መጽሐፈ፡ ሑረተ፡ ብርሃናት፡ ሰማይ፡ ኵሉ፡ በበ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ዘከመ፡ ኮኑ፡ በበ፡ ሕገጊሆሙ፡ ወበበ፡ ጊዜሆሙ፡ ወበበ፡ ስማቲሆሙ፡ ወበበ፡ ምንቅላቲሆሙ፡ ወበበ፡ አውራኂሆሙ፡ ዘአርአየኒ፡ ዑርኤል፡ መልአኩ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዘሀሎ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ መርሖሙ፡ ኵሉ፡ ጽሕፈቶሙ፡ አርአየኒ፡ ዘከመ፡ ኮነ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ዓመታት፡ ዓለም፡ ወእስከ፡ ለዓለም፡ እስከ፡ ይትገበር፡ ፍጥረት፡ ሐዲስ፡ ዘይነብር፡ ለዓለም፡

maṣḥafa ḥurata bərhānāt samāy kwəlu baba ziʾahu zakama konu baba ḥəgagihomu wa-baba gizēhomu wa-baba səmātihomu wa-baba mənqəlātihomu wa-baba ʾawrāḫihomu zaʾarʾayanī ʿUrʾēl malʾaku qəddus zahallo məslēya zawəʾətu marḥomu kwəlu ṣəḥfatomu ʾarʾayanī zakama kona la-kwəlu ʿāmatāt ʿālam wa-ʾəska la-ʿālam ʾəska yətgabbar fəṭrat ḥaddis zayənabbər la-ʿālam

The book of the courses of the luminaries of heaven, each of them as they are, according to their classes, their times, their names, their origins, and their months, which Uriel, the holy angel who was with me, who is their leader, showed me; he showed me their whole record, how it stands for all the years of the world and forever, until the new creation is made which abides forever.

The book of the courses of the luminaries of the heaven, the relations of each, according to their classes, their dominion and their seasons, according to their names and places of origin, and according to their months, which Uriel, the holy angel, who was with me, who is their guide, showed me; and he showed me all their laws exactly as they are, and how it is with regard to all the years of the world and unto eternity, till the new creation is accomplished which dureth till eternity. 2. And this is the first law of the luminaries: the luminary the Sun has its rising in the eastern portals of the heaven, and its setting in the western portals of the heaven. 3. And I saw six portals in which the sun rises, and six portals in which the sun sets: and the moon rises and sets in these portals, and the leaders of the stars and those whom they lead: six in the east and six in the west, and all following each other in accurately corresponding order: also many windows to the right and left of these portals. 4. And first there goes forth the great luminary, named the Sun, and his circumference is like the circumference of the heaven, and he is quite filled with illuminating and heating fire. 5. The chariot on which he ascends, the wind drives, and the sun goes down from the heaven and returns through the north in order to reach the east, and is so guided that he comes to the appropriate (lit. ‘that’) portal and shines in the face of the heaven. 6. In this way he rises in the first month in the great portal, which is the fourth [those six portals in the east]. 7. And in that fourth portal from which the sun rises in the first month are twelve window-openings, from which proceed a flame when they are opened in their season. 8. When the sun rises in the heaven, he comes forth through that fourth portal thirty mornings in succession, and sets accurately in the fourth portal in the west of the heaven. 9. And during this period the day becomes daily longer and the night nightly shorter to the thirtieth morning. 10. On that day the day is longer than the night by a ninth part, and the day amounts exactly to ten parts and the night to eight parts. 11. And the sun rises from that fourth portal, and sets in the fourth and returns to the fifth portal of the east thirty mornings, and rises from it and sets in the fifth portal. 12. And then the day becomes longer by †two† parts and amounts to eleven parts, and the night becomes shorter and amounts to seven parts. 13. And it returns to the east and enters into the sixth portal, and rises and sets in the sixth portal one-and-thirty mornings on account of its sign. 14. On that day the day becomes longer than the night, and the day becomes double the night, and the day becomes twelve parts, and the night is shortened and becomes six parts. 15. And the sun mounts up to make the day shorter and the night longer, and the sun returns to the east and enters into the sixth portal, and rises from it and sets thirty mornings. 16. And when thirty mornings are accomplished, the day decreases by exactly one part, and becomes eleven parts, and the night seven. 17. And the sun goes forth from that sixth portal in the west, and goes to the east and rises in the fifth portal for thirty mornings, and sets in the west again in the fifth western portal. 18. On that day the day decreases by †two† parts, and amounts to ten parts and the night to eight parts. 19. And the sun goes forth from that fifth portal and sets in the fifth portal of the west, and rises in the fourth portal for one-and-thirty mornings on account of its sign, and sets in the west. 20. On that day the day is equalized with the night, [and becomes of equal length], and the night amounts to nine parts and the day to nine parts. 21. And the sun rises from that portal and sets in the west, and returns to the east and rises thirty mornings in the third portal and sets in the west in the third portal. 22. And on that day the night becomes longer than the day, and night becomes longer than night, and day shorter than day till the thirtieth morning, and the night amounts exactly to ten parts and the day to eight parts. 23. And the sun rises from that third portal and sets in the third portal in the west and returns to the east, and for thirty mornings rises in the second portal in the east, and in like manner sets in the second portal in the west of the heaven. 24. And on that day the night amounts to eleven parts and the day to seven parts. 25. And the sun rises on that day from that second portal and sets in the west in the second portal, and returns to the east into the first portal for one-and-thirty mornings, and sets in the first portal in the west of the heaven. 26. And on that day the night becomes longer and amounts to the double of the day: and the night amounts exactly to twelve parts and the day to six. 27. And the sun has (therewith) traversed the divisions of his orbit and turns again on those divisions of his orbit, and enters that portal thirty mornings and sets also in the west opposite to it. 28. And on that night has the night decreased in length by a †ninth† part, and the night has become eleven parts and the day seven parts. 29. And the sun has returned and entered into the second portal in the east, and returns on those his divisions of his orbit for thirty mornings, rising and setting. 30. And on that day the night decreases in length, and the night amounts to ten parts and the day to eight. 31. And on that day the sun rises from that portal, and sets in the west, and returns to the east, and rises in the third portal for one-and-thirty mornings, and sets in the west of the heaven. 32. On that day the night decreases and amounts to nine parts, and the day to nine parts, and the night is equal to the day and the year is exactly as to its days three hundred and sixty-four. 33. And the length of the day and of the night, and the shortness of the day and of the night arise—through the course of the sun these distinctions are made (lit. ‘they are separated’). 34. So it comes that its course becomes daily longer, and its course nightly shorter. 35. And this is the law and the course of the sun, and his return as often as he returns sixty times and rises, i.e. the great luminary which is named the sun, for ever and ever. 36. And that which (thus) rises is the great luminary, and is so named according to its appearance, according as the Lord commanded. 37. As he rises, so he sets and decreases not, and rests not, but runs day and night, and his light is sevenfold brighter than that of the moon; but as regards size they are both equal.

**The Astronomical Book opens with two foundational framing-moves.** The opening verse of 1 En 72 establishes (i) Uriel as the principal-revealing-angel of the Astronomical Book — the *malʾaku qəddus* 'holy angel' who is *marḥomu* 'their leader' (over the luminaries); and (ii) the eschatological-horizon of the cosmographic-revelation — the 'new creation that abides forever' (fəṭrat ḥaddis zayənabbər la-ʿālam).

**Uriel as cosmic-administrative-angel.** The Ge'ez *marḥomu* ('their leader') establishes Uriel's portfolio in the Astronomical Book as the cosmic-administrative-angel over the luminaries. The role is consistent with the seven-archangel-list at 1 En 20:2 where Uriel is 'over the world and Tartarus'; the Astronomical Book Uriel is the developed-form of the cosmic-administrative-angel-figure that runs through 1 En 21:5 (Uriel as tour-guide to the place-of-judgement for fallen stars), through ch 75 + 79 + 82 (Uriel's calendrical-leadership), into the 4 Ezra Uriel-as-Ezra's-revelatory-angel tradition, and ultimately into the Hekhalot-Merkavah *Sar ha-Olam* 'Prince of the World' cosmic-administrative-angel-figure. See central entries `uriel-angel-over-luminaries-1-enoch-72-79-82-cross-corpus` and `seven-archangels-list-1-enoch-20-tob-12-rev-8-cross-corpus`.

**The Astronomical Book as a unit.** This verse opens what is — by manuscript-witness — the OLDEST stratum of the 1 Enoch corpus. The Aramaic 4Q208 + 4Q209 fragments (palaeographically dated late 3rd c. BCE per Milik 1976; Tigchelaar-García Martínez DJD XXXVI 2000) predate the Aramaic Book-of-the-Watchers fragments (4Q201/4Q202) and constitute the earliest surviving Enoch material overall. The Astronomical Book has NO Greek witness — the Greek Akhmim Panopolitanus ends mid-ch 32. See central entry `astronomical-book-1-enoch-72-82-aramaic-dss-oldest-witness-unit-entry` and overlay entry `astronomical-book-no-greek-witness-aramaic-geez-only-convention`.

**The 'new creation' eschatological-horizon.** The phrase *fəṭrat ḥaddis* 'new creation' anticipates the eschatological-cosmological renewal that becomes one of the most-persistent Second-Temple-period and downstream eschatological frameworks: Isa 65:17 (*hinnĕnî bôrēʾ šāmayim ḥădāšîm wā-ʾāreṣ ḥădāšâ* 'behold, I create new heavens and a new earth'), Isa 66:22 (the new-heavens-and-new-earth standing-forever), Jub 1:29 + 4:26 (the renewal of all the luminaries), 1 En 91:16 (Apocalypse-of-Weeks), and Rev 21:1 (the new heaven and the new earth). The Astronomical-Book opening positions the cosmographic-revelation as *until the new creation* — that is, the present-cosmic-order (which the Astronomical Book describes) is bracketed within a longer eschatological-horizon. The 'new creation' cluster spans the Second-Temple-Jewish-and-NT eschatological framework as a developed-tradition.

Ge'ez (Charles 1912 72:1; Knibb 1978 vol. 2 pp. 167-168) — Aramaic 4Q209 frag 7 col. ii preserves only fragmentary parallels here (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 144-146)

Aramaic Astronomical Book opening lost in DSS; 4Q209 frag 7 ii has lacunose traces only


ወዝ፡ ሕግ፡ ቀዳማዊ፡ ለብርሃናት፡ ብርሃን፡ ፀሐይ፡ ምንቅላቱ፡ በአናቅጸ፡ ሰማይ፡ ምሥራቃውያን፡ ወዐራቢሁ፡ በአናቅጸ፡ ምዕራባውያን፡ ሰማይ፡

wa-zə ḥəg qadāmāwi la-bərhānāt bərhān ḍaḥay mənqəlātu ba-ʾanāqəḍa samāy məśrāqāwəyān wa-ʿarābihu ba-ʾanāqəḍa məʿrābāwəyān samāy

And this is the first law of the luminaries: the light of the sun has its rising in the eastern gates of heaven, and its setting in the western gates of heaven.


ወርእኩ፡ ስድስቱ፡ አናቅጸ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ወስድስቱ፡ አናቅጸ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ይዐርብ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ወወርኅሂ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ወይዐርብ፡ በውስቴቶሙ፡ ወመራኅያነ፡ ከዋክብት፡ ምስለ፡ መሪሖሙ፡ ስድስቱ፡ በምሥራቅ፡ ወስድስቱ፡ በምዕራብ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ በበ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ተራሕው፡ ድኅረ፡ ካልኡ፡ ወብዙኃንኒ፡ ጠባት፡ በኀበ፡ ካልኦቶሙ፡ በኤምነ፡ ወበፅግመ፡ እማንቱ፡ አናቅጽ፡

wa-rəʾku sədəstu ʾanāqəḍa ʾəmənnehomu yəwaḍḍəʾ ḍaḥay wa-sədəstu ʾanāqəḍa ʾəmənnehomu yəʿarrəb ḍaḥay wa-warḫəni yəwaḍḍəʾ wa-yəʿarrəb ba-wəstētomu wa-marāḫəyāna kawākəbt məsla marihomu sədəstu ba-məśrāq wa-sədəstu ba-məʿrāb kwəlomu baba ziʾahu tarāḥwə dəḫra kāləʾu wa-bəzuḫāni ṭabāt ba-ḫaba kāləʾotomu ba-ʾēmna wa-ba-ḍəgma ʾəmāntu ʾanāqəḍ

And I saw six gates through which the sun comes forth, and six gates through which the sun sets; and the moon also rises and sets in those gates, together with the leaders of the stars and those whom they lead: six in the east and six in the west, all of them ranged one after another in their order; and many side-windows are alongside them on the right and on the left of those gates.

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 7 col. iii preserves trace material parallel to the 12-gate enumeration (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 146-149)


ወቀዲሙ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ብርሃኑ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ስሙ፡ በአንቀጽ፡ ራብዕ፡ እምነ፡ ስድስቱ፡ አናቅጽ፡ እማንቱ፡ ቀዳማዊያን፡ ምሥራቃውያን፡

wa-qadimu yəwaḍḍəʾ bərhānu la-ḍaḥay ʿabəy zawəʾətu səmu ba-ʾanqaḍ rābəʿ ʾəmənna sədəstu ʾanāqəḍ ʾəmāntu qadāmāwəyān məśrāqāwəyān

And first there comes forth the great luminary, whose name is the sun, by the fourth of those six eastern gates.


ወውስተ፡ ይእቲ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ራብዕት፡ እንተ፡ እምኔሃ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ቀዳማዌ፡ ወርኀ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ዐሠርቱ፡ ወክልኤቱ፡ መሣክው፡ ክሥቱት፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ነበልባል፡ ሶበ፡ ይትረኀዉ፡ በበ፡ ጊዜሆሙ፡

wa-wəsta yəʾəti ʾanqaḍ rābəʿt ʾənta ʾəmənnehā yəwaḍḍəʾ ḍaḥay qadāmāwē warḫa hallawu ʿaśartu wa-kəlʾētu masākəw kəśtut ʾəmənnehomu yəwaḍḍəʾ nabalbāl soba yətrəḫḫawu baba gizēhomu

And in that fourth gate from which the sun comes forth in the first month there are twelve windows opened, from which a flame issues whenever they are opened in their seasons.

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 7 iii line 3-5 may preserve fragmentary parallel to 'twelve windows' (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000)


ወሶበ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ በሰማይ፡ ይወፅእ፡ በይእቲ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ራብዕት፡ ሠላሳ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ወይዐርብ፡ በከመ፡ ሕገጊሁ፡ በውስተ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ራብዒት፡ እንተ፡ ምዕራብ፡ ሰማይ፡

wa-soba yəwaḍḍəʾ ḍaḥay ba-samāy yəwaḍḍəʾ ba-yəʾəti ʾanqaḍ rābəʿt śallāsā mawāʿəla wa-yəʿarrəb bakama ḥəgagihu ba-wəsta ʾanqaḍ rābəʿit ʾənta məʿrāb samāy

When the sun rises in heaven, it comes forth through that fourth gate for thirty days, and sets, according to its law, in the fourth gate of the western heaven.


ወበእማንቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ይነውኅ፡ መዓልት፡ እምነ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወይትዌሰክ፡ መዓልት፡ እምነ፡ ሌሊት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ይብጻሕ፡ ብርሃኑ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ራብዕተ፡ ይነዊኅ፡ መዓልት፡ ቅሩበ፡ ካዕበ፡ ምስለ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወይከውን፡ መዓልት፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ክልኤተ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወሌሊት፡ ይከውን፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-ba-ʾəmāntu mawāʿəl yənawwəḫ maʿālt ʾəmənna lēlit wa-yətwēsak maʿālt ʾəmənna lēlit za-ʾənbala yəbṣāḥ bərhānu la-ḍaḥay ʾanqaḍa rābəʿta yənawiḫ maʿālt qəruba kāʿba məsla lēlit wa-yəkawwən maʿālt ʿaśarta kəlʾēta kəfālāta wa-lēlit yəkawwən ʿaśarta kəfālāta

And in those days the day grows longer than the night, and the day continues to grow longer than the night until the sun's rising reaches the fourth gate. The day approaches twice the night, and the day amounts to twelve parts and the night to ten parts.

