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They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1039 | mans, Green, 1940, p. 132, and Jeffreys, “Who Introduced Maize into Southern Africa?” *South African Journal of Sciences*, 63, January 1967, p. 30.
49. J.L.L. Duyvendak, *China’s Discovery of Africa*, London, A. Probsthain, 1949, p. 30, and Jeffreys, op. cit., p. 28.
50. Jeffreys, op. cit., p. 30.
51. R. Summers, *I... | mans, Green, 1940, p. 132, and Jeffreys, “Who Introduced Maize into Southern Africa?” South African Journal of Sciences, 63, January 1967, p. 30.
49. J.L.L. Duyvendak, China’s Discovery of Africa, London, A. Probsthain, 1949, p. 30, and Jeffreys, op. cit., p. 28.
50. Jeffreys, op. cit., p. 30.
51. R. Summers, Inyang... | THE MYSTERY OF MU-LAN-P'I | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 585,277 | 626 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1040 | 53. N. N. Kuleshov, “Some Peculiarities of Maize in Asia,” H. J. Kidd and H. C. Reynolds (trans.), *Annual of the Missouri Botanical Garden*, 41, No. 3. See M.D.W. Jeffreys, “Pre-Columbian Maize in Asia,” in Riley, Kelley, Pennington, and Rand (eds.), *Man Across the Sea*, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1971, p. 38... | 53. N. N. Kuleshov, “Some Peculiarities of Maize in Asia,” H. J. Kidd and H. C. Reynolds (trans.), Annual of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 41, No. 3. See M.D.W. Jeffreys, “Pre-Columbian Maize in Asia,” in Riley, Kelley, Pennington, and Rand (eds.), Man Across the Sea, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1971, p. 380.
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They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1041 | 67. Lorenzo Dow Turner, *Africanisms in the Gullah Dialet*, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1939. Reprinted by Arno Press, New York, 1969.
68. Cauvet, op. cit., p. 9.
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69. Harold Lawrence, “African Explorers in the New World,” *Crisis*, June–July 1962. Heritage Program Reprint, p. ... | 67. Lorenzo Dow Turner, Africanisms in the Gullah Dialet, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1939. Reprinted by Arno Press, New York, 1969.
68. Cauvet, op. cit., p. 9.
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69. Harold Lawrence, “African Explorers in the New World,” Crisis, June–July 1962. Heritage Program Reprint, p. 10.
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They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1042 | # POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS
The negro started his career in America not as a slave but as master.
—R. A. JAIRAZBHOY, Ancient Egyptians and Chinese in America
The startling fact is that in all parts of Mexico, from Campeche in the east to the south coast of Guerrero, and from Chiapas, next to the Guatemalan border, t... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS
The negro started his career in America not as a slave but as master.
—R. A. JAIRAZBHOY, Ancient Egyptians and Chinese in America
The startling fact is that in all parts of Mexico, from Campeche in the east to the south coast of Guerrero, and from Chiapas, next to the Guatemalan border, to ... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 587,143 | 691 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1043 | I let the grains filter slowly through my fingers like sand falling in a measured drip through the neck of an ancient hourglass. Some of the grains at the bottom of the grave reminded me of that sunless, ashen powder one finds on the floor of abandoned ant heaps. They were mixed now with a darker, heavier, more brittle... | I let the grains filter slowly through my fingers like sand falling in a measured drip through the neck of an ancient hourglass. Some of the grains at the bottom of the grave reminded me of that sunless, ashen powder one finds on the floor of abandoned ant heaps. They were mixed now with a darker, heavier, more brittle... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 587,834 | 603 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1044 | beer and soda cans, at the pure unlittered pool of the Caribbean sky. My guide called down to me from the edge of the pit. Her voice was clear above the muffled hammer of the sea in the bay outside, and the closeness and immediacy of this vital cry against the whisper of the unseen ocean in Hull Bay flooded me with a s... | beer and soda cans, at the pure unlittered pool of the Caribbean sky. My guide called down to me from the edge of the pit. Her voice was clear above the muffled hammer of the sea in the bay outside, and the closeness and immediacy of this vital cry against the whisper of the unseen ocean in Hull Bay flooded me with a s... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 588,437 | 628 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1045 | I had come to the Virgin Islands a year after the Smithsonian had reported the Hull Bay find.* According to the Associated Press report on the discovery, the skeletons of two Negroid males in their late thirties had been found buried in soil layers dated A.D. 1250. Clamped around the wrist of one of the skeletons was a... | I had come to the Virgin Islands a year after the Smithsonian had reported the Hull Bay find.* According to the Associated Press report on the discovery, the skeletons of two Negroid males in their late thirties had been found buried in soil layers dated A.D. 1250. Clamped around the wrist of one of the skeletons was a... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 589,065 | 779 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1046 | I learned from information filtering out of the Smithsonian that interest had evaporated because the skeletons found in the grave could not be properly dated. Saltwater had seeped into the bones, disturbing the carbon content, leading to wildly fluctuating readings of skeletal age. Also, and this is most revealing, a n... | I learned from information filtering out of the Smithsonian that interest had evaporated because the skeletons found in the grave could not be properly dated. Saltwater had seeped into the bones, disturbing the carbon content, leading to wildly fluctuating readings of skeletal age. Also, and this is most revealing, a n... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 589,844 | 448 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1047 | * My visit to the Virgin Islands was sponsored jointly by the Environmental Studies Program on St. John and the College of the Virgin Islands on St. Thomas. Mrs. Doris Jadan, President of E.S.P., had invited me to study the petroglyphs carved at the bottom of an ancient freshwater pool in the Reef Bay Valley. Some of t... | * My visit to the Virgin Islands was sponsored jointly by the Environmental Studies Program on St. John and the College of the Virgin Islands on St. Thomas. Mrs. Doris Jadan, President of E.S.P., had invited me to study the petroglyphs carved at the bottom of an ancient freshwater pool in the Reef Bay Valley. Some of t... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 590,292 | 633 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1048 | In matters of this nature it is wise for the Smithsonian to tread with great caution. The disturbance of the bones by seawater makes one aspect of the evidence inconclusive, but the other features—the pre-Columbian ceramic vessel, the age of the soil layers, the evidence of an unusual dental ritual not associated with ... | In matters of this nature it is wise for the Smithsonian to tread with great caution. The disturbance of the bones by seawater makes one aspect of the evidence inconclusive, but the other features—the pre-Columbian ceramic vessel, the age of the soil layers, the evidence of an unusual dental ritual not associated with ... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 590,925 | 830 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1049 | For to assume that a nail found beside an African skeleton is proof of a post-Columbian dating is absurd. Apart from the possibility of accidental intrusion from a higher stratum (such a tiny object can easily slip through a crack in the earth), the even more real possibility that pre-Columbian Africans were acquainted... | For to assume that a nail found beside an African skeleton is proof of a post-Columbian dating is absurd. Apart from the possibility of accidental intrusion from a higher stratum (such a tiny object can easily slip through a crack in the earth), the even more real possibility that pre-Columbian Africans were acquainted... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 591,755 | 707 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1050 | The find at Hull Bay, however, is only the most recent in a series of discoveries of Negroid skeletal remains in pre-Columbian strata in the New World. I have already noted some of these among the Olmecs (as cited by Andrzej Wiercinski and Frederick Peterson) and the Pecos River valley skulls of a later period (as cite... | The find at Hull Bay, however, is only the most recent in a series of discoveries of Negroid skeletal remains in pre-Columbian strata in the New World. I have already noted some of these among the Olmecs (as cited by Andrzej Wiercinski and Frederick Peterson) and the Pecos River valley skulls of a later period (as cite... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 592,462 | 326 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1051 | * In fact an isolated iron spearhead was found in Nubia by the David Randall-MacIver and C. L. Woolley archaeological team in a stratum dating back to the Twelfth Dynasty. This is four hundred years before tiny iron implements for use in ritual ceremonies appear in Egypt in the tomb of Tutankhamen (late Eighteenth Dyna... | In fact an isolated iron spearhead was found in Nubia by the David Randall-MacIver and C. L. Woolley archaeological team in a stratum dating back to the Twelfth Dynasty. This is four hundred years before tiny iron implements for use in ritual ceremonies appear in Egypt in the tomb of Tutankhamen (late Eighteenth Dynast... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 592,788 | 604 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1052 | Earnest Hooton). Some theorists (H. S. Gladwin in *Men out of Asia* and his latter-day disciple, Legrand Clegg II, in his article “Who Were the First Americans?”)² point to “proto-Negroid” or “proto-Australoid” finds among some of the Pacific migrants to America twenty thousand years ago. These finds are almost exclusi... | Earnest Hooton). Some theorists (H. S. Gladwin in Men out of Asia and his latter-day disciple, Legrand Clegg II, in his article “Who Were the First Americans?”)² point to “proto-Negroid” or “proto-Australoid” finds among some of the Pacific migrants to America twenty thousand years ago. These finds are almost exclusive... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 593,392 | 650 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1053 | In the first place, they are different in stature and cephalic shape from the Olmec Negroid types reported by Wiercinski at Tlatilco, Cerro de las Mesas and Monte Albán; second, they belong to a period in world history when the so-called “Africoid” or “proto-Australoid” base (to use terms coined by these theorists) cou... | In the first place, they are different in stature and cephalic shape from the Olmec Negroid types reported by Wiercinski at Tlatilco, Cerro de las Mesas and Monte Albán; second, they belong to a period in world history when the so-called “Africoid” or “proto-Australoid” base (to use terms coined by these theorists) cou... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 594,042 | 832 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1054 | ld and copal found in pre-Columbian America are distinguishable as Nubian-Egyptian and West African types not simply and solely on the ground of their Negroid physiognomy but because of identifiable cultural items—helmets, coiffures, head kerchiefs, caps, compound earrings, tattoos and scarification—associated with par... | ld and copal found in pre-Columbian America are distinguishable as Nubian-Egyptian and West African types not simply and solely on the ground of their Negroid physiognomy but because of identifiable cultural items—helmets, coiffures, head kerchiefs, caps, compound earrings, tattoos and scarification—associated with par... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 594,874 | 371 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1055 | Also, they are found mainly along the Atlantic seaboard at the terminal points of winds and currents which bear from Africa all that remains flying and afloat, not only gourds and men and ships but even “the seasonal dust-cloud, drifting out of the great ocean of Sahara—the harmattan.”⁴
