term stringlengths 2 68 ⌀ | category stringclasses 13
values | source stringclasses 7
values | posture stringclasses 4
values | link stringclasses 3
values | oid int64 822k 900M | cid int64 822k 10.9M ⌀ | court stringclasses 137
values | state stringclasses 51
values | year int64 1.79k 2.03k | statement stringlengths 150 274 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
provider | uncategorised | uncertain | found | inferred | 821,578 | 821,578 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "provider" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
medical services | conduct | contract | found | inferred | 821,578 | 821,578 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the contract term "medical services" (conduct language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
hospital services | conduct | statute | found | inferred | 821,578 | 821,578 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the statute term "hospital services" (conduct language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
individual practice association | uncategorised | statute | found | inferred | 821,578 | 821,578 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the statute term "individual practice association" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
authorization | uncategorised | uncertain | uncertain | proximate | 821,578 | 821,578 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "authorization" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: proximate. |
authorized health care services | conduct | uncertain | found | inferred | 821,578 | 821,578 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "authorized health care services" (conduct language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
authorized health services | conduct | uncertain | found | inferred | 821,578 | 821,578 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "authorized health services" (conduct language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
authorized | modal | contract | found | inferred | 821,578 | 821,578 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the contract term "authorized" (modal language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
bonds | uncategorised | testamentary | rejected | direct | 821,623 | 821,623 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the testamentary term "bonds" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
any bonds | scope | contract | found | inferred | 821,623 | 821,623 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the contract term "any bonds" (scope language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
reasonably susceptible | degree | contract | found | inferred | 821,623 | 821,623 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the contract term "reasonably susceptible" (degree language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
engaging in a | uncategorised | insurance | rejected | inferred | 825,521 | 825,521 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the insurance term "engaging in a" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
responsible | uncategorised | insurance | rejected | inferred | 825,521 | 825,521 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the insurance term "responsible" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
liable | uncategorised | insurance | rejected | inferred | 825,521 | 825,521 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the insurance term "liable" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
engaging in a | uncategorised | insurance | rejected | inferred | 825,522 | 825,522 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the insurance term "engaging in a" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
responsible | uncategorised | insurance | rejected | inferred | 825,522 | 825,522 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the insurance term "responsible" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
liable | uncategorised | insurance | rejected | inferred | 825,522 | 825,522 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the insurance term "liable" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
investment income | uncategorised | statute | rejected | direct | 826,266 | 826,266 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the statute term "investment income" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
primary purpose | mental | uncertain | uncertain | inferred | 827,271 | 827,271 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "primary purpose" (mental language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
testimonial | uncategorised | uncertain | uncertain | inferred | 827,271 | 827,271 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "testimonial" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
applies to | uncategorised | uncertain | uncertain | inferred | 827,271 | 827,271 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "applies to" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
mental gymnastics | uncategorised | uncertain | uncertain | inferred | 827,271 | 827,271 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "mental gymnastics" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
solely | scope | statute | rejected | direct | 822,836 | 822,836 | alaska | AK | 2,013 | A AK appellate court in 2013 considered the statute term "solely" (scope language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
knowingly | mental | uncertain | rejected | inferred | 822,836 | 822,836 | alaska | AK | 2,013 | A AK appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "knowingly" (mental language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
supply | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | inferred | 822,836 | 822,836 | alaska | AK | 2,013 | A AK appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "supply" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
permit | uncategorised | testamentary | rejected | inferred | 822,836 | 822,836 | alaska | AK | 2,013 | A AK appellate court in 2013 considered the testamentary term "permit" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
county | uncategorised | statute | alleged | inferred | 824,256 | 824,256 | mich | MI | 2,012 | A MI appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "county" (uncategorised language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