**The 22-part day-ratio system begins here.** The ratio 12+10 = 22 parts inaugurates one of two parallel day-ratio systems that coexist within 1 En 72 without explicit harmonization. The other system — the 18-part system at the solstice-extremes — appears at vv. 11 + 21 (12+6 = 18 parts). The dual-system situation is one of the most-discussed astronomical-textual-cruxes of the Astronomical Book; the WoH translation preserves both systems verbatim without harmonization, per the source-internal-inconsistency convention. See overlay entry `18-vs-22-part-day-ratio-scholarly-crux-1-enoch-72-7-no-harmonization-convention` and the foundational scholarly treatment in O. Neugebauer *The Astronomical Chapters of the Ethiopic Book of Enoch (72-82)* (1981; reprinted as appendix to Black 1985).

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 6 preserves fragmentary day:night ratios (Drawnel 2011)


ወይወፅእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ እምይእቲ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ራብዕት፡ ወይዐርብ፡ በራብዒት፡ ወይትገብእ፡ ኀበ፡ ኃምስት፡ አንቀጽ፡ በምሥራቅ፡ ሠላሳ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ወይወፅእ፡ እምኔሃ፡ ወይዐርብ፡ በኃምስት፡ አንቀጽ፡

wa-yəwaḍḍəʾ ḍaḥay ʾəmyəʾəti ʾanqaḍ rābəʿt wa-yəʿarrəb ba-rābəʿit wa-yətgabbəʾ ḫaba ḫāməst ʾanqaḍ ba-məśrāq śallāsā mawāʿəla wa-yəwaḍḍəʾ ʾəmənnehā wa-yəʿarrəb ba-ḫāməst ʾanqaḍ

And the sun comes forth from that fourth gate and sets in the fourth gate, and it returns to the fifth gate in the east for thirty days, and it comes forth from it and sets in the fifth gate.


ወአመ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ እምነ፡ ኃምስት፡ አንቀጽ፡ ሠላሳ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ይነውኅ፡ መዓልት፡ ወይከውን፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ሠለስተ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወሌሊት፡ ዘጠዐ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-ʾama yəwaḍḍəʾ ḍaḥay ʾəmənna ḫāməst ʾanqaḍ śallāsā mawāʿəla yənawwəḫ maʿālt wa-yəkawwən ʿaśarta śallasta kəfālāta wa-lēlit zaṭaʿ kəfālāta

And when the sun comes forth from the fifth gate for thirty days, the day grows longer, and amounts to thirteen parts, and the night to nine parts.


ወይትገብእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ምሥራቀ፡ ወይበውእ፡ ውስተ፡ ሳድስ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወይወፅእ፡ ወይዐርብ፡ በሳድስ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ሠላሳ፡ ወአሐደ፡ መዋዕለ፡ በእንተ፡ ምልክቱ፡

wa-yətgabbəʾ ḍaḥay məśrāqa wa-yəbawwəʾ wəsta sādəs ʾanqaḍ wa-yəwaḍḍəʾ wa-yəʿarrəb ba-sādəs ʾanqaḍ śallāsā wa-ʾaḥada mawāʿəla ba-ʾənta məlkətu

And the sun returns to the east and enters the sixth gate, and it comes forth and sets in the sixth gate for thirty-one days, on account of its sign.


ወይነውኅ፡ መዓልት፡ እምነ፡ ይእቲ፡ ሳድስ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ካዕበ፡ ምስለ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወይከውን፡ መዓልት፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ወክልኤተ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወሌሊት፡ የሐጽጽ፡ ወይከውን፡ ስድስተ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-yənawwəḫ maʿālt ʾəmənna yəʾəti sādəs ʾanqaḍ kāʿba məsla lēlit wa-yəkawwən maʿālt ʿaśarta wa-kəlʾēta kəfālāta wa-lēlit yaḥaḍḍəḍ wa-yəkawwən sədəsta kəfālāta

And on that day the day becomes twice as long as the night, and the day amounts to twelve parts, and the night is shortened and amounts to six parts.


ወይትገብእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ወይበውእ፡ ውስተ፡ ኃምስ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወይወፅእ፡ ወይዐርብ፡ በኃምስ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ሠላሳ፡ መዋዕለ፡

wa-yətgabbəʾ ḍaḥay wa-yəbawwəʾ wəsta ḫāməs ʾanqaḍ wa-yəwaḍḍəʾ wa-yəʿarrəb ba-ḫāməs ʾanqaḍ śallāsā mawāʿəla

And the sun returns and enters the fifth gate, and it comes forth and sets in the fifth gate for thirty days.

Ge'ez (Charles 1912 72:12; Knibb 1978 vol. 2 p. 168) — Aramaic 4Q209 frag 7 col. iii lines 1-3 preserve fragmentary parallel material for the post-solstice descent (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 145-147)

4Q209 frag 7 col. iii (Aramaic): partial — sun's return through gate 5 (Drawnel 2011)


ወይነውኅ፡ መዓልት፡ ወይከውን፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ሠለስተ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወሌሊት፡ ዘጠዐ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-yənawwəḫ maʿālt wa-yəkawwən ʿaśarta śallasta kəfālāta wa-lēlit zaṭaʿ kəfālāta

And the day amounts to thirteen parts and the night to nine parts.


ወይትገብእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ እምነ፡ ኃምስ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወይበውእ፡ ራብዐ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ሠላሳ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ወይዐርብ፡ በራብዕ፡ አንቀጽ፡

wa-yətgabbəʾ ḍaḥay ʾəmənna ḫāməs ʾanqaḍ wa-yəbawwəʾ rābəʿa ʾanqaḍa śallāsā mawāʿəla yəwaḍḍəʾ wa-yəʿarrəb ba-rābəʿ ʾanqaḍ

And the sun returns from the fifth gate and enters the fourth gate for thirty days; it comes forth and sets in the fourth gate.


ወይትዐረዩ፡ መዓልት፡ ምስለ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወይትከበቡ፡ ወይከውን፡ መዓልት፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ወአሐደ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወሌሊት፡ ይከውን፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ወአሐደ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-yətʿarrayu maʿālt məsla lēlit wa-yətkababu wa-yəkawwən maʿālt ʿaśarta wa-ʾaḥada kəfālāta wa-lēlit yəkawwən ʿaśarta wa-ʾaḥada kəfālāta

And the day becomes equal to the night, and they encompass one another; the day amounts to eleven parts and the night to eleven parts.


ወይትገብእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ወይበውእ፡ ውስተ፡ ሣልስ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወይወፅእ፡ ወይዐርብ፡ በሣልስ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ሠላሳ፡ ወአሐደ፡ መዋዕለ፡

wa-yətgabbəʾ ḍaḥay wa-yəbawwəʾ wəsta śāləs ʾanqaḍ wa-yəwaḍḍəʾ wa-yəʿarrəb ba-śāləs ʾanqaḍ śallāsā wa-ʾaḥada mawāʿəla

And the sun returns and enters the third gate, and it comes forth and sets in the third gate for thirty-one days.


ወይነውኅ፡ ሌሊት፡ እምነ፡ መዓልት፡ እስከ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ሣልስ፡ ወይከውን፡ ሌሊት፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ክልኤተ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወመዓልት፡ ይከውን፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-yənawwəḫ lēlit ʾəmənna maʿālt ʾəska ʾanqaḍ śāləs wa-yəkawwən lēlit ʿaśarta kəlʾēta kəfālāta wa-maʿālt yəkawwən ʿaśarta kəfālāta

And the night grows longer than the day, until the third gate; the night amounts to twelve parts and the day to ten parts.


ወይትገብእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ እምነ፡ ሣልስ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወይበውእ፡ ካልዕተ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ምሥራቅ፡ ሠላሳ፡ መዋዕለ፡

wa-yətgabbəʾ ḍaḥay ʾəmənna śāləs ʾanqaḍ wa-yəbawwəʾ kāləʿta ʾanqaḍa məśrāq śallāsā mawāʿəla

And the sun returns from the third gate and enters the second gate in the east for thirty days.


ወይነውኅ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወይከውን፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ሠለስተ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወመዓልት፡ የሐጽጽ፡ ወይከውን፡ ዘጠዐ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-yənawwəḫ lēlit wa-yəkawwən ʿaśarta śallasta kəfālāta wa-maʿālt yaḥaḍḍəḍ wa-yəkawwən zaṭaʿ kəfālāta

And the night grows longer and amounts to thirteen parts, and the day is shortened and amounts to nine parts.


ወይትገብእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ እምነ፡ ካልዕት፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወይበውእ፡ ቀዳሚተ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ሠላሳ፡ ወአሐደ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ወይዐርብ፡ በቀዳሚት፡ አንቀጽ፡ እንተ፡ ምዕራብ፡

wa-yətgabbəʾ ḍaḥay ʾəmənna kāləʿt ʾanqaḍ wa-yəbawwəʾ qadāmita ʾanqaḍa śallāsā wa-ʾaḥada mawāʿəla wa-yəʿarrəb ba-qadāmit ʾanqaḍ ʾənta məʿrāb

And the sun returns from the second gate and enters the first gate for thirty-one days, and sets in the first gate of the west.


ወይነውኅ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወይከውን፡ ካዕበ፡ ምስለ፡ መዓልት፡ ወሌሊት፡ ይከውን፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ክልኤተ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወመዓልት፡ ስድስተ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-yənawwəḫ lēlit wa-yəkawwən kāʿba məsla maʿālt wa-lēlit yəkawwən ʿaśarta kəlʾēta kəfālāta wa-maʿālt sədəsta kəfālāta

And the night grows longer and becomes twice as long as the day: the night amounts to twelve parts and the day to six parts.


ወይትገብእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ እምነ፡ ቀዳሚት፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወይበውእ፡ ካልዕተ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ሠላሳ፡ መዋዕለ፡

wa-yətgabbəʾ ḍaḥay ʾəmənna qadāmit ʾanqaḍ wa-yəbawwəʾ kāləʿta ʾanqaḍa śallāsā mawāʿəla

And the sun returns from the first gate and enters the second gate for thirty days.


And the night amounts to thirteen parts, and the day is shortened and amounts to nine parts.


ወይትገብእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ እምነ፡ ካልዕት፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወይበውእ፡ ሣልስተ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ሠላሳ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ወይዐርብ፡ በሣልስት፡ አንቀጽ፡ እንተ፡ ምዕራብ፡

wa-yətgabbəʾ ḍaḥay ʾəmənna kāləʿt ʾanqaḍ wa-yəbawwəʾ śāləsta ʾanqaḍa śallāsā mawāʿəla wa-yəʿarrəb ba-śāləst ʾanqaḍ ʾənta məʿrāb

And the sun returns from the second gate and enters the third gate for thirty days, and sets in the third gate of the west.


ወበይእቲ፡ ጊዜ፡ ይትዐረዩ፡ መዓልት፡ ምስለ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወይከውን፡ ሌሊት፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ወአሐደ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወመዓልት፡ ይከውን፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ወአሐደ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-ba-yəʾəti gizē yətʿarrayu maʿālt məsla lēlit wa-yəkawwən lēlit ʿaśarta wa-ʾaḥada kəfālāta wa-maʿālt yəkawwən ʿaśarta wa-ʾaḥada kəfālāta

And at that time the day becomes equal to the night: the night amounts to eleven parts and the day to eleven parts.


ወይትገብእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ እምነ፡ ሣልስት፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወይበውእ፡ ራብዕተ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ሠላሳ፡ ወአሐደ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ወይወፅእ፡ እምኔሃ፡ ወይዐርብ፡ በራብዕ፡ አንቀጽ፡ እንተ፡ ምዕራብ፡

wa-yətgabbəʾ ḍaḥay ʾəmənna śāləst ʾanqaḍ wa-yəbawwəʾ rābəʿta ʾanqaḍa śallāsā wa-ʾaḥada mawāʿəla wa-yəwaḍḍəʾ ʾəmənnehā wa-yəʿarrəb ba-rābəʿ ʾanqaḍ ʾənta məʿrāb

And the sun returns from the third gate and enters the fourth gate for thirty-one days, and comes forth from it and sets in the fourth gate of the west.


ወይነውኅ፡ መዓልት፡ ካዕበ፡ ምስለ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወይከውን፡ መዓልት፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ክልኤተ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወሌሊት፡ የሐጽጽ፡ ወይከውን፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-yənawwəḫ maʿālt kāʿba məsla lēlit wa-yəkawwən maʿālt ʿaśarta kəlʾēta kəfālāta wa-lēlit yaḥaḍḍəḍ wa-yəkawwən ʿaśarta kəfālāta

And the day grows longer than the night: the day amounts to twelve parts and the night is shortened and amounts to ten parts.


ወዝ፡ ሕግ፡ ወሑረት፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ወግብአቱ፡ ስብዐ፡ እምነ፡ ሙያኖሙ፡ ግብአቱ፡

wa-zə ḥəg wa-ḥurat la-ḍaḥay wa-gəbʾatu səbʿa ʾəmənna muyānomu gəbʾatu

This is the law and the course of the sun, and its return — sevenfold it returns from its turnings.


ወይትዌሰክ፡ ይእቲ፡ ሙያው፡ ለመዓልት፡ ካዕበ፡ ወትትኄፀጽ፡ ለሌሊት፡ በስድስቱ፡ መንገላት፡

wa-yətwēsak yəʾəti muyāw la-maʿālt kāʿba wa-tətḫēḍaḍ la-lēlit ba-sədəstu mangalāt

And that turning is added to the day, and the night is shortened, through the six paths.


ወትበጽሕ፡ ሙያው፡ ሰማይ፡ መዓልት፡ መዓልት፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ወክልኤተ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወሌሊት፡ የሐጽጽ፡ ወይከውን፡ ስድስተ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-təbaṣṣəḥ muyāw samāy maʿālt maʿālt ʿaśarta wa-kəlʾēta kəfālāta wa-lēlit yaḥaḍḍəḍ wa-yəkawwən sədəsta kəfālāta

And the turning of heaven reaches its extreme: the day amounts to twelve parts and the night is shortened and amounts to six parts.


ወይትኄፀጽ፡ መዓልት፡ እምነ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወይትገብእ፡ ሌሊት፡ እስከ፡ መንገል፡ ስድስት፡ ወይከውን፡ ዐሠርተ፡ ወክልኤተ፡ ክፋላተ፡ ወመዓልት፡ የሐጽጽ፡ ወይከውን፡ ስድስተ፡ ክፋላተ፡

wa-yətḫēḍaḍ maʿālt ʾəmənna lēlit wa-yətgabbəʾ lēlit ʾəska mangal sədəst wa-yəkawwən ʿaśarta wa-kəlʾēta kəfālāta wa-maʿālt yaḥaḍḍəḍ wa-yəkawwən sədəsta kəfālāta

And the day is shortened, and the night returns, until the sixth path: the night amounts to twelve parts and the day is shortened and amounts to six parts.


ወእምዘ፡ ይትዌሰክ፡ መዓልት፡ ለመዓልት፡ ወይትዌሰክ፡ ሌሊት፡ ለሌሊት፡ ወይፈጽም፡ ኆለቆሙ፡ በበ፡ ጊዜሁ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ምእት፡ ስድሳ፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ መዋዕል፡

wa-ʾəmza yətwēsak maʿālt la-maʿālt wa-yətwēsak lēlit la-lēlit wa-yəfaṣṣəm ḫolaqomu baba gizēhu śallastu məʾət sədsā wa-ʾarbāʿtu mawāʿəl

And from then the day adds to the day, and the night adds to the night; and they complete their count in their seasons — three hundred and sixty-four days.

**The 364-day-year statement — the calendrical-identity-keystone of the Astronomical Book and the broader Qumran-Enochic-Jubilees corpus.** This verse is the explicit-foundational-statement of the 364-day solar calendar: the sun's annual circuit through the twelve gates of heaven completes 364 days. The mathematical-elegance of the 364-day year (52 weeks × 7 days = 364 days; four seasons × 91 days each = 364 days; festival-dates always fall on the same day of the week) is essential to the calendar's appeal and its identity-marker status. The 364-day calendar is the calendrical-identity-keystone of the Qumran community vis-à-vis the proto-Rabbinic / Pharisaic Temple-Establishment lunar-solar tradition.

**Cross-corpus to Jubilees 6:32-38.** The Jubilees parallel polemic at 6:32-38 makes the calendrical-identity-keystone status explicit: 'they will forget the new moons and the times and the sabbaths, and they will make mistakes in all the new months and times and sabbaths ... if they walk in the times of the Gentiles and follow their ways'. The 364-day calendar is presented in Jubilees as the divinely-ordained calendar inscribed in the heavenly-tablets; the proto-Rabbinic lunar calendar is presented as cosmic-disorder and ritual-impurity.