| Also, they are found mainly along the Atlantic seaboard at the terminal points of winds and currents which bear from Africa all that remains flying and afloat, not only gourds and men and ships but even “the seasonal dust-cloud, drifting out of the great ocean of Sahara—the harmattan.”⁴ | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 595,245 | 289 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1056 | The pre-Columbian blacks reported by Mongoloid Americans and enshrined in their oral traditions are clearly not the primitive “proto-Australoids” of the Ice Age. No oral traditions in the world
266
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| The pre-Columbian blacks reported by Mongoloid Americans and enshrined in their oral traditions are clearly not the primitive “proto-Australoids” of the Ice Age. No oral traditions in the world
266
THEY CAME BEFORE COLUMBUS | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 595,534 | 226 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1057 | go back that far. If they did, we would expect the Mongoloid Americans to preserve legends also of their primordial Pacific homelands before the crossing of the Bering Straits. A look at their oral traditions makes it very clear that the black figure to which they refer was an unusual outsider, in most cases an object ... | go back that far. If they did, we would expect the Mongoloid Americans to preserve legends also of their primordial Pacific homelands before the crossing of the Bering Straits. A look at their oral traditions makes it very clear that the black figure to which they refer was an unusual outsider, in most cases an object ... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 595,760 | 746 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1058 | Nicholas Leon, an eminent Mexican authority, reports on the oral traditions of the native Americans, according to some of whom “the oldest inhabitants of Mexico were Negroes.” “The existence of Negroes and giants,” he continues, “is commonly believed by nearly all the races of our soil and in their various languages th... | Nicholas Leon, an eminent Mexican authority, reports on the oral traditions of the native Americans, according to some of whom “the oldest inhabitants of Mexico were Negroes.” “The existence of Negroes and giants,” he continues, “is commonly believed by nearly all the races of our soil and in their various languages th... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 596,506 | 705 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1059 | The reference to giants is interesting, since many continental Africans are much taller than the native Americans. Vespucci mentions a strange race of tall men sighted on a Caribbean island (now known as Curaçao), and his distinguished biographer, Frederick Pohl, believes that these men were blacks. In a letter to me P... | The reference to giants is interesting, since many continental Africans are much taller than the native Americans. Vespucci mentions a strange race of tall men sighted on a Caribbean island (now known as Curaçao), and his distinguished biographer, Frederick Pohl, believes that these men were blacks. In a letter to me P... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 597,211 | 810 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1060 | dians of Trinidad in the same letter. His letter, written 5 or 6 months after his landing on Curaçao, was to his patron in Florence, and he could easily have failed to put in details we wish he had given.”⁷
| dians of Trinidad in the same letter. His letter, written 5 or 6 months after his landing on Curaçao, was to his patron in Florence, and he could easily have failed to put in details we wish he had given.”⁷ | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 598,021 | 208 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1061 | After completing the present work, I fell upon an extraordinary little volume, which is really a chapter in a larger work, *Old World Origins of American Civilization* by R. A. Jairazbhoy. | After completing the present work, I fell upon an extraordinary little volume, which is really a chapter in a larger work, Old World Origins of American Civilization by R. A. Jairazbhoy. | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 598,229 | 189 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1062 | Jairazbhoy claims that the Olmecs burst in on the Mexican Gulf Coast circa 1200 B.C., and that it is just after their appearance that “all kinds of civilised activity appears including massive organisation of labour, a trade network, ceremonial centres with pyramids, colossal sculpture, relief carving, wall painting, o... | Jairazbhoy claims that the Olmecs burst in on the Mexican Gulf Coast circa 1200 B.C., and that it is just after their appearance that “all kinds of civilised activity appears including massive organisation of labour, a trade network, ceremonial centres with pyramids, colossal sculpture, relief carving, wall painting, o... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 598,418 | 785 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1063 | Hard carbon datings of artifacts associated with outside influences begin in the 800–700 B.C. period, though the cultural complex known as Olmec has its beginnings in an earlier stratum (1200–1100 B.C.).
| Hard carbon datings of artifacts associated with outside influences begin in the 800–700 B.C. period, though the cultural complex known as Olmec has its beginnings in an earlier stratum (1200–1100 B.C.). | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 599,203 | 205 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1064 | Because of Jairazbhoy’s hypothesis—that the journey from Egypt to the Gulf of Mexico had to be made circa 1200 B.C. to coincide with the first Olmec settlements—he is led into strange speculations about the role and fate of the black figure in the reign of Ramses III, the Egyptian pharaoh of the 1200 B.C. period. | Because of Jairazbhoy’s hypothesis—that the journey from Egypt to the Gulf of Mexico had to be made circa 1200 B.C. to coincide with the first Olmec settlements—he is led into strange speculations about the role and fate of the black figure in the reign of Ramses III, the Egyptian pharaoh of the 1200 B.C. period. | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 599,408 | 315 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1065 | Since the Negroid figure, according to him, was a slave and mercenary in that period, but appears as a figure of great authority and power among the Olmecs, he speculates that they came to America under the supervision of northern Egyptian overlords, and were either made military governors of the Olmec by these overlor... | Since the Negroid figure, according to him, was a slave and mercenary in that period, but appears as a figure of great authority and power among the Olmecs, he speculates that they came to America under the supervision of northern Egyptian overlords, and were either made military governors of the Olmec by these overlor... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 599,723 | 571 | |||
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here by soldiers. The so-called “overlords,” which would include the high priests, would in all likelihood have perished in the mutiny or been relegated to a role of little or no influence.
| 268
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here by soldiers. The so-called “overlords,” which would include the high priests, would in all likelihood have perished in the mutiny or been relegated to a role of little or no influence. | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 600,294 | 222 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1067 | These matters can be explained far more simply and without recourse to such speculations. First of all, the native Americans were not savages when the Nubian-Egyptian party arrived, and while one may speak of profound outside influences upon the Olmecs, one should make allowance for the existence of a native civilizati... | These matters can be explained far more simply and without recourse to such speculations. First of all, the native Americans were not savages when the Nubian-Egyptian party arrived, and while one may speak of profound outside influences upon the Olmecs, one should make allowance for the existence of a native civilizati... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 600,516 | 692 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1068 | Second, the prior existence of a civilization among the Olmecs explains why there is an incorporation of Egyptian elements with native modifications rather than a wholesale replica of Egyptian civilization, although there are a number of identical traits shared by both cultures, reinforcing the evidence of an intimate ... | Second, the prior existence of a civilization among the Olmecs explains why there is an incorporation of Egyptian elements with native modifications rather than a wholesale replica of Egyptian civilization, although there are a number of identical traits shared by both cultures, reinforcing the evidence of an intimate ... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 601,208 | 675 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1069 | Fourth, all the main Rames-sid traits traceable to Olmec culture were equally in vogue in the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of the blacks, and some that had lapsed in the Ramses period were revived by the Nubians. Finally, the blacks emerge in America as “tough warrior dynasts” (to use Michael Coe’s phrase) because that is prec... | Fourth, all the main Rames-sid traits traceable to Olmec culture were equally in vogue in the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of the blacks, and some that had lapsed in the Ramses period were revived by the Nubians. Finally, the blacks emerge in America as “tough warrior dynasts” (to use Michael Coe’s phrase) because that is prec... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 601,883 | 398 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1070 | Bearing in mind these reservations, one may still point to a great deal of valuable evidence Jairazbhoy presents for an Egyptian contact and influence upon the Olmecs.
