Datasets:

electricsheepafrica
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medical-oxygen-supply

id int64	facility_level string	facility_id string	region_type string	bed_count int64	has_icu int64	has_nicu int64	has_piped_oxygen int64	has_biomedical_technician int64	primary_oxygen_source string	concentrator_count int64	concentrator_functional int64	concentrator_mean_age_years float64	concentrator_maintenance_available int64	cylinder_count_full int64	cylinder_count_empty int64	days_since_cylinder_refill int64	PSA_plant_functional int64	pulse_oximeter_available int64	pulse_oximeter_functional int64	SpO2_screening_routine int64	oxygen_available_today int64	oxygen_sufficient_for_demand int64	oxygen_stockout_days_last_month int64	shortage_cause string	year int64	month int64	patients_needing_oxygen int64	primary_condition string	patients_received_oxygen int64	patients_untreated_hypoxemia int64	flow_rate_adequate int64	deaths_hypoxemia_related int64	referred_for_oxygen int64	monthly_oxygen_cost_usd float64	distance_to_refill_km float64	transport_available_for_cylinders int64	power_source string	power_outage_hours_last_week int64
1	district_hospital	O2_0018	peri_urban	90	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	3	2	6.2	0	1	8	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	15	concentrator_malfunction	2,022	10	12	pneumonia_child	0	12	0	5	2	252	67	0	solar	1
2	district_hospital	O2_0153	rural	64	0	0	0	0	PSA_plant_onsite	0	0	6.6	0	3	4	44	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,022	10	11	pneumonia_adult	3	8	1	3	0	255	107	0	solar	4
3	district_hospital	O2_0084	urban	45	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	2	0	2.7	0	1	8	4	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,023	10	11	severe_malaria	4	7	1	3	0	218	46	1	grid_unreliable	0
4	district_hospital	O2_0035	urban	22	0	0	0	1	none	0	0	7	1	1	5	9	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	not_applicable	2,021	8	12	heart_failure	5	7	0	4	0	279	67	1	grid_reliable	6
5	district_hospital	O2_0109	rural	93	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	0	7.1	0	5	3	21	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,024	5	8	surgical_anaesthesia	3	5	0	1	0	227	22	1	solar	1
6	district_hospital	O2_0060	rural	11	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	0	0	1.3	0	4	2	27	0	1	1	0	0	0	3	supplier_stockout	2,024	7	12	pneumonia_child	0	12	0	3	2	148	30	0	solar	12
7	district_hospital	O2_0150	peri_urban	24	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	0	1.8	0	2	3	10	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,022	8	10	asthma_severe	3	7	1	2	0	425	6	0	grid_unreliable	0
8	district_hospital	O2_0002	peri_urban	15	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	11.3	0	4	5	4	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,022	5	10	heart_failure	3	7	0	5	0	339	32	0	none	32
9	district_hospital	O2_0041	peri_urban	62	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	1	0	0.4	0	4	4	112	0	1	0	0	0	0	14	power_outage	2,024	10	15	severe_malaria	0	15	0	10	5	73	15	0	grid_unreliable	19
10	district_hospital	O2_0042	peri_urban	69	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	0	1.6	0	7	5	11	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,022	9	17	trauma	9	8	0	4	0	211	1	0	grid_reliable	4
11	district_hospital	O2_0091	rural	92	0	0	1	1	LOX_bulk_tank	0	0	30.8	1	2	5	17	0	1	0	0	0	0	25	demand_surge	2,022	2	15	neonatal_respiratory	0	15	0	8	8	89	5	0	grid_reliable	64
12	district_hospital	O2_0092	urban	35	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	0.9	0	5	3	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	27	concentrator_malfunction	2,023	9	9	neonatal_respiratory	0	9	0	1	2	355	4	0	generator_only	22
13	district_hospital	O2_0109	rural	84	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	5	1	2.7	0	2	2	19	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	not_applicable	2,022	8	8	pneumonia_child	0	8	0	6	0	394	133	1	solar	17
14	district_hospital	O2_0150	rural	56	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	7.1	0	3	3	4	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,023	5	13	pneumonia_child	2	11	0	6	0	186	124	0	grid_reliable	3
15	district_hospital	O2_0148	peri_urban	75	0	0	0	0	none	0	0	9.7	0	2	4	12	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,021	7	9	severe_malaria	2	7	0	3	0	180	51	0	none	8
16	district_hospital	O2_0092	urban	139	0	0	0	0	none	0	0	7.3	0	1	2	57	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	no_oxygen_source	2,021	11	13	sepsis	0	13	0	8	4	65	7	1	solar	9
