{
  "benchmark_card": {
    "benchmark_details": {
      "name": "Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU)",
      "overview": "MMLU is a multiple-choice question-answering benchmark that measures a text model's multitask accuracy across 57 distinct tasks. It is designed to test a wide range of knowledge and problem-solving abilities, covering diverse academic and professional subjects from elementary to advanced levels.",
      "data_type": "text",
      "domains": [
        "STEM",
        "humanities",
        "social sciences"
      ],
      "languages": [
        "English"
      ],
      "similar_benchmarks": [
        "GLUE",
        "SuperGLUE"
      ],
      "resources": [
        "https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.03300",
        "https://huggingface.co/datasets/cais/mmlu",
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/crfm-helm-public/benchmark_output/releases/v0.4.0/groups/core_scenarios.json",
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/crfm-helm-public/lite/benchmark_output/releases/v1.13.0/groups/core_scenarios.json"
      ]
    },
    "purpose_and_intended_users": {
      "goal": "To bridge the gap between the wide-ranging knowledge models acquire during pretraining and existing evaluation measures by assessing models across a diverse set of academic and professional subjects.",
      "audience": [
        "Researchers analyzing model capabilities and identifying shortcomings"
      ],
      "tasks": [
        "Multiple-choice question answering"
      ],
      "limitations": "Models exhibit lopsided performance, frequently do not know when they are wrong, and have near-random accuracy on some socially important subjects like morality and law.",
      "out_of_scope_uses": [
        "Not specified"
      ]
    },
    "data": {
      "source": "The dataset is an original source with expert-generated questions.",
      "size": "The dataset contains over 100,000 examples, with a test split of 14,042 examples, a validation split of 1,531 examples, a dev split of 285 examples, and an auxiliary training split of 99,842 examples.",
      "format": "parquet",
      "annotation": "The dataset has no additional annotations; each question provides the correct answer as a class label (A, B, C, or D)."
    },
    "methodology": {
      "methods": [
        "Models are evaluated exclusively in zero-shot and few-shot settings to measure knowledge acquired during pretraining."
      ],
      "metrics": [
        "MMLU (accuracy)"
      ],
      "calculation": "The overall score is an average accuracy across the 57 tasks.",
      "interpretation": "Higher scores indicate better performance. Near random-chance accuracy indicates weak performance. The very largest GPT-3 model improved over random chance by almost 20 percentage points on average, but models still need substantial improvements to reach expert-level accuracy.",
      "baseline_results": "Paper baselines: Most recent models have near random-chance accuracy. The very largest GPT-3 model improved over random chance by almost 20 percentage points on average. EEE results: Yi 34B scored 0.6500, Anthropic-LM v4-s3 52B scored 0.4810. The mean score across 2 evaluated models is 0.5655.",
      "validation": "Not specified"
    },
    "ethical_and_legal_considerations": {
      "privacy_and_anonymity": "Not specified",
      "data_licensing": "MIT License",
      "consent_procedures": "Not specified",
      "compliance_with_regulations": "Not specified"
    },
    "possible_risks": [
      {
        "category": "Over- or under-reliance",
        "description": [
          "In AI-assisted decision-making tasks, reliance measures how much a person trusts (and potentially acts on) a model's output. Over-reliance occurs when a person puts too much trust in a model, accepting a model's output when the model's output is likely incorrect. Under-reliance is the opposite, where the person doesn't trust the model but should."
        ],
        "url": "https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/watsonx/saas?topic=SSYOK8/wsj/ai-risk-atlas/over-or-under-reliance.html"
      },
      {
        "category": "Unrepresentative data",
        "description": [
          "Unrepresentative data occurs when the training or fine-tuning data is not sufficiently representative of the underlying population or does not measure the phenomenon of interest. Synthetic data might not fully capture the complexity and nuances of real-world data. Causes include possible limitations in the seed data quality, biases in generation methods, or inadequate domain knowledge. Thus, AI models might struggle to generalize effectively to real-world scenarios."
        ],
        "url": "https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/watsonx/saas?topic=SSYOK8/wsj/ai-risk-atlas/unrepresentative-data.html"
      },
      {
        "category": "Data bias",
        "description": [
          "Historical and societal biases might be present in data that are used to train and fine-tune models. Biases can also be inherited from seed data or exacerbated by synthetic data generation methods."
        ],
        "url": "https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/watsonx/saas?topic=SSYOK8/wsj/ai-risk-atlas/data-bias.html"
      },
      {
        "category": "Lack of data transparency",
        "description": [
          "Lack of data transparency might be due to insufficient documentation of training or tuning dataset details, including synthetic data generation.\u00a0"
        ],
        "url": "https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/watsonx/saas?topic=SSYOK8/wsj/ai-risk-atlas/lack-of-data-transparency.html"
      },
      {
        "category": "Improper usage",
        "description": [
          "Improper usage occurs when a model is used for a purpose that it was not originally designed for."
        ],
        "url": "https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/watsonx/saas?topic=SSYOK8/wsj/ai-risk-atlas/improper-usage.html"
      }
    ],
    "flagged_fields": {},
    "missing_fields": [
      "purpose_and_intended_users.out_of_scope_uses",
      "methodology.validation",
      "ethical_and_legal_considerations.privacy_and_anonymity",
      "ethical_and_legal_considerations.consent_procedures",
      "ethical_and_legal_considerations.compliance_with_regulations"
    ],
    "card_info": {
      "created_at": "2026-03-17T13:14:49.605975",
      "llm": "deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V3.2"
    }
  }
}