Dust in the very metal-poor galaxy Sextans A with JWST. I: Characterizing the evolved stellar population of Sextans A based on JWST observations and stellar evolution models

The nearby star-forming dwarf galaxy Sextans A offers a unique window into galaxy evolution in the early Universe, owing to its extremely low metallicity (about 1-7% Zsun). Recent JWST imaging of Sextans A spanning 1-21 micron enables a detailed characterization of its dusty stellar populations and interstellar medium. In this work, we compare the observed JWST color-magnitude distributions of evolved stars with stellar evolution and dust-formation models to characterize the properties of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) population, including progenitor mass, formation epoch, metallicity, and dust production. Evolutionary tracks for 0.8-7 Msun stars with metallicity Z=10^-3 provide good agreement with the overall distribution of AGB stars in Sextans A. More than 90% of the AGB population occupies a nearly vertical sequence in the color-magnitude diagrams, corresponding to stars spanning a wide range of masses and ages but exhibiting little or no circumstellar dust. This sequence appears to be dominated by oxygen-rich (M-type) AGB stars and reveals that the F444W flux is a robust luminosity diagnostic. A small subset of sources displays strong infrared excesses and is dominated by carbon stars descending from 1.25-1.5 Msun progenitors that formed about 2-3 Gyr ago and are currently in the final AGB phases. Their MIRI colors imply very low metallicities, consistent with estimates from the red giant branch morphology (about 1-2% Zsun). Finally, we show that the JWST/NIRCam F277W-F444W color serves as an effective proxy for the dust production rate, with models predicting rates up to 10^-7 Msun/yr for the reddest sources in Sextans A.