**Cross-corpus to the Qumran calendrical texts.** The Qumran community produced an extensive corpus of calendrical-implementation-texts (4Q319 Otot; 4Q320-4Q321a + 4Q325-4Q330 Mishmarot; 4Q252; 4QMMT B; 11Q5 col 27 'David's Compositions' attributing 364 psalms-per-year to David; CD 16:2-3). The 364-day calendar was a working-calendar of the Qumran community, not merely a theoretical-ideal.

**The 364-day-vs-365.25-day mathematical problem.** The 364-day year is short of the actual tropical year (~365.25 days) by 1.25 days per year; over time, this discrepancy accumulates. Multiple harmonization-strategies have been proposed in scholarship (Glessmer 1999; Beckwith 1996; Stern 2001); the WoH translation preserves the source-text 364-day-year without modernization. See central entry `qumran-364-day-solar-calendar-polemic-1-enoch-72-82-jubilees-cross-corpus` and overlay entry `364-day-solar-calendar-rendering-convention`.

Ge'ez (Charles 1912 72:32; Knibb 1978 vol. 2 p. 169) — Aramaic 4Q209 frag 6 may preserve fragmentary parallel to 364-day total (Drawnel 2011 pp. 222-227)


ወይእቲ፡ ናኦተ፡ ሙያው፡ ሙያው፡ ስሉሰ፡ ምእት፡ ስድሳ፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ዘውእቱ፡ ኆለቅ፡ ለዓመት፡ ዘሐቅ፡ ናኦተ፡ ምሉእ፡

wa-yəʾəti nāʾota muyāw muyāw sǝlusa məʾət sədsā wa-ʾarbāʿtu mawāʿəl zawəʾətu ḫolaq la-ʿāmat zaḥaqq nāʾota məluʾ

And this is the measure of the turning of the turnings: three hundred and sixty-four days — this is the count of the true full year.


ናኦተ፡ ሙያው፡ ለመዓልት፡ ወለሌሊት፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ወንዕሰት፡ ሙያው፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ዘይትዌሰክ፡ ብርሃኑ፡ ወዘይትኄፀጽ፡ ብርሃኑ፡

nāʾota muyāw la-maʿālt wa-la-lēlit la-ḍaḥay wa-nəʿsat muyāw la-ḍaḥay zayətwēsak bərhānu wa-zayətḫēḍaḍ bərhānu

Such is the measure of the turning of day and night for the sun; and such is the lesser turning of the sun whose light grows and whose light is diminished.


ወዝ፡ ሕግ፡ ወሑረት፡ ለብርሃኑ፡ ለዐቢይ፡ ብርሃን፡ ዘፀሐይ፡ ዘርእኩ፡ ወዘስሙ፡ በበ፡ ሕገጊሁ፡ ኮነ፡

wa-zə ḥəg wa-ḥurat la-bərhānu la-ʿabəy bərhān za-ḍaḥay zarəʾku wa-zasəmu baba ḥəgagihu kona

And this is the law and the course of the light of the great luminary, the sun, which I saw, and whose name is according to its laws.


ወብርሃኑ፡ ይትዌሰክ፡ ወይትኄፀጽ፡ በበ፡ ጊዜሁ፡ ኵሉ፡ በበ፡ ሕገጊሁ፡ ወሰዓታቲሁ፡ ኵሉ፡ ይትከውን፡

wa-bərhānu yətwēsak wa-yətḫēḍaḍ baba gizēhu kwəlu baba ḥəgagihu wa-saʿātātihu kwəlu yətkawwan

And its light waxes and wanes each in its season, all according to its laws and its hours; all things come to be.


ወይእቲ፡ ይእቲ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ዐባይ፡ እንተ፡ ሰብዐ፡ ብርሃና፡ ድልዋ፡ ለወርኅ፡ ብርሃና፡ በዐቢይ፡ ኆለቅ፡ ዘብርሃኑ፡ ይትዐረዩ፡ ሰብዐ፡ ምስለ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ወይትዌቅሕ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለወርኅ፡ ወሰብዐ፡ ምስለ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ይትፈቀድ፡ ወይከውን፡ ምሉአ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ወሰብዐ፡ ምስለ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ይትፈቀድ፡ ብርሃና፡

wa-yəʾəti yəʾəti ḍaḥay ʿabay ʾənta sabʿa bərhānā dəlwā la-warḫ bərhānā ba-ʿabəy ḫolaq zabərhānu yətʿarrayu sabʿa məsla bərhānā la-ḍaḥay wa-yətwaḳḳəḥ bərhānā la-warḫ wa-sabʿa məsla bərhānā la-ḍaḥay yətfaqqad wa-yəkawwən məluʾa bərhānā la-ḍaḥay wa-sabʿa məsla bərhānā la-ḍaḥay yətfaqqad bərhānā

And this is the great sun whose light is sevenfold the moon's; in the great reckoning, its light measured sevenfold against the moon's light, and the moon's light is diminished. Sevenfold against the sun's light is reckoned, and the sun's light becomes full; and sevenfold against the sun's light her light is reckoned.

**The 7:1 sun:moon luminosity ratio + the corrupted-Ge'ez scribal-repetition.** The verse states the 7:1 sun:moon luminosity ratio that organizes the Astronomical Book's framework of the 'greater luminary' (sun) and 'lesser luminary' (moon) — paralleling the Gen 1:14-19 *meʾōrôt gĕdōlîm / qāṭān* framework. The 7:1 ratio is one of the schematic-ideal-ratios characteristic of the Astronomical Book; it does not correspond to modern-astronomical measurements of solar-vs-lunar luminosity but operates within the source-text-schematic register.

**The Ge'ez of v. 37 is textually difficult.** The repeated phrasing 'sevenfold against the sun's light is reckoned' appears multiple times in the Ge'ez witness — Charles 1912 noted the scribal-repetition as corrupted; Knibb 1978 preserves the Ge'ez verbatim; the modern critical-editions (Nickelsburg-VanderKam 2012 Hermeneia vol 2) document the corruption without proposing definitive emendation. The WoH translation preserves the Ge'ez verbatim per the per-verse layered-witness convention.

**Cross-corpus to Isa 30:26 — the eschatological sun-moon-light-reversal.** Isa 30:26 *wĕ-hāyâ ʾôr ha-lĕbānâ kĕ-ʾôr ha-ḥammâ wĕ-ʾôr ha-ḥammâ yihyeh šiḇʿātayim* 'and the light of the moon shall be as the light of the sun, and the light of the sun shall be sevenfold' — the eschatological-reversal of the natural-cosmic-order where the moon's light becomes equal to the sun's and the sun's light becomes sevenfold its present-state. The Isa 30:26 framework parallels the 1 En 72:37 7:1 ratio but inverts the present-state-ratio into the eschatological-reversal.


ወእምድኅረዝ፡ ሕግ፡ ርእኩ፡ ሕገ፡ ካልዕተ፡ ለብርሃን፡ ዘንዑስ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ወርኅ፡

wa-ʾəmdəḫrazə ḥəg rəʾku ḥəga kāləʿta la-bərhān zanəʿus zasəmu warḫ

And after this law I saw another law for the lesser luminary, whose name is the moon.

And after this law I saw another law dealing with the smaller luminary, which is named the Moon.

Aramaic: 4Q208/4Q209 do not preserve a direct parallel to this incipit; lunar tables begin at v. 4ff in the Aramaic stratum (Drawnel 2011)


ወሰፍሐ፡ ሎቱ፡ ኵሎ፡ ሑረቶ፡ በበ፡ ሕገጊሁ፡ ወብርሃኖ፡ ኆለቆ፡ ለመዋዕሊሁ፡ ኵሉ፡

wa-safḥa lotu kwəlo ḥurato baba ḥəgagihu wa-bərhāno ḫolaqo la-mawāʿəlihu kwəlu

And he set forth for it its whole course according to its laws, and the reckoning of its light for all its days.

And her circumference is like the circumference of the heaven, and her chariot in which she rides is driven by the wind, and light is given to her in (definite) measure. 3. And her rising and setting change every month: and her days are like the days of the sun, and when her light is uniform (i.e. full) it amounts to the seventh part of the light of the sun. 4. And thus she rises. And her first phase in the east comes forth on the thirtieth morning: and on that day she becomes visible, and constitutes for you the first phase of the moon on the thirtieth day together with the sun in the portal where the sun rises. 5. And the one half of her goes forth by a seventh part, and her whole circumference is empty, without light, with the exception of one-seventh part of it, (and) the fourteenth part of her light. 6. And when she receives one-seventh part of the half of her light, her light amounts to one-seventh part and the half thereof. 7. And she sets with the sun, and when the sun rises the moon rises with him and receives the half of one part of light, and in that night in the beginning of her morning [in the commencement of the lunar day] the moon sets with the sun, and is invisible that night with the fourteen parts and the half of one of them. 8. And she rises on that day with exactly a seventh part, and comes forth and recedes from the rising of the sun, and in her remaining days she becomes bright in the (remaining) thirteen parts.


ወብርሃኑ፡ ሰብዐ፡ ምስለ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ይከውን፡ ብርሃና፡ ለወርኅ፡ ወበዐቢይ፡ ኆለቅ፡ ይከውን፡ ብርሃና፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ይትዌቅሕ፡ ምልዕተ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለወርኅ፡

wa-bərhānu sabʿa məsla bərhānā la-ḍaḥay yəkawwən bərhānā la-warḫ wa-ba-ʿabəy ḫolaq yəkawwən bərhānā la-ḍaḥay yətwaḳḳəḥ məlʿta bərhānā la-warḫ

And her light is the moon's light, which is sevenfold less than the light of the sun; and in the great reckoning the light of the sun is measured against the full light of the moon.


וקדמי קומה במדנחא יפק ביום ארבעת עשר וכד יסלק לסיהרא יהוה לתרין שבעין יומין מלי נהורהא

u-qadmē qōmaha bě-madnāḥāʾ yippōq bě-yōm ʾarbaʿat ʿaśar wě-kad yissalleq lě-sahrāʾ yěhěwēh li-trēn šābūʿīn yōmīn malē něhōrahā

And in her first phase she rises in the east on the fourteenth day; and when she ascends to her fullness, in two weeks of days her light is full.

**Aramaic-PRIMARY witness — 4Q209 frag 7 col. ii.** This verse is preserved in the Aramaic 4Q209 fragment in fuller form than the Ge'ez transmission. The 14-day-waxing + full-moon-at-two-weeks is the foundational lunar-month structure of the Astronomical Book; the Aramaic 4Q208 + 4Q209 fragments preserve a much fuller day-by-day fractional tabulation (the seven-part visible-light grid divided into half-parts, giving a 49-unit-fractional grid for the synodic cycle) that the Ge'ez transmission has heavily abbreviated.

The witness-fullness-inversion at chs 73-74 (the Aramaic preserves more than the Ge'ez) is unusual within the 1 Enoch corpus and is one of the most-distinctive textual-features of the Astronomical Book. The original Aramaic Astronomical Book was substantially longer than what the Ge'ez preserves — perhaps two or three times the surviving Ge'ez length. See overlay entry `aramaic-fuller-than-geez-lunar-tables-4q208-convention` and the foundational scholarly treatment in H. Drawnel *The Aramaic Astronomical Book (4Q208-4Q211) from Qumran* (Oxford 2011).

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 7 col. ii lines 1-5 preserves traces of the 14-day waxing-to-full cycle (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 144-146; Drawnel 2011 pp. 230-235); Ge'ez parallel preserves the verse complete


ወትበጽሕ፡ ብርሃና፡ ላዕሌሃ፡ ለስብዕት፡ ክፍል፡ አሐደ፡ እምነ፡ ብርሃኑ፡ ለፀሐይ፡

wa-təbaṣṣəḥ bərhānā lāʿlēhā la-səbʿət kəfl ʾaḥada ʾəmənna bərhānu la-ḍaḥay

And her light reaches her by one seventh part out of the light of the sun.

Aramaic 4Q208 frag 1+ may preserve fractional-light tabulation (Drawnel 2011)


ወበቀዳሚ፡ ዕለታ፡ ይከውን፡ ብርሃና፡ ሰብዐ፡ ምስለ፡ ዐሥር፡ ወአርባዕ፡ ክፍላት፡ ወትገብእ፡ ብርሃና፡ በቀዳሚ፡ ዕለታ፡ ብርሃና፡ ሰብዐ፡ ምስለ፡ ዐሥር፡ ወአርባዕ፡ ክፍላት፡

wa-ba-qadāmi ʿəlatā yəkawwən bərhānā sabʿa məsla ʿaśr wa-ʾarbāʿ kəflāt wa-təgabbəʾ bərhānā ba-qadāmi ʿəlatā bərhānā sabʿa məsla ʿaśr wa-ʾarbāʿ kəflāt

And on her first day her light is one seventh together with one fourteenth part; and her light returns on her first day — her light is one seventh together with one fourteenth.

**The 1/7 + 1/14 = 3/14 fractional formula for day 1 of the lunar month.** The verse states the lunar-disk-visible-fraction for day 1 of the synodic cycle: one seventh + one fourteenth = 3/14 of the disk visible. The Ge'ez transmission of this verse is acknowledged corrupted (Charles 1912 noted the corruption; conjectures various emendations of the 1/14 × 1/7 fractional formula); the Aramaic 4Q208 stratum preserves a dramatically fuller computational-tabulation for the day-by-day fractional progression across the synodic cycle. The WoH translation preserves the Ge'ez witness verbatim per the per-verse layered-witness convention; the corrupted-state is flagged.

Aramaic 4Q208 preserves richer tabulation


ወትትባእ፡ ብርሃና፡ በስብዕ፡ ክፍላት፡ ፍጽም፡ ወትበጽሕ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለኬራ፡ ዘምሥራቅ፡ ወትሥረቅ፡ ወትበርህ፡

wa-tətbāʾ bərhānā ba-səbʿ kəflāt fəṣṣəm wa-təbaṣṣəḥ bərhānā la-kērā za-məśrāq wa-təśraq wa-təbarrəh

And her light enters in by seven parts in full, and her light reaches her horn in the east, and she rises and shines.

Aramaic 4Q208/4Q209 lunar tables more detailed (Drawnel 2011)


ወካዕበ፡ ትትዌቅሕ፡ በበ፡ ዕለታ፡ ብርሃና፡ ወይከውን፡ ብርሃና፡ ድልዋ፡ ለፀሐይ፡

wa-kāʿba tətwaḳḳəḥ baba ʿəlatā bərhānā wa-yəkawwən bərhānā dəlwā la-ḍaḥay

And again her light is measured out day by day, and her light becomes equal to the sun's.

Aramaic 4Q208 lunar tables preserve fuller parallel material


ወካዕበ፡ ሑረታ፡ ካልዕተ፡ አርአየኒ፡ ለወርኅ፡ ወሕገገ፡ ሑረቶሙ፡ ኵሎ፡ ሕገገ፡ ለበበ፡ ወርኅ፡

wa-kāʿba ḥuratā kāləʿta ʾarʾayanī la-warḫ wa-ḥəgaga ḥuratomu kwəlo ḥəgaga laba-warḫ

And again he showed me another course of the moon, and the laws of their courses — all the laws month by month.

And I saw another course, a law for her, (and) how according to that law she performs her monthly revolution. 2. And all these Uriel, the holy angel who is the leader of them all, showed to me, and their positions, and I wrote down their positions as he showed them to me, and I wrote down their months as they were, and the appearance of their lights till fifteen days were accomplished.

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 7 col. iii preserves partial parallel (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000)


ወኵሉ፡ ሕገጊሆሙ፡ አርአየኒ፡ ኦሪኤል፡ መልአክ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ዘሀሎ፡ ምስሌየ፡ ወከመ፡ ይከውን፡ ለቀዋምቶሙ፡ ስማቲሆሙ፡ ጸሐፍኩ፡

wa-kwəlu ḥəgagihomu ʾarʾayanī ʾUrʾēl malʾak qəddus zahallo məslēya wa-kama yəkawwən la-qawāmtomu səmātihomu ṣaḥafku

And Uriel, the holy angel who was with me, showed me all their laws; and I wrote down their names according to their stations, as they are.


