term
stringlengths
2
68
category
stringclasses
13 values
source
stringclasses
7 values
posture
stringclasses
4 values
link
stringclasses
3 values
oid
int64
822k
900M
cid
int64
822k
10.9M
court
stringclasses
137 values
state
stringclasses
51 values
year
int64
1.79k
2.03k
statement
stringlengths
150
274
own
uncategorised
testamentary
found
direct
834,806
834,806
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the testamentary term "own" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
convey
uncategorised
uncertain
found
inferred
834,806
834,806
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "convey" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
conveyed
uncategorised
deed
found
inferred
834,806
834,806
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the deed term "conveyed" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
surrender
uncategorised
uncertain
found
direct
834,823
834,823
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "surrender" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
has not surrendered
uncategorised
uncertain
found
inferred
834,823
834,823
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "has not surrendered" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
agree
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
direct
834,823
834,823
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "agree" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
voluntarily
uncategorised
statute
found
inferred
834,823
834,823
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "voluntarily" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
exigency
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
834,828
834,828
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "exigency" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
s wording supports defendant
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
inferred
834,828
834,828
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "s wording supports defendant" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
probable cause
mental
constitution
uncertain
inferred
834,828
834,828
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the constitution term "probable cause" (mental language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
corporation
uncategorised
contract
uncertain
direct
821,505
821,505
cal
CA
2,013
A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the contract term "corporation" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
organized under
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
821,505
821,505
cal
CA
2,013
A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "organized under" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
domestic corporation
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
direct
821,505
821,505
cal
CA
2,013
A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the statute term "domestic corporation" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
organized under this division
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
inferred
821,505
821,505
cal
CA
2,013
A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the statute term "organized under this division" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
every private corporation
scope
statute
uncertain
inferred
821,505
821,505
cal
CA
2,013
A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the statute term "every private corporation" (scope language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
shares
succession
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
821,505
821,505
cal
CA
2,013
A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the uncertain term "shares" (succession language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
organized
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
inferred
821,505
821,505
cal
CA
2,013
A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the statute term "organized" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
so substantial
degree
constitution
alleged
inferred
821,506
821,506
cal
CA
2,013
A CA appellate court in 2013 considered the constitution term "so substantial" (degree language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
arthritis
uncategorised
statute
rejected
inferred
834,992
834,992
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "arthritis" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred.
preexisting condition
uncategorised
statute
rejected
inferred
834,992
834,992
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "preexisting condition" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred.
osteoarthritis
uncategorised
statute
rejected
inferred
834,992
834,992
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "osteoarthritis" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred.
constitutional
uncategorised
constitution
rejected
inferred
834,992
834,992
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the constitution term "constitutional" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred.
interpretation
uncategorised
insurance
uncertain
direct
834,996
834,996
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the insurance term "interpretation" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
natural resources
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
834,996
834,996
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "natural resources" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
development
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
direct
834,996
834,996
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "development" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
developer
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
direct
834,996
834,996
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "developer" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
which [in petitioners
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
direct
834,996
834,996
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "which [in petitioners" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
judgment creditor
event
statute
uncertain
inferred
834,999
834,999
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "judgment creditor" (event language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
judgment
event
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
834,999
834,999
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "judgment" (event language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
be consecutive
uncategorised
uncertain
rejected
inferred
835,001
835,001
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "be consecutive" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred.
sentence
uncategorised
statute
rejected
inferred
835,001
835,001
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "sentence" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred.
term of imprisonment
uncategorised
statute
rejected
inferred
835,001
835,001
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "term of imprisonment" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred.
harbour
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
direct
835,003
835,003
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "harbour" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
burden of proof
uncategorised
contract
uncertain
inferred
835,003
835,003
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the contract term "burden of proof" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
insurance company
uncategorised
insurance
uncertain
inferred
835,003
835,003
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the insurance term "insurance company" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
roof
uncategorised
insurance
found
inferred
835,010
835,010
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the insurance term "roof" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
roofing
uncategorised
uncertain
found
inferred
835,010
835,010
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "roofing" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
permanent
temporal
uncertain
found
inferred
835,010
835,010
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "permanent" (temporal language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
negligence
mental
uncertain
rejected
inferred
835,031
835,031
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "negligence" (mental language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred.
