id stringlengths 24 24 | contexts_ids listlengths 1 157 | split stringclasses 1
value | question stringlengths 13 215 | type stringclasses 4
values | answer stringlengths 2 3.15k | exact_answer stringlengths 1 3.15k | contexts listlengths 1 157 | concepts stringlengths 3 7.42k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
532f0c4ed6d3ac6a3400002e | [
22738784,
17597390,
12535830
] | train | Are patients with marfan syndrome at increased risk of arrhythmias? | yesno | Patients with marfan syndrome carry increased risk for arrhythmias | yes | [
"BACKGROUND: Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a variable, autosomal-dominant disorder of \nthe connective tissue. In MFS serious ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac \ndeath (SCD) can occur. The aim of this prospective study was to reveal \nunderlying risk factors and to prospectively investigate the association betw... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D008382', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D001145', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D012306'] |
551ae6c564b14b4618000001 | [
17959777,
22771625,
23071435,
15814030,
22818742
] | train | Are people with blood group O protected against severe Malaria? | yesno | It appears that individuals who are of blood-group O are relatively resistant to the severe disease caused by P. falciparum infection. | yes | [
"Malaria has been a major selective force on the human population, and several \nerythrocyte polymorphisms have evolved that confer resistance to severe malaria. \nPlasmodium falciparum rosetting, a parasite virulence phenotype associated with \nsevere malaria, is reduced in blood group O erythrocytes compared with... | ['http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:14067', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D001769', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:4176', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:12365', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?field=... |
56c6f6005795f9a73e000009 | [
24178563,
20439430,
25336588,
21775629,
23625890,
21764773,
25842866,
18809914,
20559422,
26279487,
23465540,
20080197,
26302790,
26472911,
23124062,
23392610,
24939875,
23132912,
25313140,
24288375,
17872506
] | train | Are piRNAs involved in gene silencing? | yesno | Piwi induces piRNA-guided transcriptional silencing and establishment of a repressive chromatin state. piRNA-guided slicing of transposon transcripts enforces their transcriptional silencing via specifying the nuclear piRNA repertoire. Transcriptional silencing implies a piRNA-mediated formation of repressive chromatin... | yes | [
"In the Drosophila germline, retrotransposons are silenced by the \nPIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway. piRNA pathway mutations lead to \noverexpression and mobilization of retrotransposons in the germline. In \ndifferent organisms, small RNAs were shown to be implicated in the \nposttranscriptional degradation o... | ['http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016458', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D020868'] |
5c9f1b0cecadf2e73f00003c | [
29797354
] | train | Are protamines ubiquitously expressed? | yesno | No,
Protamines are nuclear proteins which are specifically expressed in haploid male germ cells. | no | [
"Protamines are nuclear proteins which are specifically expressed in haploid male \ngerm cells. Their replacement of histones and binding to DNA is followed by \nchromatin hypercondensation that protects DNA from negative influences by \nenvironmental factors. Mammalian sperm contain two types of protamines: PRM1 a... | nan |
517179718ed59a060a00000e | [
20160034,
22057347,
23181572,
15169797,
19712963,
12171876,
22134540,
19821999,
23477519,
22353937,
16135477,
22012631,
17145882,
17431003,
22995770,
20219102
] | train | Are proteasome inhibitors good candidates for treatment of leukemia and solid tumors? | yesno | Yes, several compounds that inhibit different members of the proteasome pathway (for example Bortezomib) are on trial for treatment of leukemia and solid tumors. It seems that a combination with other drugs may be a useful therapy for solid tumors. | yes | [
"The proteasome was validated as an oncology target following the clinical \nsuccess of VELCADE (bortezomib) for injection for the treatment of multiple \nmyeloma and recurring mantle cell lymphoma. Consequently, several groups are \npursuing the development of additional small-molecule proteasome inhibitors for \n... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D061988', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D007938'] |
5709f212cf1c325851000020 | [
18957444
] | train | Are pseudogenes enriched with housekeeping protein families? | yesno | Yes, housekeeping families tend to be enriched with a large number of pseudogenes. | yes | [
"Pseudofam (http://pseudofam.pseudogene.org) is a database of pseudogene families \nbased on the protein families from the Pfam database. It provides resources for \nanalyzing the family structure of pseudogenes including query tools, statistical \nsummaries and sequence alignments. The current version of Pseudofam... | nan |
5c6438a5e842deac67000016 | [
30409806
] | train | Are recessive coding variants responsible for the majority of undiagnosed nonconsanguineous individuals? | yesno | No. It is suggested that recessive coding variants account for a small fraction of currently undiagnosed nonconsanguineous individuals, and that the role of noncoding variants, incomplete penetrance, and polygenic mechanisms need further exploration. | no | [
"Author information:\n(1)Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK. \nhcm@sanger.ac.uk jeff.barrett@genomicsplc.com.\n(2)Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.\n(3)Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, National Health Service (NHS) \nFoundat... | nan |
56bc8d65ac7ad1001900001a | [
16497603,
26422724,
23603206,
25150282,
18629723,
25025523,
24746485,
17573781,
21232155,
19793786,
20078491
] | train | Are reduced-nicotine cigarettes effective for smoking cessation? | yesno | Yes, reduced-nicotine cigarettes are effective for smoking cessation. | yes | [
"Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a well-established treatment to aid \nsmoking cessation, and current products recommend using NRT only after quitting \nsmoking. However, theoretical arguments and previous data support the hypothesis \nthat precessation use of NRT might be useful in reducing dependence on inh... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D016540'] |
52ce531f03868f1b06000031 | [
24120896,
16251873,
12686720,
23921576,
15912200,
23843498,
23884859,
19435468,
23845071,
23860311,
23845947,
23845948,
21943326
] | train | Are retroviruses used for gene therapy? | yesno | Gene therapy is one of the most promising and active fields in therapeutic research. Gene therapy is a treatment option that introduces genetic material in vivo or ex vivo into the cells of an affected organism in order to: exchange a defective gene; manipulate a disease-related gene; or introduce an additional gene co... | yes | [
"Current viral gene delivery vectors for gene therapy are inefficient due to \nshort-lived transgene expression attributed to the cytosine-phosphate-guanine \n(CpG) motifs in the transgene. Here we assessed the effects of CpG motif \nreduction in lentiviral (LV) gene delivery context on the level and duration of \n... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D005796', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D012191', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0016458', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exac... |
5721f6f90fd6f91b68000012 | [
17990592,
23622185,
25238668,
24682289,
15127315,
22564885,
13679126,
12437562
] | train | Are seizures among the neurological symptoms of incontinentia pigmenti? | yesno | Incontinentia pigmenti is an X-linked dominant disorder resulting from a mutation of IKBKG. This disorder has a classic dermatologic presentation, but neurologic involvement, with seizures and cortical infarction, can arise shortly after birth. | yes | [
"Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare genetic multisystem disorder that may \naffect many organs including the skin, bone, eyes and the central nervous \nsystem. Central nervous system manifestations are seen in 30% of cases with \nseizures and mental retardation. Seizures occurring as the presenting sign of IP \n... | nan |
58f0b40d70f9fc6f0f000008 | [
26957512,
25990689,
25854337,
25505227
] | train | Are selenium supplements recommended for prostate cancer prevention? | yesno | No. The SELECT study failed to show any significant risk reduction for prostate cancers ascribable to selenium and vitamin E supplementations. | no | [
"Prevention is an important treatment strategy for diminishing prostate cancer \nmorbidity and mortality and is applicable to both early- and late-stage disease. \nThere are three basic classifications of cancer prevention: primary (prevention \nof incident disease), secondary (identification and treatment of precl... | nan |
56a292ae496b62f23f000001 | [
20797865,
24055171,
20512118
] | train | Are shadow enhancers associated with development? | yesno | Yes. Critical developmental control genes sometimes contain shadow enhancers that can be located in remote positions, including the introns of neighboring genes | yes | [
"Critical developmental control genes sometimes contain \"shadow\" enhancers that \ncan be located in remote positions, including the introns of neighboring genes \n[1]. They nonetheless produce patterns of gene expression that are the same as \nor similar to those produced by more proximal primary enhancers. It wa... | ['http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060484', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D041923', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048541', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D048788', 'http://amigo.geneontolog... |
5a981dd0fcd1d6a10c00002e | [
2654251,
331948,
22160956,
25252161,
28992834,
16293956,
3542725,
28209226,
3106890,
22826063,
20351955,
8178007,
16149210,
28181212,
28040290,
22520295,
18024169,
7774322,
10613491,
27914359,
17655678
] | train | Are sleep apnea and snoring associated with cardiac arrhythmias? | yesno | Evidence supports a causal association of sleep apnea with the incidence and morbidity of hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, and stroke. | yes | [
"Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome in which the airflow created from \nbreathing ceases through the upper airway although diaphragm movement continues. \nResulting complications include severe daytime sleepiness, morning headaches, \nloud snoring, and disturbed nighttime sleep. Patients affected with OSA ... | ['http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:0050847', 'https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012891', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:9220', 'https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012913', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:0050848', 'https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui... |
5fdb2ee4a43ad3127800000f | [
28967881,
11243810,
15494683
] | train | Are somatic mutations positioned towards the nuclear periphery? | yesno | lamina-associated regions, which are typically localized at the nuclear periphery, displayed higher somatic mutation frequencies than did the interlamina regions at the nuclear core. Smoking and UV-related signatures, as well as substitutions at certain motifs, were more enriched in the nuclear periphery. | yes | [
"Nuclear organization of genomic DNA affects processes of DNA damage and repair, \nyet its effects on mutational landscapes in cancer genomes remain unclear. Here \nwe analyzed genome-wide somatic mutations from 366 samples of six cancer types. \nWe found that lamina-associated regions, which are typically localize... | nan |
5a8965f6fcd1d6a10c000005 | [
12011111,
26496460,
21086038,
20514231,
16467386
] | train | Are splicing speckles associated with transcription? | yesno | Speckles contain little detectable transcriptional activity. | no | [
"The NHPX protein is a nucleolar factor that binds directly to a conserved RNA \ntarget sequence found in nucleolar box C/D snoRNAs and in U4 snRNA. Using \nenhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP)- and enhanced cyan fluorescent \nprotein-NHPX fusions, we show here that NHPX is specifically accumulated in both \n... | nan |
5e43090d48dab47f26000011 | [
25640064,
22892486,
28411358
] | train | Are stem cell transplants used to treat acute kidney injury? | yesno | Yes, stem cell transplantation is becoming the treatment of choice for complicated acute kidney injury. | yes | [
"Animal studies have shown that mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) infusions improve \nacute kidney injury (AKI) outcomes when administered early after \nischemic/reperfusion injury or within 24 hours after cisplatin administration. \nThese findings have spurred several human clinical trials to prevent AKI. \nHowever, ... | nan |
56c81fd15795f9a73e00000c | [
26557057,
23474818,
23629963,
25888396,
25429138,
24297750,
24090136,
20606625,
24920614,
21173160,
24336168,
20674093,
20699327,
19765185,
23257289,
25216585,
24312274,
22405725,
24013423,
23152885
] | train | Are stress granules involved in the pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? | yesno | Stress granules are cytoplasmic inclusions that repress translation of a subset of RNAs in times of cellular stress, and several proteins implicated in neurodegeneration (i.e. Ataxin-2 and SMN) interact with stress granules. Mutant FUS proteins that cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis incorporate into stress granules. ... | yes | [
"Stress granules (SGs) are RNA-containing cytoplasmic foci formed in response to \nstress exposure. Since their discovery in 1999, over 120 proteins have been \ndescribed to be localized to these structures (in 154 publications). Most of \nthese components are RNA binding proteins (RBPs) or are involved in RNA \nme... | ['http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034063', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097165', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D000690', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:332', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035617'] |
5aa825b1fcf4565872000003 | [
27838525,
23279909,
28377462,
28306503
] | train | Are stress granules membraneous? | yesno | Stress granules (SG) are membrane-less compartments involved in regulating mRNAs during stress. | no | [
"Although the cellular interior is crowded with various biological \nmacromolecules, the distribution of these macromolecules is highly \ninhomogeneous. Eukaryotic cells contain numerous proteinaceous membrane-less \norganelles (PMLOs), which are condensed liquid droplets formed as a result of \nthe reversible and ... | nan |
5e3e843748dab47f26000007 | [
30169995
] | train | Are stretch enhancers transcribed more than super-enhancers? | yesno | No. Super-enhancers are transcriptionally more active and cell type-specific than stretch enhancers. | no | [
"Super-enhancers and stretch enhancers represent classes of transcriptional \nenhancers that have been shown to control the expression of cell identity genes \nand carry disease- and trait-associated variants. Specifically, super-enhancers \nare clusters of enhancers defined based on the binding occupancy of master... | nan |
5fdb42b7a43ad31278000025 | [
30285185,
28714474,
29507293,
25263550
] | train | Are super enhancers structurally insulated in chromatin loops? | yesno | Although there is evidence that chromatin neighbourhoods, formed by the zinc-finger protein CTCF, can sequester enhancers and their target genes, there is limited in vivo evidence for CTCF demarcating super-enhancers and preventing cross talk between distinct regulatory elements. CTCF sites are porous borders, allowing... | no | [
"The mammary luminal lineage relies on the common cytokine-sensing transcription \nfactor STAT5 to establish super-enhancers during pregnancy and initiate a \ngenetic program that activates milk production. As pups grow, the greatly \nincreasing demand for milk requires progressive differentiation of mammary cells ... | nan |
6060e03394d57fd879000048 | [
26563252
] | train | Are synonymous sites in primates and rodents functionally constrained? | yesno | No. Synonymous sites in primates exhibited evidence for higher selective constraint that those in rodents. In primates up to 24% of synonymous sites could be under purifying selection, while in rodents synonymous sites evolved neutrally. | no | [
"It has been claimed that synonymous sites in mammals are under selective \nconstraint. Furthermore, in many studies the selective constraint at such sites \nin primates was claimed to be more stringent than that in rodents. Given the \nlarger effective population sizes in rodents than in primates, the theoretical ... | nan |
54f42f2764850a5854000005 | [
17387268,
21557222,
23333482,
20407210,
11157805,
15611632,
10088637
] | train | Are the Fanconi anemia genes a part of the same signalling pathway? | yesno | The FA genes code for proteins that act in complexes to coordinate the repair of damaged DNA | yes | [
"The Fanconi anemia (FA) gene family comprises at least 12 genes interacting in a \ncommon pathway involved in DNA repair. To gain insight into the role of FA gene \ninactivation occurring in tumors among the general population, we endogenously \ntargeted in cancer cells four FA genes that act at different stages o... | ['http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:13636', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:1062', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D005199', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D051856', 'http://www.nlm.ni... |
58eb7898eda5a57672000006 | [
22561113,
21876149
] | train | Are the genes for marneral biosynthesis scattered in the genome of A. thaliana? | yesno | These clusters are unlikely to have arisen by horizontal gene transfer, and the mechanisms behind their formation are poorly understood. Here we characterize a second operon-like triterpene cluster (the marneral cluster) from A. thaliana, compare the features of these two clusters, and investigate the evolutionary even... | no | [
"Operon-like arrangements of genes occur in eukaryotes ranging from yeasts and \nfilamentous fungi to nematodes, plants, and mammals. In plants, several examples \nof operon-like gene clusters involved in metabolic pathways have recently been \ncharacterized, e.g. the cyclic hydroxamic acid pathways in maize, the a... | nan |
5a8dc57ffcd1d6a10c000025 | [
20438784,
10545285,
25554218,
18975117,
21060250,
22828605
] | train | Are the human bombesin receptors, GRPR and NMBR, frequently overexpressed G-protein-coupled-receptors by lung-cancers? | yesno | The human bombesin receptors, GRPR and NMBR, are two of the most frequently overexpressed G-protein-coupled-receptors by lung-cancers | yes | [
"The orphan receptor, bombesin receptor subtype-3(BRS-3) is a G-protein-coupled \nreceptor classified in the bombesin (Bn) receptor family because of its high \nhomology (47-51%) with other members of this family [gastrin-releasing peptide \nreceptor [GRPR] and neuromedin B receptor [NMBR]]. There is increasing int... | ['https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D018004', 'https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008175'] |
5d31daacb3a6380763000003 | [
29198826,
26814189,
30444046,
26738774,
17542650
] | train | Are the members of the KRAB-ZNF gene family promoting gene repression? | yesno | The stem cell zinc finger 1 (SZF1)/ZNF589 protein belongs to the large family of Kruppel-associated box domain-zinc finger (KRAB-ZNF) transcription factors, which are present only in higher vertebrates and epigenetically repress transcription by recruiting chromatin-modifying complexes to the promoter regions of their ... | yes | [
"Author information:\n(1)Laboratory for Gene Therapy, Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan \nUniversity of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; Laboratory for Gene \nTherapy, Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer \nCentre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland.\n(2)Graduate Program in Struct... | nan |
553a6a9fbc4f83e82800001c | [
19492354,
23357263,
18402933,
24282393,
17274809
] | train | Are there Conserved Noncoding Elements (CNEs) in invertebrate genomes? | yesno | Yes. | yes | [
"The genomes of vertebrates, flies, and nematodes contain highly conserved \nnoncoding elements (CNEs). CNEs cluster around genes that regulate development, \nand where tested, they can act as transcriptional enhancers. Within an animal \ngroup CNEs are the most conserved sequences but between groups they are norma... | nan |
553a54babc4f83e828000019 | [
12952874,
23640124,
22496592,
23110901,
18533721,
12724540