17	district_hospital	O2_0131	rural	8	0	1	0	0	cylinder_portable	2	0	7.3	0	4	4	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	11	cylinder_delivery_delay	2,023	10	13	sepsis	0	13	0	6	3	333	18	1	grid_reliable	5
18	district_hospital	O2_0192	peri_urban	47	0	0	0	0	none	0	0	4.3	0	4	2	22	0	1	0	0	0	0	5	concentrator_malfunction	2,023	8	15	COVID19_severe	0	15	0	4	3	166	33	0	grid_reliable	110
19	district_hospital	O2_0059	peri_urban	21	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	2.4	0	2	2	10	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,024	1	9	pneumonia_adult	2	7	0	2	0	223	20	1	generator_only	10
20	district_hospital	O2_0039	urban	52	0	1	0	1	oxygen_concentrator	2	0	25	1	0	5	41	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	no_oxygen_source	2,022	2	15	pneumonia_adult	0	15	0	6	6	251	1	1	grid_reliable	3
21	district_hospital	O2_0132	rural	129	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	7.2	1	0	7	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,021	9	13	asthma_severe	5	8	0	4	0	228	59	0	generator_only	17
22	district_hospital	O2_0143	peri_urban	68	1	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	3	0	3.5	0	6	5	45	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	cylinder_delivery_delay	2,024	12	11	asthma_severe	0	11	0	4	3	454	9	0	solar	52
23	district_hospital	O2_0101	urban	61	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	0	8.5	0	1	3	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	cylinder_delivery_delay	2,022	6	10	asthma_severe	0	10	0	7	4	111	40	1	grid_unreliable	9
24	district_hospital	O2_0045	urban	5	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	3	0	3.8	0	3	4	15	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	not_applicable	2,024	7	10	pneumonia_adult	1	9	1	6	0	210	102	0	generator_only	4
25	district_hospital	O2_0079	peri_urban	63	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	0.4	0	4	6	20	0	1	1	0	0	0	15	funding_for_refill	2,024	7	11	pneumonia_child	0	11	0	9	2	141	25	1	grid_unreliable	7
26	district_hospital	O2_0099	rural	20	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	0	0	4.3	0	2	8	28	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	power_outage	2,024	5	11	neonatal_respiratory	0	11	0	5	4	200	40	0	solar	34
27	district_hospital	O2_0061	peri_urban	117	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	3.3	0	4	5	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	21	concentrator_malfunction	2,024	1	16	COVID19_severe	0	16	0	7	5	139	17	0	none	17
28	district_hospital	O2_0187	rural	51	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	4.2	0	4	0	10	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	funding_for_refill	2,021	12	8	COPD_exacerbation	0	8	0	4	1	315	6	1	none	10
29	district_hospital	O2_0095	rural	5	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	0	0	3.2	0	2	5	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	15	no_oxygen_source	2,023	11	10	trauma	0	10	0	4	2	208	152	1	grid_unreliable	8
30	district_hospital	O2_0056	urban	60	0	0	1	0	cylinder_portable	1	0	3.6	0	1	6	4	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	no_oxygen_source	2,022	1	14	COPD_exacerbation	6	8	0	5	0	87	9	0	grid_unreliable	26
31	district_hospital	O2_0002	rural	158	0	1	1	0	cylinder_piped	0	0	5.5	0	3	4	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	6	demand_surge	2,023	7	5	severe_malaria	0	5	0	1	0	319	11	1	grid_unreliable	2
32	district_hospital	O2_0016	rural	33	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	21	0	1	2	33	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	regulator_valve_failure	2,021	2	11	sepsis	0	11	0	5	4	156	70	0	generator_only	24
33	district_hospital	O2_0191	peri_urban	28	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	3.5	0	5	5	20	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,022	5	9	surgical_anaesthesia	3	6	0	4	0	252	64	1	none	9
34	district_hospital	O2_0021	rural	60	0	0	0	1	cylinder_portable	0	0	2.1	1	1	5	15	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,024	12	16	severe_malaria	7	9	1	2	0	249	67	0	none	6
35	district_hospital	O2_0182	peri_urban	46	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	5.9	0	2	2	4	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,023	6	6	asthma_severe	2	4	0	2	0	235	135	0	none	1
36	district_hospital	O2_0041	peri_urban	55	0	0	0	0	LOX_bulk_tank	0	0	1.5	0	4	3	15	0	1	0	0	0	0	25	regulator_valve_failure	2,024	9	19	trauma	0	19	0	9	6	223	58	0	generator_only	14
37	district_hospital	O2_0172	peri_urban	63	0	0	0	0	none	0	0	0.1	0	2	4	2	0	1	1	0	0	0	3	power_outage	2,022	5	15	asthma_severe	0	15	0	10	7	132	14	0	none	5