He notes that Tanis was the place from which Egyptian ships went out on distant expeditions. Tanis is also the place where he cites colossal sculptured... | Bearing in mind these reservations, one may still point to a great deal of valuable evidence Jairazbhoy presents for an Egyptian contact and influence upon the Olmecs.
He notes that Tanis was the place from which Egyptian ships went out on distant expeditions. Tanis is also the place where he cites colossal sculptured... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 602,281 | 387 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1071 | Negro-Nubians, similar in style and size to the ones found in the Olmec world. This is particularly interesting in view of the fact that the black kings made Tanis their capital, and Taharka not only concentrated his military and administrative elite in that Delta city, but built a new pharaonic palace and gardens ther... | Negro-Nubians, similar in style and size to the ones found in the Olmec world. This is particularly interesting in view of the fact that the black kings made Tanis their capital, and Taharka not only concentrated his military and administrative elite in that Delta city, but built a new pharaonic palace and gardens ther... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 602,668 | 803 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1072 | This oral tradition recorded in the *Popul Vuh*, the bible of the Quiche Maya, also mentions “black people, paleskinned people”¹² as among the people who came to this land from the sunrise. This would fit in with a Nubian-Phoenician crew. While oral traditions are sometimes difficult to date, and most literal events in... | This oral tradition recorded in the Popul Vuh, the bible of the Quiche Maya, also mentions “black people, paleskinned people”¹² as among the people who came to this land from the sunrise. This would fit in with a Nubian-Phoenician crew. While oral traditions are sometimes difficult to date, and most literal events in t... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 603,471 | 678 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1073 | At least half a dozen of these gods present in comparative analysis such a startling identity of arbitrary elements in unique combinations that it is difficult to see how independent cultures having no contact or other means of diffusion could duplicate them. These clusters of identical traits go beyond the universal g... | At least half a dozen of these gods present in comparative analysis such a startling identity of arbitrary elements in unique combinations that it is difficult to see how independent cultures having no contact or other means of diffusion could duplicate them. These clusters of identical traits go beyond the universal g... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 604,149 | 429 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1074 | He also draws attention to almost identical ritual practices and funerary customs shared by both cultures, as well as similar names for religious objects and concepts. One or two examples of these rituals may be seen in the phallic cult (Plate 33) and the Opening of the Mouth Ceremony (Plate 37). The most striking ling... | He also draws attention to almost identical ritual practices and funerary customs shared by both cultures, as well as similar names for religious objects and concepts. One or two examples of these rituals may be seen in the phallic cult (Plate 33) and the Opening of the Mouth Ceremony (Plate 37). The most striking ling... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 604,578 | 488 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1075 | Egyptian *Re* or *Ra*); for sacred incense (Mexican *copal* from Egyptian *kuphi*);* for paradise (Peruvian *yaru* from Egyptian *iaro* or *yaro*); for the sacred crocodile barque (Mexican *cipak* or *cipactli* from the Egyptian *sibak*).¹⁴ The Mexicans and Egyptians also share the same hieroglyph for “sun,” and the or... | Egyptian Re or Ra); for sacred incense (Mexican copal from Egyptian kuphi); for paradise (Peruvian yaru from Egyptian iaro or yaro); for the sacred crocodile barque (Mexican cipak or cipactli from the Egyptian sibak*).¹⁴ The Mexicans and Egyptians also share the same hieroglyph for “sun,” and the origin of heart plucki... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 605,066 | 451 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1076 | I have already noted the similarity between the royal litters and parasols in the two cultures. Jairazbhoy also mentions the double crown of Egypt, which appears on an Olmec dignitary who is proffering an object to a seated Negroid figure.¹⁶ Von Wuthenau has also noted the pharaonic cap itself on a Nubian figure in Mex... | I have already noted the similarity between the royal litters and parasols in the two cultures. Jairazbhoy also mentions the double crown of Egypt, which appears on an Olmec dignitary who is proffering an object to a seated Negroid figure.¹⁶ Von Wuthenau has also noted the pharaonic cap itself on a Nubian figure in Mex... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 605,517 | 479 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1077 | The new light Jairazbhoy sheds on the skeletal evidence of the Polish craniologist Wiercinski is of great importance in clearing up confusions over the Atlantic origin of the Negroid population among the Olmecs. He highlights the fact that 13.5 percent of the skeletons examined in the pre-Classic Olmec cemetery of Tlat... | The new light Jairazbhoy sheds on the skeletal evidence of the Polish craniologist Wiercinski is of great importance in clearing up confusions over the Atlantic origin of the Negroid population among the Olmecs. He highlights the fact that 13.5 percent of the skeletons examined in the pre-Classic Olmec cemetery of Tlat... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 605,996 | 522 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1078 | The female found in the graves in the pre-Classic period next to the Negroid male is very distinct from the male (native female, foreign male) but becomes similar to the male in the later Classic site, indicating progressive intermixture and the growing absorption of the foreign Negroid element into the largely Mongolo... | The female found in the graves in the pre-Classic period next to the Negroid male is very distinct from the male (native female, foreign male) but becomes similar to the male in the later Classic site, indicating progressive intermixture and the growing absorption of the foreign Negroid element into the largely Mongolo... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 606,518 | 693 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1079 | * Also the ritual incense spoons are of the same form, and incense in both places is used in the form of balls.
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latter would have disappeared millennia ago into the American gene pool; therefore it can only be concluded that Atlantic migrations from the African continent are responsible ... | * Also the ritual incense spoons are of the same form, and incense in both places is used in the form of balls.
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latter would have disappeared millennia ago into the American gene pool; therefore it can only be concluded that Atlantic migrations from the African continent are responsible ... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 607,211 | 393 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1081 | 1. The Associated Press report first appeared in *The Washington Post*, February 29, 1975, p. A17.
2. Harold S. Gladwin, *Men out of Asia*, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1947, and Legrand Clegg II, “Who Were the First Americans?” *The Black Scholar*, September 1975.
3. Roland B. Dixon, *The Racial History of Man*, New York, C... | 1. The Associated Press report first appeared in The Washington Post, February 29, 1975, p. A17.
2. Harold S. Gladwin, Men out of Asia, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1947, and Legrand Clegg II, “Who Were the First Americans?” The Black Scholar, September 1975.
3. Roland B. Dixon, The Racial History of Man, New York, Charles S... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | NOTES AND REFERENCES | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 607,629 | 727 | ||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1082 | 8. Chapter 3 of *Old World Origins of American Civilization*, Vol. 1, published separately under the title *Ancient Egyptians and Chinese in America*, Totowa, New Jersey, Rowman and Littlefield, 1974, p. 7.
9. Ibid., p. 20.
10. R. A. Jairazbhoy in *The New Diffusionist* (April 1972) as quoted by Alexander von Wuthenau,... | 8. Chapter 3 of Old World Origins of American Civilization, Vol. 1, published separately under the title Ancient Egyptians and Chinese in America, Totowa, New Jersey, Rowman and Littlefield, 1974, p. 7.