] | train | Are there Conserved Noncoding Elements (CNEs) in plant genomes? | yesno | The detailed view of conservation across angiosperms revealed not only high coding-sequence conservation but also a large set of previously uncharacterized intergenic conservation. Grass genes have dramatically fewer and much smaller CNSs than mammalian genes. Using an alignment-free information-retrieval approach, we ... | yes | [
"As orthologous genes from related species diverge over time, some sequences are \nconserved in noncoding regions. In mammals, large phylogenetic footprints, or \nconserved noncoding sequences (CNSs), are known to be common features of genes. \nHere we present the first large-scale analysis of plant genes for CNSs.... | nan |
5a74a4be0384be9551000004 | [
27009268
] | train | Are there RNAi approaches considered for the treatment of kidney injury? | yesno | Yes, RNAi approaches are being considered for the treatment of kidney injury. | yes | [
"RNA interference has tremendous yet unrealized potential to treat a wide range \nof illnesses. Innovative solutions are needed to protect and selectively deliver \nsmall interfering RNA (siRNA) cargo to and within a target cell to fully exploit \nsiRNA as a therapeutic tool in vivo. Herein, we describe ammonium-fu... | nan |
6057151094d57fd879000027 | [
32627752,
31936187,
31862270,
33151599
] | train | Are there antimicrobial proteins in royal jelly? | yesno | Yes,
Jelleines, isolated as novel antibacterial peptides from the Royal Jelly (RJ) of bees, exhibit broad-spectrum protection against microbial infections. | yes | [
"Insects possess biological defense systems that can effectively combat the \ninvasion of external microorganisms and viruses, thereby supporting their \nsurvival in diverse environments. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a \nfast-acting weapon against invading pathogens, including various bacterial or \nfung... | nan |
511a16f9df1ebcce7d000005 | [
22058406,
23021223,
21150311,
9584105,
11459824,
15282033,
18488247,
12151602,
10781108,
17660570,
11487702,
12121623,
21060858,
20505370,
15946751
] | train | Are there any DNMT3 proteins present in plants? | yesno | Yes. The plant DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE2 (DRM2) is a homolog of the mammalian de novo methyltransferase DNMT3. DRM2 contains a novel arrangement of the motifs required for DNA methyltransferase catalytic activity. | yes | [
"In mammals, cadmium is widely considered as a non-genotoxic carcinogen acting \nthrough a methylation-dependent epigenetic mechanism. Here, the effects of Cd \ntreatment on the DNA methylation patten are examined together with its effect on \nchromatin reconfiguration in Posidonia oceanica. DNA methylation level a... | ['http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CMT3_ARATH', 'http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CMT2_ARATH', 'http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CMT1_ARATH'] |
54fefbbc6ad7dcbc1200000a | [
24073031,
20385018,
23601912,
11524346,
21249951
] | train | Are there any Decision support systems for chronic pain management ? | yesno | Yes, there is a variety of decision support systems for chronic pain management. | yes | [
"Development of clinical decision support systems (CDSs) has tended to focus on \nfacilitating medication management. An understanding of behavioral medicine \nperspectives on the usefulness of a CDS for patient care can expand CDSs to \nimprove management of chronic disease. The purpose of this study is to explore... | nan |
53353927d6d3ac6a34000043 | [
23466233,
23896953,
24165192,
23745769,
23454058,
23629709,
23453230,
23440335,
23384816,
23688081,
24154738,
21331152,
23791700,
21694902,
23230455,
23896281,
23431163
] | train | Are there any HCV replication inhibitors available? | yesno | Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem causing serious complications, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatoma. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) have been reported to suppress gene expression significantly. HCV seems a suitable candidate for targets of siRNAs,... | yes | [
"Based on the symmetrical bidentate structure of the NS5A inhibitor BMS-790052, a \nseries of new monodentate molecules were designed. The synthesis of 36 new \nnon-dimeric NS5A inhibitors is reported along with their ability to block HCV \nreplication in an HCV 1b replicon system. Among them compound 5a showed \np... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D014779', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D004364'] |
621e62c33a8413c653000050 | [
34849585
] | train | Are there any R packages that help with visualizing data on spirals? | yesno | Yes. Spiralize is an R package for visualizing data on spirals. | yes | [
"SUMMARY: Spiral layout has two major advantages for data visualization. First, \nit is able to visualize data with long axes, which greatly improves the \nresolution of visualization. Second, it is efficient for time series data to \nreveal periodic patterns. Here, we present the R package spiralize that provides ... | nan |
5ca0848aecadf2e73f000044 | [
26697860,
29607687
] | train | Are there any anti-amyloid antibody approved as drug for Alzheimer's disease treatment? | yesno | No new drugs have been approved during the past 15 years; and the available medications are not cost-effective. | no | [
"Deficiency of protein phosphatase-2A is a key event in Alzheimer's disease. An \nendogenous inhibitor of protein phosphatase-2A, inhibitor-1, I1PP2A, which \ninhibits the phosphatase activity by interacting with its catalytic subunit \nprotein phosphatase-2Ac, is known to be upregulated in Alzheimer's disease \nbr... | nan |
5324cf869b2d7acc7e000020 | [
17593379,
12435217,
15292498,
14716179,
23625331,
20979541,
16753687,
8136666
] | train | Are there any clinical trials of the effect of evening primrose oil on postmenopausal symptoms ? | yesno | Yes | yes | [
"BACKGROUND: Interest in non-hormonal therapies for the treatment of menopausal \nsymptoms has increased since the publication of adverse effects of estrogen \nreplacement therapy.\nOBJECTIVE: To provide information on the efficacy of non-hormonal therapies for \nmenopausal vasomotor symptoms based on evidence from... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D004042', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D031825', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D016430', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cg... |
5162e011298dcd4e51000049 | [
18033728,
12529857,
19026658,
8752741,
1694790,
7460905,
10929203,
2659540,
20171226
] | train | Are there any desmins present in plants? | yesno | No. Desmins are type III intermediate filament (IF) proteins that have been identified to date only in metazoa (human, Danio rerio, bovine). Desmins are also associated with severe forms of skeletal, cardiac and myofibrillar myopathies. | no | [
"We describe a revised and expanded database on human intermediate filament \nproteins, a major component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. The family of 70 \nintermediate filament genes (including those encoding keratins, desmins, and \nlamins) is now known to be associated with a wide range of diverse diseases, at ... | ['http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/DESM_CHICK', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=0045098'] |
553f8bc11d53b76422000002 | [
8999876,
22427630
] | train | Are there any functional differences between Mfd and its human Cocaine syndrome protein B (CSB) homolog? | yesno | Both Cockayne syndrome protein B (CSB) and Mfd are involved in transcription-coupled repair. CSB is the human TCR coupling factor and Mfd is the bacterial TCR coupling factor. However, unlike Mfd, CSB does not act as a helicase nor does it dissociate stalled RNA polymerase II, suggesting a coupling mechanism in humans ... | yes | [
"Transcription is coupled to repair in Escherichia coli and in humans. Proteins \nencoded by the mfd gene in E. coli and by the ERCC6/CSB gene in humans, both of \nwhich possess the so-called helicase motifs, are required for the coupling \nreaction. It has been shown that the Mfd protein is an ATPase but not a hel... | ['http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0050783', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0050784'] |
532f08dcd6d3ac6a3400002a | [
23460104,
21748501,
23312927,
22008738,
20352166,
23634730,
22353706,
23389753,
22308807,
20858186,
23810130,
22615265,
22177763,
23790307,
22669799,
23953907,
23657589,
24103671,
23821689
] | train | Are there any specific antidotes for dabigatran? | yesno | No specific antidote currently exists for dabigatran | no | [
"BACKGROUND: Regarding anticoagulant therapies there has been a remarkable shift \nin recent years. The objective of this brief overview is to provide relevant \ninformation and guidelines on the advantages and disadvantages of novel \nanticoagulants addressing specifically the surgical disciplines. Hitherto, \ncon... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D000931', 'http://www.biosemantics.org/jochem#4242811'] |
532f08b8d6d3ac6a34000029 | [
23460104,
19351313,
23312927,
22353706,
23628464,
22308807,
20858186,
23810130,
24170233,
23117666,
22177763,
23790307,
23634925,
23953907,
12871541,
23866358,
24103671,
23657589,
23821689
] | train | Are there any specific antidotes for rivaroxaban? | yesno | Currently, there is no specific antidote for rivaroxaban | no | [
"BACKGROUND: Regarding anticoagulant therapies there has been a remarkable shift \nin recent years. The objective of this brief overview is to provide relevant \ninformation and guidelines on the advantages and disadvantages of novel \nanticoagulants addressing specifically the surgical disciplines. Hitherto, \ncon... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D000931', 'http://www.biosemantics.org/jochem#4243836'] |
56b29bf545561f0573000003 | [
22870189
] | train | Are there any statistical methods for normalizing and identifying differential regions in histone modification ChIP-seq data? | yesno | Yes. ChIPnorm is a two-stage statistical method to normalize ChIP-seq data, and to find differential regions in the genome, given two libraries of histone modifications of different cell types. | yes | [
"The advent of high-throughput technologies such as ChIP-seq has made possible \nthe study of histone modifications. A problem of particular interest is the \nidentification of regions of the genome where different cell types from the same \norganism exhibit different patterns of histone enrichment. This problem tu... | ['http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016570', 'http://www.biosemantics.org/jochem#4278518'] |