38	district_hospital	O2_0065	peri_urban	75	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	0.8	0	5	2	61	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	not_applicable	2,024	10	12	trauma	5	7	0	3	0	191	89	0	grid_unreliable	28
39	district_hospital	O2_0155	rural	25	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	0	0	9.2	0	4	2	5	0	1	0	0	0	0	24	empty_cylinders_not_collected	2,022	9	10	pneumonia_child	0	10	0	4	2	198	65	0	grid_reliable	29
40	district_hospital	O2_0048	rural	88	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	0	4.2	0	2	6	46	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	cylinder_delivery_delay	2,021	10	12	COPD_exacerbation	0	12	0	6	5	107	11	1	none	69
41	district_hospital	O2_0154	rural	49	0	0	0	0	none	0	0	13.5	0	1	4	2	0	1	0	0	1	0	8	no_oxygen_source	2,022	12	9	COPD_exacerbation	4	5	0	3	0	199	66	1	grid_reliable	16
42	district_hospital	O2_0073	urban	107	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	1.8	0	6	5	30	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	not_applicable	2,024	12	9	pneumonia_adult	4	5	0	2	0	433	249	1	grid_reliable	1
43	district_hospital	O2_0157	rural	107	0	0	0	0	LOX_bulk_tank	0	0	10.6	0	5	6	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	13	concentrator_malfunction	2,024	8	18	surgical_anaesthesia	0	18	0	9	4	75	41	0	solar	22
44	district_hospital	O2_0032	peri_urban	55	0	0	0	0	none	0	0	23.2	0	5	2	23	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	cylinder_delivery_delay	2,022	12	16	COPD_exacerbation	0	16	0	10	3	74	33	0	none	7
45	district_hospital	O2_0109	rural	154	0	1	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	2.7	0	4	6	6	0	1	1	1	1	0	1	no_oxygen_source	2,023	7	15	asthma_severe	6	9	0	5	0	159	18	0	grid_unreliable	19
46	district_hospital	O2_0156	urban	119	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	0	7.3	0	4	5	23	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,024	4	9	COVID19_severe	4	5	0	2	0	290	45	0	generator_only	13
47	district_hospital	O2_0199	urban	63	0	0	0	0	none	0	0	0.9	0	1	3	7	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,023	9	11	pneumonia_adult	5	6	0	4	0	277	40	1	grid_unreliable	32
48	district_hospital	O2_0150	rural	79	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	0	0	2.8	0	6	6	7	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,023	12	8	neonatal_respiratory	4	4	1	2	0	187	77	1	solar	19
49	district_hospital	O2_0135	urban	100	0	1	0	0	cylinder_piped	1	0	2.3	0	3	1	3	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,023	6	14	COVID19_severe	3	11	1	2	0	153	37	0	grid_unreliable	18
50	district_hospital	O2_0113	peri_urban	84	1	0	0	1	cylinder_portable	0	0	14.5	1	2	5	70	0	1	0	0	0	0	6	power_outage	2,022	12	11	pneumonia_adult	0	11	0	5	1	303	17	0	grid_unreliable	29
51	district_hospital	O2_0157	rural	9	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	1	7.3	0	6	3	2	0	0	0	0	1	1	2	concentrator_malfunction	2,023	3	10	severe_malaria	2	8	0	2	0	217	39	0	grid_unreliable	16
52	district_hospital	O2_0002	peri_urban	28	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	1	6.5	0	4	3	37	0	1	0	0	0	0	3	concentrator_malfunction	2,024	5	12	pneumonia_child	0	12	0	8	3	198	17	0	none	12
53	district_hospital	O2_0197	peri_urban	57	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	1	0.7	0	2	4	21	0	0	0	0	0	0	19	cylinder_delivery_delay	2,024	12	10	COVID19_severe	0	10	0	3	7	229	43	0	solar	6
54	district_hospital	O2_0083	rural	128	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	2	0	1.9	0	0	3	18	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	not_applicable	2,024	9	12	neonatal_respiratory	6	6	0	4	0	211	69	0	none	14
55	district_hospital	O2_0014	urban	121	0	0	0	1	cylinder_portable	0	0	9.5	1	2	1	3	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	demand_surge	2,023	12	10	COPD_exacerbation	0	10	0	3	2	215	62	0	grid_unreliable	5
56	district_hospital	O2_0193	rural	44	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	0	2	0	1	3	11	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	not_applicable	2,022	4	10	surgical_anaesthesia	3	7	1	2	0	304	3	0	grid_reliable	3
57	district_hospital	O2_0117	rural	35	0	0	0	0	none	0	0	6	1	0	3	48	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	concentrator_malfunction	2,022	12	12	pneumonia_child	0	12	0	5	3	214	9	1	solar	30
58	district_hospital	O2_0049	peri_urban	52	0	0	0	0	none	0	0	0.5	0	3	5	27	0	0	0	0	0	0	22	demand_surge	2,021	5	13	asthma_severe	0	13	0	7	4	114	14	0	grid_unreliable	1