9. Ibid., p. 20.
10. R. A. Jairazbhoy in The New Diffusionist (April 1972) as quoted by Alexander von Wuthenau, Unexp... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | NOTES AND REFERENCES | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 608,356 | 763 | ||
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THEY CAME BEFORE COLUMBUS
17. Von Wuthenau, op. cit., p. 229.
18. Jairazbhoy, op. cit., p. 37. Also see K. G. Izikowitz, *Musical and Other Sound Instruments of the South American Indians*, Wakefield, Yorkshire, 1970, p. 151.
| 272
THEY CAME BEFORE COLUMBUS
17. Von Wuthenau, op. cit., p. 229.
18. Jairazbhoy, op. cit., p. 37. Also see K. G. Izikowitz, Musical and Other Sound Instruments of the South American Indians, Wakefield, Yorkshire, 1970, p. 151. | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | NOTES AND REFERENCES | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 609,119 | 233 | ||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1084 | 19. Jairazbhoy, op. cit., p. 20. R. A. Jairazbhoy has given notice in a private communication (June 5) that he will present further evidence on behalf of the Egyptian and Nubian presence and influence in Mexico circa 1200 B.C. to the Forty-Second Congress of Americanists in Paris in September 1976 in a talk entitled “R... | 19. Jairazbhoy, op. cit., p. 20. R. A. Jairazbhoy has given notice in a private communication (June 5) that he will present further evidence on behalf of the Egyptian and Nubian presence and influence in Mexico circa 1200 B.C. to the Forty-Second Congress of Americanists in Paris in September 1976 in a talk entitled “R... | POSTSCRIPT ON OTHER FINDS | NOTES AND REFERENCES | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 609,352 | 646 | ||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1085 | # INDEX
Abu Bakr, Khalif, 216
Abu Zaid, 42
Abubakari the Second, 27, 28, 39–50, 68–69, 103; boat-building operations, 45–47; expedition to America, 49–50; as Quetzalcoatl, 73–74, 78, 81, 82
Acajutla, Egyptian statuettes at, 151
Acosta, Father J. da, 197, 201, 202
Acroamirin language, 219
Aframomum trade, 243
Africa: I... | INDEX
Abu Bakr, Khalif, 216
Abu Zaid, 42
Abubakari the Second, 27, 28, 39–50, 68–69, 103; boat-building operations, 45–47; expedition to America, 49–50; as Quetzalcoatl, 73–74, 78, 81, 82
Acajutla, Egyptian statuettes at, 151
Acosta, Father J. da, 197, 201, 202
Acroamirin language, 219
Aframomum trade, 243
Africa: Its... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 609,998 | 639 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1086 | agriculture, 105–6, 190, 192, 237; black African influence on Egypt, 116–19, 120
Ainu people, 165
Akan tribe, 246
Aku tribe, 243
al-Qalqashandi, 69
al-Umark, 69
Alaska, 188
Albufeda, 42
alcyonium, 214
Aleutians, 160
Alexander the Great, 41, 47
Alfonso V, King, 10–11
Almeida, V. d’, 248
alpaca, 241
amanteca, 96
| agriculture, 105–6, 190, 192, 237; black African influence on Egypt, 116–19, 120
Ainu people, 165
Akan tribe, 246
Aku tribe, 243
al-Qalqashandi, 69
al-Umark, 69
Alaska, 188
Albufeda, 42
alcyonium, 214
Aleutians, 160
Alexander the Great, 41, 47
Alfonso V, King, 10–11
Almeida, V. d’, 248
alpaca, 241
amanteca, 96 | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 610,637 | 313 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1087 | Amazon River, 202–3, 208
Amazon stone beads, 117
American corn. See Maize
American Indians, 29, 31, 217, 237, 241; in the old world, 254–56
American Oriental Society, 237
Amerigo Vespucci, Pilot Major (Pohl), 3, 52
Ames, Oaks, 206
Amon-Ra (sun god), 126, 133–34
Amon-Ra, temple of (at Jebel Barkal), 158
Amon, religious ... | Amazon River, 202–3, 208
Amazon stone beads, 117
American corn. See Maize
American Indians, 29, 31, 217, 237, 241; in the old world, 254–56
American Oriental Society, 237
Amerigo Vespucci, Pilot Major (Pohl), 3, 52
Ames, Oaks, 206
Amon-Ra (sun god), 126, 133–34
Amon-Ra, temple of (at Jebel Barkal), 158
Amon, religious ... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 610,950 | 817 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1088 | Archaeological Explorations in Northeast Arizona (Guernsey and Kidder), 225–26
Argualos tribe, 96
Arias, Pedro, 23
Arkell, A. J., xv, xviii, 117, 118, 119, 127, 128, 129–30, 159
Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans (Holmes), 85
274
INDEX
| Archaeological Explorations in Northeast Arizona (Guernsey and Kidder), 225–26
Argualos tribe, 96
Arias, Pedro, 23
Arkell, A. J., xv, xviii, 117, 118, 119, 127, 128, 129–30, 159
Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans (Holmes), 85
274
INDEX | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 611,767 | 241 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1089 | The Art of Terracotta Pottery in Pre-Columbian South and Central America (Wuthenau), 21, 26
artificial beards, 165-66
Asante language, 246
Ashante tribe, 242
Ashante(e) pipes, 228
Ashur-bani-pal, King, 131, 148
Aspelta, King, 158
Assyrian Empire, 121-22, 125, 130, 131, 132-33
astrolabe, 57
avocado, 240
Aymara tribe, 59... | The Art of Terracotta Pottery in Pre-Columbian South and Central America (Wuthenau), 21, 26
artificial beards, 165-66
Asante language, 246
Ashante tribe, 242
Ashante(e) pipes, 228
Ashur-bani-pal, King, 131, 148
Aspelta, King, 158
Assyrian Empire, 121-22, 125, 130, 131, 132-33
astrolabe, 57
avocado, 240
Aymara tribe, 59... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 612,008 | 376 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1090 | Babalola, 247
Badari (Negroid race), 116
Baessler, A., 199
Bailey, James, 29-30, 52, 155-56, 163
Baja California, 206
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 21-24, 25, 35, 96, 128
Bambara language, 13, 102, 218, 227
Bambouk, gold diggers of, 43-44
bananas, 195-203, 242-43; in Ancon graves (Peru), 195-98, 199, 203; Arab-African trade ... | Babalola, 247
Badari (Negroid race), 116
Baessler, A., 199
Bailey, James, 29-30, 52, 155-56, 163
Baja California, 206
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 21-24, 25, 35, 96, 128
Bambara language, 13, 102, 218, 227
Bambouk, gold diggers of, 43-44
bananas, 195-203, 242-43; in Ancon graves (Peru), 195-98, 199, 203; Arab-African trade ... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 612,384 | 815 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1092 | Bight of Benin, 53
Binger, Captain, 216, 227, 228
Bini tribe, 170
bird and serpent motif, 74-77, 82, 163
Bird, Dr. Junius, 169, 187
birdmen, 80; origin of, 77
"black": use of, xvi-xviii
"black Californians," 62
black stream. See Kouro-Siwo Current blackness, myth of (as a curse), 112
Blom, Frans, 146
boats and boatbuil... | Bight of Benin, 53
Binger, Captain, 216, 227, 228
Bini tribe, 170
bird and serpent motif, 74-77, 82, 163
Bird, Dr. Junius, 169, 187
birdmen, 80; origin of, 77
"black": use of, xvi-xviii
"black Californians," 62
black stream. See Kouro-Siwo Current blackness, myth of (as a curse), 112
Blom, Frans, 146
boats and boatbuil... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 613,282 | 828 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1094 | Caberi language, 218
Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 9, 66, 67, 236, 243
Cadamosto, Alvise da, 28, 29, 52-54, 65
calendars, 83, 173-74
camels: in South American art, 80
Canaan (son of Ham), 112
Canaries Current, 9, 28, 67
Canary Islands, 160, 235
canavalia beans, 207-8, 209
Candolle, Alphonse de, 197, 202, 223, 249
Cap Blanc, 6... | Caberi language, 218
Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 9, 66, 67, 236, 243
