ለመራኅት፡ ዘመዋዕልት፡ አሐደ፡ ለለ፡ አሐዱ፡

wa-yəkawwən mangalihomu la-mangəśtomu ʾaḥada lala ʾaḥadu zayəkawwən dəḫra mangəśtomu la-marāḫət zamawāʿəlt ʾaḥada lala ʾaḥadu

And the paths of their dominion are one for each one — after their dominion come the leaders of the days, one for each.


ሠለስቱ፡ መራኅት፡ ይትፈልጡ፡ ምሳለ፡ መሣክወ፡ ሰብዐ፡ ምሳለ፡ መንበራቲሁ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ለበበ፡ ምሥራቅ፡ ዘመንበራቲሁ፡ ካዕበ፡ ለለመንበር፡ ለበበ፡ ጊዜሁ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ መራኅት፡ እለ፡ ኮኑ፡ ድኅሬሆሙ፡ ለመራኅት፡ ለበበ፡ ጊዜሆሙ፡

śallastu marāḫət yətfaḷaṭu məsāla masākəwa səbʿa məsāla manbarātihu la-ḍaḥay laba-məśrāq zamanbarātihu kāʿba lala-manbar laba-gizēhu śallastu marāḫət ʾəlla konu dəḫrēhomu la-marāḫət laba-gizēhomu

Three leaders are distinguished after the manner of the seven windows, after the manner of the stations of the sun in each east, of his stations again — for each station in its time; three leaders who come after the leaders, each in their times.


ለቀዳማይ፡ ክፍለ፡ ዓመት፡ ይትለዐሉ፡ መልክኤል፡ ወእሉ፡ መራኅያኒሁ፡ ለቀዳማይ፡ ክፍለ፡ ዓመት፡ መልክኤል፡ ዘይትበሀል፡ ጸፋዳ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ወፀለለ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ መልዕልተ፡ መንበሮሙ፡ ለሰብዐ፡ ምሥራቅ፡

la-qadāmāyə kəfla ʿāmat yətlaʿalu Malkəʾēl wa-ʾəllu marāḫəyānihu la-qadāmāyə kəfla ʿāmat Malkəʾēl zayətbahal Ṣafādā mangəśtu wa-ḍallala mangəśtu malʿəlta manbaromu la-səbʿa məśrāq

Over the first part of the year is set Melkiel; and these are his leaders for the first part of the year. Melkiel, who is called Tsefada — his dominion and the shadow of his dominion are over the stations of the seven [windows of the] east.

Aramaic 4Q211 may preserve fragmentary parallel (Drawnel 2011)


በመዋዕሊሁ፡ ይከውን፡ ዘይምሉ፡ መልዕልተ፡ ምድር፡ ምክፋላት፡ ሐመስቱ፡ ዐሠርቱ፡ ስድስቱ፡ ምክፋላት፡ ብርሃኖሙ፡ ለመዋዕል፡ ብዙኃን፡

ba-mawāʿəlihu yəkawwən zayəməllu malʿəlta mədr məkfālāt ḥamastu ʿaśartu sədəstu məkfālāt bərhānomu la-mawāʿəl bəzuḫān

In his days there is upon the earth a fullness of fifteen parts; the sixteen parts of their light are for many days.

In the beginning of the year Melkejâl rises first and rules, who is named †Tam’âinî and sun,† and all the days of his dominion whilst he bears rule are ninety-one days. 16. And these are the signs of the days which are to be seen on earth in the days of his dominion: sweat, and heat, and calms; and all the trees bear fruit, and leaves are produced on all the trees, and the harvest of wheat, and the rose-flowers, and all the flowers which come forth in the field, but the trees of the winter season become withered. 17. And these are the names of the leaders which are under them: Berka’êl, Zêlebs’êl, and another who is added a head of a thousand, called Hîlujâseph: and the days of the dominion of this (leader) are at an end.


በመዋዕሊሁ፡ ይከውን፡ ብርሃን፡ ላዕለ፡ ምድር፡ ወመዋዕልት፡ ይነውሑ፡ ወአራዊት፡ ወጥይም፡ ይትከበቡ፡ ላዕለ፡ ምድር፡ ወይከውን፡ መዋዕል፡ ለመዋዕል፡ ይነውሕ፡

ba-mawāʿəlihu yəkawwən bərhān lāʿla mədr wa-mawāʿəlt yənawwəḥu wa-ʾarāwit wa-ṭəyəm yətkababu lāʿla mədr wa-yəkawwən mawāʿəl la-mawāʿəl yənawwəḥ

In his days there is light upon the earth, and the days lengthen; and the beasts and the herbs spread out over the earth; and day grows longer than day.