59	district_hospital	O2_0099	rural	23	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	0.5	1	6	5	25	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	not_applicable	2,024	11	11	pneumonia_adult	0	11	0	4	0	351	19	0	generator_only	5
60	district_hospital	O2_0063	urban	78	0	0	0	0	LOX_bulk_tank	0	0	6.7	0	1	3	4	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,024	10	12	other_hypoxemia	5	7	0	1	0	310	120	0	solar	10
61	district_hospital	O2_0165	peri_urban	49	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	0.4	0	2	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	funding_for_refill	2,021	6	13	neonatal_respiratory	0	13	0	2	5	122	21	1	grid_unreliable	15
62	district_hospital	O2_0122	rural	58	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	4	2	3.1	0	2	3	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	empty_cylinders_not_collected	2,023	8	14	neonatal_respiratory	0	14	0	7	2	71	17	0	none	19
63	district_hospital	O2_0138	peri_urban	13	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	1.6	0	3	4	24	0	1	0	0	0	0	13	power_outage	2,022	7	11	surgical_anaesthesia	0	11	0	5	5	165	12	1	grid_unreliable	31
64	district_hospital	O2_0076	peri_urban	5	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	3	1	12.5	0	3	3	9	0	1	0	0	0	0	15	empty_cylinders_not_collected	2,023	7	11	pneumonia_child	0	11	0	4	1	188	16	0	grid_unreliable	10
65	district_hospital	O2_0080	peri_urban	60	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	17	0	1	4	8	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,023	7	8	neonatal_respiratory	4	4	0	2	0	25	12	0	grid_reliable	8
66	district_hospital	O2_0051	urban	108	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	0	0	0.3	0	1	7	6	0	1	0	0	1	1	4	concentrator_malfunction	2,022	6	11	surgical_anaesthesia	5	6	0	1	0	130	317	1	grid_unreliable	25
67	district_hospital	O2_0114	peri_urban	47	0	0	1	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	6.2	0	5	8	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,023	12	12	COPD_exacerbation	7	5	0	1	0	277	52	0	none	5
68	district_hospital	O2_0165	rural	72	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	5.2	0	2	4	22	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	power_outage	2,023	11	13	COPD_exacerbation	0	13	0	6	2	199	68	0	solar	19
69	district_hospital	O2_0131	rural	68	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	0.5	0	4	2	49	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	no_oxygen_source	2,024	10	12	pneumonia_adult	0	12	0	4	4	391	27	1	grid_unreliable	4
70	district_hospital	O2_0192	peri_urban	36	1	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	9.3	0	2	3	26	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	cylinder_delivery_delay	2,024	3	8	neonatal_respiratory	0	8	0	5	0	211	20	1	grid_unreliable	17
71	district_hospital	O2_0106	urban	57	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	0	0	4.2	0	1	8	14	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	PSA_plant_breakdown	2,021	11	7	severe_malaria	0	7	0	3	0	214	138	0	none	4
72	district_hospital	O2_0108	urban	13	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	4	2	0.8	0	2	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,024	11	10	pneumonia_child	3	7	0	4	0	271	41	0	solar	1
73	district_hospital	O2_0172	peri_urban	98	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	0	0	17.6	0	2	2	44	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,022	6	14	surgical_anaesthesia	5	9	0	4	0	246	11	0	grid_unreliable	21
74	district_hospital	O2_0130	rural	64	0	0	1	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	4.3	1	1	4	35	0	1	1	1	0	0	8	power_outage	2,024	7	9	COPD_exacerbation	0	9	0	4	3	218	21	0	grid_reliable	45
75	district_hospital	O2_0079	rural	37	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	9.4	0	1	6	42	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	concentrator_malfunction	2,021	7	9	other_hypoxemia	0	9	0	3	1	133	43	0	grid_unreliable	14
76	district_hospital	O2_0005	rural	72	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	6.5	0	3	3	21	0	1	0	0	0	0	15	empty_cylinders_not_collected	2,024	12	13	pneumonia_child	0	13	0	6	7	118	6	0	grid_unreliable	13
77	district_hospital	O2_0121	rural	95	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	1	0	6.6	0	2	2	9	0	1	0	0	0	0	4	PSA_plant_breakdown	2,024	10	19	neonatal_respiratory	0	19	0	7	4	0	22	0	grid_unreliable	3
78	district_hospital	O2_0078	rural	9	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	3	1	11.7	0	8	5	14	0	1	1	1	0	0	9	cylinder_delivery_delay	2,024	4	11	COPD_exacerbation	0	11	0	3	7	266	2	0	none	5
