electricsheepafrica/africa-synth-chronic-kidney-disease-all

⚠️ Synthetic dataset — Parameterized from published SSA literature, not real observations. Not suitable for empirical analysis or policy inference.

Chronic Kidney Disease Dataset

Abstract

This dataset provides 30,000 synthetic CKD records (10,000 per scenario) of adults aged 18–80 years in sub-Saharan African clinical settings. Each record contains 30 variables including KDIGO CKD stage (G1–G5), eGFR, serum creatinine, albuminuria category (A1–A3), UACR, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, HIV, glomerulonephritis), primary etiology, lab values (hemoglobin, potassium, phosphate, calcium, BUN), blood pressure, HbA1c, treatment (ACEi/ARB, dialysis, EPO, statins), and outcome. Three scenarios span from tertiary nephrology clinics (13.4% G5, 40% dialysis access) to community screening (2.6% G5, 2% dialysis access).

1. Introduction

CKD prevalence in Africa is estimated at 15.8% for stages 1–5 and 4.6% for stages 3–5 in the general population, rising to 32.3% and 13.3% in high-risk groups with hypertension, diabetes, or HIV (Kaze et al., BMC Nephrol 2018; 98 studies, n=98,432). Less than 5% of ESRD patients in SSA access dialysis, with >90% mortality within 3 months without renal replacement therapy (Naicker, Kidney Int 2009). Leading causes include hypertensive nephrosclerosis (30–45%), diabetic nephropathy (15–25%), glomerulonephritis (10–20%), and HIV nephropathy (5–15%).

This dataset is entirely synthetic. It must not be used for clinical decision-making.

2. Methodology

2.1 Epidemiological Parameterization

Parameter	Value	Source
CKD stages 1–5 prevalence (Africa)	15.8% (95% CI 12.1–19.9)	Kaze et al., BMC Nephrol 2018
CKD stages 3–5 prevalence	4.6% (3.3–6.1)	Kaze et al., 2018
CKD in high-risk (HTN/DM/HIV)	32.3% (23.4–41.8)	Kaze et al., 2018
SSA vs North Africa CKD	17.7% vs 6.1%	Kaze et al., 2018
Dialysis access (SSA ESRD)	<5%	Naicker, Kidney Int 2009
Mortality without RRT	>90% within 3 months	Naicker, 2009
HTN as CKD cause	30–45%	Arogundade et al., 2011
DM as CKD cause	15–25%	Arogundade et al., 2011
GN as CKD cause	10–20%	Arogundade et al., 2011
HIV nephropathy	5–15%	Stanifer et al., Lancet GH 2014
CKD mortality (SSA)	15.8/100,000	GBD CKD Collaboration, 2020

2.2 Scenario Design

Scenario	Setting	G5 %	Dialysis Access	ACEi/ARB	Mortality
Tertiary nephrology	Urban tertiary with dialysis	13.4%	40%	70%	15.2%
District hospital	District, basic labs, no dialysis	6.6%	5%	45%	20.2%
Community screening	PHC/population screening	2.6%	2%	25%	8.5%

3. Schema

Column	Type	Description
id	int	Unique identifier
age_years	int	Age (18–80)
sex	categorical	M / F
bmi	float	Body mass index (kg/m²)
hypertension	binary	Hypertension diagnosis
diabetes	binary	Diabetes mellitus diagnosis
hiv_positive	binary	HIV positive
glomerulonephritis	binary	Glomerulonephritis diagnosis
primary_etiology	categorical	Diabetic nephropathy / hypertensive nephrosclerosis / HIV nephropathy / glomerulonephritis / unknown / obstructive / chronic interstitial nephritis
ckd_stage	categorical	G1 / G2 / G3a / G3b / G4 / G5
egfr	float	Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73m²)
serum_creatinine_mgdl	float	Serum creatinine (mg/dL)
albuminuria_category	categorical	A1 (<30) / A2 (30–300) / A3 (>300 mg/g)
uacr_mg_g	int	Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio
hemoglobin_gdl	float	Hemoglobin (g/dL)
anemia	binary	Anemia (Hb <13 M, <12 F)
potassium_meql	float	Serum potassium (mEq/L)
hyperkalemia	binary	K⁺ >5.5 mEq/L
phosphate_mgdl	float	Serum phosphate (mg/dL)
calcium_mgdl	float	Serum calcium (mg/dL)
bun_mgdl	int	Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)
systolic_bp	int	Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
diastolic_bp	int	Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
hba1c_pct	float	Glycated hemoglobin (%)
on_acei_arb	binary	On ACE inhibitor or ARB
on_dialysis	binary	Currently on dialysis
dialysis_type	categorical	none / hemodialysis / peritoneal_dialysis
on_epo	binary	On erythropoietin
on_antihypertensives	binary	On antihypertensive medications
on_statin	binary	On statin therapy
outcome	categorical	stable / progressed / esrd / died

4. Validation

Key validation checks:

• eGFR by stage: G1 ~109, G2 ~75, G3a ~52, G3b ~37, G4 ~22, G5 ~9 (matches KDIGO) ✓
• Hemoglobin decreases with stage: ~14 (G1) → ~8.5 (G5) ✓
• Potassium increases with stage: 4.2 (G1) → 5.2 (G5) ✓
• Albuminuria worsens with stage: A3 increases from G1 to G5 ✓
• Dialysis access: Tertiary 548 vs community 3 ✓
• Mortality highest in district (20.2%) where G5 patients lack dialysis ✓

5. Usage

from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("electricsheepafrica/chronic-kidney-disease", "district_hospital")
df = dataset["train"].to_pandas()

python generate_dataset.py --all-scenarios --n 10000 --seed 42

6. Limitations

• Synthetic: Not derived from real patient records.
• Cross-sectional: No longitudinal eGFR trajectories or progression tracking.
• No biopsy data: Primary etiology assigned probabilistically, not histologically confirmed.
• Simplified treatment: Binary medication status; no dosing or adherence data.
• No transplant: Kidney transplantation not modelled (extremely rare in SSA).
• No AKI overlap: Acute kidney injury not distinguished from CKD.

7. References

1. Kaze AD, et al. (2018). Burden of CKD on the African continent: systematic review & meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol, 19:125. PMID: 29859046
2. Stanifer JW, et al. (2014). CKD in SSA: systematic review. Lancet Glob Health, 2(3):e174–e181. PMID: 25102850
3. KDIGO (2024). Clinical Practice Guideline for CKD evaluation and management.
4. Naicker S (2009). End-stage renal disease in SSA. Kidney Int, 68:S119–S122.
5. Arogundade FA, et al. (2011). CKD in SSA: etiology and outcomes. Clin Nephrol, 75(Suppl 1):S13–S16.
6. GBD CKD Collaboration (2020). Global burden of CKD. Lancet, 395(10225):709–733.
7. Osafo C, et al. (2011). CKD stages distribution in Ghana. BMC Nephrol, 12:30.
8. WHO (2021). Package of essential NCD interventions (PEN).

Citation

@dataset{esa_ckd_2025,
  title={Chronic Kidney Disease Dataset},
  author={Electric Sheep Africa},
  year={2025},
  publisher={Hugging Face},
  url={https://huggingface.co/datasets/electricsheepafrica/chronic-kidney-disease}
}

License

CC-BY-4.0