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Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition
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in being comparatively modern.
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For although the Chinese took impressions from wood blocks engraved in relief for centuries before the woodcutters of the Netherlands, by a similar process
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produced the block books, which were the immediate predecessors of the true printed book,
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the invention of movable metal letters in the middle of the fifteenth century may justly be considered as the invention of the art of printing.
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And it is worth mention in passing that, as an example of fine typography,
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the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or "forty-two line Bible" of about 1455,
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has never been surpassed.
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Printing, then, for our purpose, may be considered as the art of making books by means of movable types.
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Now, as all books not primarily intended as picture-books consist principally of types composed to form letterpress,
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it is of the first importance that the letter used should be fine in form;
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especially as no more time is occupied, or cost incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters
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than in the same operations with ugly ones.
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And it was a matter of course that in the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever they were,
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the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves.
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