79	district_hospital	O2_0020	rural	41	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	3	1	1.5	0	6	2	5	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	not_applicable	2,023	11	14	severe_malaria	8	6	0	2	0	192	50	0	generator_only	8
80	district_hospital	O2_0031	rural	68	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	1	0	7.5	0	2	4	23	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,021	2	16	surgical_anaesthesia	9	7	0	2	0	199	170	1	grid_unreliable	3
81	district_hospital	O2_0097	urban	39	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	3	0	0.8	0	5	2	10	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	funding_for_refill	2,024	4	8	pneumonia_adult	3	5	0	3	0	227	62	0	grid_reliable	2
82	district_hospital	O2_0114	rural	76	0	0	0	0	PSA_plant_onsite	0	0	0.4	0	3	2	10	1	1	0	0	0	0	29	cylinder_delivery_delay	2,024	12	14	severe_malaria	0	14	0	6	2	414	40	1	grid_unreliable	7
83	district_hospital	O2_0090	peri_urban	87	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	0	0	3.4	0	5	1	43	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,021	12	12	pneumonia_adult	3	9	0	7	0	191	148	0	solar	19
84	district_hospital	O2_0114	rural	106	0	0	0	0	LOX_bulk_tank	0	0	0.9	0	3	5	9	0	0	0	0	1	1	15	concentrator_malfunction	2,022	9	4	pneumonia_child	2	2	1	2	0	161	30	0	grid_unreliable	3
85	district_hospital	O2_0039	urban	25	0	1	0	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	1.1	0	4	1	14	0	0	0	0	0	0	20	PSA_plant_breakdown	2,023	9	10	pneumonia_adult	0	10	0	3	2	175	225	0	none	8
86	district_hospital	O2_0178	urban	14	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	0	0	2.7	0	3	4	162	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,021	1	18	other_hypoxemia	10	8	0	6	0	239	18	0	generator_only	54
87	district_hospital	O2_0104	peri_urban	65	0	0	1	0	none	0	0	2.1	0	2	6	59	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,023	6	15	asthma_severe	8	7	1	4	0	221	1	0	grid_reliable	16
88	district_hospital	O2_0138	rural	27	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	0	0	14	1	2	1	51	0	1	0	0	0	0	8	no_oxygen_source	2,023	12	13	pneumonia_child	0	13	0	10	3	123	64	1	none	24
89	district_hospital	O2_0094	urban	77	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	3	1	4.4	0	8	6	47	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	not_applicable	2,024	10	11	COPD_exacerbation	6	5	1	3	0	285	44	0	none	17
90	district_hospital	O2_0093	rural	91	0	0	0	0	cylinder_portable	4	1	0.8	0	1	3	15	0	1	0	0	0	0	5	power_outage	2,022	4	10	COVID19_severe	0	10	0	6	0	95	36	0	none	5
91	district_hospital	O2_0049	rural	97	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	0	0	17.1	0	5	5	10	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,022	11	15	surgical_anaesthesia	8	7	0	4	0	251	278	1	generator_only	7
92	district_hospital	O2_0078	rural	18	0	0	1	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	4.6	0	1	3	2	0	1	1	1	0	0	3	power_outage	2,024	4	13	neonatal_respiratory	0	13	0	4	4	93	6	1	generator_only	8
93	district_hospital	O2_0081	rural	53	0	0	0	0	none	0	0	0.9	0	2	3	30	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,024	9	10	neonatal_respiratory	5	5	1	1	0	229	44	0	grid_reliable	2
94	district_hospital	O2_0182	rural	82	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	0	3.8	0	3	2	20	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,024	11	13	pneumonia_child	2	11	1	5	0	197	66	1	grid_reliable	0
95	district_hospital	O2_0008	rural	5	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	6	1	4.9	0	6	10	64	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	cylinder_delivery_delay	2,022	6	16	pneumonia_child	0	16	0	8	4	201	3	1	grid_reliable	11
96	district_hospital	O2_0151	rural	15	0	0	0	0	oxygen_concentrator	2	0	0.1	0	6	4	36	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	not_applicable	2,022	6	21	neonatal_respiratory	7	14	1	5	0	181	17	0	solar	22
97	district_hospital	O2_0098	peri_urban	54	1	0	0	0	LOX_bulk_tank	5	3	2.7	0	2	5	18	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,023	10	12	COPD_exacerbation	2	10	1	4	0	304	1	0	grid_unreliable	11
98	district_hospital	O2_0172	rural	52	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	0	0	3.1	0	3	3	42	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	not_applicable	2,023	8	12	pneumonia_adult	7	5	1	5	0	174	0	0	grid_reliable	8
99	district_hospital	O2_0072	rural	88	0	0	1	0	cylinder_portable	0	0	5.3	0	5	2	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	8	concentrator_malfunction	2,023	9	12	COVID19_severe	0	12	0	5	5	195	81	1	generator_only	4
100	district_hospital	O2_0078	peri_urban	14	0	0	0	0	cylinder_piped	0	0	4.2	0	4	4	3	0	1	1	1	0	0	4	demand_surge	2,022	8	10	other_hypoxemia	0	10	0	7	1	331	77	0	none	5