Cadamosto, Alvise da, 28, 29, 52-54, 65
calendars, 83, 173-74
camels: in South American art, 80
Canaan (son of Ham), 112
Canaries Current, 9, 28, 67
Canary Islands, 160, 235
canavalia beans, 207-8, 209
Candolle, Alphonse de, 197, 202, 223, 249
Cap Blanc, 6... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 614,180 | 347 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1095 | INDEX 275
Cape Verde Islands, 8, 64, 67, 88, 196, 197, 201, 235
carbon-14 dating, 32, 115, 119, 145-46, 147, 171, 175, 189, 207
Carib Indians, 33, 219
Carter, G. F., 182, 206
Carthaginians, 53
Casa Grande site, 226
Casella, 255
Catolica Magistri Salerni, 214
cattle-rearing, 116
Cauvet, Jules, xv, 106, 252-54, 256
Cerro... | INDEX 275
Cape Verde Islands, 8, 64, 67, 88, 196, 197, 201, 235
carbon-14 dating, 32, 115, 119, 145-46, 147, 171, 175, 189, 207
Carib Indians, 33, 219
Carter, G. F., 182, 206
Carthaginians, 53
Casa Grande site, 226
Casella, 255
Catolica Magistri Salerni, 214
cattle-rearing, 116
Cauvet, Jules, xv, 106, 252-54, 256
Cerro... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 614,527 | 830 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1096 | Christaller, J. W., 199
Chu-fan-chih (Chao Ju-kua), 237
cibe amulets, 227
Ciezza de Leon, Pedro, 198
Clavigero, Abbe D. Francesco Saveria, 86
Clegg II, Legrand, 265
Codex Borgia, 86
Codex Troano, 100
Coe, Michael, 35, 150, 268
Colombia, 24, 159
Columbus, Bartholomew, 13, 14
Columbus, Christopher, 3-20, 29, 30, 31, 33, ... | Christaller, J. W., 199
Chu-fan-chih (Chao Ju-kua), 237
cibe amulets, 227
Ciezza de Leon, Pedro, 198
Clavigero, Abbe D. Francesco Saveria, 86
Clegg II, Legrand, 265
Codex Borgia, 86
Codex Troano, 100
Coe, Michael, 35, 150, 268
Colombia, 24, 159
Columbus, Bartholomew, 13, 14
Columbus, Christopher, 3-20, 29, 30, 31, 33, ... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 615,357 | 762 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1097 | cotton, 79, 93, 118, 197, 207; African ancestry of, 182-93; carbon-14 dating of, 189; at Huaca Prieta site, 169; in India, 190; Oceanian-Pacific hypothesis of, 187-88, 190, 191-92
cotton handkerchiefs, 16
Coxcatlan Cave, 188-89
Crete, 167, 168
Cro-Magnon skeletons, 164
Crusades, 235
Cuba, 5, 11, 12, 244
"The Curious Su... | cotton, 79, 93, 118, 197, 207; African ancestry of, 182-93; carbon-14 dating of, 189; at Huaca Prieta site, 169; in India, 190; Oceanian-Pacific hypothesis of, 187-88, 190, 191-92
cotton handkerchiefs, 16
Coxcatlan Cave, 188-89
Crete, 167, 168
Cro-Magnon skeletons, 164
Crusades, 235
Cuba, 5, 11, 12, 244
"The Curious Su... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 616,119 | 824 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1098 | Deir el-Bahri, temple of, 62
Delcroix, R., xv, 119, 190
Dellenbaugh, Frederick, 170
desert rock art, 116
desert travel, 68-69
Desplagnes, 85
The Destruction of Black Civilizations (Williams), 126
dhow (ship), 63
Diaz, Bartholomew, 4
Diaz, Bernal, 104
276
INDEX
| Deir el-Bahri, temple of, 62
Delcroix, R., xv, 119, 190
Dellenbaugh, Frederick, 170
desert rock art, 116
desert travel, 68-69
Desplagnes, 85
The Destruction of Black Civilizations (Williams), 126
dhow (ship), 63
Diaz, Bartholomew, 4
Diaz, Bernal, 104
276
INDEX | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 616,943 | 263 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1099 | D'Ibn-Al-Awan, 245
Diop, Cheikh Anta, xv
*Dioscorea* species, 209, 214
*D. Cayennensis*, 207, 209
divine kingship, concept of, 115–16, 120
Dixon, Roland, xv
Djibrine, Abdullah, 59
dogs, mummification of, 161, 162
Dominican Republic, 13
Dongola Reach, 125
Drioton, E., 127
Drucker, Philip, xv, 149, 154
*dua la mtepe* (sh... | D'Ibn-Al-Awan, 245
Diop, Cheikh Anta, xv
Dioscorea species, 209, 214
D. Cayennensis, 207, 209
divine kingship, concept of, 115–16, 120
Dixon, Roland, xv
Djibrine, Abdullah, 59
dogs, mummification of, 161, 162
Dominican Republic, 13
Dongola Reach, 125
Drioton, E., 127
Drucker, Philip, xv, 149, 154
dua la mtepe (ship), 4... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 617,206 | 486 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1100 | Egypt, 34, 35, 61, 64, 110–76, 198, 199; battle helmets of, 155; boats and boatbuilding, 57–62; influence of black Africa on, 110–22; maritime bond between Phoenicia and, 60–62; mummification in, 114–15; Napoleonic expedition to, 111, 112; Olmec culture and, 35; original word for, 112; Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, 125–40; uni... | Egypt, 34, 35, 61, 64, 110–76, 198, 199; battle helmets of, 155; boats and boatbuilding, 57–62; influence of black Africa on, 110–22; maritime bond between Phoenicia and, 60–62; mummification in, 114–15; Napoleonic expedition to, 111, 112; Olmec culture and, 35; original word for, 112; Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, 125–40; uni... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 617,692 | 721 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1101 | Ethiopian Dynasty. See Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Egypt)
Ethiopians, 14
Etruscans, 152
evil eye, 40
Ewe tribe, 200, 242
*Examen Critique* (Humboldt), 66
Fair Gods and Stone Faces (Irwin), 73
Fante tribe, 200, 242, 246
Fasseke, Balla, 43
Fell, Howard, xv
Ferdinand V, King, 5, 6, 7, 10–11, 12, 23, 64, 244
Fernandez, Valentim,... | Ethiopian Dynasty. See Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Egypt)
Ethiopians, 14
Etruscans, 152
evil eye, 40
Ewe tribe, 200, 242
Examen Critique (Humboldt), 66
Fair Gods and Stone Faces (Irwin), 73
Fante tribe, 200, 242, 246
Fasseke, Balla, 43
Fell, Howard, xv
Ferdinand V, King, 5, 6, 7, 10–11, 12, 23, 64, 244
Fernandez, Valentim, 2... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 618,413 | 827 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1102 | Gaul, Indians in (62 B.C.), 4, 255
*Geography of the World*, 235
Gilham, Dr., 183, 185
Gladwin, H. S., 265
Goajira language, 219
*The God-Kings and Titans* (Bailey), 30, 52
gold masks, 162, 163, 229
gold trade, 43, 47, 60, 136
*The Golden Trade of the Moors* (Bovill), 68
Gomara, 25
Goodman-Martinez-Thompson scale, 146
... | Gaul, Indians in (62 B.C.), 4, 255
Geography of the World, 235
Gilham, Dr., 183, 185
Gladwin, H. S., 265
Goajira language, 219
The God-Kings and Titans (Bailey), 30, 52
gold masks, 162, 163, 229
gold trade, 43, 47, 60, 136
The Golden Trade of the Moors (Bovill), 68
Gomara, 25
Goodman-Martinez-Thompson scale, 146
Goodwi... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 619,240 | 608 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1103 | Grodys, Svien-Magnus, 103
groundnuts (Arachis), 188
gua-nin trade, 13-14, 15
Guahiba language, 218-19
Guajira Peninsula, 68
guanaco, 241
Guarani Indians, 97, 106
guava, 240
Guayanacapa, King, 195-96, 199
Guernsey, S. J., 225
guimbris (musical instrument), 40
Guinea, 14, 66, 116, 119, 192, 197, 242, 243, 245, 246, 249; ... | Grodys, Svien-Magnus, 103
groundnuts (Arachis), 188
gua-nin trade, 13-14, 15
Guahiba language, 218-19
Guajira Peninsula, 68
guanaco, 241
Guarani Indians, 97, 106
guava, 240
Guayanacapa, King, 195-96, 199
Guernsey, S. J., 225
guimbris (musical instrument), 40
Guinea, 14, 66, 116, 119, 192, 197, 242, 243, 245, 246, 249; ... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 619,848 | 783 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1104 | Habbes-Gara language, 99
Haddon, A. C., 54, 160
Haiti, 13, 192, 201, 203, 209, 219, 244
Ham, story of, 112
Hanno, 52-53
Hanson, P. M., 78
Hapgood, xv
Harland, S. C., 185, 187
Hatshepsut, Queen, 62
Hausa language, 242
Hawaii, 184
Hawkins, Sir John, 221
