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complete obturation of the root - canal with an inert filling material to create an apical seal has been proposed as the goal for successful endodontic treatment . however , micro - leakage can occur and is the primary cause of endodontic treatment failure . in cases of endodontic treatment failure , the probab...
type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) is a metabolism disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia in the context of insulin resistance and relative deficiency of insulin secretion , and is becoming a major public health challenge worldwide . the main symptoms of patients with t2 dm are excess thirst , frequent urinati...
the c - jun nh2-terminal protein kinases ( jnks , also called stress - activated protein kinases ( sapks ) ) are members of the evolutionarily conserved mitogen - activated protein kinase ( mapk ) family [ 1 , 2 ] . the jnk subfamily consists of three related genes : jnk1 , jnk2 , and jnk3 . in mammals , the jnk1 and j...
in the last decade , treatment strategies for rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) have evolved from the old pyramid approach to the early , proactive , and consistent use of disease - modifying antirheumatic drugs ( dmards ) [ 16 ] . to minimize the delays in diagnosis , treatment initiation , and monitoring , a number of he...
end - stage renal disease ( esrd ) has emerged as a major public health problem , with an alarming increase in incidences and a challenge for both developing and developed countries.1 globally , it is estimated that 1.9 million patients are currently receiving renal replacement therapy ( rrt ) , mainly dialysis.2 the n...
antibody deficiency may be either primary or secondary , and the most common severe primary antibody deficiency ( pad ) is common variable immunodeficiency ( cvid ) , which accounts for the majority ( 57% ) of all symptomatic primary immunodeficiency ( pid ) cases on the european society for immunodeficiencies ( esid )...
the first is the evolution of a foetally derived placenta which enables the foetus to influence its own destiny , whilst placing a considerable burden in terms of time and energy investment on an expectant mother . hormonal cues provided by the developing foetus influence maternal neural function , increase maternal fo...
histone deacetylases are a family of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from lysine residues present in the n - terminal extension of core histones of nucleosomes and have been found in bacteria , fungi , plants , and animals . histone acetyltransferases ( hats ) and deacetylases ( hdacs ) play an important role in ch...
the extraction of cadmium from the technological liquids coming from zinc production is mostly done by chemical reduction of cadmium from acidic solutions by means of powdered zinc . arsenic contents in these liquids may enhance the risks of the formation of toxic arsenic hydride ( arsine ) which must absolutely be eli...
the sage method is a highly competent technology that can give a global gene expression profile of a particular type of cell or tissue and also help in identifying a set of specific genes to the cellular conditions by comparing the profiles constructed for a pair of cells that are kept at different conditions [...
acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of acute abdominal pain and/or increased levels of serum pancreatic enzymes . more importantly , takeda et al . have indicated that the mortality rate was of approximately 20% when acute pancreatitis developed to severe acute pancreatitis ( s...
the earliest uses of confinement were performed using embryos from amphibians and sea invertebrates ( circa 1890 ; pflger , 1884 ; driesch , 1893 ; hertwig , 1893 ) . these organisms produce fertilized embryos that can be stripped of extracellular membranous materials to yield a single cell on the order of a hundred mi...
mammography provides high - resolution 2d images of the breast in each of the cranial - caudal ( cc ) and medial - lateral oblique ( mlo ) directions and is capable of resolving fine structures such as microcalcifications . however , mammography has been shown to have low sensitivity and specificity among premenopausal...
diabetes mellitus is recognized as a leading cause of new cases of blindness among americans between the ages of 20 and 74 . these include excess formation of advanced glycation end - products , activation of pkc isoforms , activation of the polyol pathway , and excessive oxidative stress . considerable evidence points...
bisphosphonates ( bps ) are agents currently used to treat osteoporosis and decrease the risk of osteoporosis - related fractures . since the introduction and development of these drugs , increased bone mineral density ( bmd ) in the lumbar spine and hip ( total hip or neck ) has been the main focus for evaluation of t...
in the united states , of the estimated 2 million burns per year , 100,000 require hospitalization , and 5000 result in death ( herndon and spies 2001 ) . burns are exacerbated by inhalation injury , and associated pulmonary complications ( murakami and traber 2003 ) . prevalence rates vary but authors concur that thos...
seventy seven thyroid nodules were studied in 60 consecutive patients ( 20 men and 40 women ) at our institution from july 2007 to december 2008 . the patients ranged in age from 20 to 70 years ( mean 4911 years ) . written informed consent from each subject was obtained and the ethics committee at our institute approv...
silica microspheres of radius 1m were diluted in milliq water to a final concentration of a few spheres per milliliter . the microspheres were inserted into a fluid chamber , which can be displaced in 3d by a piezoelectric device ( nanomax ts max313/m ) . the trap is realized using a near infrared laser beam ( lumics ,...
chronic inflammation , in which large amounts of reactive oxygen / nitrogen species ( ros / rns ) and cytokines are produced , is a well - recognized cause of cancer . epidemiologic and animal studies have indicated chronic inflammation including urinary tract infections to be involved in the development of bladder can...