6278dd6156bf9aee6f000012 | [
18463136,
33999203,
17888742,
21780007,
20066664,
15980586,
19433514,
15978619,
23772049,
31388850,
15215441,
34265844,
18757875,
31251384,
31063641,
26519323,
19046975
] | train | Are there any tools that could predict protein structure considering amino acid sequence? | list | Yes. Tools such as Jpred, Jnet, Porter 4.0 and PSIPRED Workbench have been developed that predict protein structure based solely on its amino acid sequence, whereas the recently updated Jnet algorithm provides a three-state (alpha-helix, beta-strand and coil) prediction of secondary structure at an accuracy of 81.5%. | ['AlphaFold', 'PredictProtein', 'PSIPRED', 'Jpred', 'Porter', 'Jnet'] | [
"Jpred (http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/jpred) is a secondary structure \nprediction server powered by the Jnet algorithm. Jpred performs over 1000 \npredictions per week for users in more than 50 countries. The recently updated \nJnet algorithm provides a three-state (alpha-helix, beta-strand and coil) \npredictio... | nan |
52cb9b9b03868f1b0600002d | [
20657287,
24578952,
24306957,
23945108,
22888342,
18070176,
23094052,
23300915,
20082749,
22615872,
24183881,
22792272,
24281040,
19565266,
24140246,
22559832,
18923359,
22426337,
19181545,
15341676,
24139504,
23764080,
24212086,
20960509
] | train | Are there any urine biomarkers for bladder cancer diagnosis? | yesno | Bladder cancer is any of several types of malignancy arising from the epithelial lining of the urinary bladder. Rarely the bladder is involved by non-epithelial cancers, such as lymphoma or sarcoma. It is a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the bladder.The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ t... | yes | [
"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Reduce the burden of follow-up for patients and healthcare \nproviders in noninvasive bladder cancer (NIBC). The evolution of intraoperative \ntumor detection, imaging modalities, urinary markers, and intravesical \ninstillation regimens as a possibility to improve tumor eradication, enhance \nn... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D001749', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D014554', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:6933', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&... |
52fa73c62059c6d71c000058 | [
24205707,
24224012,
21816077,
23617441,
24133923,
24152229,
23339563,
21151537,
24281781,
23758910,
21286212,
24308223,
23344473,
21538916,
20425065,
23061738,
22189039,
24065527,
22914685,
24315007
] | train | Are there any urine biomarkers for chronic kidney disease? | yesno | Chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of peopl... | yes | [
"Liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) is a 14kDa protein found in the \ncytoplasm of human renal proximal tubules. Fatty acids are bound with L-FABP and \ntransported to the mitochondria or peroxisomes, where fatty acids are \nbeta-oxidized, and this may play a role in fatty acid homeostasis. Moreover, \n... | ['http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:784', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D004194', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0002678', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D012079', 'h... |
588383172305cd7e21000004 | [
26280901
] | train | Are there canonical marks of active chromatin in developmentally regulated genes? | yesno | No. The transcription of genes temporally regulated during fly and worm development occurs in the absence of canonically active histone modifications. Conversely, strong chromatin marking is related to transcriptional and post-transcriptional stability, an association also observed in mammals. Consequently, chromatin m... | no | [
"The interplay of active and repressive histone modifications is assumed to have \na key role in the regulation of gene expression. In contrast to this generally \naccepted view, we show that the transcription of genes temporally regulated \nduring fly and worm development occurs in the absence of canonically activ... | ['http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035327', 'https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2017/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D018507'] |
515df5b2298dcd4e5100002c | [
21440544,
22561409,
23197667,
23331685,
18562508,
12376881,
20413685,
23124791,
15764028,
22359549,
21366911
] | train | Are there clinical trials on stem cells in multiple sclerosis | yesno | Yes. Human multipotent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies are currently being tested in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis. Several small pilot clinical trials in subjects with advanced MS have demonstrated that MSC administration is safe and provided an early signal of clinical effectiveness. The current aim o... | yes | [
"Autologous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) offer significant practical \nadvantages for potential clinical applications in multiple sclerosis (MS). Based \non recent experimental data, a number of clinical trials have been designed for \nthe intravenous (IV) and/or intrathecal (ITH) administration of BMSCs in MS... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D013234', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D049109', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:2377', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&... |
56f160a52ac5ed1459000013 | [
15030272,
19627664,
25858066,
23773460,
25169179,
23746978,
20560035,
22405796,
17888423,
19907881,
19804333,
18543793,
15692093,
22943934,
25984329,
19857353,
16969166,
21526485,
17198039,
26259288,
25205213,
20680811,
14647535,
19022705,
25145464,
21749886
] | train | Are there clinical trials using stem cells for the treatment of cardiac disease? | yesno | Yes, there exists clinical trials for cardiac stem cell based treatment. | yes | [
"Atherosclerotic vascular disease becomes a clinical problem when there is \nsufficient atherosclerotic plaque burden and/or endothelial dysfunction to cause \na limitation of nutrient blood flow to tissues. However, once myocardial \ninfarction has occurred, there is little, if any, way to stimulate the growth of ... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D039902', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D006331', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D013234', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metada... |
56b481348525abca1e000008 | [
25948244,
24931975
] | train | Are there currently applications of deep learning in genomics? | yesno | Yes. Deep learning has been used so far in genomics for predicting splicing patterns in individual tissues and differences in splicing patterns across tissues. The deep architecture surpasses the performance of the previous Bayesian method for predicting alternative splicing (AS) patterns. | yes | [
"The field of machine learning, which aims to develop computer algorithms that \nimprove with experience, holds promise to enable computers to assist humans in \nthe analysis of large, complex data sets. Here, we provide an overview of \nmachine learning applications for the analysis of genome sequencing data sets,... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D016678', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D023281'] |
532083389b2d7acc7e000003 | [
24035586,
22727684,
23377671,
24159517,
20656033,
23452322,
23638205,
24096319,
22730949,
22535622,
24076358,
24001228,
23259984,
22984545,
23096037,
24225644,
23919605,
24256889,
23697658,
23784447
] | train | Are there drugs for Tick-borne Encephalitis? | list | No drug therapy available today | ['No drug therapy available today'] | [
"Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a growing public health concern in central and \nnorthern European countries. Even though TBE is a notifiable disease in Croatia, \nthere is a significant lack of information in regard to vector tick \nidentification, distribution as well as TBE virus prevalence in ticks or \nanima... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D004667', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D060829', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D022321', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cg... |
56a8adb0a17756b72f000003 | [
24135681,
24525859,
24480293,
25404134,
25263592,
25810254,
23728302,
24674738,
25561718,
20393465,
23877407
] | train | Are there enhancer RNAs (eRNAs)? | yesno | Yes. Active enhancers are transcribed, producing a class of noncoding RNAs called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). eRNAs are distinct from long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), but these two species of noncoding RNAs may share a similar role in the activation of mRNA transcription. | yes | [
"Enhancers are cis-acting elements capable of regulating transcription in a \ndistance and orientation-independent manner. A subset of enhancers are occupied \nby RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and transcribed to produce long non-coding RNAs \ntermed eRNAs. We thoroughly investigated the association between eRNA \npro... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D004742', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035326'] |
5e447f2448dab47f26000013 | [
30401432
] | train | Are there lncRNAs that control the extent of neuronal outgrowth? | yesno | Yes. there are lncRNAs which regulate the extent of neuronal outgrowth. | yes | [
"In mammals, neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) have regenerative \ncapacity following injury, but it is generally absent in the CNS. This \ndifference is attributed, at least in part, to the intrinsic ability of PNS \nneurons to activate a unique regenerative transcriptional program following \ninjury.... | nan |
5a6fabfeb750ff4455000062 | [
28581502
] | train | Are there mammalian promoters with distal enhancer functions? | yesno | Yes. Several studies have suggested that some promoters might have enhancer functions. By exploiting a high-throughput enhancer reporter assay, scientists have unraveled a set of mammalian promoters displaying enhancer activity. These promoters have distinct genomic and epigenomic features and frequently interact with ... | yes | [