headdresses, 16, 147
The Heart of Africa (Schweinfurth), 211, 222
He... | Habbes-Gara language, 99
Haddon, A. C., 54, 160
Haiti, 13, 192, 201, 203, 209, 219, 244
Ham, story of, 112
Hanno, 52-53
Hanson, P. M., 78
Hapgood, xv
Harland, S. C., 185, 187
Hatshepsut, Queen, 62
Hausa language, 242
Hawaii, 184
Hawkins, Sir John, 221
headdresses, 16, 147
The Heart of Africa (Schweinfurth), 211, 222
He... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 620,631 | 489 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1105 | Heyerdahl, Thor, xv, 58-60, 66, 79, 161, 164-65, 190, 202
Hezekiah, King, 131, 135
hieroglyphs, 34
Hirhor (high priest), 127
hirsutum (cotton) species, 184, 185
Hirth, Friedrich, 233, 238-39
History of Egypt (Breasted), 131-32
The History of Mexico (Clavigero), 86
History of the Conquest of Mexico (Orozco y Berra), 26
... | Heyerdahl, Thor, xv, 58-60, 66, 79, 161, 164-65, 190, 202
Hezekiah, King, 131, 135
hieroglyphs, 34
Hirhor (high priest), 127
hirsutum (cotton) species, 184, 185
Hirth, Friedrich, 233, 238-39
History of Egypt (Breasted), 131-32
The History of Mexico (Clavigero), 86
History of the Conquest of Mexico (Orozco y Berra), 26
... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 621,120 | 828 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1106 | Huy, tomb of (at Thebes), 130
Huy, tomb painting of, 167
Hyksos people, 121
Iarnac, Lord of, 212
Ibn-al-Baitar, 215, 229
Ibn Amri Hajib, 69
Ibn Battuta, 242
Ibo tribe, 243
Ice Age land bridge, 55-56
Idrisi (geographer), 42, 235
Ile Ife (Yoruba territory), 247
image-magic, 88-89
Imbert, Paul, 68
Inca Indians, 79, 160, 1... | Huy, tomb of (at Thebes), 130
Huy, tomb painting of, 167
Hyksos people, 121
Iarnac, Lord of, 212
Ibn-al-Baitar, 215, 229
Ibn Amri Hajib, 69
Ibn Battuta, 242
Ibo tribe, 243
Ice Age land bridge, 55-56
Idrisi (geographer), 42, 235
Ile Ife (Yoruba territory), 247
image-magic, 88-89
Imbert, Paul, 68
Inca Indians, 79, 160, 1... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 621,948 | 484 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1107 | International Congress of Americanists, 27, 33
Inyanga ruins, 247, 250
Iran, 132
Iraq, 132, 133
Ireland, 58
Iron Age, 138
iron, in ritual, 264
iron-smelting, techniques of, 138, 264
iron trade, 138, 140
Irwin, Constance, 73, 151-55, 156, 163
Isabella I, Queen, 6, 7, 11, 12, 64, 244
Isbella, 14
Istakhri, 42
Isthmus of D... | International Congress of Americanists, 27, 33
Inyanga ruins, 247, 250
Iran, 132
Iraq, 132, 133
Ireland, 58
Iron Age, 138
iron, in ritual, 264
iron-smelting, techniques of, 138, 264
iron trade, 138, 140
Irwin, Constance, 73, 151-55, 156, 163
Isabella I, Queen, 6, 7, 11, 12, 64, 244
Isbella, 14
Istakhri, 42
Isthmus of D... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 622,432 | 766 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1108 | Juan II, King, 3-10, 14, 66, 88, 246
Kabunga language, 13
kaffir corn, 250
Kala River, 41
Kalabi Dauman, 45
Kandanka language, 13
Kankan Musa, 43, 44, 49-50, 69, 103
Kapa language, 242
Karanog excavations, xviii
Karnak, temple of, 158
Kashta, King, 132
Kassena tribe, 242
Kaundinyapur site, 251
Ke Chih King-yuan, 250
Ke... | Juan II, King, 3-10, 14, 66, 88, 246
Kabunga language, 13
kaffir corn, 250
Kala River, 41
Kalabi Dauman, 45
Kandanka language, 13
Kankan Musa, 43, 44, 49-50, 69, 103
Kapa language, 242
Karanog excavations, xviii
Karnak, temple of, 158
Kashta, King, 132
Kassena tribe, 242
Kaundinyapur site, 251
Ke Chih King-yuan, 250
Ke... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 623,198 | 803 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1109 | Kuleshov, N. N., 250-51
Kun-tigi, 49
Kuru, royal graves at, 128, 129
Kush, kingdom of, 125-27, 148, 166
See also Twenty-Fifth Dynasty
La Farge, Oliver, 146
La Venta ceremonial site, 35, 150, 157, 165; earliest date for, 147; Egyptian-type pyramid at, 35; Irwin’s theory of, 151-55; Negroid stone figures at, 32-33, 61, 1... | Kuleshov, N. N., 250-51
Kun-tigi, 49
Kuru, royal graves at, 128, 129
Kush, kingdom of, 125-27, 148, 166
See also Twenty-Fifth Dynasty
La Farge, Oliver, 146
La Venta ceremonial site, 35, 150, 157, 165; earliest date for, 147; Egyptian-type pyramid at, 35; Irwin’s theory of, 151-55; Negroid stone figures at, 32-33, 61, 1... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 624,001 | 829 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1111 | INDEX 279
llama, 241
Lloyd, Seton, 172
Lonely Voyagers (Merrien), 65
Lorraine, Cardinal, 220
"lost-wax" technique, 169–71
Lucas, A., 264
Luce, J. V., 255
Mackenzie, Donald, 75, 76, 78–79
MacNeish, R. S., 188–89
Madagascar, 63
Madeira, 4
Magi, cap of the, 85–86
magicians, 43, 103, 222; paraphernalia of, 97
maize (Indian... | INDEX 279
llama, 241
Lloyd, Seton, 172
Lonely Voyagers (Merrien), 65
Lorraine, Cardinal, 220
"lost-wax" technique, 169–71
Lucas, A., 264
Luce, J. V., 255
Mackenzie, Donald, 75, 76, 78–79
MacNeish, R. S., 188–89
Madagascar, 63
Madeira, 4
Magi, cap of the, 85–86
magicians, 43, 103, 222; paraphernalia of, 97
maize (Indian... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 624,927 | 788 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1112 | Mande tribe, 13, 86, 99, 102, 118, 189, 190, 216, 217, 218, 227, 228
Mandingo people, 13, 28, 29, 30, 66, 68, 197, 218, 219, 227, 229; agriculture, 105–6; cibe amulets, 227; Dasiri worship, 82–84; magicians, 43; in medieval Mexico, 92–106; merchants and trade, 101–6; Quetzalcoatl cult and, 81–82; werewolf cult, 94–95, ... | Mande tribe, 13, 86, 99, 102, 118, 189, 190, 216, 217, 218, 227, 228
Mandingo people, 13, 28, 29, 30, 66, 68, 197, 218, 219, 227, 229; agriculture, 105–6; cibe amulets, 227; Dasiri worship, 82–84; magicians, 43; in medieval Mexico, 92–106; merchants and trade, 101–6; Quetzalcoatl cult and, 81–82; werewolf cult, 94–95, ... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 625,715 | 829 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1113 | Memphis, battle at (671 B.C.), 136
Mende language, 219
Mene, Princess, 160
Menes, Pharaoh, 62, 120
Mentuemhat (high priest), 136, 139
Mentuhotep I, Pharaoh, 121
Meroe, sun temple at, 158
Merrien, J., 65
Merrill, E. D., 182, 196–97, 255
Mesopotamia, 120, 165, 167
metal-casting, 169–71
Mexico Before Cortez (Bernal), 92
M... | Memphis, battle at (671 B.C.), 136
Mende language, 219
Mene, Princess, 160
Menes, Pharaoh, 62, 120
Mentuemhat (high priest), 136, 139
Mentuhotep I, Pharaoh, 121
Meroe, sun temple at, 158
Merrien, J., 65
Merrill, E. D., 182, 196–97, 255
Mesopotamia, 120, 165, 167
metal-casting, 169–71
Mexico Before Cortez (Bernal), 92
M... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 626,544 | 773 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1114 | Montezuma, King, 74, 104
Moore, F., 105–6
Moorehead, W. K., 225
Moret, Alexandre, 127, 128
Mori, F., xv, 115
Morocco, 42, 216
Morton, Samuel, 113
Motolinia, Fray Toribio de, 102
Mound Builder culture, 226
280
INDEX
| Montezuma, King, 74, 104
Moore, F., 105–6
Moorehead, W. K., 225
Moret, Alexandre, 127, 128
Mori, F., xv, 115
Morocco, 42, 216
Morton, Samuel, 113
Motolinia, Fray Toribio de, 102
Mound Builder culture, 226
280
INDEX | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 627,317 | 217 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1115 | Mount Tuxtla, 145
Mozambique, 249
Mpongwe tribe, 243
*mtpe* (trading vessel), 63, 235
Mu-lan-p'i (mystery land), 233–56; maize and, 241–52; meaning of, 238; voyage to New World (by pre-Columbian Arab-Africans), 252–53
Muisca people, 160
mummification, technique of, 34, 114–15, 134, 159–62; in ancient North America, 159... | Mount Tuxtla, 145