ወጸሐፈ፡ ሊተ፡ መንበሮሙ፡ ዘበበ፡ ወርኆሙ፡ ወዘበበ፡ ብርሃኖሙ፡ እስከ፡ ይትፌጸም፡ በበ፡ ዐሥር፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ ዕለታት፡

wa-ṣaḥafa lita manbaromu zababa warḫomu wa-zababa bərhānomu ʾəska yətfēṣam baba ʿaśr wa-ʾarbāʿtu ʿəlatāt

And he wrote down for me their stations, month by month, and the increase of their light, until it is completed in fourteen days.

In single seventh parts she accomplishes all her light in the east, and in single seventh parts accomplishes all her darkness in the west. 4. And in certain months she alters her settings, and in certain months she pursues her own peculiar course. 5. In two months the moon sets with the sun: in those two middle portals the third and the fourth. 6. She goes forth for seven days, and turns about and returns again through the portal where the sun rises, and accomplishes all her light: and she recedes from the sun, and in eight days enters the sixth portal from which the sun goes forth. 7. And when the sun goes forth from the fourth portal she goes forth seven days, until she goes forth from the fifth and turns back again in seven days into the fourth portal and accomplishes all her light: and she recedes and enters into the first portal in eight days. 8. And she returns again in seven days into the fourth portal from which the sun goes forth. 9. Thus I saw their position—how the moons rose and the sun set in those days. 10. And if five years are added together the sun has an overplus of thirty days, and all the days which accrue to it for one of those five years, when they are full, amount to 364 days. 11. And the overplus of the sun and of the stars amounts to six days: in 5 years 6 days every year come to 30 days: and the moon falls behind the sun and stars to the number of 30 days. 12. And the sun and the stars bring in all the years exactly, so that they do not advance or delay their position by a single day unto eternity; but complete the years with perfect justice in 364 days. 13. In 3 years there are 1,092 days, and in 5 years 1,820 days, so that in 8 years there are 2,912 days. 14. For the moon alone the days amount in 3 years to 1,062 days, and in 5 years she falls 50 days behind: [i.e. to the sum (of 1,770) there is to be added (1,000 and) 62 days.] 15. And in 5 years there are 1,770 days, so that for the moon the days in 8 years amount to 2,832 days. 16. [For in 8 years she falls behind to the amount of 80 days], all the days she falls behind in 8 years are 80. 17. And the year is accurately completed in conformity with their world-stations and the stations of the sun, which rise from the portals through which it (the sun) rises and sets 30 days.

Aramaic 4Q208/4Q209 tabulations more detailed


በስብዐቱ፡ ቀዳምያን፡ መንበራት፡ ለብርሃና፡ ምሉአ፡ ብርሃና፡ ይከውን፡ በበ፡ ስብዕ፡ ምክፋላት፡

ba-səbʿatu qadāməyān manbarāt la-bərhānā məluʾa bərhānā yəkawwən baba səbʿ məkəfālāt

In the seven first stations of her light her light becomes full, according to seven parts.

Aramaic 4Q208/4Q209 lunar table day-counts (Drawnel 2011)


ወይትገብኡ፡ ኪያሁ፡ ስብዐቱ፡ መንበራት፡ ዘስብዐቱ፡ ምክፋላት፡ ለብርሃና፡ በምዕራባት፡

wa-yətgabbəʾu kiyāhu səbʿatu manbarāt zasəbʿatu məkəfālāt la-bərhānā ba-məʿrābāt

And the seven stations of her light, by seven parts, return again in the western places.

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 7 partial parallel (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000)


ወእለሰ፡ ቀዋምት፡ ዘይትፈለጡ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኩሎሙ፡ ሕገጊሆሙ፡ በበ፡ ወርኆሙ፡ ወበበ፡ ዓመቶሙ፡

wa-ʾəlasa qawāmt zayətfaḷaṭu lāʿla kwəlomu ḥəgagihomu baba warḫomu wa-baba ʿāmatomu

And the stations are distinguished according to all their laws, month by month and year by year.


ወያመጽእ፡ ወይትገብእ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ቀዳማዊ፡ መንበር፡ በአንቀጽ፡ ዘይትፈለጥ፡ ሰማንየ፡ ዕለታት፡

wa-yāmaṣṣəʾ wa-yətgabbəʾ la-ḍaḥay qadāmāwi manbar ba-ʾanqaḍ zayətfaḷaṭ samānya ʿəlatāt

And he brings and returns to the sun its first station through the gate which is separated by eight days.

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 7 col. iii fragmentary (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000)


ወአናቅጽ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ፀሐይ፡ የሐውር፡ በውስቴቶሙ፡ ለሠላሳ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ምስለ፡ መራኅት፡ ለበበ፡ ጊዜሁ፡

wa-ʾanāqəḍ ʾəmənnehomu yəwaḍḍəʾ ḍaḥay yaḥawwər ba-wəstētomu la-śallāsā mawāʿəla məsla marāḫət laba-gizēhu

And there are the gates from which the sun comes forth; the sun travels through them for thirty days, together with the leaders, each in its time.


ותרעיא די מנהון יפק שהרא שתא תרעין הוין מהלכה לשהרא ומן מהלכיהון תוב יתוב

wě-tarʿayyāʾ dī minhōn yippōq sahrāʾ šittāʾ tarʿīn hāwēn mahălkah lě-sahrāʾ ū-min mahălkayhōn tūb yětūb

And the gates through which the moon comes forth — there are six gates; they are the moon's course, and from their courses she again returns.

**Aramaic-PRIMARY witness.** This verse is preserved in the Aramaic 4Q209 fragment in a fuller form than the Ge'ez transmission preserves elsewhere in ch 74; the WoH translation prefers the Aramaic where preserved per the per-verse layered-witness convention. The six-gates-of-the-moon framework parallels the six-gates-of-the-sun framework of ch 72 (six eastern + six western gates); the lunar gates participate in the same cosmographic-cardinal-gate framework but with the moon's distinct monthly cycle. See central entry `astronomical-book-1-enoch-72-82-aramaic-dss-oldest-witness-unit-entry`.

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 8 preserves partial parallel: 'six gates' for the moon (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000)


ወእም፡ ሐመሰ፡ ምክፋላተ፡ ዕለታት፡ ዓመተ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ይትፌጸም፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ምእት፡ ስድሳ፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ መዋዕል፡

wa-ʾəm-ḥammasa məkəfālāta ʿəlatāt ʿāmata ḍaḥay yətfēṣam śallastu məʾət sədsā wa-ʾarbāʿtu mawāʿəl

And by the fifth portion of days, the solar year is completed in three hundred and sixty-four days.

Aramaic 4Q209 frags 7-8 likely preserve 364-day total (Drawnel 2011)


ויחסר שנת סיהרא עשרה יומין מן שנת שמשא ויהוה תלת מאה חמשין וארבעה יומין

wě-yiḥsar šěnat sahrāʾ ʿaśrāh yōmīn min šěnat šimšāʾ wě-yěhěwēh tělāt měʾāh ḥamšīn wě-ʾarbāʿ yōmīn

And the lunar year falls short of the solar year by ten days, and it amounts to three hundred and fifty-four days.

**The 354-vs-364 day-gap — Aramaic-PRIMARY witness.** This verse explicitly states the 10-day gap between the solar year (364 days) and the lunar year (354 days, that is, 12 × 29.5 = 354 synodic-month-days). The verse is preserved in the Aramaic 4Q209 fragment; the Aramaic preserves the calendrical-gap statement in fuller form than the Ge'ez. The 10-day gap is one of the central mathematical-problems of the Astronomical Book: the solar 364-day calendar (the calendrical-identity-keystone of the Qumran-Enochic-Jubilees corpus) and the lunar 354-day calendar (the proto-Rabbinic / Pharisaic Temple-Establishment framework) accumulate a 10-day-per-year discrepancy that the Astronomical Book preserves without an explicit harmonization-system. See central entry `qumran-364-day-solar-calendar-polemic-1-enoch-72-82-jubilees-cross-corpus`.

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 7 col. iii preserves trace of '354 days' lunar-year (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 145-148; Drawnel 2011 pp. 252-260)


ወይትገብኡ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ወከዋክብት፡ ለማእክለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዓመታት፡ ምስለ፡ መንበሮሙ፡ ቅዱም፡ ወይትኀደጉ፡ ዘበጊዜሆሙ፡ አርባዕተ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ዘኢተሐስቡ፡ በኆለቅ፡ ለዓመት፡

wa-yətgabbəʾu ḍaḥay wa-kawākəbt la-māʾəkla kwəlu ʿāmatāt məsla manbaromu qəddum wa-yətḫaddagu zababa gizēhomu ʾarbāʿta mawāʿəla zaʾitaḥasabu ba-ḫolaq la-ʿāmat

And the sun and the stars return to their former stations in the midst of all the years; and there are left over, in their season, four days which are not counted in the reckoning of the year.


ወአርባዕተ፡ ዓመተ፡ ይትፌጸም፡ አሐደ፡ ሺህ፡ ወአርባዕተ፡ ምእተ፡ ሰብዐ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ዓመተ፡ ፀሐይ፡

wa-ʾarbāʿta ʿāmata yətfēṣam ʾaḥada śiḥ wa-ʾarbāʿta məʾəta sabʿa mawāʿəla ʿāmata ḍaḥay

And in four years the solar year is completed at one thousand four hundred and seventy days.

Ge'ez (Charles 1912 74:13; Knibb 1978 vol. 2 p. 171); Aramaic 4Q209 frag 9 may preserve fragmentary '1,460 days' computation (Drawnel 2011)


ወአርባዕተ፡ ዓመተ፡ ለወርኅ፡ ይትፌጸም፡ አሐደ፡ ሺህ፡ ወምእተ፡ ስድሳ፡ ወሰላሳ፡ ወክልኤተ፡ መዋዕለ፡

wa-ʾarbāʿta ʿāmata la-warḫ yətfēṣam ʾaḥada śiḥ wa-məʾəta sədsā wa-salāsā wa-kəlʾēta mawāʿəla

And in four years the lunar year is completed at one thousand four hundred and thirty-two days.

Aramaic 4Q209 fragments preserve trace lunar-year multi-year totals (Drawnel 2011)


ወይትፌጸም፡ ቅያስ፡ በውስተ፡ ሣልስ፡ ዓመት፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ምእት፡ ስድሳ፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ወእምነ፡ ወርኅ፡ ይትኄፀጽ፡ ሰላሳ፡ መዋዕል፡

wa-yətfēṣam qəyās ba-wəsta śāləs ʿāmat śallastu məʾət sədsā wa-ʾarbāʿtu mawāʿəl wa-ʾəmənna warḫ yətḫēḍaṣ salāsā mawāʿəl

And the reckoning is completed in the third year at three hundred and sixty-four days; and the moon falls short by thirty days.

Aramaic 4Q209 fragments: traces (Drawnel 2011)


ወይከውን፡ በሣልስ፡ ዓመት፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ምእት፡ ሰላሳ፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ መዋዕል፡

wa-yəkawwən ba-śāləs ʿāmat śallastu məʾət salāsā wa-ʾarbāʿtu mawāʿəl

And in the third year it becomes three hundred and thirty-four days.


ወይትኄፀጽ፡ ዓመተ፡ ወርኅ፡ እምነ፡ ዓመተ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ወከዋክብት፡ ናኦቶ፡ ሰላሳ፡ መዋዕል፡

wa-yətḫēḍaṣ ʿāmata warḫ ʾəmənna ʿāmata ḍaḥay wa-kawākəbt nāʾoto salāsā mawāʿəl

And the lunar year falls short of the year of the sun and the stars by the measure of thirty days.

Aramaic 4Q209 fragments may preserve summary (Drawnel 2011)


ወአዕራግ፡ ርእሰ፡ ዕለታት፡ መርሖሙ፡ ዘበዐርብ፡ መንግሥቶሙ፡ ላዕለ፡ ዓለም፡ ላዕለ፡ ስብዓቱ፡ መንበራት፡ ለፀሐይ፡ መርሖሙ፡ ይትኬለልዎሙ፡ ወያስተሣዕልዎሙ፡

wa-ʾaʿrāg rəʾsa ʿəlatāt marḥomu zaba-ʿarb mangəśtomu lāʿla ʿālam lāʿla səbʿātu manbarāt la-ḍaḥay marḥomu yətkēlaləwwomu wa-yāstaśāʿəlwommu

And the leaders of the heads of the days, whose rule is over the world together with the leaders over the seven stations of the sun — these their leaders encompass and supervise them.

And the leaders of the heads of the thousands, who are placed over the whole creation and over all the stars, have also to do with the four intercalary days, being inseparable from their office, according to the reckoning of the year, and these render service on the four days which are not reckoned in the reckoning of the year. 2. And owing to them men go wrong therein, for those luminaries truly render service on the world-stations, one in the first portal, one in the third portal of the heaven, one in the fourth portal, and one in the sixth portal, and the exactness of the year is accomplished through its separate three hundred and sixty-four stations. 3. For the signs and the times and the years and the days the angel Uriel showed to me, whom the Lord of glory hath set for ever over all the luminaries of the heaven, in the heaven and in the world, that they should rule on the face of the heaven and be seen on the earth, and be leaders for the day and the night, i.e. the sun, moon, and stars, and all the ministering creatures which make their revolution in all the chariots of the heaven. 4. In like manner twelve doors Uriel showed me, open in the circumference of the sun’s chariot in the heaven, through which the rays of the sun break forth: and from them is warmth diffused over the earth, when they are opened at their appointed seasons. 5. [And for the winds and the spirit of the dew† when they are opened, standing open in the heavens at the ends.] 6. As for the twelve portals in the heaven, at the ends of the earth, out of which go forth the sun, moon, and stars, and all the works of heaven in the east and in the west, 7. There are many windows open to the left and right of them, and one window at its (appointed) season produces warmth, corresponding (as these do) to those doors from which the stars come forth according as He has commanded them, and wherein they set corresponding to their number. 8. And I saw chariots in the heaven, running in the world, above those portals in which revolve the stars that never set. 9. And one is larger than all the rest, and it is that that makes its course through the entire world.

**The four season-leaders — the angelic supervisors of the four 91-day quarters.** The Ge'ez *ʾaʿrāg* ('leaders / chiefs') introduces the four season-leaders who supervise the four 91-day quarters of the 364-day solar year. The four are named explicitly at 1 En 82:11-20 (Melkiel, Helemmelek, Meleyal, Narel — see commentary at ch 82). The angelic-administrative-leadership-of-the-seasons is integral to the 364-day-calendar framework. Uriel is the overall cosmic-administrative-angel; the four season-leaders are the next-level subordinates with portfolio over the four 91-day quarters. See central entries `uriel-angel-over-luminaries-1-enoch-72-79-82-cross-corpus` and `qumran-364-day-solar-calendar-polemic-1-enoch-72-82-jubilees-cross-corpus`.

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 25+26 may preserve fragmentary parallel (Drawnel 2011)


ወእልክቱ፡ አርባዕቱ፡ ዘዐሥርቱ፡ ምሥራቅ፡ ይትኬለሉ፡ መርሖሙ፡ በበ፡ ጊዜሆሙ፡ ወይቤለኒ፡ ዑርኤል፡ መልአክ፡ ዘውእቱ፡ መርሖሙ፡ ምክንያቶሙ፡ አርባዕተ፡ ዕለታት፡ ዘይትዌሰክ፡ ኢተሐስቡ፡ በውስተ፡ ኆለቅ፡ ለዓመት፡

wa-ʾəlləktu ʾarbāʿtu zaʿaśərtu məśrāq yətkēlalu marḥomu baba gizēhomu wa-yəbēlanī ʿUrʾēl malʾak zawəʾətu marḥomu məkənyātomu ʾarbāʿta ʿəlatāt zayətwēsak ʾitaḥasabu ba-wəsta ḫolaq la-ʿāmat

And those four leaders of the east are surrounded by their leaders in their times; and Uriel, the holy angel who is their leader, said to me: their cause is the four days that are added, that are not counted in the reckoning of the year.

**The four epact-days polemic — stated in Uriel's own voice.** This is one of the sharpest polemical-statements of the Astronomical Book. Uriel identifies the cause of the four 'leaders of the east' as the FOUR epact-days that are added (the days that bring the schematic 360-day base year to 364) — the days that 'are not counted in the reckoning of the year' by those who err in the calendar. The polemic targets the proto-Rabbinic / Pharisaic / Temple-Establishment tradition's lunar-solar calendar that does NOT count these four epact-days; the Astronomical Book holds the four epact-days as integral to the 364-day solar year. The polemic is sharpened at v. 3 ('humans err in these — they swiftly go astray concerning them') and continues at chs 82:4-6.