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Medical Oxygen Supply Dataset

Abstract

This dataset provides 30,000 simulated facility-level observations (10,000 per scenario) of medical oxygen availability, delivery infrastructure, pulse oximetry access, and patient outcomes across three tiers of healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa. Each record represents one facility observation for one monthly period, capturing 40+ variables including oxygen source type, concentrator and cylinder status, pulse oximetry functionality, patient oxygen demand and coverage, hypoxemia-related mortality, shortage root causes, and logistics metrics. Three scenarios model the oxygen access gradient: referral hospital (82% availability), district hospital (50%), and rural health centre (12%).

This dataset is entirely simulated. It must not be used for clinical decision-making or procurement.

1. Introduction

1.1 The Medical Oxygen Crisis

Medical oxygen is classified as an essential medicine by the World Health Organization, yet sub-Saharan Africa faces a profound and chronic oxygen deficit. According to analysis by the Institute for Transformative Technologies and Oxygen Hub, most SSA countries have less than 10% of the oxygen volume needed to treat high-burden conditions including childhood pneumonia, COPD, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and severe malaria (Oxygen Hub/ITT, 2021). COVID-19 both exacerbated and exposed this gap, triggering emergency investments that remain insufficient for sustained coverage.

1.2 Supply Infrastructure

Historically, the dominant oxygen supply method in SSA has been compressed gas cylinders filled from cryogenic liquid oxygen (LOX) plants — facilities originally built for industrial applications and concentrated in capital cities. The medical oxygen market is dominated by a small number of LOX providers exhibiting monopolistic tendencies, with nearly 6 in 10 SSA countries dependent on a single supplier (PMC, 2022; PMC9771461).

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) plants have emerged as a decentralised alternative, but maintenance failures are endemic. As of October 2022, at least 165 PSA plants globally needed repair, of which 151 (92%) were located in sub-Saharan Africa (PMC, 2022; PMC9771461). The WHO distributed over 30,000 oxygen concentrators worldwide, yet SSA faces significant challenges related to maintenance, spare parts, and reliable power supply (BMC Health Services Research, 2025; doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12315-6).