Mozambique, 249
Mpongwe tribe, 243
mtpe (trading vessel), 63, 235
Mu-lan-p'i (mystery land), 233–56; maize and, 241–52; meaning of, 238; voyage to New World (by pre-Columbian Arab-Africans), 252–53
Muisca people, 160
mummification, technique of, 34, 114–15, 134, 159–62; in ancient North America, 159–6... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 627,534 | 831 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1116 | *Nagualism* (Brinton), 98
Nahuatl language, 94, 96, 98, 99, 102
Napoleon I, 111, 112
National Commission for Nuclear Energy (Mexico), 99
National Geographic Society, 144, 147
Naualpilli (god), xviii; Negroid features of, 29
Necho I, Pharaoh, 154
Necho II, Pharaoh, 137, 154
Necropolis of Ancon, 195–98, 199, 203
“Negro”:... | Nagualism (Brinton), 98
Nahuatl language, 94, 96, 98, 99, 102
Napoleon I, 111, 112
National Commission for Nuclear Energy (Mexico), 99
National Geographic Society, 144, 147
Naualpilli (god), xviii; Negroid features of, 29
Necho I, Pharaoh, 154
Necho II, Pharaoh, 137, 154
Necropolis of Ancon, 195–98, 199, 203
“Negro”: u... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 628,365 | 526 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1117 | New World Negro communities, 21–38; in Ecuador, 35; Isthmus of Darien, 21–24, 25; ocean currents and, 24–25, 34–35; off Colombia coast, 24; portraiture evidence of, 25–35; Quarequa area, 23–24; skeleton finds, 33–34; Spanish sighting of, 21–24
Newfoundland, 79
Nguni tribe, 250
Nguro language, 242
Niam-Niam tribe, 223
N... | New World Negro communities, 21–38; in Ecuador, 35; Isthmus of Darien, 21–24, 25; ocean currents and, 24–25, 34–35; off Colombia coast, 24; portraiture evidence of, 25–35; Quarequa area, 23–24; skeleton finds, 33–34; Spanish sighting of, 21–24
Newfoundland, 79
Nguni tribe, 250
Nguro language, 242
Niam-Niam tribe, 223
N... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 628,891 | 784 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1118 | Nubia, 114, 127; battle helmets, 155; ironworks in, 138, 264; steppyramids in, 158. See also Twenty-Fifth Dynasty
Nunez Vega, Bishop Francisco, 83
*Nung Chêng Ts’uan Shu*, 250
Nupe language, 242
Nut, King, 134
Nuttall Codex, 168
Nuttall, Zelia, 168
Oaxaca stone head, 27–28
Ohio, 227
Ojebway Indians, 88
Olmec Indians, 2... | Nubia, 114, 127; battle helmets, 155; ironworks in, 138, 264; steppyramids in, 158. See also Twenty-Fifth Dynasty
Nunez Vega, Bishop Francisco, 83
Nung Chêng Ts’uan Shu, 250
Nupe language, 242
Nut, King, 134
Nuttall Codex, 168
Nuttall, Zelia, 168
Oaxaca stone head, 27–28
Ohio, 227
Ojebway Indians, 88
Olmec Indians, 26,... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 629,675 | 641 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1119 | Origin of Cultivated Plants (Candolle), 197, 202
Orozco y Berra, M., 26
Osiris (god), 76
Osorkon III, King, 126, 132
Otomi tribe, 93, 96
Oveido, G. F. de, 209, 218
Oyampi language, 201
Oyapock language, 201
| Origin of Cultivated Plants (Candolle), 197, 202
Orozco y Berra, M., 26
Osiris (god), 76
Osorkon III, King, 126, 132
Otomi tribe, 93, 96
Oveido, G. F. de, 209, 218
Oyampi language, 201
Oyapock language, 201 | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 630,316 | 208 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1120 | Pakistan, 187
Palenque, sarcophagus at, 159
Palestine, 120
Pane, Father Ramon, 227
papaya, 240
papyrus reed boats, 58–60, 62
Paracas mummies (Peru), 161
Parey, Ambrose, 215
Pecos River skulls, 34
Pempi (three-tiered pavilion), 40, 48, 49
Pepi II, Pharaoh, 121
Perestrello, Manoel, 249
Persian Empire, 137
Peru, 106, 157,... | Pakistan, 187
Palenque, sarcophagus at, 159
Palestine, 120
Pane, Father Ramon, 227
papaya, 240
papyrus reed boats, 58–60, 62
Paracas mummies (Peru), 161
Parey, Ambrose, 215
Pecos River skulls, 34
Pempi (three-tiered pavilion), 40, 48, 49
Pepi II, Pharaoh, 121
Perestrello, Manoel, 249
Persian Empire, 137
Peru, 106, 157,... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 630,524 | 744 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1121 | Piankhy, King, 125, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 148, 158, 161–62
pineapple, 240, 255
pipe bowls, 213–14
pipe smoking, 224–29; designs and motifs on pipes, 226–29; Mound Builders culture, 226
Pipes Antiques de la Suisse, Les (Reber), 213
Piri Reis map, 235–36
Plants and Migrations (Carter), 182
plants and transplants,... | Piankhy, King, 125, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 148, 158, 161–62
pineapple, 240, 255
pipe bowls, 213–14
pipe smoking, 224–29; designs and motifs on pipes, 226–29; Mound Builders culture, 226
Pipes Antiques de la Suisse, Les (Reber), 213
Piri Reis map, 235–36
Plants and Migrations (Carter), 182
plants and transplants,... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 631,268 | 424 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1122 | Plate of the Bacabs, 83–84
Pliny, 214, 255
Plutarch, 174
pochteca (merchant caste), 101
Pohl, Frederick, 3, 8, 12, 52, 266
Poma, Guaman, 197
Pompeii, Roman city of, 255
Popul Vuh, 269
Porcijis tribe, 96
Porteres, Roland, 11, 190, 199, 233, 242
portraitures, 25–35; carbon-14 dating of, 32; Olmec culture and, 33–34, 35; ... | Plate of the Bacabs, 83–84
Pliny, 214, 255
Plutarch, 174
pochteca (merchant caste), 101
Pohl, Frederick, 3, 8, 12, 52, 266
Poma, Guaman, 197
Pompeii, Roman city of, 255
Popul Vuh, 269
Porcijis tribe, 96
Porteres, Roland, 11, 190, 199, 233, 242
portraitures, 25–35; carbon-14 dating of, 32; Olmec culture and, 33–34, 35; ... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 631,692 | 784 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1124 | Qalhata, 134–35
Quapuapitzuac, King, 93
Quarequa, New World Negroes near, 23–24
quarrying, methods of, 172–73
Quatrefages, Alphonse de, xv, 25, 63
Queen Mary (liner), 59
Quetzalcoatl (god), 28, 73–89, 97; Abubarkari the Second as, 73–74, 78, 81, 82; Asiatic, 79; bird and serpent motif, 74–77, 82; confusion between repr... | Qalhata, 134–35
Quapuapitzuac, King, 93
Quarequa, New World Negroes near, 23–24
quarrying, methods of, 172–73
Quatrefages, Alphonse de, xv, 25, 63
Queen Mary (liner), 59
Quetzalcoatl (god), 28, 73–89, 97; Abubarkari the Second as, 73–74, 78, 81, 82; Asiatic, 79; bird and serpent motif, 74–77, 82; confusion between repr... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 632,543 | 598 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1125 | 282 INDEX
Quetzalcoatl (cont'd)
signs, 84-85; as "white," 78-79, 80; winged disc symbol, 76-77
quetzalli bird, 93, 101
quetzalli feathers, 224
Quibell, J. E., 115
Quiche language, 99
Quintus Metellus Celer, 4, 254-55
RA I, 59
RA II, 59
Ra, worship of, 126, 133-34, 135, 139, 151, 158
Raccolta, 3, 14
racial categories, d... | 282 INDEX
Quetzalcoatl (cont'd)
signs, 84-85; as "white," 78-79, 80; winged disc symbol, 76-77
quetzalli bird, 93, 101
quetzalli feathers, 224
Quibell, J. E., 115
Quiche language, 99
Quintus Metellus Celer, 4, 254-55
RA I, 59
RA II, 59
Ra, worship of, 126, 133-34, 135, 139, 151, 158
Raccolta, 3, 14
racial categories, d... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 633,141 | 825 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1126 | Sahagun, Bernardino de, 95
Sahure, King, 62
sail, invention of, 64
Saint Vincent, black Caribees of, 25
Sakura, King, 41, 42
Samankhe tribe, 227
Samokho tribe, 227
San Jorge de Mina, 7, 8-9
San Lorenzo, Negroid stone faces at, 33, 150
San Salvador, Egyptian statuettes at, 151
San Thomé, 244, 245, 246
sandal of coiled r... | Sahagun, Bernardino de, 95
Sahure, King, 62