"Gene expression in mammals is precisely regulated by the combination of \npromoters and gene-distal regulatory regions, known as enhancers. Several \nstudies have suggested that some promoters might have enhancer functions. \nHowever, the extent of this type of promoters and whether they actually function \nto reg... | ['http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001206', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001205', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035326', 'https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011401', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003705', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071... |
589206fc49702f2e01000003 | [
24885602
] | train | Are there methods for generating highly multiplexed ChIP-seq libraries? | yesno | Yes. There are methods for generating highly multiplexed ChIP-seq libraries. | yes | [
"BACKGROUND: The barcoding of next generation sequencing libraries has become an \nessential part of the experimental design. Barcoding not only allows the \nsequencing of more than one sample per lane, but also reduces technical bias. \nHowever, current barcoding strategies impose significant limitations and/or \n... | ['https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2017/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D015698', 'https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2017/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D047369', 'https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2017/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D056656'] |
5be44bef133db5eb78000014 | [
27940404
] | train | Are there microbes in human breast milk? | yesno | Yes, human milk is a rich source of diverse bacteria. | yes | [
"Contrary to long-held dogma, human milk is not sterile. Instead, it provides \ninfants a rich source of diverse bacteria, particularly microbes belonging to \nthe Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas genera. Very little is known \nabout factors that influence variation in the milk microbiome among women ... | nan |
5d35eb01b3a638076300000f | [
9038208,
2481227,
8405675,
8770895,
2968500,
2539381,
25605944,
1883358
] | train | Are there negative enhancers? | yesno | Yes, negative enhancers are also called gene silencers. | yes | [
"The mouse cytochrome oxidase (COX) Vb promoter contains three sequence motifs \nwith partial or full consensus for YY-1 and GTG factor binding and a CArG box, \nlocated between positions -480 and -390. Individually, all three motifs \nstimulated transcription of the TKCAT promoter, and bound distinctly different \... | nan |
532c169ed6d3ac6a3400001f | [
227209,
11117200,
19755667,
17983645,
169249,
23137442,
22414628,
22986150,
20232113,
19900468,
23021374,
17570630,
20051527,
6093898,
18329679,
20658515,
1747413,
22945636,
6312037,
8936679,
6290538,
2534509,
24113777,
12165107,
23943159,
23926648
] | train | Are there plasma membrane receptors for thyroid hormones? | yesno | Receptors for thyroid hormones are present on plasma membrane of cells; in particular thyroid hormones bind integrin that is a heterodimeric component of plasma membrane | yes | [
"The adenylcyclase (AC) activity of crude human thyroid plasma membranes were \nstudied in some detail and conditions for optimal cyclic AMP-production \nestablished. Membranes from eight \"cold\" and two \"hot\" thyroid adenomas were \ninvestigated and compared to membranes from corresponding normal, paranodular \... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D002462', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0070324', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0005886', 'http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0016020',... |
515d9e5c298dcd4e5100000e | [
20683334,
23452265,
15310345,
12693995,
16867087,
22103571,
21675061,
11966554,
21733178,
22577917
] | train | Are there randomised controlled trials on sevoflurane? | yesno | Yes. There are < 10 studies reported, answering questions like : how to improve speed of recovery, relationship to dreaming and anesthetic experience, effect on cardiac troponin release, effect on myocardial injury, postoperative delirium, haemodynamics & emergence and recovery characteristics of total intravenous ana... | yes | [
"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sugammadex, a modified gamma-cyclodextrin, is a \nselective relaxant-binding agent designed to reverse the effects of the \nsteroidal neuromuscular blocking agents rocuronium or vecuronium. This study \ncompared the efficacy of sugammadex and neostigmine for reversal of \nneuromuscular bl... | ['http://www.biosemantics.org/jochem#4252326'] |
621e9aa13a8413c653000053 | [
31552185
] | train | Are there roles for cohesin mutations in AML? | yesno | Yes. Several landmark studies have shown that cohesin mutations perturb the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). Emerging data now begin to uncover the molecular mechanisms that underpin this phenotype. Among these mechanisms is a role for cohesin in the co... | yes | [
"Classical driver mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) typically affect \nregulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The selective \nadvantage of increased proliferation, improved survival, and reduced \ndifferentiation on leukemia progression is immediately obvious. Recent \nlarge-scale ... | nan |
5a991ee21d1251d03b000005 | [
28302071
] | train | Are there sex differences in the transcriptome of the mouse hippocampus? | yesno | There are sex differences in the transcriptome of the developing mouse hippocampus. | yes | [
"BACKGROUND: A variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, \nParkinson's disease, major depressive disorder, dyslexia and autism, are \ndifferentially prevalent between females and males. To better understand the \npossible molecular basis for the sex-biased nature of neurological disorders, w... | nan |
6026de661cb411341a0000d1 | [
28644160
] | train | Are there small molecule CGRPs under development for the treatment of migraine? | yesno | Yes, there are several small molecule CGRPs under development for the treatment of migraine. | yes | [
"Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a signaling neuropeptide released from \nactivated trigeminal sensory afferents in headache and facial pain disorders. \nThere are a handful of CGRP-targeted therapies currently in phase 3 studies for \nmigraine acute treatment or prevention. Currently, 4 monoclonal antibo... | nan |
532bf822d6d3ac6a34000016 | [
24101600,
24249312,
15640354,
24191040,
16126912,
24140581,
21772710,
19383720,
24244188,
24252593,
19419698,
11244211,
23432468,
24107444,
17981814,
20205843,
24159576,
16473372
] | train | Are there studies representing the involvement of Notch mutations in neurodegenerative diseases such as Down syndrome, Pick's and Prion's disease, and cadasil syndrome? | yesno | The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved, intercellular signaling mechanism essential for proper embryonic development in organisms as diverse as insects, nematodes, echinoderms and mammals. Disruptions in conserved developmental pathways frequently result in inherited congenital anomalies in humans. ... | yes | [
"PRESENILIN1 (PSEN1) is the major locus for mutations causing familial \nAlzheimer's disease (FAD) and is also mutated in Pick disease of brain, familial \nacne inversa and dilated cardiomyopathy. It is a critical facilitator of Notch \nsignalling and many other signalling pathways and protein cleavage events \ninc... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D051880', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D009154', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D059645'] |
54ff106b6ad7dcbc1200000c | [
17336868,
23291270,
22662734,
23659470,
16691087,
21375412,
22303839
] | train | Are there telemedicine applications for chronic pain management? | yesno | Yes, telemedicine is feasible and cost-effective for education and therapy of patients with chronic pain. | yes | [
"The under treatment of pain has been well documented. Contributing to this is \nthe limited availability of pain management specialists in many geographic \nareas. The use of technology to provide care to underserved areas is gaining \nmomentum. We chose to study whether stable patients and staff in chronic pain \... | nan |
56c44ce83aaba2a675000001 | [
21515576,
16365385,
18093339
] | train | Are there transposon-free regions in mammalian genomes? | yesno | Yes. Despite the presence of over 3 million transposons separated on average by approximately 500 bp, the human and mouse genomes each contain almost 1000 transposon-free regions (TFRs) over 10 kb in length. The majority of human TFRs correlate with orthologous TFRs in the mouse, despite the fact that most transposons ... | yes | [
"The Drosophila Gene Disruption Project (GDP) has created a public collection of \nmutant strains containing single transposon insertions associated with different \ngenes. These strains often disrupt gene function directly, allow production of \nnew alleles, and have many other applications for analyzing gene func... | nan |
5c6d7bb57c78d6947100003b | [
29028909
] | train | Are there ultraconserved regions in the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)? | yesno | Yes. In addition to some fundamental biological functions, ultraconserved regions play an important role in the adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the acidic environment. | yes | [
"MOTIVATION: In the evolution of species, a kind of special sequences, termed \nultraconserved sequences (UCSs), have been inherited without any change, which \nstrongly suggests those sequences should be crucial for the species to survive \nor adapt to the environment. However, the UCSs are still regarded as myste... | nan |
5a80dbaafaa1ab7d2e000026 | [
27407109
] | train | Are there ways of joint Bayesian inference of risk variants? | yesno | Yes. RiVIERA (Risk Variant Inference using Epigenomic Reference Annotations) is a Bayesian model for inference of driver variants from summary statistics across multiple traits using hundreds of epigenomic annotations. | yes | [
"Genome wide association studies (GWAS) provide a powerful approach for \nuncovering disease-associated variants in human, but fine-mapping the causal \nvariants remains a challenge. This is partly remedied by prioritization of \ndisease-associated variants that overlap GWAS-enriched epigenomic annotations. \nHere,... | ['https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001499', 'https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014644'] |
54fefff26ad7dcbc1200000b | [
24067267,
24251273,