1.3 Availability at the Facility Level

A systematic assessment found that approximately half of health facilities in resource-limited settings had either no or inconsistent supply of medical oxygen and pulse oximeters, with the situation worst in the poorest countries of sub-Saharan Africa (PMC, 2024; PMC11082622). A scoping review of oxygen delivery systems for adults in SSA documented hypoxemia prevalence ranging from 11% to 89% across study populations, with high mortality among those with undetected or untreated hypoxemia (PMC, 2021; PMC8109278).

1.4 Pulse Oximetry: The Detection Gap

Oxygen therapy depends on the ability to detect hypoxemia. Pulse oximetry is the essential screening tool, yet availability is profoundly limited at lower facility levels. Without pulse oximetry, clinical recognition of hypoxemia relies on subjective signs (cyanosis, respiratory distress) that are unreliable, particularly in dark-skinned patients and neonates. The absence of pulse oximetry means that many hypoxemic patients are never identified and never receive oxygen.

1.5 Patient Impact and Mortality

Untreated hypoxemia carries high case fatality rates. Childhood pneumonia with hypoxemia has mortality rates of 35–55% without oxygen therapy in LMIC settings, compared with 5–15% when oxygen is provided. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, severe malaria, and sepsis all require oxygen as a life-saving intervention. The oxygen-attributable mortality burden in SSA is estimated in the hundreds of thousands annually.

1.6 Rationale for This Dataset

Despite growing investment post-COVID, no open, standardised dataset integrates oxygen source infrastructure, equipment functionality, pulse oximetry access, patient-level demand and coverage, and mortality outcomes into a single analytical resource. This dataset fills that gap for supply chain modelling, equipment investment prioritisation, and health systems research.

2. Methodology

2.1 Epidemiological Parameterization

Parameter	Referral Hospital	District Hospital	Rural HC	Source
Oxygen available	82%	50%	12%	[6] ~50% facilities lack oxygen
Sufficient for demand	65%	35%	8%	[1] <10% volume needed
Pulse oximeter functional	85%	14%	0.4%	[4][6] Limited at lower levels
Concentrator functional rate	70%	45%	15%	[5] Maintenance challenges
PSA plant functional	55%	N/A	N/A	[3] 151/165 needing repair
Cylinder refill interval	5 days	21 days	45 days	[1] Urban vs rural logistics
Mortality untreated hypoxemia	35%	45%	55%	[4] Scoping review
Distance to refill	15 km	50 km	120 km	Geographic analysis

2.2 Scenario Design

Scenario A — Referral/Teaching Hospital: PSA plant or LOX bulk tank, piped oxygen system, ICU/NICU, pulse oximetry, biomedical technician, reliable power with generator backup. Analogous to Muhimbili (Tanzania), Kenyatta (Kenya), Mulago (Uganda).

Scenario B — District Hospital: Oxygen concentrators and/or portable cylinders, limited pulse oximetry (35% have device, 40% functional), no ICU, clinical officer manages oxygen, unreliable power. Analogous to district hospitals in Malawi, Rwanda, Mozambique.

Scenario C — Rural Health Centre: No permanent oxygen source (70% have none), no pulse oximetry, nurse-managed, no power grid. Occasional cylinder if transport available. Analogous to health centres in Niger, DRC, South Sudan, rural Ethiopia.

3. Schema

3.1 Facility Infrastructure

Column	Type	Description
facility_level	categorical	referral_hospital / district_hospital / rural_health_centre
bed_count	int	Total bed capacity
has_icu	binary	Intensive care unit present
has_nicu	binary	Neonatal ICU present
has_piped_oxygen	binary	Piped oxygen distribution system
has_biomedical_technician	binary	Technician for equipment maintenance

3.2 Oxygen Source & Equipment

Column	Type	Description
primary_oxygen_source	categorical	PSA_plant_onsite / LOX_bulk_tank / oxygen_concentrator / cylinder_piped / cylinder_portable / none
concentrator_count	int	Number of oxygen concentrators
concentrator_functional	int	Number currently functional
concentrator_mean_age_years	float	Average equipment age
concentrator_maintenance_available	binary	Maintenance capacity exists
cylinder_count_full	int	Full cylinders on hand
cylinder_count_empty	int	Empty cylinders awaiting refill
days_since_cylinder_refill	int	Days since last cylinder delivery
PSA_plant_functional	binary	On-site PSA plant operational

3.3 Pulse Oximetry

Column	Type	Description
pulse_oximeter_available	binary	Device present at facility
pulse_oximeter_functional	binary	Device operational
SpO2_screening_routine	binary	Routine SpO2 screening practiced