ወእሉ፡ ስማቲሆሙ፡ ለመራኅት፡ እለ፡ ድኅሬሁ፡ ቤርቤኤል፡ ወዘላቤኤል፡ ወሣልስ፡ ዘያትዌሰክ፡ ዘይሰምዮ፡ ሄሌአሞ፡ ወመዋዕለ፡ ምራኅቲሆሙ፡ ይትፌጸሙ፡

wa-ʾəllu səmātihomu la-marāḫət ʾəlla dəḫrēhu Bērbēʾēl wa-Zalābēʾēl wa-śāləs zayātwēsak zayəsamməyo Hēlēʾamamo wa-mawāʿəla mərāḫətihomu yətfēṣamu

And these are the names of the leaders who are after him: Berbeel, and Zalabeel, and the third, who is added, whose name is Heleyammamo; and the days of their leading are completed.

Aramaic 4Q211 may preserve partial parallel


ካልዕ፡ መርሕ፡ ድኅሬሁ፡ ሄለሜሌክ፡ ስሙ፡ ዘጻድቅ፡ ብርሃን፡ ይጼውዕዎ፡

kāləʿ marḥ dəḫrēhu Hēlamamēlek səmu zaṣādəq bərhān yəṣēwwəʿwwo

The next leader after him is Helemmelek, whose name they call 'the resplendent light.'

The next leader after him is Hel’emmêlêk, whom one names the shining sun, and all the days of his light are ninety-one days. 19. And these are the signs of (his) days on the earth: glowing heat and dryness, and the trees ripen their fruits and produce all their fruits ripe and ready, and the sheep pair and become pregnant, and all the fruits of the earth are gathered in, and everything that is in the fields, and the winepress: these things take place in the days of his dominion. 20. These are the names, and the orders, and the leaders of those heads of thousands: Gîdâ’ijal, Kê’êl, and Hê’êl, and the name of the head of a thousand which is added to them, Asfâ’êl: and the days of his dominion are at an end.


ወመዋዕሊሁ፡ ለመንግሥቱ፡ መዋዕልት፡ ይነውሑ፡ ወሌሊት፡ የሐጽጽ፡ ወሕግጋቲሁ፡ ለመንግሥቱ፡ ይከውን፡ ድርቅ፡ ወሞቅ፡ ወአራዊት፡ ይምልኡ፡ ወብርሃን፡ ይነውኅ፡ ወሌሊት፡ ይሕጽጽ፡

wa-mawāʿəlihu la-mangəśtu mawāʿəlt yənawwəḥu wa-lēlit yaḥaḍḍəḍ wa-ḥəgagāttihu la-mangəśtu yəkawwən dərq wa-moq wa-ʾarāwit yəməllu wa-bərhān yənawwəḫ wa-lēlit yəḥaḍḍəḍ

And in the days of his dominion the days lengthen and the night is shortened; and the laws of his dominion bring drought and heat, and the beasts multiply, and the light lengthens, and the night is shortened.


ወእሉ፡ ስማቲሆሙ፡ ለመራኅት፡ ድኅሬሁ፡ ጊዳኤል፡ ወቄኤል፡ ወሄኤል፡ ወስሙ፡ ለመርሐ፡ ድኅሬሆሙ፡ ዘይትዌሰክ፡ አስፋኤል፡ ወመዋዕለ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ይትፌጸሙ፡

wa-ʾəllu səmātihomu la-marāḫət dəḫrēhu Gidāʾēl wa-Qēʾēl wa-Hēʾēl wa-səmu la-marḥa dəḫrēhomu zayətwēsak ʾAsfaʾēl wa-mawāʿəla mangəśtu yətfēṣamu

And these are the names of the leaders after him: Gidael, and Keel, and Heel; and the name of the leader who is added after them is Asphael; and the days of his dominion are completed.

**The Ge'ez ends abruptly mid-pattern — Aramaic 4Q211 preserves continuation beyond Ge'ez.** This verse closes the Ge'ez witness of the Astronomical Book at the summer-quarter (Helemmelek) section. The Aramaic 4Q211 fragments preserve a continuation beyond the Ge'ez ending — confirming Milik 1976's hypothesis that the original Aramaic Astronomical Book extended substantially further into autumn/winter quarter-leader material. The witness-fullness-inversion is consistent with the broader pattern documented at the per-translation overlay (`aramaic-fuller-than-geez-lunar-tables-4q208-convention`): the Aramaic preserves more text than the Ge'ez, suggesting the original Astronomical Book was substantially longer than what the Ge'ez tradition has transmitted.

The Ge'ez of v. 20 closes the chapter abruptly; the surviving 4Q211 Aramaic continuation has not been integrated into the WoH translation surface text (per the per-verse layered-witness convention, the Aramaic-only extra-Ge'ez material would require an appendix-extension; the WoH translation restricts to verses with Ge'ez parallel). The textual-witness situation is documented for the Reviewer's evaluation.

Ge'ez (Charles 1912 82:20; Knibb 1978 vol. 2 p. 177) — text ends here in the Ge'ez; **4Q211 frag 1 col. ii preserves CONTINUATION-MATERIAL beyond this point (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 174-179; Drawnel 2011 pp. 379-385) — meaning the original Aramaic Astronomical Book continued beyond the Ge'ez ending.**

Aramaic 4Q211 frag 1 col. ii has extra-Ge'ez material