attempt | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | direct | 824,883 | 824,883 | mich | MI | 2,012 | A MI appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "attempt" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
attempt to commit the larceny | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | proximate | 824,883 | 824,883 | mich | MI | 2,012 | A MI appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "attempt to commit the larceny" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: proximate. |
in an attempt | uncategorised | testamentary | rejected | direct | 824,883 | 824,883 | mich | MI | 2,012 | A MI appellate court in 2012 considered the testamentary term "in an attempt" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
attempt to retain possession | conduct | statute | rejected | direct | 824,883 | 824,883 | mich | MI | 2,012 | A MI appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "attempt to retain possession" (conduct language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
let alone | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | inferred | 824,883 | 824,883 | mich | MI | 2,012 | A MI appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "let alone" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
to a beneficiary | succession | testamentary | uncertain | inferred | 821,516 | 821,516 | cal | CA | 2,012 | A CA appellate court in 2012 considered the testamentary term "to a beneficiary" (succession language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
only | scope | statute | uncertain | inferred | 821,516 | 821,516 | cal | CA | 2,012 | A CA appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "only" (scope language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
interested person | role | statute | uncertain | inferred | 821,516 | 821,516 | cal | CA | 2,012 | A CA appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "interested person" (role language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
so substantial | degree | constitution | alleged | inferred | 821,517 | 821,517 | cal | CA | 2,012 | A CA appellate court in 2012 considered the constitution term "so substantial" (degree language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
including, but not limited to | scope | statute | rejected | inferred | 821,524 | 821,524 | cal | CA | 2,012 | A CA appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "including, but not limited to" (scope language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
change | uncategorised | statute | rejected | inferred | 821,524 | 821,524 | cal | CA | 2,012 | A CA appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "change" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
development | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | inferred | 821,524 | 821,524 | cal | CA | 2,012 | A CA appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "development" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
local entities | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | inferred | 821,527 | 821,527 | cal | CA | 2,012 | A CA appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "local entities" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
services | conduct | uncertain | rejected | direct | 821,527 | 821,527 | cal | CA | 2,012 | A CA appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "services" (conduct language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
tax increment | uncategorised | statute | rejected | inferred | 821,527 | 821,527 | cal | CA | 2,012 | A CA appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "tax increment" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
harm | uncategorised | statute | uncertain | proximate | 821,535 | 821,535 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the statute term "harm" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: proximate. |
a]s used here | conduct | uncertain | uncertain | inferred | 821,535 | 821,535 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "a]s used here" (conduct language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
increased risk of harm | uncategorised | uncertain | uncertain | inferred | 821,535 | 821,535 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "increased risk of harm" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
t]he circuit court | uncategorised | uncertain | found | inferred | 822,597 | 822,597 | wva | WV | 2,013 | A WV appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "t]he circuit court" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
residence | property | testamentary | rejected | inferred | 822,623 | 822,623 | wva | WV | 2,013 | A WV appellate court in 2013 considered the testamentary term "residence" (property language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
i’m a man you know. i | uncategorised | uncertain | uncertain | inferred | 822,657 | 822,657 | wyo | WY | 2,013 | A WY appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "i’m a man you know. i" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
mature | uncategorised | deed | uncertain | direct | 822,657 | 822,657 | wyo | WY | 2,013 | A WY appellate court in 2013 considered the deed term "mature" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct. |
life according to law | uncategorised | statute | found | inferred | 822,660 | 822,660 | wyo | WY | 2,013 | A WY appellate court in 2013 considered the statute term "life according to law" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
according to law | uncategorised | statute | found | inferred | 822,660 | 822,660 | wyo | WY | 2,013 | A WY appellate court in 2013 considered the statute term "according to law" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
race, color, sex | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | direct | 822,662 | 822,662 | wyo | WY | 2,013 | A WY appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "race, color, sex" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
action | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | inferred | 829,372 | 829,372 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "action" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
jurisdiction | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | direct | 829,372 | 829,372 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "jurisdiction" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
shall | modal | statute | rejected | inferred | 829,372 | 829,372 | mich | MI | 2,011 | A MI appellate court in 2011 considered the statute term "shall" (modal language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