, thousand oaks , ca , usa ) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits receptor activator of nf-b ligand ( rankl ) , a key modulator of osteoclast formation , function , and survival.14 in the phase 3 fracture reduction evaluation of denosumab in osteoporosis every 6 months ( freedom ) study of 7808 postmenopa...
under normal physiological conditions , exercise - induced increases in myocardial oxygen demand are met by coronary vasodilation and increased oxygen delivery , thus preventing ischemia or perfusion defects . vasodilation during exercise is , in part , contingent upon the vascular endothelium [ 2 , 3 ] and endothelial...
good oral health is an essential component which determines the overall general health of children . despite improvement in oral health , the prevalence of dental caries remains high in young children as reported by the united states national health and nutrition examination survey . previous studies conducted on the p...
t cells constitute approximately 15% of circulating human t lymphocytes , and the majority ( typically > 80% ) of these express t - cell receptors ( tcrs ) consisting of v9 and v2 chains . the v2v2 tcr recognises small , nonpeptide phosphate antigens ( phosphoantigens ) independently of major histocompatibility complex...
chronic abdominal wall pain is often mislabelled as being visceral in origin and so inappropriate complementary tests are performed , unsatisfactory treatment is prescribed and unnecessary costs are incurred . the prevalence of this condition in everyday medical practice is unknown , but some researchers have estimated...
common skin tumors like basal- and squamous - cell carcinoma present a serious problem in modern medicine . it is confirmed that a variety of biological consequences such as increases in skin cancer or cataract may result from the increased uv exposure due to ozone depletion and atmospheric ozone hole . uv radiation ma...
w latach 19962012 leczeniu poddano 10 pacjentw z penetrujcymi urazami szyi , w tym 3 kobiety i 7 mczyzn . w 8 przypadkach bya to pojedyncza rana kuta , a w przypadku jednego pacjenta 34 rany kute szyi , klatki piersiowej i brzucha . wszystkich pacjentw poddano natychmiastowemu zabiegowi polegajcemu na rewizji ran szyi...
psychonephrology refers to the psychological problems and their management related with kidney disorders such as depression , anxiety , sexual problems , psychosis , problems in rehabilitation , maladjustment due to dependency , etc . recently , work on patients with renal diseases has advanced the understanding of the...
transmigration , which is an extremely rare anomaly , is the pre - eruptive migration of mandibular canines across the midline is referred to as transmigration . according to javid , when the mandibular canine has crossed the midline more than half of its length it is classified as transmigrated canine . however , josh...
contemporary genome - wide association studies ( gwass ) test common single - nucleotide polymorphisms ( snps ) for association with disease risk . the underlying biological model is that the causal mutation is in linkage disequilibrium ( ld ) with tagging snps on the genotyping array . if the causal mutation is also c...
the development of an artificial endocrine pancreas ( aep ) , composed of a system of continuous blood glucose monitoring and automated insulin infusion , has been a long sought - after solution in diabetic care . the intravascular approach to both glucose sensing and insulin delivery was abandoned in the late 80s , so...
many proteins , especially those involved in the signal transduction , contain compact units or multiple domains performing a wide variety of functions ( 1,2 ) . in some cases each involved in a series of steps in a biochemical reaction . in other instances , the functional domains work together in a manner that some d...
termed first by bell in 1970 , cruciate paralysis is a rare neurological disease of the cervicomedullary junction . cruciate paralysis often presents with bilateral paresis of the upper extremities while sparing the lower extremities . patients may also present with difficulty breathing , cranial nerve deficits , or ...
esophageal cancer ( ec ) is the 8th most common cancer and the 4th leading cause of cancer death worldwide . the most common pathological type is squamous cell carcinoma ( scc ) , in contrast to the predominance of adenocarcinoma ( ac ) in the west [ 3 , 4 ] . therefore , a study that takes into account the predominanc...