See central entry `qumran-364-day-solar-calendar-polemic-1-enoch-72-82-jubilees-cross-corpus` for the systematic treatment of the 364-day calendar as the calendrical-identity-keystone of the Qumran-Enochic-Jubilees corpus.


ወይትዐጻዑ፡ በውስቴቶሙ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወይሰሐቱ፡ ኪያሁ፡ ፍጡነ፡ እስመ፡ እልክቱ፡ ብርሃናት፡ የአምሕሩ፡ ጊዜያተ፡ ለዓለም፡ በውስተ፡ መንበረ፡ ዓለም፡ አሐደ፡ በቀዳማይ፡ አንቀጽ፡ ወአሐደ፡ በሣልስ፡ ወአሐደ፡ በራብዕ፡ ወአሐደ፡ በሳድስ፡

wa-yətʿaḍāʿu ba-wəstētomu sabʾ wa-yəsaḥtu kiyāhu fəṭuna ʾəsma ʾəlləktu bərhānāt yāʾəmḥəru gizēyāta la-ʿālam ba-wəsta manbara ʿālam ʾaḥada ba-qadāmāyə ʾanqaḍ wa-ʾaḥada ba-śāləs wa-ʾaḥada ba-rābəʿ wa-ʾaḥada ba-sādəs

And humans err in these — they swiftly go astray concerning them — for those luminaries truly serve the seasons of the world in the stations of the world: one in the first gate, one in the third, one in the fourth, and one in the sixth.

**'Humans err' — the sharpest polemical statement of the Astronomical Book.** The Ge'ez *wa-yətʿaḍāʿu ba-wəstētomu sabʾ wa-yəsaḥtu kiyāhu fəṭuna* — 'humans err in these — they swiftly go astray concerning them' — names the calendrical-error directly as a human-error. The four epact-days are anchored in the four corner-gates of the sun's annual circuit: gate 1 (winter-solstice), gate 3 (vernal-equinox), gate 4 (summer-solstice), gate 6 (autumnal-equinox). The four 31-day-months at the solstice-and-equinox-junctures provide the four extra epact-days that the polemic targets.

The polemical-edge of v. 3 is one of the most-distinctive features of the Astronomical Book: the calendrical-difference is framed as a moral-error of humans, not merely a calculational-difference. The framework is shared with Jubilees 6:32-38 (the parallel polemic: 'they will forget the new moons and the times and the sabbaths, and they will make mistakes in all the new months and times and sabbaths').


ወይትፌጸም፡ ድካም፡ ለዓመት፡ ፍጹመ፡ በውስተ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ ምእት፡ ስድሳ፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ መንበራት፡

wa-yətfēṣam dəkām la-ʿāmat fəṣṣuma ba-wəsta śallastu məʾət sədsā wa-ʾarbāʿtu manbarāt

And the whole labor of the year is completed in three hundred and sixty-four stations.


እስመ፡ ምክንያተ፡ ለዓለም፡ ይትገበሩ፡ ለሕገጊሁ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ወለወርኅ፡ ወለከዋክብት፡ ወለኵሉ፡ ሐራ፡ ለዓለም፡ ዘፈጠረ፡ ዘበአስተራኩሞ፡ ይስተራኩሙ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ቀዋምት፡ ለዓለም፡

ʾəsma məkənyāta la-ʿālam yətgabbaru la-ḥəgagihu la-ḍaḥay wa-la-warḫ wa-la-kawākəbt wa-la-kwəlu ḥarā la-ʿālam zafaṭara zabaʾəstarākumo yəstarākumu kwəlomu qawāmt la-ʿālam

For the causes of the world are performed for it according to the laws of the sun and the moon and the stars, and of all the host of the world which he created — that by their conjoined order all the stations of the world might be ordered together.


ወእንተ፡ ኮኑ፡ ስብዐቱ፡ መሣክወ፡ ዐበይተ፡ ዘፀሐይ፡ ወወርኅ፡ እምውስቴቱ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ብርሃኖሙ፡ ላዕለ፡ መንበራቲሆሙ፡ ስብዐ፡ ዘይትዐጻዑ፡ መንበራቲሆሙ፡ ወይትገብኡ፡ ኪያሆሙ፡ መሣክወ፡ ለበበ፡ ጊዜሁ፡

wa-ʾənta konu səbʿatu masākəwa ʿabayta zaḍaḥay wa-warḫ ʾəmwəstētu yəwaḍḍəʾ bərhānomu lāʿla manbarātihomu səbʿa zayətʿaḍāʿu manbarātihomu wa-yətgabbəʾu kiyāhomu masākəwa laba-gizēhu

And there are twelve great windows of the sun and the moon, from which their light comes forth upon their stations seven times — those that encompass their stations — and the windows receive them again in their times.


ወእምድኅረ፡ ኆለቅ፡ ዘስብዐቱ፡ መሣክው፡ ዘፀሐይ፡ ይትገብኡ፡ ለመሥራቅ፡ ወይዐርቡ፡ በውስቴቶሙ፡

wa-ʾəmdəḫra ḫolaq zasəbʿatu masākəw zaḍaḥay yətgabbəʾu la-maśrāq wa-yəʿarrəbu ba-wəstētomu

And after the reckoning of the twelve windows of the sun, they return to the east, and through them the sun sets.


ወእምድኅረ፡ ሕገገዘ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡ ለከዋክብት፡ አርአየኒ፡ ቀዋምቶሙ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ወዐሥር፡ ወክልኤቱ፡ መንበራቲሆሙ፡

wa-ʾəmdəḫra ḥəgagaza ḫolaqomu la-kawākəbt ʾarʾayanī qawāmtomu kwəlomu wa-ʿaśr wa-kəlʾētu manbarātihomu

And after these laws — the reckoning of the stars — he showed me all their stations, and their twelve stations.

Aramaic 4Q210 fragmentary (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000)


ወአዕናቅፅ፡ ዘይወፅእ፡ እምውስቴቶሙ፡ ፀዓፋተ፡ መንፈስ፡ ኅሉቅ፡ ይከውን፡ በውስቴቶሙ፡ ኵሉ፡ መንፈስ፡

wa-ʾaʿnāqəḍ zayəwaḍḍəʾ ʾəmwəstētomu ḍaʿāfāta manfas ḫəluq yəkawwən ba-wəstētomu kwəlu manfas

And the gates from which the winds issue — the appointed places of the wind — every wind is in them according to its measure.


ובאפי ארעא חזית עשרה ותרין תרעין פתיחין לכל רוחיא דמנהון נפקין רוחיא ונשבין על ארעא

u-ba-ʾappē ʾarʿāʾ ḥăzēt ʿaśrāh u-tĕrēn tarʿīn pětīḥīn lě-kol rūḥayyāʾ dī minhōn nāpĕqīn rūḥayyāʾ wě-nāšbīn ʿal ʾarʿāʾ

And at the ends of the earth I saw twelve gates open for all the winds, from which the winds come forth and blow upon the earth.

And at the ends of the earth I saw twelve portals open to all the quarters (of the heaven), from which the winds go forth and blow over the earth. 2. Three of them are open on the face (i.e. the east) of the heavens, and three in the west, and three on the right (i.e. the south) of the heaven, and three on the left (i.e. the north). 3. And the three first are those of the east, and three are of †the north, and three [after those on the left] of the south†, and three of the west. 4. Through four of these come winds of blessing and prosperity, and from those eight come hurtful winds: when they are sent, they bring destruction on all the earth and on the water upon it, and on all who dwell thereon, and on everything which is in the water and on the land.

**The twelve gates and four winds cosmography — Aramaic-PRIMARY witness (4Q210 frag 1 col. ii).** This verse opens 1 En 76's systematic cosmographic-meteorology framework: twelve gates of heaven (three at each of the four cardinal directions) through which the cosmic-winds blow. The framework is one of the most-elaborate cosmographic-systematizations of the Second-Temple-period apocalyptic-literature.

The framework extends the simpler 1 En 33-36 four-corners-and-gates cosmography (which has gates at the four cardinal-directions without the three-fold sub-division per direction) into a more-systematic 12-gate framework. The framework is paralleled in Zech 6:1-8 (the four chariots + four winds), Dan 7:2 (the four winds of heaven stirring the sea), Rev 7:1 (the four angels at the four corners holding back the four winds), and Sura 41:9-12 (the seven heavens + the cosmic-organization of the cosmos).

See central entry `twelve-gates-four-winds-cosmography-1-enoch-76-cross-corpus`.

4Q210 frag 1 col. ii lines 16-20 preserves substantial Aramaic parallel (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 162-167; Drawnel 2011 pp. 286-295)


תלתא אנון במדנח שמיא ותלתא במערב ותלתא בימינא דשמיא ותלתא בשמאלא

tělātāʾ ʾinnōn bě-madnāḥ šĕmayyāʾ ū-tělātāʾ bě-maʿărāb ū-tělātāʾ bě-yāminā dī-šĕmayyāʾ ū-tělātāʾ bi-śĕmālāʾ

Three of them are in the east of heaven, and three in the west, and three on the right of heaven, and three on the left.

**Aramaic-PRIMARY witness — the 3+3+3+3 cardinal distribution.** The Aramaic uses *yamin* / *semal* ('right / left' = south / north when oriented to the rising sun) — the standard Semitic cardinal-orientation convention where one orients the body to face east (the rising sun). The three-gates-per-cardinal-direction distribution (3 × 4 = 12 total) is the systematic framework that distinguishes 1 En 76 from the earlier four-corners cosmography of 1 En 33-36 (where each cardinal-direction has only one gate). Cross-corpus to Rev 21:13 (the New Jerusalem with three gates per cardinal direction: 3 × 4 = 12 gates total) — the Rev 21 framework directly parallels the 1 En 76 cosmographic systematization.

4Q210 frag 1 col. ii lines 18-20 (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 p. 167)


ወቀዳሚሁ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ዘጎ፡ ሰሜን፡ ዘይትለዐል፡ ወዘይከውን፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቍር፡ ወአስሐትዮት፡ ወድካም፡ ወአሕማም፡ ወሐዘን፡

wa-qadāmihu ʾəmənnehomu zago samēn zayətlaʿʿal wa-zayəkawwən lāʿlēhu manfas qwər wa-ʾasḥātyot wa-dəkām wa-ʾaḥmām wa-ḥazan

And the first among them, on the side of the north, which is raised up — there is upon it a wind of cold and hoarfrost, fatigue, sickness, and sorrow.

Aramaic 4Q210 frag 1 col. ii line 20+ fragmentary


ወእምነ፡ መንገል፡ ካዕብቱ፡ ዘበማእክለ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ዘፍሥሓ፡ ወዘጥዕና፡ ወዘጠል፡ ወዘዝናም፡ ወዘስብእ፡ ወዘበረከት፡

wa-ʾəmənna mangal kāʿbətu zabamāʾəkla yəwaḍḍəʾ zafəśśəḥā wa-zaṭəʿnā wa-zaṭall wa-zazənām wa-zasəbʾ wa-zabarakat

And from the second gate in the middle there comes forth joy, health, dew, rain, prosperity, and blessing.


ወእምነ፡ ካልዕ፡ መንገል፡ ይወፅኡ፡ ንዋማት፡ ወዕርፍት፡ ወምሕረት፡ ወሕይወት፡

wa-ʾəmənna kāləʿ mangal yəwaḍḍəʾu nəwāmāt wa-ʿərft wa-məḥrat wa-ḥəywat

And from the other gate there come forth sleep, rest, mercy, and life.

And the first wind from those portals, called the east wind, comes forth through the first portal which is in the east, inclining towards the south: from it come forth desolation, drought, heat, and destruction. 6. And through the second portal in the middle comes what is fitting, and from it there come rain and fruitfulness and prosperity and dew; and through the third portal which lies toward the north come cold and drought.


ወእምነ፡ ምሥራቅ፡ ሰማይ፡ ዘሠለስቱ፡ አናቅጽ፡ ቀዳማይ፡ ዘይትለዐል፡ ጾታሁ፡ መንገለ፡ ሰሜን፡ እምኔሁ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ጠል፡ ወዝናም፡ ወአንበጣ፡ ወድካም፡

wa-ʾəmənna məśrāq samāy zaśallastu ʾanāqəḍ qadāmāyə zayətlaʿʿal ṣotahu mangala samēn ʾəmənnehu yəwaḍḍəʾ ṭall wa-zənām wa-ʾanbaṭā wa-dəkām

And from the three gates of the east of heaven: the first, whose side is raised toward the north — from it come forth dew and rain and locusts and fatigue.

Aramaic 4Q210 frag 1 col. iii preserves partial parallel (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 p. 167)


ወእምነ፡ መንገል፡ ካዕብ፡ ዘበማእክል፡ ዘይወፅእ፡ ብርሃን፡ ወዝናም፡ ወጠል፡ ወሐይል፡

wa-ʾəmənna mangal kāʿb zabamāʾəkəl zayəwaḍḍəʾ bərhān wa-zənām wa-ṭall wa-ḥayl

And from the second gate in the middle there come forth light and rain and dew and strength.

And after these come forth the south winds through three portals: through the first portal of them inclining to the east comes forth a hot wind. 8. And through the middle portal next to it there come forth fragrant smells, and dew and rain, and prosperity and health. 9. And through the third portal lying to the west come forth dew and rain, locusts and desolation.

Aramaic 4Q210 frag 1 col. iii fragmentary (Drawnel 2011)


ወእምነ፡ መንገል፡ ካልዕ፡ ይወፅእ፡ መንፈስ፡ ሞቅ፡ ወድርቅ፡ ወሕማም፡ ወማዕታት፡

wa-ʾəmənna mangal kāləʿ yəwaḍḍəʾ manfas moq wa-dərq wa-ḥəmām wa-māʿtāt

And from the other gate there comes forth a wind of heat and drought and sickness and deaths.


ወእምነ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ አናቅጽ፡ ዘበየማን፡ ሰማይ፡ ቀዳማይ፡ ዘጎ፡ ምሥራቅ፡ ይወፅእ፡ መንፈስ፡ ሞቅ፡

wa-ʾəmənna śallastu ʾanāqəḍ zaba-yamān samāy qadāmāyə zago məśrāq yəwaḍḍəʾ manfas moq

And from the three gates on the right of heaven: the first, on the side of the east — from it comes forth a wind of heat.


ወእምነ፡ መንገል፡ ካዕብ፡ ዘጎ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ጠል፡ ወዝናም፡ ወአንበጣ፡ ወድካም፡

wa-ʾəmənna mangal kāʿb zago yəwaḍḍəʾ ṭall wa-zənām wa-ʾanbaṭā wa-dəkām

And from the second gate, on its side, there come forth dew and rain and locusts and fatigue.

And after these the north winds: from the seventh portal in the east come dew and rain, locusts and desolation. 11. And from the middle portal come in a direct direction health and rain and dew and prosperity; and through the third portal in the west come cloud and hoar-frost, and snow and rain, and dew and locusts.


ወእምነ፡ መንገል፡ ሣልስ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ዘጎ፡ ምዕራብ፡ ጠል፡ ወዝናም፡ ወአንበጣ፡ ወድካም፡

wa-ʾəmənna mangal śāləs yəwaḍḍəʾ zago məʿrāb ṭall wa-zənām wa-ʾanbaṭā wa-dəkām

And from the third gate, on the side of the west, there come forth dew and rain and locusts and fatigue.


ወእምነ፡ ምዕራብ፡ ሰማይ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ አናቅጽ፡ ቀዳማይ፡ ዘጎ፡ ሰሜን፡ እምኔሁ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ጠል፡ ወዝናም፡ ወጾታ፡ ወማዕታት፡

wa-ʾəmənna məʿrāb samāy śallastu ʾanāqəḍ qadāmāyə zago samēn ʾəmənnehu yəwaḍḍəʾ ṭall wa-zənām wa-ṣotā wa-māʿtāt

And from the west of heaven, three gates: the first, on the side of the north — from it come forth dew and rain and hoarfrost and deaths.

And after these [four] are the west winds: through the first portal adjoining the north come forth dew and hoar-frost, and cold and snow and frost. 13. And from the middle portal come forth dew and rain, and prosperity and blessing; and through the last portal which adjoins the south come forth drought and desolation, and burning and destruction. 14. And the twelve portals of the four quarters of the heaven are therewith completed, and all their laws and all their plagues and all their benefactions have I shown to thee, my son Methuselah.