fully disclosed and accurate | uncategorised | uncertain | found | inferred | 829,413 | 829,413 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "fully disclosed and accurate" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
reasonably relied | degree | uncertain | found | inferred | 829,413 | 829,413 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "reasonably relied" (degree language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
ready and available for access use | conduct | uncertain | found | inferred | 829,625 | 829,625 | calctapp | CA | 2,013 | A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "ready and available for access use" (conduct language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
all other persons | role | uncertain | rejected | direct | 830,348 | 830,348 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "all other persons" (role language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
all other parties | role | contract | rejected | direct | 830,348 | 830,348 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the contract term "all other parties" (role language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
all other parties, firms, or corporations | role | contract | rejected | proximate | 830,348 | 830,348 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the contract term "all other parties, firms, or corporations" (role language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: proximate. |
all | scope | uncertain | found | direct | 830,348 | 830,348 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "all" (scope language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct. |
persons | role | contract | found | direct | 830,348 | 830,348 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the contract term "persons" (role language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct. |
an unambiguous contract reflects the parties | role | contract | found | proximate | 830,348 | 830,348 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the contract term "an unambiguous contract reflects the parties" (role language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: proximate. |
important | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "important" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
injury | event | statute | found | inferred | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "injury" (event language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
general | scope | uncertain | rejected | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "general" (scope language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
that affects the person | role | statute | rejected | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "that affects the person" (role language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
lead | uncategorised | statute | found | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "lead" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct. |
course | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "course" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
his or her normal life | uncategorised | statute | rejected | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "his or her normal life" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
in general | scope | statute | uncertain | proximate | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "in general" (scope language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: proximate. |
life | uncategorised | statute | rejected | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "life" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
entire | scope | statute | uncertain | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "entire" (scope language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct. |
serious impairment of body function | degree | statute | rejected | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "serious impairment of body function" (degree language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct. |
specific, substantive arguments | uncategorised | statute | found | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "specific, substantive arguments" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct. |
trajectory | uncategorised | statute | uncertain | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "trajectory" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct. |
some | uncategorised | uncertain | found | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "some" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct. |
extra-textual | uncategorised | uncertain | found | direct | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "extra-textual" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct. |
the attorney general | scope | statute | found | inferred | 830,367 | 830,367 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "the attorney general" (scope language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
cause | mental | statute | found | inferred | 831,214 | 831,214 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "cause" (mental language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
‘cause | mental | uncertain | found | inferred | 831,214 | 831,214 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "‘cause" (mental language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
gross negligence | degree | uncertain | found | inferred | 831,214 | 831,214 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "gross negligence" (degree language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
probative | uncategorised | uncertain | found | inferred | 831,214 | 831,214 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "probative" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
proximate cause | mental | uncertain | found | inferred | 831,214 | 831,214 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "proximate cause" (mental language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
derivative | uncategorised | statute | found | inferred | 831,214 | 831,214 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "derivative" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
marijuana | uncategorised | statute | found | inferred | 831,214 | 831,214 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "marijuana" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