nanofluids , which contain nanoparticles dispersed in base fluids , have been proposed as a new kind of heat transfer media because they can improve the heat transport and energy efficiency and may have potential applications in the field of heat transfer enhancement . the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids can be ...
pregnant women have an increased risk of infection related to the physiological and anatomical changes in obstetric patients , as well as due to a complexly modulated immune response in pregnant women , with the latter associated with increased susceptibility to and severity of illness from certain pathogens . pregnanc...
pharmacological interventions are a valuable tool for the dissection of biological functions . in the study of excitable cells , such as neurons , drugs that block ion channels are commonly restricted to three levels : ( 1 ) , the whole tissue preparation through addition of the drug to the incubation medium ; ( 2 ) , ...
female genital mutilation / cutting ( fgm / c ) is a traditional surgical modification of the female genitalia comprising all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or nontherapeutic reasons . it is estimated that from 130...
it is generally accepted that the tear film in subjects with ocular dryness is unstable and incapable of maintaining the protective qualities that are necessary for its structure and function . when the tear film is compromised , the corneal and conjunctival epithelium can not be maintained , and subjects experience th...
vesicoureteral reflux ( vur ) is an important cause of renal function decline loss leading to end stage renal failure . there is evidence for a disturbed renal development in children with vur as well as an increased risk for renal infection and subsequent scarring . both mechanisms can be severe enough to destroy the ...
the rare extraskeletal soft tissue chondromas ( stc ) , also referred to as chondroma of the soft parts , is a benign soft tissue tumor composed mainly of a hyaline cartilage with no connection to the bone or periosteum . patients with a soft tissue chondroma may present to a dermatologist , surgeon or an orthopedician...
cranberry juice has traditionally been used to reduce recurrent urinary tract infections ( utis ) . the only active moieties of cranberry discovered to date are trimeric a - type proanthocyanidins . the major mechanism by which cranberry appears to prevent utis involves inhibition of the binding of the p - fimbria of u...
this work refers to the debate taking place in italy during the final decades of the nineteenth century , regarding mental health and lunatic asylums which housed an ever - increasing number of patients suffering from mental illness . overcrowding , lunatic asylums , coercive and inhuman methods , the degradation in wh...
to our knowledge , there are only a few case reports on the multidetector computed tomography ( mdct ) and cardiac magnetic resonance ( cmr ) findings of lvah with fatty infiltration usually confined within the left ventricular apical myocardium . here we present the morphologic and functional findings of lvah in a fem...
renal ischemia leads to the development of an acute renal failure characterized by a massive tubular cell death mainly affecting s3 segments of proximal tubules in outer stripe of outer medulla ( osom ) . after a moderate ischemia ( 35 minutes ) , renal alterations rapidly elicit a process of regeneration leading to t...
many different genetic mechanisms of sex determination have been discovered in nature and studied deeply , using molecular - genetic tools ( reviewed in cline and meyer 1996 ; marin and baker 1998 ; zarkower 2001 ; williams and carroll 2009 ; charlesworth and mank 2010 ; gamble and zarkower 2012 ; hughes and rozen 2012...
the recent national population survey showed that the elderly proportion has substantially increased in china in the last decades . in 2011 , the number of chinese in ages of 60 years and older reached at 177 million , up to 13.26% of the residents of mainland china , an increase of 2.93% compared to the same ages in 2...
prepubertal testicular tumors ( ptts ) are rare , representing 1% to 2% of all pediatric solid tumors and with an annual incidence of 0.5 to 2 per 100,000 children . most information regarding ptts is based on experience with the adult counterpart ; however , recently published data indicate that ptts are distinct from...
subtype selective antagonists inhibit muscarinic contractions of gastrointestinal and urinary bladder smooth muscle in a manner that agrees with an m3 receptor mechanism ( eglen et al . 1996 ) . this behavior is consistent with the known coupling of the m3 receptor to gq/11 ( noronha - blob et al . the details of how m...
our modern lifestyle has led to the diminished use of consumed energy and to an increasing population of obese individuals . obesity is costly [ 1 , 2 ] , can result in a poor quality life [ 2 , 3 ] , and causes an early death [ 1 , 2 ] . metabolic syndrome is manifested by many symptoms like elevated intramyocellular ...
synthesizing a bucky shuttle or a nanopeapod , consisting of a nanotube and fullerene has opened new horizons of investigations into the properties of nanostructures for researchers . at present time it is supposed , that bucky shuttles can be used , for example , as nanosized memory elements or to serve as a bas...