23859438,
23768119,
23538392
] | train | Are there web based self management strategies for chronic pain ? | yesno | Results suggest the potential value of self-management for chronic pain patients and the potential acceptability of web-based delivery of intervention content. | yes | [
"BACKGROUND: It is estimated that 30% of adults in the United States experience \ndaily chronic pain. This results in a significant burden on the health care \nsystem, in particular primary care, and on the workplace. Chronic pain \nmanagement with cognitive-behavioral psychological treatment is effective in \nredu... | nan |
52ecd56198d023950500002b | [
23528896,
23633213,
12750454
] | train | Are thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 mutations implicated in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome? | yesno | thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 mutations are implicated in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome | yes | [
"BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormone acts via receptor subtypes (TRα1, TRβ1, TRβ2) with \ndiffering tissue distributions, encoded by distinct genes (THRA, THRB). THRB \nmutations cause a disorder with central (hypothalamic-pituitary) resistance to \nthyroid hormone action with markedly elevated thyroid hormone and normal T... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D018382', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D009154', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D037021'] |
52f7c4bd2059c6d71c00002d | [
8115332,
7913092,
8068885,
8384535,
7711514,
8954015,
8475937,
15988389,
9350446,
8594618,
23633213,
15860414,
9092799,
17906375,
9685218,
17040361,
15913586,
12356724,
12750454
] | train | Are thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 mutations implicated in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome? | yesno | The lack of TR alpha1 exacerbates the manifestation of RTH in TR betaPV mice. Therefore, TR alpha1 could play a compensatory role in mediating the functions of T3 in heterozygous patients with RTH | yes | [
"Although rare, thyroid hormone resistance syndrome should be suspected on a \nbiological profile combining high thyroid hormone and non-suppressed TSH plasma \nlevels. Resistance to thyroid hormone can be classified into 3 forms: \ngeneralized, pituitary and peripheral, all three showing tissue resistance \nhetero... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D018382', 'http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/THAA_PAROL', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:11633', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D037021', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mes... |
553f78c7ab98a37113000008 | [
24037088,
24247010,
22328099,
21298224,
22617881,
18323801,
20383195,
20802525
] | train | Are transcribed ultraconserved regions involved in cancer? | yesno | Yes, it appears that there is widespread T-UCR (Transcribed - UltraConserved Region) involvement in diverse cellular processes that are deregulated in the process of tumourigenesis. Transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) are a subset of 481 sequences longer than 200 bp, which are absolutely conserved between ortho... | yes | [
"Recent data have linked hypoxia, a classic feature of the tumor \nmicroenvironment, to the function of specific microRNAs (miRNAs); however, \nwhether hypoxia affects other types of noncoding transcripts is currently \nunknown. Starting from a genome-wide expression profiling, we demonstrate for \nthe first time a... | ['http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:162'] |
5c7f806d617e120c34000001 | [
7517178,
12766764,
21388431,
11599633,
1423320,
23561850,
18031135
] | train | Are tumour specific antigens originating from known protein coding genes? | yesno | Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) function as ubiquitous tumour-specific antigens, with the specificity residing in a population of bound peptides that identify the tissue of origin of the HSP. Tumour antigens are mostly of weak immunogenicity, because the vast majority are tumour-associated differentiation antigens already '... | yes | [
"The identification of MHC-restricted and tumour-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes \n(CTLs) provides strong evidence in support of T cell-mediated immune \nsurveillance against human tumour cells. These CTLs recognize short peptides \nderived from tumour-associated antigens in conjunction with class I molecules \nex... | nan |
553a8d78f321868558000003 | [
24037088,
21187392,
22328099,
22094949,
23393190,
20202189,
16705037,
24384562,
22617881,
19660540
] | train | Are ultraconserved elements often transcribed? | yesno | Yes. Especially, a large fraction of non-exonic UCEs is transcribed across all developmental stages examined from only one DNA strand. | yes | [
"Recent data have linked hypoxia, a classic feature of the tumor \nmicroenvironment, to the function of specific microRNAs (miRNAs); however, \nwhether hypoxia affects other types of noncoding transcripts is currently \nunknown. Starting from a genome-wide expression profiling, we demonstrate for \nthe first time a... | nan |
5c531e887e3cb0e231000018 | [
29358049
] | train | Are ultraconserved enhancers important for normal development? | yesno | Yes, ultraconserved enhancers are required for normal development. | yes | [
"Author information:\n(1)Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley \nNational Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Electronic \naddress: dedickel@lbl.gov.\n(2)Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, UCSF Weill Institute for \nNeurosciences and the Nina Ireland ... | nan |
61f9605f882a024a1000004f | [
33245860
] | train | Are variants in FHF2 (also known as FGF13) associated with encephalopathy? | yesno | Yes. FHF2 (also known as FGF13) variants are a cause of infantile-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. | yes | [
"Author information:\n(1)Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 \n4XW, UK; Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff \nUniversity, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK. Electronic address: fryae@cardiff.ac.uk.\n(2)Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of City Univer... | nan |
513711055274a5fb0700000e | [
1856259,
1691523,
22459018,
18422033,
11109652,
12608662,
20960165,
16279854,
20671410,
22819125,
10971829,
18421188,
9790279,
4936649,
10525005,
19627727,
22527824,
22136271,
20886354,
23227861,
9915102,
19138419,
15332726
] | train | Are viruses involved in the etiology of human subacute thyroiditis? | yesno | Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is an inflammatory disorder of the thyroid caused probably by viruses
The principal classes of viruses involed in SAT include Epstein Barr and Retroviridae | yes | [
"The etiology of subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis (SAT) is uncertain, \nalthough it probably represents a nonspecific inflammatory response by the \nthyroid to a variety of viruses. It has been suggested that nonimmune processes \nare involved in SAT patients who have negative autoantibody titers. The disease \... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D014780', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D050033', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D013190', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metada... |
5c2f8127133db5eb78000032 | [
23300483,
20525287,
27799339,
19625390,
17916239,
21079672
] | train | Are whole-genome duplications more divergent than small-scale duplications in yeast? | yesno | Whole-genome duplicates tend to exhibit less profound phenotypic effects when deleted, are functionally less divergent, and are associated with a different set of functions than their small-scale duplicate counterparts. | yes | [
"Researchers have long been enthralled with the idea that gene duplication can \ngenerate novel functions, crediting this process with great evolutionary \nimportance. Empirical data shows that whole-genome duplications (WGDs) are more \nlikely to be retained than small-scale duplications (SSDs), though their \nrel... | nan |
5e3c69c9b5b409ea53000021 | [
26436129,
19145669,
20921829,
20518663,
25536554,
24597745,
7029300,
22077339
] | train | As of 2019, what type of cancer is commonly associated with ionizing radiation | list | Ionizing radiation is commonly associated with lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. | ['thyroid cancer', 'Breast Cancer', 'leukemia', 'osteosarcoma', 'lung', 'prostate', 'oral', 'stomach', 'colon', 'bladder', 'ovary', 'multiple myeloma', 'kidney', 'esophageal squamous cell carcinoma'] | [
"BACKGROUND: There is much uncertainty about the risks of leukaemia and lymphoma \nafter repeated or protracted low-dose radiation exposure typical of \noccupational, environmental, and diagnostic medical settings. We quantified \nassociations between protracted low-dose radiation exposures and leukaemia, \nlymphom... | nan |
5c72a5ca7c78d6947100006d | [
21274438,
7997071
] | train | As of Feb 2019, are major brain gangliosides a target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease? | yesno | As of Feb 2019, major brain gangliosides are proposed as a target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | yes | [
"Conversion of the soluble, nontoxic amyloid β-protein (Aβ) into an aggregated, \ntoxic form rich in β-sheets is a key step in the onset of Alzheimer's disease \n(AD). It has been suggested that Aβ induces changes in neuronal membrane \nfluidity as a result of its interactions with membrane components such as \ncho... | nan |
5c5219f67e3cb0e231000006 | [
30102239
] | train | As of September 2018, what machine learning algorithm is used to for cardiac arrhythmia detection from a short single-lead ECG recorded by a wearable device? | factoid | Support Vector machines( SVM) can be used for cardiac arrhythmia detection in from an ECG recorded by a wearable device. | SVM OR Support Vector Machine | [
"OBJECTIVE: Use of wearable ECG devices for arrhythmia screening is limited due \nto poor signal quality, small number of leads and short records, leading to \nincorrect recognition of pathological events. This paper introduces a novel \napproach to classification (normal/'N', atrial fibrillation/'A', other/'O', an... | nan |
52efbfccc8da898910000018 | [
17544610,
23559085,
19114542,
17636722,
19463607,
16026106,
22529180,
16542047