ወእምነ፡ መንገል፡ ካዕብ፡ ዘበማእክል፡ ይወፅእ፡ ዝናም፡ ወጠል፡ ወሕይወት፡ ወበረከት፡

wa-ʾəmənna mangal kāʿb zabamāʾəkəl yəwaḍḍəʾ zənām wa-ṭall wa-ḥəywat wa-barakat

And from the second gate in the middle there come forth rain and dew and life and blessing.


ወእምነ፡ መንገል፡ ሣልስ፡ ዘጎ፡ ጾታ፡ ይወፅእ፡ መንፈስ፡ ድሙት፡ ወቍር፡ ወድካም፡ ወሐዘን፡ ወዘንቱ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡ ለነፋሳት፡ ዘይነፍሑ፡ ዘይኬልሉ፡ እምነ፡ አርባዕቱ፡ ማእዘን፡ ለሰማይ፡ ኮኑ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡

wa-ʾəmənna mangal śāləs zago ṣotā yəwaḍḍəʾ manfas dəmut wa-qwər wa-dəkām wa-ḥazan wa-zantu ḫolaqomu la-nafāsāt zayənafāḥu zayəkēlalu ʾəmənna ʾarbāʿtu māʾəzan la-samāy konu ḫolaqomu

And from the third gate, on the side of the south, there comes forth a wind of silence and cold and fatigue and sorrow. And this is the reckoning of the winds that blow and circle from the four corners of heaven — such is their reckoning.


וקדמיתא קרין לה מדנחא דהיא קדמיתא ותניתא קרין לה ימינא דבה כפיף ידא דכל חי

u-qadmaytāʾ qārēn lāh madnāḥāʾ dī-hīʾ qadmaytāʾ u-tinyāytāʾ qārēn lāh yāminā dī-bāh kāpēp yědāʾ dī-kol ḥay

And the first they call the east, because it is the first; and the second they call the south, because there the hand of every living thing is bowed down.

And the first quarter is called the east, because it is the first: and the second, the south, because the Most High will descend there, yea, there in quite a special sense will He who is blessed for ever descend. 2. And the west quarter is named the diminished, because there all the luminaries of the heaven wane and go down. 3. And the fourth quarter, named the north, is divided into three parts: the first of them is for the dwelling of men: and the second contains seas of water, and the abysses and forests and rivers, and darkness and clouds; and the third part contains the garden of righteousness.

4Q210 frag 1 col. iii lines 1-5 preserves Aramaic of the four-quarter naming + south-as-yamin (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 167-170; Drawnel 2011 pp. 296-300)


ותליתיתא קרין לה מערבא די תמן עזלין כל נהורי שמיא ותתבון תמן למערב ורביעיתא קרין לה צפונא די בה מסתתרין כל עבדי כרובים ושרפים ובה משכנא דעליא

u-tělītāytāʾ qārēn lāh maʿarbāʾ dī tammān ʿāzělīn kol něhōrē šěmayyāʾ wě-yātbūn tammān lě-maʿărāb u-rěbīʿāytāʾ qārēn lāh ṣěpōnāʾ dī-bāh mistattěrīn kol ʿōbědē kěrūbīm wě-śěrāpīm u-bāh miškěnāʾ dī-ʿillāʾāʾ

And the third they call the west, because there all the lights of heaven are gathered in, and they set there toward the west; and the fourth they call the north, because in it are hidden all the works of the Cherubim and the Seraphim, and there is the dwelling-place of the Most High.

**THE NORTH AS DWELLING-PLACE OF THE MOST HIGH — Aramaic-PRIMARY witness (4Q210).** This is one of the most-cosmographically-significant statements in the Astronomical Book: the cosmic-north is the dwelling-place of the Most High. The verse extends the broader Northwest-Semitic + Hebrew Bible north-as-cosmic-mountain tradition that runs through:
- **Ps 48:3** *yarketê ṣāpôn qiryat melek rāḇ* — Mount Zion 'in the recesses of the north' (the Hebrew tradition transferring Mount Ṣapunu's cosmic-mountain attributes onto Zion).
- **Isa 14:13** — the proud claim of the Day-Star-son-of-Dawn to ascend to 'the mount of assembly in the recesses of the north' (yarketê ṣāpôn).
- **Ezek 1:4** — the storm-wind from the north opening the throne-vision.
- **Ugaritic Mount Ṣapunu** — Baʿlu's cosmic-mountain located geographically at Jebel al-Aqra ~50 km north of Ugarit.

The 1 En 77:2 statement makes the north-as-divine-dwelling explicit in the Second-Temple-Jewish apocalyptic-cosmographic register. The Cherubim and Seraphim — the angelic-throne-attendant orders (Ezek 1 + Isa 6) — are located in the cosmic-north as the throne-vision-tradition cosmographic-locale. See central entry `north-as-dwelling-of-most-high-1-enoch-77-2-ps-48-2-zaphon-cross-corpus` and the bidirectional-extension of `mount-sapunu-tsafon-cosmic-mountain-cross-corpus-ugaritic-hebrew-bible`.

Aramaic 4Q210 frag 1 col. iii lines 4-7 (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 168-170)


ወአፍላገ፡ ምድር፡ ሠለስቱ፡ እማንቱ፡ ቀዳማይት፡ መንገለ፡ ምሥራቅ፡ ወካዕብት፡ መንገለ፡ ጾታ፡ ወሣልስት፡ መንገለ፡ ምዕራብ፡

wa-ʾaflāga mədr śallastu ʾəmāntu qadāmāyət mangala məśrāq wa-kāʿbət mangala ṣotā wa-śāləst mangala məʿrāb

And the regions of the earth are three: the first toward the east, and the second toward the south, and the third toward the west.

Aramaic 4Q210 frag 1 col. iii lines 7-9 partial (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 p. 170)


וחזית שבעה טורין רברבין מן כל טוריא די בארעא מנהון נפק תליגא ויומיא ועדניא ושניא יחלפון

u-ḥăzēt šibʿāh ṭūrīn rabrěbīn min kol ṭūrayyāʾ dī bě-ʾarʿāʾ minhōn nāpēq taligāʾ wě-yōmayyāʾ wě-ʿiddānayyāʾ wě-šinnayyāʾ yāḥalpōn

And I saw seven great mountains, greater than all the mountains that are upon the earth; from them come forth snow, and the days and the seasons and the years pass by.

I saw seven high mountains, higher than all the mountains which are on the earth: and thence comes forth hoar-frost, and days, seasons, and years pass away. 5. I saw seven rivers on the earth larger than all the rivers: one of them coming from the †west† pours its waters into the Great Sea. 6. And these two come from the north to the sea and pour their waters into the Erythraean Sea in the east. 7. And the remaining four come forth on the side of the north to their own sea, 〈two of them to〉 the Erythraean Sea, and two into the Great Sea and discharge themselves there [and some say: into the desert]. 8. Seven great islands I saw in the sea and in the mainland: two in the mainland and five in the Great Sea.

**The seven mountains — Aramaic-PRIMARY witness (4Q210).** The seven-mountains cosmography here extends the seven-mountains cluster of 1 En 18:6-9 + 24:1-25:7 (the cosmic-mountains-of-precious-stones with the central seventh-mountain as the throne-of-glory site) into the broader cosmographic-treatise of ch 77. The seven-mountains framework is one of the most-systematic apocalyptic-cosmographic extensions of the Northwest-Semitic single-cosmic-mountain tradition (Mount Ṣapunu / Mount Zion / Mount Sinai) into the structured-seven-fold-enumeration register.

See central entry `seven-mountains-of-god-1-enoch-18-24-cosmic-mountain-cluster-extension-cross-corpus` (extended in this Editor pass to include ENO-WOH-77:4-5).

4Q210 frag 1 col. iii lines 10-13 preserves 'seven great mountains' (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000 pp. 167-170; Drawnel 2011 pp. 300-305)


ושבעה נהרין רברבין חזית מן כל נהריא קדמיא מנהון רבא דאקרי גיחון ותנינא דקלת ותליתיא פרת

u-šibʿāh nahărīn rabrěbīn ḥăzēt min kol nahărayyāʾ qadmāyāʾ minhōn rabbāʾ dī-ʾiqrē Gēḥōn u-tinyānāʾ Diqlat u-tělītāyāʾ Pěrāt

And I saw seven great rivers, greater than all the rivers — the first of them, the great one called Gihon; and the second, the Tigris; and the third, the Euphrates.

**The seven rivers — Aramaic-PRIMARY witness (4Q210); cross-corpus to Gen 2:10-14 Eden-rivers.** The seven-rivers framework extends Gen 2:10-14's four Eden-rivers (Pishon, Gihon, Hiddekel/Tigris, Euphrates) into a structured-seven-fold-enumeration. The first three rivers — Gihon, Tigris, Euphrates — are three of the four Gen 2:10-14 Eden-rivers; the fourth Eden-river (Pishon) is absent in the 1 En 77:5 explicit enumeration but is likely among the remaining four rivers named at v. 6 (the Ge'ez of v. 6 has corrupted name-forms — possibly Harmon/Harahot and the Nile). The seven-rivers framework is the cosmographic-apocalyptic extension of the Eden-rivers tradition into the Astronomical-Book cosmographic register.

Aramaic 4Q210 frag 1 col. iii lines 13-15 partial — preserves names of rivers (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000)


ወካልዓኖሙ፡ ምዕራብ፡ ሐራሞን፡ ወካልዕ፡ ኖሉ፡ ወዘ፡ ይትበሀል፡ ጊሐን፡ ወውስተ፡ ምድረ፡ ግብጽ፡ ይነግሥ፡ ወይነግሥ፡ እምነ፡ መንግሥት፡ ለመንግሥት፡

wa-kāləʿānomu məʿrāb ḥarāmon wa-kāləʿ Nolu wa-zə yətbahal Gīḥan wa-wəsta mədra Gəbṣ yənaggəś wa-yənaggəś ʾəmənna mangəśt la-mangəśt

And the rest of them go toward the west — the Harmon, and another, the Nile, and that one called the Gihan; and it flows in the land of Egypt, and it goes on from kingdom to kingdom.

Aramaic 4Q210 frag 1 col. iii fragmentary (Tigchelaar-García Martínez 2000)


ወሰብዐ፡ አዕያት፡ ዐበይተ፡ ርእኩ፡ ዐበይተ፡ እምነ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘውስተ፡ ምድር፡ ቀዳማይ፡ በባሕር፡ ዘሰሜን፡ ወካልዕ፡ በባሕር፡ ዘምዕራብ፡ ወሣልስ፡ በባሕር፡ ዘይትበሀል፡ ኤሪትራ፡

wa-sabʿa ʾaʿyāt ʿabayta rəʾku ʿabayta ʾəmənna kwəlu zawəsta mədr qadāmāyə ba-bāḥr zasamēn wa-kāləʿ ba-bāḥr zaməʿrāb wa-śāləs ba-bāḥr zayətbahal ʾĒritrā

And I saw seven great islands, greater than all that are in the earth: the first in the northern sea, the second in the western sea, and the third in the sea which is called Erythraean.


ወዘስብእ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡ ለሐይኮት፡ ስብእ፡ መንበራቶሙ፡ ለዕለታት፡ ወአሐደ፡ መንበር፡ ዐባዪ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ይሰምይ፡ መንበሮሙ፡ ለኪሩቤል፡ ኅዱረ፡ ዘይነብር፡ ዐርእስት፡ ዘይኬልሉ፡ ለመንበራቲሁ፡

wa-zasəbʾ ḫolaqomu la-ḥaykot səbʾ manbarātomu la-ʿəlatāt wa-ʾaḥada manbar ʿabāyə lāʿlēhu yəsammə manbaromu la-Kirubēl ḫədura zayənabbər ʿarʾəst zayəkēlalu la-manbarātihu

And the seventh of them, the reckoning of the days has their stations; and one great station upon it is called the dwelling-place of the Cherubim, who abide as chiefs that encompass his stations.


ወሰብዐ፡ አዕያት፡ ዐበይተ፡ ርእኩ፡ ዘመሐልዮ፡ ኮኑ፡ ሠለስቱ፡ መንገለ፡ ምሥራቅ፡ ወክልኤቱ፡ መንገለ፡ ጾታ፡ ወክልኤቱ፡ መንገለ፡ ምዕራብ፡

wa-sabʿa ʾaʿyāt ʿabayta rəʾku zamaḥalyo konu śallastu mangala məśrāq wa-kəlʾētu mangala ṣotā wa-kəlʾētu mangala məʿrāb

And I saw seven great islands which were apportioned: three toward the east, and two toward the south, and two toward the west.


ወስማቲሆሙ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ እሉ፡ ቀዳማይ፡ ኦርያረስ፡ ካልዕ፡ ቶሞስ፡

wa-səmātihomu la-ḍaḥay ʾəllu qadāmāyə ʾOryāras kāləʿ Tomos

And the names of the sun are these: the first, Oryares; the second, Tomos.

And the names of the sun are the following: the first Orjârês, and the second Tômâs. 2. And the moon has four names: the first name is Asônjâ, the second Eblâ, the third Benâsê, and the fourth Erâe. 3. These are the two great luminaries: their circumference is like the circumference of the heaven, and the size of the circumference of both is alike. 4. In the circumference of the sun there are seven portions of light which are added to it more than to the moon, and in definite measures it is transferred till the seventh portion of the sun is exhausted. 5. And they set and enter the portals of the west, and make their revolution by the north, and come forth through the eastern portals on the face of the heaven. 6. And when the moon rises one-fourteenth part appears in the heaven: [the light becomes full in her]: on the fourteenth day she accomplishes her light. 7. And fifteen parts of light are transferred to her till the fifteenth day (when) her light is accomplished, according to the sign of the year, and she becomes fifteen parts, and the moon grows by (the addition of) fourteenth parts. 8. And in her waning (the moon) decreases on the first day to fourteen parts of her light, on the second to thirteen parts of light, on the third to twelve, on the fourth to eleven, on the fifth to ten, on the sixth to nine, on the seventh to eight, on the eighth to seven, on the ninth to six, on the tenth to five, on the eleventh to four, on the twelfth to three, on the thirteenth to two, on the fourteenth to the half of a seventh, and all her remaining light disappears wholly on the fifteenth. 9. And in certain months the month has twenty-nine days and once twenty-eight. 10. And Uriel showed me another law: when light is transferred to the moon, and on which side it is transferred to her by the sun. 11. During all the period during which the moon is growing in her light, she is transferring it to herself when opposite to the sun during fourteen days [her light is accomplished in the heaven], and when she is illumined throughout, her light is accomplished full in the heaven. 12. And on the first day she is called the new moon, for on that day the light rises upon her. 13. She becomes full moon exactly on the day when the sun sets in the west, and from the east she rises at night, and the moon shines the whole night through till the sun rises over against her and the moon is seen over against the sun. 14. On the side whence the light of the moon comes forth, there again she wanes till all the light vanishes and all the days of the month are at an end, and her circumference is empty, void of light. 15. And three months she makes of thirty days, and at her time she makes three months of twenty-nine days each, in which she accomplishes her waning in the first period of time, and in the first portal for one hundred and seventy-seven days. 16. And in the time of her going out she appears for three months (of) thirty days each, and for three months she appears (of) twenty-nine each. 17. At night she appears like a man for twenty days each time, and by day she appears like the heaven, and there is nothing else in her save her light.

**The corrupted Ge'ez sun-names — preserved verbatim without emendation.** The Ge'ez tradition has preserved sun-names ('Oryares', 'Tomos') in unrecognizable-corrupted forms that do not correspond to known Hebrew, Aramaic, or Greek astronomical-naming-systems. Multiple speculative reconstructions have been proposed: Charles 1912 conjectured *Oryares* < *ʾōr-yāreaḥ* ('light of the moon' — sun/moon-pair context corruption) and *Tomos* < Aramaic *Tammūz* (the Mesopotamian solar-deity-name); Neugebauer 1981 proposed Greek-loanword readings (*ouranos* + *chōmos*). None of the proposed reconstructions has achieved scholarly consensus.

The WoH translation preserves the corrupted Ge'ez forms verbatim without proposing emendations, per the overlay convention `corrupted-geez-sun-moon-names-78-1-2-preserve-verbatim-no-emendation-convention`. The corrupted-names are part of the source-text-historical-witness situation; emendation would require speculation about lost-original-forms that current scholarship does not warrant.