3.4 Availability & Shortage

Column	Type	Description
oxygen_available_today	binary	Oxygen available on assessment day
oxygen_sufficient_for_demand	binary	Supply meets current patient demand
oxygen_stockout_days_last_month	int	Days without oxygen in past month
shortage_cause	categorical	11 root cause categories

3.5 Patient Demand & Outcomes

Column	Type	Description
patients_needing_oxygen	int	Patients requiring supplemental oxygen
primary_condition	categorical	12 clinical conditions requiring oxygen
patients_received_oxygen	int	Patients who actually received oxygen
patients_untreated_hypoxemia	int	Patients with unmet oxygen need
flow_rate_adequate	binary	Oxygen delivered at therapeutic flow rate
deaths_hypoxemia_related	int	Deaths attributable to untreated hypoxemia
referred_for_oxygen	int	Patients referred to higher facility for oxygen

3.6 Logistics & Cost

Column	Type	Description
monthly_oxygen_cost_usd	float	Monthly oxygen expenditure (USD)
distance_to_refill_km	float	Distance to nearest cylinder refill point
transport_available_for_cylinders	binary	Vehicle available for cylinder transport
power_source	categorical	grid_reliable / grid_unreliable / generator_only / solar / none
power_outage_hours_last_week	int	Hours without electricity

4. Validation

Validation Report

4.1 Key Validation Results

Metric	Referral	District	Rural	Literature
Oxygen available	82%	50%	12%	~50% lack oxygen [6]
Sufficient supply	65%	35%	8%	<10% volume [1]
Pulse ox functional	85%	14%	0.4%	Limited periphery [4]
Mean patients needing O2	40	12	3	Facility volume
Mean patients receiving O2	26	2.5	0	Coverage gap
Mean deaths/observation	5.0	4.3	1.7	High mortality [4]

5. Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset(
    "electricsheepafrica/medical-oxygen-supply",
    "district_hospital"
)
df = dataset["train"].to_pandas()

# Oxygen coverage gap analysis
df['coverage_pct'] = df['patients_received_oxygen'] / df['patients_needing_oxygen'].clip(lower=1) * 100
print(df.groupby('primary_oxygen_source')['coverage_pct'].mean())

5.1 Suggested Analyses

Oxygen access prediction: Classify facilities at risk of stockout from infrastructure and logistics features.
Mortality modelling: Quantify the relationship between oxygen availability, pulse oximetry, and hypoxemia deaths.
Equipment investment: Compare cost-effectiveness of concentrators vs cylinders vs PSA plants by facility type.
Power dependency: Model the impact of electrification and solar deployment on oxygen availability.

6. Limitations

Simulated: Not from real oxygen surveys or health management information systems.
No temporal dynamics: Cross-sectional observations, not longitudinal supply chain tracking.
Simplified mortality: Deaths are modelled from a single probability rather than full clinical pathways.
No ambient conditions: Altitude, temperature, and humidity effects on concentrator performance not modelled.
No cost granularity: Unit costs for cylinders, concentrators, and PSA are approximated, not market-specific.

7. References

Oxygen Hub / ITT (2021). Closing the medical oxygen gap in sub-Saharan Africa. oxygenhub.org/psaplants
PMC (2022). Oxygen inequity in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. PMC9972372.
PMC (2022). A comprehensive approach to medical oxygen ecosystem building. 151/165 broken PSA plants in SSA. PMC9771461.
PMC (2021). Oxygen delivery systems for adults in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. Hypoxemia prevalence 11–89%. PMC8109278.
BMC Health Services Research (2025). Design and maintenance of medical oxygen concentrators in SSA. WHO distributed >30,000 OCs. doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12315-6
PMC (2024). Functional availability of medical oxygen for management of pneumonia. ~50% facilities lack oxygen. PMC11082622.
WHO (2023). Model List of Essential Medicines, 23rd list. Medical oxygen included.

Citation

@dataset{esa_medical_oxygen_supply_2025,
  title   = {Medical Oxygen Supply Dataset: Availability, Equipment,
             Hypoxemia Mortality, and Supply Chain Across Three Tiers
             of Healthcare in Sub-Saharan Africa},
  author  = {{Electric Sheep Africa}},
  year    = {2025},
  publisher = {Hugging Face},
  url     = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/electricsheepafrica/medical-oxygen-supply},
  note    = {Simulated dataset. Not for clinical or procurement use.}
}

License

CC-BY-4.0

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