sail, invention of, 64
Saint Vincent, black Caribees of, 25
Sakura, King, 41, 42
Samankhe tribe, 227
Samokho tribe, 227
San Jorge de Mina, 7, 8-9
San Lorenzo, Negroid stone faces at, 33, 150
San Salvador, Egyptian statuettes at, 151
San Thomé, 244, 245, 246
sandal of coiled r... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 633,966 | 678 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1127 | sea voyages, 52-69; accidental drift, 66; Asia to America, 62-63; European, fifteenth century, 56, 57; food and survival, 65-66; Gambia River boatmen, 52-54; natural factors in (winds and currents), 66-69; navigational knowledge and, 56, 57, 59-60, 62; papyrus reed boats, 58-60
Second Dynasty (Egypt), 114, 120-21
secre... | sea voyages, 52-69; accidental drift, 66; Asia to America, 62-63; European, fifteenth century, 56, 57; food and survival, 65-66; Gambia River boatmen, 52-54; natural factors in (winds and currents), 66-69; navigational knowledge and, 56, 57, 59-60, 62; papyrus reed boats, 58-60
Second Dynasty (Egypt), 114, 120-21
secre... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 634,644 | 781 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1128 | skull deformation, practice of, 172
slave trade, 111, 242
slavery, 24, 29, 111, 126
Smith, C. E., 188-89
Smith, Elliott, 77
Smithsonian Institution, 33, 144, 147, 263
Smokiana (Pritchett), 211, 228
smoking, 211-29; alchemists' apparatus for, 213-14; of American Indians, 217, 219-20, 221, 224-49; for medic-
INDEX
| skull deformation, practice of, 172
slave trade, 111, 242
slavery, 24, 29, 111, 126
Smith, C. E., 188-89
Smith, Elliott, 77
Smithsonian Institution, 33, 144, 147, 263
Smokiana (Pritchett), 211, 228
smoking, 211-29; alchemists' apparatus for, 213-14; of American Indians, 217, 219-20, 221, 224-49; for medic-
INDEX | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 635,425 | 316 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1129 | inal purposes, 211–16, 217, 220–21, 229; Mound Builder culture, 226; ritual and divinatory uses of, 222; through nostrils, 218. See also tobacco
Sneferu, Pharaoh, 60, 157
Society for American Archaeology, 27
"solar blood," concept of, 134
Somaliland, 62, 76
Somono people, 55
Songhay people, 55–56, 197
Soninke language,... | inal purposes, 211–16, 217, 220–21, 229; Mound Builder culture, 226; ritual and divinatory uses of, 222; through nostrils, 218. See also tobacco
Sneferu, Pharaoh, 60, 157
Society for American Archaeology, 27
"solar blood," concept of, 134
Somaliland, 62, 76
Somono people, 55
Songhay people, 55–56, 197
Soninke language,... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 635,741 | 790 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1130 | Stephens, S. G., xv, 182–85, 186, 189, 192, 207
Stewart, T. D., 161
Stirling, Dr. Matthew, xv, 144–45, 146, 147, 154
The Stone Age in North America (Moorehead), 225
Stonehenge, 32
The Story of the Irish Race (McManus), 58
Sudan, 47, 55, 62, 68, 85, 114, 116–19, 190, 201, 202, 203, 216, 253; coat of arms, 103; rock insc... | Stephens, S. G., xv, 182–85, 186, 189, 192, 207
Stewart, T. D., 161
Stirling, Dr. Matthew, xv, 144–45, 146, 147, 154
The Stone Age in North America (Moorehead), 225
Stonehenge, 32
The Story of the Irish Race (McManus), 58
Sudan, 47, 55, 62, 68, 85, 114, 116–19, 190, 201, 202, 203, 216, 253; coat of arms, 103; rock insc... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 636,531 | 498 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1131 | surgical procedures, 171–72
Swahili people, 62, 63; trade ships, 63–64
sweet potatoes, 209
sweetsop, 240
Tabiry, Queen, 128
Tafnak, King, 126, 133, 134, 135
Taharka, King, xviii, 125, 130–32, 134–35, 138, 139, 140, 148, 158, 166
Takedda, copper mines of, 41, 45, 59
Talbot, P. A., 247
Talmud, 112
Tamanaco language, 200
... | surgical procedures, 171–72
Swahili people, 62, 63; trade ships, 63–64
sweet potatoes, 209
sweetsop, 240
Tabiry, Queen, 128
Tafnak, King, 126, 133, 134, 135
Taharka, King, xviii, 125, 130–32, 134–35, 138, 139, 140, 148, 158, 166
Takedda, copper mines of, 41, 45, 59
Talbot, P. A., 247
Talmud, 112
Tamanaco language, 200
... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 637,029 | 798 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1132 | Tiahuanaco, megalithic gateway at, 77
Tikal site, 146
Timbuktu, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 68, 253
Tiy, Queen, 31, 139
Tlatilco, Negroid skeleton finds from, 33
tobacco, linguistic clues to origin of, 223–24; pipe smoking, 224–29; South American word for, 218–19. See also smoking
Toffut-al-Alabi, 68
Toltec Indians, 74, 81
Tom... | Tiahuanaco, megalithic gateway at, 77
Tikal site, 146
Timbuktu, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 68, 253
Tiy, Queen, 31, 139
Tlatilco, Negroid skeleton finds from, 33
tobacco, linguistic clues to origin of, 223–24; pipe smoking, 224–29; South American word for, 218–19. See also smoking
Toffut-al-Alabi, 68
Toltec Indians, 74, 81
Tom... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 637,827 | 509 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1133 | trade (cont'd)
in medieval Mexico, 92–106; Niger River, 54–55; Swahili boats, 63–64; Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, 136–37, 138, 140
*Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa* (Moore), 105–6
trepannated skulls, 34
Tres Zapotes, Negroid stone faces at, 33, 150; Stirling’s expedition to, 144–45, 146
Trinidad, 16, 68
Trotter, Dr. M... | trade (cont'd)
in medieval Mexico, 92–106; Niger River, 54–55; Swahili boats, 63–64; Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, 136–37, 138, 140
Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa (Moore), 105–6
trepannated skulls, 34
Tres Zapotes, Negroid stone faces at, 33, 150; Stirling’s expedition to, 144–45, 146
Trinidad, 16, 68
Trotter, Dr. M.,... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 638,336 | 799 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1134 | umbrella, ceremonial, 163, 166–67
*Unexpected Faces in Ancient America* (Wuthenau), 262
University of California, 147
University of Oklahoma, 160
Utah, Hittite glyphs in, 139
Vai tribe, 199, 242
Valera, Blas, 187
Vandier, J., 127
Varron, 167
Vaufrey, R., xv, 119, 190
Vavilov, 118, 251
Vega, Garcillasso de la, 197
Vei l... | umbrella, ceremonial, 163, 166–67
Unexpected Faces in Ancient America (Wuthenau), 262
University of California, 147
University of Oklahoma, 160
Utah, Hittite glyphs in, 139
Vai tribe, 199, 242
Valera, Blas, 187
Vandier, J., 127
Varron, 167
Vaufrey, R., xv, 119, 190
Vavilov, 118, 251
Vega, Garcillasso de la, 197
Vei lan... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 639,135 | 813 | |||
They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf_chunk_1135 | weaving techniques, 169
werewolf cult, 94–95, 96–101
Whitaker, Thomas, 206
Wiener, Leo, xiii–xiv, xv, 29–30, 84, 85–86, 199, 209, 214, 217–18, 226, 242, 246–47, 256
Wiercinski, Dr. Andrzej, xv, 33, 264, 265, 270
Wild, H., xv, 250
Willet, 243
Williams, Chancellor, 126
Williams, John, xiv
winged disc symbol, 76–77
wives,... | weaving techniques, 169
werewolf cult, 94–95, 96–101
Whitaker, Thomas, 206
Wiener, Leo, xiii–xiv, xv, 29–30, 84, 85–86, 199, 209, 214, 217–18, 226, 242, 246–47, 256
Wiercinski, Dr. Andrzej, xv, 33, 264, 265, 270
Wild, H., xv, 250
Willet, 243
Williams, Chancellor, 126
Williams, John, xiv
winged disc symbol, 76–77
wives,... | INDEX | [] | 0 | false | They Came Before Columbus The African Presence in Ancient America by Ivan Van Sertima.pdf | 639,948 | 758 |
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