] | train | At which kind of individuals is pharmacological treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism effective in reducing cardiovascular events? | factoid | Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with fewer cardiovascular events in younger individuals, but this issue has not been resolved yet in elderly people. | effective in younger individuals | [
"OBJECTIVE: Subclinical hypothyroidism affects 5-15% of the population and is \nassociated with increased cardiovascular morbidity, although this is \ncontroversial. We recently reported a significant increase in brachial-ankle \npulse wave velocity (baPWV), a parameter of arterial stiffening and an \nindependent p... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D013812', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D002318', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D007037'] |
6235f0e93a8413c6530000ad | [
15776322,
6523080,
33763273,
16272271,
32623537,
2645074,
22665557,
11301365,
33850389,
16525818,
2492542
] | train | Atlanto-axial rotary instability (Fielding type 1) is common to what diseases? | list | Atlanto-axial instability (AAI) is common in the connective tissue disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and increasingly recognized in the heritable disorders of Stickler, Loeys-Dietz, Marfan, Morquio, and Ehlers-Danlos (EDS) syndromes as well as infectious disease. | ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'connective tissues disorders', 'infectious disease', 'Stickler syndrome', 'Loeys-Dietz syndrome', "Marfan's syndrome", 'Morquio syndrome', 'Ehlers-Danlos (EDS) syndrome'] | [
"Atlanto-axial rotatory fixation (AARF) is a rare cause of childhood torticollis \nthat may occur spontaneously or in association with trauma and upper respiratory \ninfections. We describe the clinical findings, as well as the effectiveness of \nimaging in the diagnosis and the treatment of 4 children with AARF, i... | nan |
6250a917e764a53204000013 | [
31259104,
34710311,
32923368,
29967896,
30254807,
28266699,
14600140,
31659532,
17599001,
22030703,
29848535,
32426357,
18635383,
30880376,
31300377,
19886075,
25218621
] | train | Austrian syndrome is a rare entity characterized by Osler's triad. Please list the 3 components of Osler's triad. | list | Austrian syndrome, which is also known as Osler's triad, is a rare aggressive pathology consisting of pneumonia, endocarditis, and meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae | ['pneumonia', 'endocarditis', 'meningitis'] | [
"Austrian syndrome is a rare triad of meningitis, pneumonia, and endocarditis \ncaused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. We present a case of the Austrian syndrome \nin the oldest patient in the reviewed literature, with no other classically \ndescribed risk factors. She had an unusual initial presentation \nand microor... | nan |
5e3d8edf48dab47f26000003 | [
24914338,
24779013,
30544615,
28889353,
29022289,
22475795,
28884441,
31803515
] | train | Autophagy is the process where a virus obtains nutrients from it's host, yes or no? | yesno | No, autophagy is important in cellular homeostasis for the cell survival mechanism and is involved apoptosis. | no | [
"Autophagy is a lysosome-associated, degradative process that catabolizes \ncytosolic components to recycle nutrients for further use and maintain cell \nhomeostasis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, \nwhich often leads to end-stage liver-associated diseases and is a significant \nburd... | nan |
5e3c841148dab47f26000002 | [
22009441,
20826658,
29441009,
23552370,
27995573,
20678581,
27697018
] | train | Before 2019, what neurologic diseases are associated with the tau protein? | list | Tau proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | ["Alzheimer's", 'Multiple Sclerosis', 'AML', "Pick's disease (PiD)", 'parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17)', 'progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)', 'frontotemporal dementia'] | [
"Alzheimer's disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal \ndementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), and Pick's disease \n(PiD) are commonly known as tauopathies. Neurodegeneration observed in these \ndiseases is linked to neuronal fibrillary hyperphosphorylated tau protein... | nan |
61f5924e882a024a1000000e | [
34613603,
34590859,
33931436,
34818478,
34482771,
33945366,
34479868
] | train | Belzutifan has shown effectiveness for which diseases? | list | Belzutifan is the small-molecule HIF 2 alpha inhibitor that has demonstrated significant efficacy in the von Hippel-Lindau disease related renal cell carcinomas, hemangioblastomas, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors while demonstrating an acceptable safety profile | ['renal cell carcinomas', 'hemangioblastomas', 'pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors'] | [
"Belzutifan (Welireg™) is an oral small molecule inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible \nfactor (HIF)-2α being developed by Peloton Therapeutics for the treatment of \nsolid tumours, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with clear cell histology \n(ccRCC) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease-associated RCC. In August 2021,... | nan |
5536554abc4f83e828000008 | [
2303258
] | train | Between which probes does the recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma lie? | list | The recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma has been localized between two probes, D22S1 and D22S15, by both in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrids | ['D22S1', 'D22S15'] | [
"The recurrent translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22 of neuroepithelioma has \nbeen localized between two probes, D22S1 and D22S15, by both in situ \nhybridization and somatic cell hybrids. These two probes have further been shown \nto be genetically linked at theta = 0.0 and a lod score of 5.3. The two probes ... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D056905', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D014178', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:4388', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&... |
55424745ed966d112c000002 | [
8411203,
8433382,
20838599,
7932780,
2253708,
1556753,
7723058,
2326195,
3454289,
1978331,
3357886
] | train | Between which types of DNA bases are mutational biases introduced due to directional mutation pressure? | summary | The rates of substitution mutations in two directions, v (from an AT-pair to a GC-pair) and u (from a GC-pair to an AT-pair), are usually not the same. Thereafter, the effect of mutation on a genome is not random but has a directionality toward higher or lower GC content of DNA. The net effect, v/(u + v), has previousl... | The rates of substitution mutations in two directions, v (from an AT-pair to a GC-pair) and u (from a GC-pair to an AT-pair), are usually not the same. Thereafter, the effect of mutation on a genome is not random but has a directionality toward higher or lower GC content of DNA. The net effect, v/(u + v), has previousl... | [
"Using a general form of the directional mutation theory, this paper analyzes the \neffect of mutations in mutator genes on the G+C content of DNA, the frequency of \nsubstitution mutations, and evolutionary changes (cumulative mutations) under \nvarious degrees of selective constraints. Directional mutation theory... | nan |
61f609d3882a024a10000024 | [
33026212,
34384327,
33549193,
34260044,
34178093,
34687214,
33727793,
31172372,
31214486,
34471992,
34408825,
27859546,
30332893,
34623614,
34077151
] | train | Bimekizumab is used for treatment of which disease? | factoid | Bimekizumab is used for psoriasis. | psoriasis | [
"INTRODUCTION: Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced \nby helper T cells (Th17) and other cells of the immune system and exerts \npleiotropic effects on multiple cell lines. The role of IL-17 in the \npathogenesis of numerous inflammatory disorders is well-documented. IL-17 \nactivates si... | nan |
5890fde5621ea6ff7e000009 | [
15842944,
22374275,
20849795,
25746311,
26120845,
23582488,
8893721,
20966056,
25354667,
16286391,
25516093,
22107858,
25479123,
26246101,
20678360,
20678361,
20176602,
19408992,
23570149,
23811958
] | train | Borden classification is used for which disease? | factoid | Borden classification systems is used for the prediction of clinical behavior of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas. | cranial dural arteriovenous fistula or DAVF | [
"OBJECTIVE: Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulae are uncommon but \nlife-threatened lesions. We present our experience of 5 cases with tentorial \ndural arteriovenous fistulae, review the relevant literature and present the \nrationale of our current management strategy.\nMETHODS: The data of five patients with t... | ['https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2017/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D002965', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:4', 'https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2017/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D004194', 'https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2017/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&... |
5c5245b57e3cb0e23100000a | [
28026754,
29266819,
29428356,
29846502,
28969863,
29439500,
29047032
] | train | Briefly describe a deep learning system that is more accurate than human experts at detecting melanoma. | summary | in August of 2018 a study was published where a Convolutional Neural Network's (CNN) diagnostic performance was compared with a large international group of 58 dermatologists, including 30 experts. Most dermatologists were outperformed by the CNN, the CNN had both higher sensitivity and specificity. | in August of 2018 a study was published where a Convolutional Neural Network's (CNN) diagnostic performance was compared with a large international group of 58 dermatologists, including 30 experts. Most dermatologists were outperformed by the CNN, the CNN had both higher sensitivity and specificity. | [
"Automated melanoma recognition in dermoscopy images is a very challenging task \ndue to the low contrast of skin lesions, the huge intraclass variation of \nmelanomas, the high degree of visual similarity between melanoma and \nnon-melanoma lesions, and the existence of many artifacts in the image. In order \nto m... | nan |
5c6b7fb27c78d6947100002d | [
30269120,
29545670,
29947083,
29679282,
30459508,
29791829,
29381780,
30207609,
29896030