a mature cystic teratoma is the most common ovarian germ cell tumour , occurring in 1020% of all ovarian tumours . the frequency of malignant transformation is about 1% , and the most common type of malignant transformation is that to squamous cell carcinoma [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] . malignant melanoma , primary osteosarcoma , d...
it is defined as neuronal activity that is not directly tied to either sensory input or a behavioral task . functionally , it has been suggested that cortical spontaneous activity underlies processes such as mental imagery ( kreiman et al . , 2000 ; kosslyn et al . , 2001 ; kraemer et al . , 2005 ) , cognition ( sadagh...
intestinal pseudo - obstruction ( ipso ) is defined as ineffective intestinal propulsion which occurs in the absence of mechanical or obstructive factors ( 1 ) . cases , in whom ipso is the primary clinical feature , are typically associated with connective tissue diseases . however , ipso presenting as the first manif...
hp binds oxygenated , free hemoglobin with a very high affinity of approximately 1 10 mol / l . free hemoglobin can be harmful to the body , promoting the accumulation of hydroxyl radicals via the fenton reaction ( h2 o2 + fe fi fe + oh ) + oh ) , resulting in oxidative tissue damage . the hp - hemoglobin ( hp - hb ) ...
extragenital endometriosis in the inguinal region accounts for 0.8% of the whole endometriosis , which is a common gynecologic condition in the pelvis , which frequently present as a nuck cyst . we herein report a very rare case of mesothelial cyst protruding from the femoral ring . this case highlights that inguinal m...
detecting molecules of -phenylethyl alcohol is recognised as the fragrance of rose in the human brain , while amyl acetate is perceived as a banana flavour . to humans , olfaction -- odour molecules in the environment are detected by olfactory receptors ( ors ) . or genes were first identified from rats by buck and axe...
this retrospective study on chikungunya outbreak in india was initiated during 2007 in five states of india viz . orissa , maharashtra , mp , delhi and kerala with support from national vector borne disease control programme ( nvbdcp ) , new delhi . the study was conducted strictly following the project protocol and se...
the functions of the salivary glands are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and influenced by the sensory nervous system . when parasympathetic impulses dominate , salivary flow is greatly enhanced and the saliva has a low protein content . studies of animal and human innervation have revealed that parasympathe...
this was a preplanned interim analysis ( at 84 weeks ) of an open - ended , controlled extension ( expected to last at least 2.5 years ) of a previously reported 26-week , phase 3 , multicenter , open - label , randomized , two - arm , parallel , comparator - controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes failing to...
in modern corneal refractive and cataract surgery , precise measurement of corneal thickness and axial length is very important to achieve good refractive outcome . ultrasound ( us ) biometry and laser biometric systems are widely used techniques in practice . a laser biometric system uses the principle of partial cohe...
the most established diagnostic procedure for detecting peripheral lesions of the lung is the extraction of tissue for histological examination by transbronchial forceps biopsy ( tbb ) under fluoroscopy control with a diagnostic sensitivity between 32 and 57% . several studies were able to prove an amelioration of succ...
osteochondral fracture ( ocf ) of the lateral femoral condyle has a low incidence and old ocf is even more rarely seen ; it is difficult to differentiate from late osteochondritis dissecans ( ocd ) . in this report , we present the case of a 20-year - old male patient with an old ocf of the lateral femoral condyle . th...
micrornas ( mirnas ) are a class of small non - coding rnas that have been extensively studied as crucial negative regulatory molecules . canonical mirna is first processed from a primary mirna ( pri - mirna ) transcript via the drosha - dependent microprocessor complex ( 1 ) , and the process generates a precursor mir...
celiac disease ( cd ) is an immune - mediated inflammation of the small intestine caused by sensitivity to dietary gluten in genetically sensitive individuals . the disorder is common , occurring in 0.5 to 1 percent of the general population in most countries ( 1 ) . overall , the global distribution of the disease see...
blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm ( bpdcn ) is a rare hematologic malignancy that typically involves the skin , lymph nodes , the peripheral blood and the bone marrow . this tumor expresses cd4 and cd56 with no obvious evidence of b- or t - cell differentiation . since adachi et al . ( 1 ) first described cd...
the growing industrialization has resulted in a dramatic increase of water pollution which has led to a greater environmental concern ; that is , the textile industry can release about 15% of the dye into the effluents during the textile dyeing . the discharge of these effluents into natural stream and rivers poses sev...