metabolite | uncategorised | statute | found | inferred | 831,214 | 831,214 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "metabolite" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
marihuana | uncategorised | statute | found | inferred | 831,214 | 831,214 | mich | MI | 2,010 | A MI appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "marihuana" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
was at least ambiguous | uncategorised | contract | uncertain | direct | 834,755 | 834,755 | or | OR | 2,013 | A OR appellate court in 2013 considered the contract term "was at least ambiguous" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct. |
inherent rights of management | uncategorised | uncertain | uncertain | proximate | 834,755 | 834,755 | or | OR | 2,013 | A OR appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "inherent rights of management" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: proximate. |
retain | uncategorised | uncertain | rejected | proximate | 834,755 | 834,755 | or | OR | 2,013 | A OR appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "retain" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: proximate. |
to schedule work | conduct | uncertain | rejected | inferred | 834,755 | 834,755 | or | OR | 2,013 | A OR appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "to schedule work" (conduct language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
products - completed operations hazard | uncategorised | insurance | rejected | inferred | 834,764 | 834,764 | or | OR | 2,012 | A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the insurance term "products - completed operations hazard" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
plaintiff | uncategorised | uncertain | uncertain | inferred | 834,805 | 834,805 | or | OR | 2,012 | A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "plaintiff" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
prevailed in the action | uncategorised | uncertain | uncertain | proximate | 834,805 | 834,805 | or | OR | 2,012 | A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "prevailed in the action" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: proximate. |
prevails in the action | uncategorised | statute | uncertain | direct | 834,805 | 834,805 | or | OR | 2,012 | A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "prevails in the action" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct. |
owner | role | deed | found | direct | 834,806 | 834,806 | or | OR | 2,012 | A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the deed term "owner" (role language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct. |
or | scope | uncertain | found | direct | 834,806 | 834,806 | or | OR | 2,012 | A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "or" (scope language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct. |
wildlife | uncategorised | statute | found | inferred | 834,806 | 834,806 | or | OR | 2,012 | A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "wildlife" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred. |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Disputed Contract and Instrument Terms in US State Appellate Courts
One row per (term, decision) pair: a word or phrase a court quoted as the disputed language in a decision containing an ambiguity holding, across the state appellate courts of all 50 states and DC. Terms are extracted from the whole opinion by cue-anchored quotation ('the term "X"', '"X" as used in'), classified into functional drafting categories, and linked to the holding by three graded levels of evidence.
286,846 rows. Licence CC BY 4.0. Not legal advice.
Where this comes from
| Canonical record | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22247377 |
| Code and methodology | https://github.com/stepuplaw/legal-empirics |
| Research page | https://stepuplaw.com/research/ |
| Author | Kevin D. Klagge, ORCID 0009-0002-1385-8498 |
| Source corpus | CourtListener bulk export, snapshot 2026-06-30 |
The DOI above identifies the code, which is a different object from this dataset. Cite the code when you are describing the method and cite this dataset when you are using the numbers.
Columns
| Column | Type | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
term |
string | the disputed language, lowercased and normalised, as the court quoted it |
category |
string | functional drafting class: nexus, degree, temporal, scope, modal, role, succession, property, event, conduct, condition, mental, uncategorised |
source |
string | the instrument the words sit in: testamentary, deed, insurance, contract, statute, constitution, uncertain |
posture |
string | found |
link |
string | direct |
oid |
integer | CourtListener opinion id |
cid |
integer | CourtListener cluster id |
court |
string | CourtListener court id |
state |
string | two-letter state postal code |
year |
integer | year the decision was filed |
statement |
string | the row written as one self-contained English sentence, so it can be retrieved, quoted and checked on its own |
Every row carries a statement column, which is the row written as one
self-contained English sentence. A row of codes can be downloaded but not
retrieved or quoted, and the sentence is what makes each row usable on its own.
How it was built
Retrieval and extraction are deterministic code over a local corpus of 10.8M US judicial opinions. Classification uses rules written against a hand-coded sample that ship with their measured accuracy, so the error rate is reported rather than assumed. Every study states its exclusion funnel with counts, because silent filtering is the commonest defect in research on opinions and it is invisible in the result.
datapackage.json carries the Frictionless schema, croissant.json the
MLCommons Croissant description, and dataset.jsonld the schema.org form.
Limits
This is exploratory. The coded samples behind it were coded once, so it supports a described pattern rather than a measurement. Inter-annotator reliability has not been established.
Published appellate opinions are not disputes. Most disputes settle, most settlements are unpublished, and appellate coverage varies by court and decade. Any rate here is a rate among decisions that reached an appellate court and were published, which is not the same population a drafter cares about.
Read the study's own limitations section in the repository before quoting a number. Each one names the specific threats to its own validity, including the ones that are unflattering.
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