] | train | Burosumab is used for treatment of which disease? | factoid | Burosumab is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed at fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), is indicated for the treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), a condition associated with excessive FGF23 production. | X-linked hypophosphatemia | [
"Fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF23)is a phosphaturic hormone, and its excess \ncauses several kinds of congenital and acquired hypophosphatemic diseases. A \ncombination of oral active vitamin D3 and phosphate salt is the current standard \ntherapy for patients with FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets and \noste... | nan |
5549de44f35db7552600000c | [
23354752,
22556419,
10608900,
21111690,
12717453,
20880409,
15850400,
9603880,
9328176,
11892789,
23481913,
12531387,
15475388,
12767940,
21178309,
9756871,
17545288,
17616589,
12717778,
23463507,
20345942,
22092761,
23376345,
9140059,
7739614,
10954591,
25294823,... | train | By which mechanism MutT proteins act against DNA lesions in bacteria? | summary | MutT proteins belong to a class of Nudix hydrolases. The common substrate structure for the proteins of the functionally diverse Nudix superfamily is nucleotide-diphosphate-X, where X is a large variety of leaving groups. The activities of Nudix hydrolases usually result in the release of an inorganic phosphate ion or ... | MutT proteins belong to a class of Nudix hydrolases. The common substrate structure for the proteins of the functionally diverse Nudix superfamily is nucleotide-diphosphate-X, where X is a large variety of leaving groups. The activities of Nudix hydrolases usually result in the release of an inorganic phosphate ion or ... | [
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is at increased \nrisk of accumulating damaged guanine nucleotides such as 8-oxo-dGTP and \n8-oxo-GTP because of its residency in the oxidative environment of the host \nmacrophages. By hydrolyzing the oxidized guanine nucleotides before their \ninco... | ['http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MUTT_PROVU'] |
516ec97f298dcd4e51000087 | [
7544864,
21940641,
20207713,
22940609,
12857639,
21851592,
19748458,
22289866,
11411692,
23060619,
19423664,
21899420,
15008414
] | train | By which methods can we evaluate the reliability of a phylogenetic tree? | list | The methods for assessing the robustness/reliability of the topology of the inferred phylogenetic trees are: the widely used bootstrap method and the jackknife method. | ['bootstrap', 'jackknife'] | [
"Comparisons of pol gene nucleotide and reverse transcriptase (RT) amino acid \nsequences of 47 retroviruses, 3 caulimoviruses, and 5 hepadnaviruses showed that \napproximately one-third of the gene at the 5' end is much more conserved than \nother pol regions. The most conserved regions on both the nucleotide and ... | nan |
5a67ab79b750ff445500000b | [
26874956,
26237261,
20920140,
16928720,
29161297,
28678546,
28681972,
24931899,
21539743
] | train | CURB65 score is used for stratification of which disease? | factoid | CURB65 (confusion, urea, respiration, blood pressure; age>65 years) is used for assessment of pneumonia severity. | pneumonia | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of infectious death in \nthe world. Immune dysregulation during acute lung infection plays a role in lung \ninjury and the systemic inflammatory response. Cytokines seem to be major \nplayers in severe lung infection cases. Here, we present a review of publis... | ['https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004194'] |
5e764732c6a8763d23000017 | [
28035551
] | train | Can AGY be used as antidiuretic replacement therapy? | yesno | No, AGY is an oral egg yolk anti-gliadin antibody used to neutralize gluten. It is used in patients with celiac disease. | no | [
"BACKGROUND: Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-triggered autoimmune disorder of the \nsmall intestine. A lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only approved \ntreatment; however, strict adherence is difficult and many suffer from \ninadvertent gluten exposure. Oral egg yolk anti-gliadin antibody (AGY) is a \nnovel t... | nan |
5fe31319a43ad31278000046 | [
30335168,
28138849,
30559361,
30936163,
30580963,
32029221,
31594952,
32620137,
32029740,
26083756,
32637041,
30451828,
31428792,
29686426,
26294014
] | train | Can ATAC-Seq be employed in single-cell mode? | yesno | Single-cell ATAC-seq detects open chromatin in individual cells. | yes | [
"ATAC-seq is a recently developed method to identify the areas of open chromatin \nin a cell. These regions usually correspond to active regulatory elements and \ntheir location profile is unique to a given cell type. When done at single-cell \nresolution, ATAC-seq provides an insight into the cell-to-cell variabil... | nan |
5156beb4d24251bc05000089 | [
23528227,
21709374,
22155483,
23435408,
21548758,
23054683,
23030236,
19936094
] | train | Can Alzheimer's disease related miRNAs be detected in patients' blood? | yesno | Yes. It has been demonstrated that blood miRNAs could be useful as biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. | yes | [
"The contribution of the autosomal dominant mutations to the etiology of familial \nAlzheimer's disease (AD) is well characterized. However, the molecular \nmechanisms contributing to sporadic AD are less well understood. Increased \nceramide levels have been evident in AD patients. We previously reported that \nin... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D035683', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D001773', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2012/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=diseases_category', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/... |
5e7f64a5835f4e477700001e | [
29280411
] | train | Can CMB305 be used against sarcomas? | yesno | Yes, the CMB205 vaccine is aimed at synovial sarcoma and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma patients. | yes | [
"INTRODUCTION: Synovial Sarcoma (SS) and Myxoid Round Cell Liposarcoma (MRCL) are \ndevastating sarcoma subtypes with few treatment options and poor outcomes in the \nadvanced setting. However, both these diseases may be ideal for novel \nimmunotherapies targeting the cancer-testis antigen, NY-ESO-1.\nAREAS COVERED... | nan |
52f89fba2059c6d71c00004f | [
18926777,
18393531,
23975139
] | train | Can DMSO as an additive improve proteomic analysis results? | summary | Quantitative precisions improved significantly when DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) was added to the matrix solution.
Introducing to the 80% formic acid injection solution an organic solvent such as acetonitrile or acetonitrile-DMSO induced further retention selectivity, and increasing levels of organic solvents reduced on-co... | Quantitative precisions improved significantly when DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) was added to the matrix solution.
Introducing to the 80% formic acid injection solution an organic solvent such as acetonitrile or acetonitrile-DMSO induced further retention selectivity, and increasing levels of organic solvents reduced on-co... | [
"In an effort to optimize reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) for \nproteomics, we studied the impact of composition of the sample injection \nsolution on protein on-column selection and retention. All the proteins studied \nwere retained on-column when injections were made in 50% formic acid, 0.1% TFA \nor ... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D020543', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D040901', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D004121', 'http://www.biosemantics.org/jochem#4275915... |
56c71cb65795f9a73e00000b | [
2536704,
22975492,
10434060,
21446672,
8941714,
2164630,
1727386,
8449832,
10637356,
8242865,
11077044,
367540,
2537142,
21591994,
20133050,
2695099,
8812219,
2845248,
7525959,
3002440,
11230801,
10691026,
2168281,
16798938,
19424733,
17442658,
2820967,
3009009,... | train | Can DNA intercalators function as topoisomerase inhibitors? | yesno | The DNA unwinding suggests DNA intercalation, which could explain the inhibition of topoisomerase II. Among its many properties, amiloride is a DNA intercalator and topoisomerase II inhibitor. Amsacrine, a DNA intercalator and topoisomerase II inhibitor, is efficacious as an antileukemogenic agent. AQ4N (1,4-bis[[2-(di... | yes | [
"Among its many properties, amiloride is a DNA intercalator and topoisomerase II \ninhibitor. Previous work has indicated that the most stable conformation for \namiloride is a planar, hydrogen-bonded, tricyclic structure. To determine \nwhether the ability of amiloride to intercalate into DNA and to inhibit DNA \n... | ['http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D026942', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D059004', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D059005', 'http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cg... |
5e7f6090835f4e477700001a | [
19117896
] | train | Can Daptacel be used instead of IPOL? | yesno | No, Daptacel is a diphtheria, tetanus, 5-component acellular pertussis vaccine, while IPOL is an inactivated poliovirus vaccine. | no | [
"OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to compare the safety and immunogenicity of a \ncombination vaccine (DTaP(5)-IPV-Hib; Pentacel) with that of its separately \nadministered, US-licensed equivalent vaccines (diphtheria, tetanus, 5-component \nacellular pertussis vaccine [DTaP(5); Daptacel], inactivated poliovirus vaccine \n[... | nan |
58a0a28a78275d0c4a000051 | [
27118464,
25931474,
24827651,
15746700
] | train | Can Diabetes be caused by a defect in a potassium chanel? | yesno | Mutations in the KATP channel can lead to neonatal diabetes. | yes | [
"AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel plays a \npivotal role in linking beta cell metabolism to insulin secretion. Mutations in \nKATP channel genes can result in hypo- or hypersecretion of insulin, as in \nneonatal diabetes mellitus and congenital hyperinsulinism, respectively. To... | ['https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2017/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=Find+Exact+Term&term=D016640', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:11717', 'http://www.disease-ontology.org/api/metadata/DOID:9351', 'http://www.biosemantics.org/jochem#4277521', 'https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2017/MB_cgi?field=uid&exact=F... |
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