it is estimated that urinary incontinence ( ui ) affects 1040% of the female population aged 1564 years and has an even higher incidence after 65 years of age [ 13 ] . ui is defined as the uncontrolled and involuntary leakage of urine and is associated with a reduction in quality of life ( qol ) for women of all ag...
any given time , most 16 - 18 year old and up to half of adults have acne . in 60% of teenagers , the condition is sufficiently severe for them to seek medical advice . in 7 - 17% , but since its introduction to the market , it has been alleged to be associated with a variety of adverse psychiatric effects , including ...
cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in many economically developed nations accounting for about 30% of all deaths and its incidence is still increasing . ongoing research aims to investigate and prevent the early development of cardiovascular risk factors such as atherosclerosis , hypertension , ...
the role of thickened and exceedingly collapsible lateral pharyngeal walls in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) is well recognized in adults.1 - 3 the tonsils notwithstanding , narrowing of the lateral pharyngeal walls is associated with osa in males.2 in the pathogenesis of osa , the influence of ...
in korea , the breast cancer mortality rate among women is relatively low compared to the high incidence rate of this cancer . the crude incidence and mortality rates were 63.7 and 8.0 per 100,000 in 2011 , respectively . female breast cancer is the second most common malignancy , and its incidence has ranked second to...
enkl is a newly recognized distinctive entity in the world health organization classification of lymphomas . it accounts for < 1% of all lymphomas in western countries and 3% to 9% of all lymphomas in asia . enkl of the lung is extremely rare . to our knowledge , there are only a few reports about pulmonary enkl writte...
the number of human beings on this planet has changed greatly over the past millennia and was in many aspects linked to changes in the natural environment both in terms of being driven by changes in the environment and also of inducing such changes as well as the evolution of technologies and human cultures . it is e...
endoscopic endoprosthesis has been well established as a fast and durable procedure for palliation of malignant dysphagia . an ideal esophageal endoprosthesis should have the following characteristics : an optimal internal diameter , flexible and non - traumatic but sufficient radial force , a compact and easy - to - u...
nursing is the fifth largest occupation in the united states ( u.s . ) and ranks as the largest of the healthcare professions . due to strenuous workloads and irregular shift schedules the most common musculoskeletal disorder in nurses is chronic low back pain ( clbp ) , and this is a highly significant and growing hea...
parry - romberg syndrome ( prs ) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder of unknown origin first described by parry in 1825 and romberg in 1846 . it is characterized by progressive facial hemiatrophy of the skin , subcutaneous tissue and sometimes the adjacent craniofacial bones , sparing facial muscles , that affects mainly...
the prevalence and severity of obesity is increasing dramatically among children and adolescents in many parts of the world , whereas prevalence rates are estimated to increase in the next decades . in children , excess body fat appears to be strongly associated with the clustering of risk factors , such as hyperglycem...
this treatment is commonly termed highly active antiretroviral therapy.1 saquinavir ( sqv ) , as with other pis , exerts its pharmacological activities by binding to the active site of viral protease enzyme , leading to the formation of immature virus particles . although sqv is highly effective in blocking hiv-1 infec...
sit - to - stand ( sts ) movement is a common daily activity that consists in a person rising from a chair1 ; however , the ability to accomplish sts is diminished after a stroke2 . in previous studies , patients who experienced a stroke were shown to perform sts with a longer duration3 , due to the modificatio...
obesity quantified as body mass index ( bmi ) is beginning to replace undernutrition and infectious disease as the most significant contributor to ill health . obesity can lead to serious health problems , including diabetes , hypertension , and coronary artery disease . in addition , it may also affect the surgical an...
neoadjuvant chemotherapy ( nac ) is the favored treatment of choice among locally advanced breast cancer patients because it significantly increases the possibility of breast - conserving surgery . the european organization for research and treatment of cancer trial ( eortc ) study 10902 , a large randomized trial , re...
it is mainly seen in the individuals who come in contact with animals directly.(345 ) it remains a significant threat to human health in india , especially in rural areas . the rural population is primarily engaged in agriculture for which cattle are used . to supplement the income , these animals , most of the times ,...
malaria parasite transmission remains a serious international public health problem . in sub - saharan africa ( ssa ) , anopheles gambiae s.s . funestus are the primary vectors of malaria parasites and show highly anthropophilic tendencies [ 1 - 3 ] . approximately 70% of the total ssa population lives in areas infeste...
type 1 diabetes ( t1d ) is an autoimmune disease with increasing incidence in youth worldwide , characterized by impaired glucose tolerance progressing to hyperglycemia , which results from t - cell mediated pancreatic -cell destruction and from a simultaneous production of antibodies ( abs ) against islet cells . this...