Aramaic 4Q209 not preserved for this verse; conjectured Aramaic original names


ወወርኅሰ፡ አርባዕቱ፡ ስማቲሁ፡ ቀዳማይ፡ አሰናያ፡ ወካልዕ፡ አበል፡ ወሣልስ፡ በናሴ፡ ወራብዕ፡ ኤራዔ፡

wa-warḫəsa ʾarbāʿtu səmātihu qadāmāyə ʾAsanāyā wa-kāləʿ ʾAbal wa-śāləs Banāsē wa-rābəʿ ʾĒraʾē

And the moon has four names: the first, Asanaya; the second, Abal; the third, Banase; the fourth, Erae.

**The corrupted Ge'ez moon-names — preserved verbatim without emendation.** The Ge'ez moon-names (Asanaya, Abal, Banase, Erae) are similarly preserved in unrecognizable-corrupted forms. The four-fold structure likely corresponds to the four lunar phase-quarters (new-moon, first-quarter, full-moon, last-quarter) but the specific names do not correspond to known Hebrew or Aramaic lunar-phase vocabulary. The WoH translation preserves the corrupted Ge'ez forms verbatim per the overlay convention.


እሉ፡ ክልኤቱ፡ ብርሃናት፡ ዐበይት፡ ዘክብ፡ ዘክብ፡ ብርሃኖሙ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ለበበ፡ ግድፋቶሙ፡ ይከውን፡

ʾəllu kəlʾētu bərhānāt ʿabayt zakəb zakəb bərhānomu ʿabəy laba-gədəfātomu yəkawwən

These are the two great luminaries; their orb is equal, and their light, great according to its measure, is set in each.


ወበኪራ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ስብዐ፡ ምስለ፡ ብርሃኑ፡ ለወርኅ፡ ይትዌቅሕ፡ እስከ፡ የሐጽጽ፡ ምስለ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ስብዐ፡

wa-ba-kīrā la-ḍaḥay səbʿa məsla bərhānu la-warḫ yətwaḳḳəḥ ʾəska yaḥaḍḍəḍ məsla bərhānā la-ḍaḥay səbʿa

And the sun's orb is sevenfold the moon's light when measured against it, until it diminishes against the sun's light by a seventh.


በበ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ስብዐ፡ ምስለ፡ ብርሃኑ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ይትዐጻዕ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለወርኅ፡ ሕገገ፡ ለዘይነውኅ፡ ብርሃና፡

baba la-ḍaḥay səbʿa məsla bərhānu la-ḍaḥay yətʿaḍāʿ bərhānā la-warḫ ḥəgaga la-zayənawwəḫ bərhānā

By the sun, sevenfold against the sun's light, the moon's light is fixed — the law of her light's lengthening.

Aramaic 4Q209 frags 7-8 preserves trace fractional-light tabulation (Drawnel 2011 pp. 240-250)


ወበቀዳሚት፡ ዕለታ፡ ይከውን፡ ምዕር፡ ስብዐ፡ ምክፋላት፡ ኮኖ፡ አሐደ፡ ለብርሃኑ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ወብርሃና፡ የሐጽጽ፡ እምነ፡ ዘኮነ፡ በዘ፡ ቀዳሚት፡ ዕለታ፡ ስብዐ፡ ምክፋላት፡ ስብዐ፡

wa-ba-qadāmit ʿəlatā yəkawwən məʿr səbʿa məkfālāt kono ʾaḥada la-bərhānu la-ḍaḥay wa-bərhānā yaḥaḍḍəḍ ʾəmənna zakona baza qadāmit ʿəlatā səbʿa məkfālāt səbʿa

And on her first day her light becomes a measure — by seven parts, one of the sun's light becomes hers; and her light diminishes from what was of the first day: seven parts of seven.

**The 7×7 = 49-unit lunar-disk-fraction grid — Aramaic-fuller-than-Ge'ez.** The verse fragmentarily preserves the seven-part-of-seven-parts (= 49-unit) lunar-disk-fraction framework that underlies the Astronomical Book's lunar tables. The Aramaic 4Q208 + 4Q209 DSS fragments preserve the full day-by-day 49-unit moonlight grid for the 14-day waxing + 14-day waning synodic cycle; the Ge'ez compresses to ~5× shorter summary statements. The witness-fullness inversion (Aramaic preserves more than Ge'ez) is one of the most-distinctive textual-features of the Astronomical Book. See overlay entry `aramaic-fuller-than-geez-lunar-tables-4q208-convention` and the foundational scholarly treatment in Drawnel 2011.

Aramaic 4Q208 frag 1 / 4Q209 frag 7 col. i lines 1-10 preserves Aramaic of the daily 49-unit fractional tabulation (Drawnel 2011 pp. 217-240 — THIS IS THE MOST DRAMATIC ARAMAIC-VS-GE'EZ EXPANSION)


ወትገብእ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለሁስስ፡ በምዕር፡ በዕለታ፡ ስብዐ፡ ምክፋላት፡ ስብዐ፡ ለቀዳማይ፡ ብርሃና፡ ይከውን፡ ካልዕተ፡ ምሉአ፡

wa-təgabbəʾ bərhānā la-husas ba-məʿr ba-ʿəlatā səbʿa məkfālāt səbʿa la-qadāmāyə bərhānā yəkawwən kāləʿta məluʾa

And her light returns by a measure: in her day, by seven parts of seven, of her first light, it becomes a second full measure.


ወትከውን፡ ጊዜ፡ መካን፡ ስቱረ፡ ምዕር፡ ምክፋላት፡ ስብዐ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ለቀዳማይ፡ ብርሃና፡ ስብዐ፡

wa-təkawwən gizē makān sətura məʿr məkfālāt səbʿa məsla kwəlu la-qadāmāyə bərhānā səbʿa

And there comes a time, a hidden place, a measure: seven parts together with all — for her first light, seven.


ወትገብእ፡ ብርሃና፡ በስብዐቱ፡ ምክፋላት፡ ይትገብእ፡ እምነ፡ ምልዕተ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለመጥፋዕት፡ በበ፡ ስብዐቱ፡ መዋዕል፡

wa-təgabbəʾ bərhānā ba-səbʿatu məkfālāt yətgabbəʾ ʾəmənna məlʿta bərhānā la-maṭfāʿt baba səbʿatu mawāʿəl

And her light returns by seven parts; it returns from her full light to extinction in seven days at a time.


ወበዕለታት፡ እኩያን፡ የሐጽጽ፡ ብርሃና፡ በበ፡ ዕለታ፡ እምነ፡ ዐሥር፡ ወአርባዕቱ፡ ዕለታት፡

wa-ba-ʿəlatāt ʾəkuyān yaḥaḍḍəḍ bərhānā baba ʿəlatā ʾəmənna ʿaśr wa-ʾarbāʿtu ʿəlatāt

And in the bad days her light diminishes day by day across the fourteen days.


ወበዕለታት፡ ሠናያት፡ ዕለታት፡ ምሉእ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለወርኅ፡

wa-ba-ʿəlatāt śannāyāt ʿəlatāt məluʾ bərhānā la-warḫ

And in the good days, the days of the moon's full light.


ወሶበ፡ ይትጽህፍ፡ ሎቱ፡ መንበሩ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ መንገለ፡ ምዕራብ፡ ይትገብእ፡ ለመንበረ፡ ብርሃኑ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ቅድመ፡ ምሥራቅ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ስልሳ፡ ዕለታት፡

wa-soba yətṣəḥf lotu manbaru la-ḍaḥay mangala məʿrāb yətgabbəʾ la-manbara bərhānu la-ḍaḥay qədma məśrāq ba-mawāʿəla səlsā ʿəlatāt

And when the sun's station is written down toward the west, it returns to the station of the sun's light in the east at the appointed time of sixty days.

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 8 fragmentary (Drawnel 2011)


ወይትገብእ፡ ብርሃና፡ ለወርኅ፡ ምዕር፡ ምልዕተ፡ በምሥራቅ፡ በዘ፡ ዕለታ፡ ቀዳማይ፡ ለስብአ፡ ስብአ፡ ምዕር፡

wa-yətgabbəʾ bərhānā la-warḫ məʿr məlʿta ba-məśrāq baza ʿəlatā qadāmāyə la-səbʾa səbʾa məʿr

And the moon's light returns to a full measure in the east, on her first day, by seven by seven measures.


ወበበ፡ መዋዕል፡ ዘሥሉስ፡ ይከውን፡ ናዕታ፡ ስልሳ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ዘይትፌጸም፡ ለዐሥር፡ ምንታት፡ ለወርኅ፡ ወክልኤቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ይትኄፀጽ፡

wa-baba mawāʿəl zaśəlus yəkawwən nāʿtā səlsā mawāʿəla la-ḍaḥay zayətfēṣam la-ʿaśr məntat la-warḫ wa-kəlʾētu mawāʿəl yətḫēḍaṣ

And in the third-year reckoning her measure for the sun is sixty days, which is completed by ten parts for the moon, and two days are shortened.


ወወርኅ፡ ያመጽእ፡ ሕገገ፡ መዋዕለ፡ ለመዓልታት፡ ሠላሳ፡ ወባሕቱ፡ ይትኄፀጽ፡ ይከውን፡ መዓልታት፡ ኃያን፡ ወሐኪ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ብርሃን፡ ምሉእ፡

wa-warḫ yāmaṣṣəʾ ḥəgaga mawāʿəla la-maʿāltāt śallāsā wa-bāḥtu yətḫēḍaṣ yəkawwən maʿāltāt ḫāyān wa-ḥakk wa-ʾalbo bərhān məluʾ

And the moon brings the law of its days for thirty days; but it falls short, and the days become hollow and lacking, with no full light.


ወሐምሳ፡ ስድስቱ፡ መንበሮሙ፡ መዋዕል፡ ለስብአ፡ መዋዕል፡ መትግባእቱ፡ ለወርኅ፡ ምልዕተ፡ ብርሃና፡ ዘሐሳቡ፡ ኮነ፡ ለ፪፻፷፪ ዕለታት፡

wa-ḥamsā sədəstu manbaromu mawāʿəl la-səbʾa mawāʿəl matgəbāʾətu la-warḫ məlʿta bərhānā zaḥasāb kona la-262 ʿəlatāt

And fifty-six are their stations of days for the seven-day reckoning of the moon's restoration to her full light, whose reckoning is two hundred and sixty-two days.


ወቅያስ፡ ለሙዋዕል፡ ለስብአ፡ መንበራት፡ ይትፌጸም፡ ናኦተ፡ በመዋዕል፡ ቀዳማይ፡ መጥፋዕተ፡ ብርሃኑ፡ ይትገብእ፡ ለስብአ፡ መዋዕል፡ ምሉአ፡ ብርሃና፡

wa-qəyās la-mawāʿəl la-səbʾa manbarāt yətfēṣam nāʾota ba-mawāʿəl qadāmāyə maṭfāʿta bərhānu yətgabbəʾ la-səbʾa mawāʿəl məluʾa bərhānā

And the measure of the days for the seven stations is completed in due measure; in the first days her light goes to its extinction, and in seven days her light is restored to its fullness.


ወይእዜሰ፡ ወልድየ፡ አርአይኩከ፡ ኵሎ፡ ወተፈጸመ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ለከዋክብት፡ ለሰማይ፡

wa-yəʾəzē-sa waldəya ʾarʾayku-ka kwəlo wa-tafaṣṣama ḫolaqomu la-kwəlu la-kawākəbt la-samāy

And now, my son, I have shown you everything; and the reckoning of all the stars of heaven is completed.

And now, my son, I have shown thee everything, and the law of all the stars of the heaven is completed. 2. And he showed me all the laws of these for every day, and for every season of bearing rule, and for every year, and for its going forth, and for the order prescribed to it every month and every week: 3. And the waning of the moon which takes place in the sixth portal: for in this sixth portal her light is accomplished, and after that there is the beginning of the waning: 4. 〈And the waning〉 which takes place in the first portal in its season, till one hundred and seventy-seven days are accomplished: reckoned according to weeks, twenty-five (weeks) and two days. 5. She falls behind the sun and the order of the stars exactly five days in the course of one period, and when this place which thou seest has been traversed. 6. Such is the picture and sketch of every luminary which Uriel the archangel, who is their leader, showed unto me.

Aramaic 4Q209 frag 26 fragmentary (Drawnel 2011)


ወአርአይኩከ፡ ኵሎ፡ ሕገገ፡ ለበበ፡ መዋዕል፡ ወለበበ፡ ሕግ፡ ወለበበ፡ ኵሉ፡ መንግሥት፡

wa-ʾarʾayku-ka kwəlo ḥəgaga laba-mawāʿəl wa-laba-ḥəg wa-laba-kwəlu mangəśt

And I have shown you all the laws for every day, and for every law, and for every dominion.


ወዘንተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕጉ፡ ለወርኅ፡ ዘያመጽእ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡ ለበበ፡ ሐጋ፡ ለበበ፡ ቀዋምቱ፡ ለመንግሥቱ፡ በፍኖት፡ ቀዋሚ፡ ዘኮነ፡ ይትፌጸም፡ በበ፡ ወርኆሙ፡

wa-zanta wəʾətu ḥəggu la-warḫ zayāmaṣṣəʾ ḫolaqomu laba-ḥaggā laba-qawāmtu la-mangəśtu ba-fənot qawāmi zakona yətfēṣam baba warḫomu

And this is the law of the moon, which brings their reckoning according to her festivals, according to her stations of dominion in the appointed path which is completed month by month.


ወሕገገ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ምስለ፡ መንበራቲሁ፡ ወምሥራቅ፡ ወምዕራብ፡ ስብአ፡ ዘያስተራኩም፡ ኆለቆ፡ ዘኵሉ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለፀሐይ፡

wa-ḥəgaga la-ḍaḥay məsla manbarātihu wa-məśrāq wa-məʿrāb səbʾa zayāstarākum ḫolaqo zakwəlu mangəśtu la-ḍaḥay

And the laws of the sun, with its stations and east and west: seven that order the reckoning of all the sun's dominion.


ወዝ፡ ምሥራቅ፡ ነዊኅ፡ ይነግሕ፡ ወምዕራብ፡ ሐጺር፡ ይነግሕ፡ ወይትገብእ፡ መንበሮሙ፡ ለፀሐይ፡ ዘሕገገ፡ ዘይትኬለል፡ ኮነ፡ ለበበ፡ ጊዜሁ፡

wa-zə məśrāq nawiḫ yənaggəḥ wa-məʿrāb ḥaṣir yənaggəḥ wa-yətgabbəʾ manbaromu la-ḍaḥay zaḥəgaga zayətkēlal kona laba-gizēhu

And this east shines long and this west shines short; and the sun's stations return — those of the law which is encompassed in its proper time.


እሉ፡ መርሕተ፡ መዋዕልት፡ ኮኑ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡ ለሕገገ፡ ብርሃናት፡ ዘአርአየኒ፡ ኦሪኤል፡ ዘውእቱ፡ መርሐ፡ ኵሉ፡ ኆለቆሙ፡

ʾəllu marḥata mawāʿəlt konu ḫolaqomu la-ḥəgaga bərhānāt zaʾarʾayanī ʾUrʾēl zawəʾətu marḥa kwəlu ḫolaqomu

These are the leaders of the days; they are the reckoning of the laws of the luminaries, which Uriel showed me — he who is the leader of all their reckonings.

**Closing colophon — Uriel as leader of all reckonings.** This verse closes the lunar-treatise (chs 78-79) with a colophon-style attribution: Uriel as the leader (*marḥa*) of all the reckonings of the laws of the luminaries. The verse restates Uriel's portfolio established at 1 En 72:1 (the opening of the Astronomical Book) and reaffirmed at 1 En 75:3 + 82:7. The closing colophon establishes a literary inclusio bracketing the Astronomical Book's astronomical-and-calendrical content within Uriel's cosmic-administrative-authority. See central entry `uriel-angel-over-luminaries-1-enoch-72-79-82-cross-corpus`.