the study of k - string composition of long dna sequences including complete genomes is a natural extension of g + c content , i.e. , k = 1 , analysis . using k values greater than 1 takes into account short - range ( up to k 1 ) correlations of nucleotides and enhances species - specific features in the sequence . vi...
strokes of the left middle cerebral artery ( lmca ) territory often lead to impairments in language function that are collectively referred to as aphasias . language recovery after lmca stroke is highly variable , and many patients remain chronically aphasic despite optimal rehabilitative approaches [ 2 , 3 ] . aphasia...
arginine vasopressin ( avp ) has well - known roles in the regulation of varied biological systems , with effects mediated by one of three receptors : v1ar , v1br and v2r . v1ar is believed to predominate in the central nervous system ( cns ) and its involvement in affiliation and social communication in microtine ro...
although the long - term effects of irradiation on the central nervous system ( cns ) are now well - known and accepted , the long term consequences of most chemotherapeutic agents have rarely been considered , either in the development of multi - institutional cancer group studies or in the follow - up of survivors . ...
vitamin d is a fat - soluble vitamin ; its 2 main forms are ergocalciferol ( vitamin d2 ) , which is of plant origin , and cholecalciferol ( vitamin d3 ) , which is of animal origin . vitamin d can be obtained from food , such as fatty fish , fortified foods , and vitamin supplements . however , the diet provides only ...
chronic biofilm infections play an important role in otitis media,1 cholesteatoma,2 sinusitis,3 osteoradionecrosis,4 tracheitis,5 and tonsillitis,6 making these infections difficult to eradicate . in nature , bacteria have been observed to exist in both planktonic or biofilm forms ( large , complex , multicellular comm...
the pacific region is a high endemic area for leptospirosis and arboviruses . in french polynesia , leptospirosis , caused by leptospira spp . , occurs annually with a peak in the rainy season , while arboviroses , caused by dengue ( denvs ) , chikungunya ( chikv ) or zika viruses , occur mainly during outbreaks . be...
apert syndrome ( acrocephalosyndactylia ) is a developmental malformation characterized by craniosynostosis , a cone - shaped calvarium ( acrocephaly ) , hypertelorism , midface hypoplasia , pseudo cleft - palate , a parrot beak - shaped nose , pharyngeal attenuation , and syndactyly of the hands and feet.1 - 3 the inh...
the online version of this article ( doi:10.1007/s00134 - 007 - 0542 - 1 ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users chest radiographs ( cxrs ) are frequently obtained as a complement to physical examination of critically ill patients [ 1 , 2 ] . there are two different schools of thoug...
chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) , the prevalence of which is estimated to be 816% worldwide , is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease . sodium is important in maintaining irritability and conduction of nerve and muscle tissues and assists in the regulation of aci...
the turn of century has witnessed a remarkable growth in drug discovery , development , and use . new drug delivery technologies are revolutionizing the development and creating r&d - focused pharmaceutical industries to suit the needs of the modern world . the scenario of pharmaceutical research is being steadily chan...
we analyzed 12 neuronal datasets recorded from two human clinical trial participants with tetraplegia ( hs1 and hs3 ) and four monkeys ( mla , mcl , mco and mab ) . these included m1 recordings taken while human participants performed two sessions of a neural cursor center - out task ( that is , a task where the parti...
critically ill patients who are sedated and mechanically ventilated are likely to have gastrointestinal complications and motility disturbances [ 13 ] . many methods used to determine gastric motility in the critical care setting are unreliable or impractical . a newly developed motility capsule ( figure 1 ) for assess...
evodiamine ( eda ) is a major constituent of the plant evodia rutaecarpa , and is a traditional chinese herbal medicine usually taken orally . eda plays roles in various pharmacological activities,1 such as reducing fat uptake , decreasing tissue inflammation , and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation.2,3 for eda , the...
type i cytokine receptors , such as receptors for erythropoietin ( epo ) , thrombopoietin ( tpo ) , granulocyte colony stimulating factor ( g - csf ) and most interleukins ( il ) receptors , and type ii interferons ( ifn ) lack intrinsic catalytic activity . in order to initiate downstream signaling these receptors bin...
identification and triage of seriously ill patients visiting emergency department is very important for prioritization of care and answering parent 's queries about outcome , hospital stay and cost of treatment especially in developing countries like india where medical insurance of public is not developed yet . most o...

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