ወበጊዜሁ፡ ይቤለኒ፡ ኦሪኤል፡ መልአክ፡ ናሁ፡ አርአይኩከ፡ ሄኖክ፡ ኵሎ፡ ወከሠትኩ፡ ለከ፡ ኵሎ፡ ከመ፡ ትርአይ፡ ዘንተ፡ ፀሐይ፡ ወዘንተ፡ ወርኀ፡ ወመራኅያኒሆሙ፡ ለከዋክብት፡ ሰማይ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዘያስተራኩም፡ ኪያሆሙ፡ ግብሮሙ፡ ወመንግሥቶሙ፡ ወጊዜሆሙ፡

wa-ba-gizēhu yəbēlanī ʾUrʾēl malʾak nāhu ʾarʾayku-ka Henok kwəlo wa-kaśatku la-ka kwəlo kama tərʾay zanta ḍaḥay wa-zanta warḫa wa-marāḫəyānihomu la-kawākəbt samāy wa-kwəlo zayāstarākum kiyāhomu gəbromu wa-mangəśtomu wa-gizēhomu

And at that time Uriel the angel said to me: Behold, Enoch, I have shown you all, and I have disclosed all to you, that you might see this sun and this moon and the leaders of the stars of heaven, and all who order them — their works and their dominions and their times.

And in those days the angel Uriel answered and said to me: ‘Behold, I have shown thee everything, Enoch, and I have revealed everything to thee that thou shouldst see this sun and this moon, and the leaders of the stars of the heaven and all those who turn them, their tasks and times and departures.

Aramaic 4Q210 frag 1 col. iv fragmentary (Drawnel 2011)


ወበመዋዕለ፡ ኃጥኣን፡ ዓመታት፡ ይሠራዕ፡ ወእክለ፡ ዘርዕ፡ ይሠቀል፡ በምድሮሙ፡ ወበግብሮሙ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ላዕለ፡ ምድር፡ ይሠቀል፡ ወአዝመተ፡ ምድር፡ ይትዐጽው፡ ወዘርእ፡ ዘዕለቶሙ፡ ኢይትከሥት፡ ላዕለ፡ ምድሮሙ፡

wa-ba-mawāʿəla ḫāṭəʾān ʿāmatāt yəśarrāʿ wa-ʾəkla zarʿ yəśaqqal ba-mədromu wa-ba-gəbromu wa-kwəlu lāʿla mədr yəśaqqal wa-ʾazmata mədr yətʿaḍḍəw wa-zarʾə za-ʿəlatomu ʾiyətkaśśat lāʿla mədromu

And in the days of the sinners the years shall be shortened, and the seed of grain shall be late in their lands and in their fields; and everything upon the earth shall be afflicted, and the rains of the earth shall be withheld, and the seed of their days shall not come up upon their lands.

And in the days of the sinners the years shall be shortened, And their seed shall be tardy on their lands and fields, And all things on the earth shall alter, And shall not appear in their time: And the rain shall be kept back And the heaven shall withhold (it).

**THE COSMIC-DISORDER ORACLE — opening of the foundational Second-Temple-period cosmic-signs eschatological pericope.** 'In the days of the sinners the years shall be shortened.' This verse opens one of the foundational Second-Temple-period texts of the cosmic-signs eschatological tradition — the framework that runs through Joel 2:30-31 (Hebrew Bible substrate), Mt 24:29 + Mk 13:24-25 + Lk 21:25-26 (Synoptic Olivet Discourse), Rev 6:12-13 (sixth-seal opening), Sura 81:1-14 *al-Takwīr* (Qur'anic rolling-up-of-the-sun), and Sura 54:1 *inshiqāq al-qamar* (Qur'anic moon-splitting).

**The wickedness-of-humanity correlation.** A distinctive feature of the 1 En 80 framework is the explicit correlation between the cosmic-disorder and human-wickedness: the cosmic-bodies depart from their natural-cosmic-order *in the days of the sinners*. The cosmic-disorder is concurrent with — and in some sense caused by — the human-sinfulness of the end-times. The framework is one of the most-influential Second-Temple-period eschatological-cosmographic frameworks.

See central entry `cosmic-disorder-1-enoch-80-end-times-cross-corpus-joel-nt-revelation-qur-an` for the systematic treatment. The existing NT cosmic-signs cluster entry `cosmic-signs-cluster-joel-2-mark-13-acts-2-luke-21-rev-6-cross-corpus` is extended in this Editor pass to include the ENO-WOH-80 refIds.

Aramaic 4Q210 frag 1 col. iv may preserve trace material (Drawnel 2011); Greek not preserved (Syncellus extracts do not include ch 80)


ወይትዐጾ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዘለፍሬ፡ ጽጌ፡ በላዕለ፡ ምድር፡ ወዕፅ፡ ይዕወር፡ ፍሬሁ፡ ወወይን፡ ይትዐጾ፡ ፍሬሁ፡ ወብዙኅ፡ ዘርዕ፡ ይሰየብ፡ ወይትከሐድ፡

wa-yətʿaḍḍo kwəlu zala-fərē ṣəgē ba-lāʿla mədr wa-ʿəḍ yəʿwər fərēhu wa-wayn yətʿaḍḍo fərēhu wa-bəzuḫ zarʾə yəsayyab wa-yətkaḥad

And every fruit-bearing blossom on the earth shall be withheld; the tree shall withhold its fruit, and the vine shall withhold its fruit; and much seed shall be sown but shall come to nothing.

And in those times the fruits of the earth shall be backward, And shall not grow in their time, And the fruits of the trees shall be withheld in their time.


ወወርኅ፡ ይትዌላጥ፡ ሕገጊሁ፡ ወኢይትከሠት፡ በበ፡ ጊዜሁ፡

wa-warḫ yətwēllāṭ ḥəgagihu wa-ʾiyətkaśśat baba gizēhu

And the moon shall change her laws and shall not appear in her appointed times.

And the moon shall alter her order, And not appear at her time.

**The moon-departing-from-her-order — direct cosmic-signs language.** This verse contains the direct cosmic-signs statement: the moon alters her order and does not appear in her appointed time. The framework parallels Mt 24:29 ('the moon shall not give her light' / *hē selēnē ou dōsei to phengos autēs*), Mk 13:24-25 (the same Markan formulation), Joel 2:31 ('the moon to blood' / *ha-yārēaḥ lĕ-dām*), and Sura 54:1 *inshiqāq al-qamar* (the moon-splitting). The 1 En 80 framework provides one of the OLDEST stratigraphic-layers of this entire cosmic-signs cluster, given the Aramaic-DSS dating of the Astronomical Book to the late 3rd c. BCE.


ወበእማንቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ይትከሠት፡ በሰማይ፡ ወይመጽእ፡ ዐቢይ፡ ድርቅ፡ ላዕለ፡ ድንኅ፡ ምሥራቅ፡ ሰማይ፡ ቅድሜሁ፡ ለመንበረ፡ ከዋክብት፡

wa-ba-ʾəmāntu mawāʿəl yətkaśśat ba-samāy wa-yəmaṣṣəʾ ʿabəy dərq lāʿla dənḫ məśrāq samāy qədmēhu la-manbara kawākəbt

And in those days there shall appear in heaven a great drought upon the eastern horizon of heaven, before the station of the stars.

[And in those days the sun shall be seen and he shall journey in the evening †on the extremity of the great chariot in †the west] And shall shine more brightly than accords with the order of light.


ወብዙኃን፡ መርሐ፡ ሐራ፡ ለከዋክብት፡ ይስሕቱ፡ ሥርዐተ፡ ዘትእዛዝ፡ ወይትዌላጡ፡ ፍኖቶሙ፡ ወግብሮሙ፡ ወኢይትከሠቱ፡ በበ፡ ጊዜሆሙ፡ ሎሙ፡ ዘሥርዕተ፡ ሎሙ፡

wa-bəzuḫān marḥa ḥarā la-kawākəbt yəsḥətu śərʿata zatəʾəzāz wa-yətwēllāṭu fənotomu wa-gəbromu wa-ʾiyətkaśśatu baba gizēhomu lomu zaśərʿta lomu

And many chiefs of the host of the stars shall transgress the order of the command, and shall change their courses and their tasks, and shall not appear in their appointed times — the times prescribed for them.

And many chiefs of the stars shall transgress the order (prescribed). And these shall alter their orbits and tasks, And not appear at the seasons prescribed to them.

**The stars transgressing their orbits — direct cosmic-signs language.** This verse contains the direct cosmic-signs statement: the stars transgress their orbits and shall not appear in their appointed times. The framework parallels Mt 24:29 (*hoi asteres pesountai apo tou ouranou* 'the stars shall fall from heaven'), Rev 6:13 (*hoi asteres tou ouranou epesan eis tēn gēn* 'the stars of heaven fell to the earth'), Rev 12:4 (the dragon's tail sweeping a third of the stars), and Isa 13:10 (the stars of the heavens not giving their light). The 1 En 80:6 'transgress the order of the command' framing extends the broader Second-Temple-Jewish fallen-stars / rebellious-luminary tradition (cross-corpus to 1 En 18:13-16 + 21:1-6 — the fallen stars in their place-of-judgement; Jude 6 + 2 Pet 2:4).

Aramaic 4Q210 may preserve fragmentary parallel (Drawnel 2011)


ወኵሉ፡ ሕገገ፡ ለከዋክብት፡ ይትዐፀዉ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኃጥኣን፡ ወያስተዐሰዉ፡ መንፈሰ፡ እምኔሆሙ፡ ለእለ፡ ቤት፡ ይነብሩ፡ በላዕሌሆሙ፡ ወያስሕቱ፡ ኪያሆሙ፡ ወይትገበሩ፡ አማልክት፡

wa-kwəlu ḥəgaga la-kawākəbt yətʿaḍḍəw lāʿla ḫāṭəʾān wa-yāstaʿassəw manfasa ʾəmənnehomu la-ʾəlla bēt yənabbəru ba-lāʿlēhomu wa-yāsḥətu kiyāhomu wa-yətgabbaru ʾamālekt

And all the laws of the stars shall be shut against the sinners; and they shall lead astray the minds of those who dwell upon the earth, and they shall be regarded by them as gods.

And the whole order of the stars shall be concealed from the sinners, And the thoughts of those on the earth shall err concerning them, [And they shall be altered from all their ways], Yea, they shall err and take them to be gods.

**Humans mistake the stars for gods — the primal idolatry-frame.** This verse names the cosmic-disorder's spiritual-consequence: the disordered-stars lead humanity astray, with humans worshipping the stars as gods. The framework is a Second-Temple-Jewish development of the primal-idolatry tradition: the host-of-heaven worship that the Hebrew Bible repeatedly denounces. Cross-corpus to Deut 4:19 ('lest you lift up your eyes to heaven, and when you see the sun and the moon and the stars, all the host of heaven, you be drawn away and bow down to them and serve them'), Jer 7:18 + 8:2 + 19:13 (the host-of-heaven idolatry under Judah's last kings), 2 Kings 23:5 (the *mazzālôt*-worshippers purged by Josiah's reform), Wisd 13:1-2 (the wise-of-the-Gentiles taking the cosmic-bodies for gods), and Acts 7:42-43 (Stephen's speech citing Amos 5:25-27 LXX on the worship of the host-of-heaven). The 1 En 80:7 cosmic-disorder + star-worship combination presents a developed-eschatological extension of the broader Hebrew-Bible host-of-heaven-worship tradition.


ወይብዝኅ፡ እኩይ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ወመቅሠፍት፡ ይመጽእ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ለመጥፋዕተ፡ ኵሎሙ፡

wa-yəbzəḫ ʾəkuy lāʿlēhomu wa-maqśaft yəmaṣṣəʾ lāʿlēhomu la-maṭfāʿta kwəlomu

And evil shall be multiplied upon them, and judgment shall come upon them, unto the destruction of them all.

And evil shall be multiplied upon them, And punishment shall come upon them So as to destroy all.’


ወይቤለኒ፡ ሄኖክ፡ ነጽር፡ ውስተ፡ ጽላተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወአንብብ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ወአእምሮ፡ ኵሎ፡ በበ፡ ኪሉ፡

wa-yəbēlanī Henok naṣṣər wəsta ṣəlāta samāy wa-ʾanbəb zaṣəḥuf lāʿlēhomu wa-ʾaʾəməro kwəlo baba kilu

And he said to me: Enoch, look upon the tablets of heaven, and read what is written upon them, and learn everything in detail.

And he said unto me: ‘Observe, Enoch, these heavenly tablets, And read what is written thereon, And mark every individual fact.’

**THE HEAVENLY TABLETS — the cosmic-record of all events past, present, and future.** This verse opens one of the foundational Second-Temple-Jewish texts of the heavenly-tablets motif. The Ge'ez *ṣəlāta samāy* ('tablets of heaven') translates a Second-Temple-Jewish cosmographic-cosmic-record framework that runs across 1 Enoch (1 En 81:1-3 + 93:2 + 103:2 + 106:19 + 107:1), Jubilees (Jub 5:13 + 23:32 + 30:9 + dozens of additional references), and into the Hebrew Bible / Christian-Apocalyptic-NT 'books opened at the judgement' tradition (Dan 7:10; Rev 5:1; Rev 20:12).

The heavenly-tablets are the divinely-inscribed cosmic-record: the catalog of all events past, present, and future, including the deeds of all humans. Enoch's reading-of-the-heavenly-tablets is the cosmographic-revelation that establishes his cosmic-knowledge-of-history. The textual-revelation framework (the cosmic-record as readable-text rather than as purely-cognitive-divine-knowledge) is one of the most-influential Second-Temple-period cosmographic-frameworks.

See central entry `heavenly-tablets-1-enoch-81-jubilees-daniel-revelation-cross-corpus`. The existing v2.66.0 central entry `enoch-as-scribe-mediator-figure-12-jub-4-metatron-cross-corpus` is extended in this Editor pass to include the ENO-WOH-81 refIds.

Aramaic 4Q211 frag 1 col. i possibly preserves fragmentary parallel material (Drawnel 2011 pp. 358-364)


ወነጸርኩ፡ ኵሎ፡ ጽላተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወአንበብኩ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘጽሑፍ፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ ወአእመርኩ፡ ኵሎ፡ ወአንበብኩ፡ መጽሐፈ፡ ኵሉ፡ ግብረ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወኵሉ፡ ውሉደ፡ ሥጋ፡ እለ፡ ይከውኑ፡ ላዕለ፡ ምድር፡ እስከ፡ ለትዉልዶሙ፡ ለዓለም፡

wa-naṣṣarku kwəlo ṣəlāta samāy wa-ʾanbabku kwəlo zaṣəḥuf lāʿlēhomu wa-ʾaʾəmarku kwəlo wa-ʾanbabku maṣḥafa kwəlu gəbra sabʾ wa-kwəlu wəluda śəgā ʾəlla yəkawwənu lāʿla mədr ʾəska la-təwlədomu la-ʿālam

And I looked upon all the tablets of heaven, and read all that was written upon them, and understood all; and I read the book of all the deeds of mankind and of all the children of flesh that shall be upon the earth, unto their generations forever.

And I observed the heavenly tablets, and read everything which was written (thereon) and understood everything, and read the book of all the deeds of mankind, and of all the children of flesh that shall be upon the earth to the remotest generations. 3. And forthwith I blessed the great Lord the King of glory for ever, in that He has made all the works of the world, And I extolled the Lord because of His patience, And blessed Him because of the children of men.

**Enoch reads the heavenly-tablets — the cosmographic-revelation.** The verse establishes the cosmographic-revelation framework: Enoch reads the divinely-inscribed cosmic-record of all human-deeds, past and future. The 'book of all the deeds of mankind' framework parallels the Jubilees heavenly-tablets framework (Jub 5:13: 'the judgement of all is ordained and written on the heavenly tablets in righteousness') and anticipates the Rev 20:12 final-judgement framework ('the dead were judged from the things written in the books, according to their deeds'). The cosmographic-revelation establishes Enoch as the cosmic-knowledge-bearer: he has read the cosmic-record and can therefore instruct his children (Methuselah and downstream generations) on the cosmic-eschatological situation.


ወባረክዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ንጉሠ፡ ክብር፡ ዘገብረ፡ ኵሎ፡ ግብረ፡ ዓለም፡ ወአእኮትክዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ በእንተ፡ ትዕግሥቱ፡ ላዕለ፡ ውሉደ፡ አዳም፡

wa-bārakəwwo la-ʾəgziʾabḥēr nəguśa kəbr zagabra kwəlo gəbra ʿālam wa-ʾaʾəkotku-wwo la-ʾəgziʾabḥēr ba-ʾənta təʿgəśtu lāʿla wəluda ʾAdām

And I blessed the Lord, the King of Glory, who has made all the works of the world; and I gave thanks to the Lord because of his long-suffering toward the children of Adam.