unprofessional conduct
conduct
statute
rejected
inferred
835,031
835,031
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "unprofessional conduct" (conduct language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred.
exact
uncategorised
statute
rejected
inferred
835,031
835,031
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "exact" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: inferred.
amends constitution
uncategorised
constitution
uncertain
inferred
835,061
835,061
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the constitution term "amends constitution" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
lowest-cost borrowing
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
835,061
835,061
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "lowest-cost borrowing" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
borrowing
uncategorised
testamentary
uncertain
direct
835,061
835,061
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the testamentary term "borrowing" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
debt
uncategorised
testamentary
uncertain
proximate
835,061
835,061
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the testamentary term "debt" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: proximate.
limits
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
835,061
835,061
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "limits" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
lowest-cost
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
direct
835,061
835,061
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "lowest-cost" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
lowest cost
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
inferred
835,061
835,061
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "lowest cost" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
person
role
contract
uncertain
direct
834,853
834,853
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the contract term "person" (role language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
right to life
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
834,853
834,853
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the uncertain term "right to life" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
amends constitution
uncategorised
constitution
uncertain
inferred
834,853
834,853
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the constitution term "amends constitution" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
creates enforceable right
uncategorised
constitution
uncertain
inferred
834,853
834,853
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the constitution term "creates enforceable right" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
retains current constitutional rights
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
direct
834,853
834,853
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "retains current constitutional rights" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
statutory
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
inferred
834,853
834,853
or
OR
2,012
A OR appellate court in 2012 considered the statute term "statutory" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
released claims
event
uncertain
found
direct
834,865
834,865
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "released claims" (event language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
releasing party
role
uncertain
found
direct
834,865
834,865
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "releasing party" (role language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
exceeds the maximum allowable by law
condition
uncertain
alleged
inferred
834,891
834,891
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "exceeds the maximum allowable by law" (condition language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
unconstitutionally cruel and unusual
uncategorised
uncertain
alleged
direct
834,891
834,891
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "unconstitutionally cruel and unusual" (uncategorised language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
exceeds
uncategorised
statute
alleged
direct
834,891
834,891
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the statute term "exceeds" (uncategorised language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
law
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
direct
834,891
834,891
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the statute term "law" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
excessive
degree
statute
alleged
inferred
834,891
834,891
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the statute term "excessive" (degree language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
disproportionate
uncategorised
uncertain
alleged
inferred
834,891
834,891
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "disproportionate" (uncategorised language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
with the word
uncategorised
uncertain
alleged
inferred
834,891
834,891
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "with the word" (uncategorised language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
exceed
uncategorised
uncertain
alleged
direct
834,891
834,891
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "exceed" (uncategorised language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
maximum
uncategorised
uncertain
alleged
inferred
834,891
834,891
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "maximum" (uncategorised language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
adult
uncategorised
uncertain
found
inferred
834,897
834,897
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "adult" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
shall
modal
statute
found
inferred
834,897
834,897
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the statute term "shall" (modal language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
imposition
uncategorised
uncertain
found
inferred
834,897
834,897
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "imposition" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
conviction
event
uncertain
uncertain
direct
834,918
834,918
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "conviction" (event language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
sentence
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
direct
834,918
834,918
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "sentence" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
adjudication
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
834,918
834,918
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "adjudication" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
advance payment
uncategorised
uncertain
found
direct
834,942
834,942
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "advance payment" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
entitled
modal
uncertain
found
direct
834,942
834,942
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "entitled" (modal language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
entitled to recover damages
event
statute
found
direct
834,942
834,942
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the statute term "entitled to recover damages" (event language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
injury or destruction
event
uncertain
found
direct
834,942
834,942
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "injury or destruction" (event language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
such
scope
testamentary
found
inferred
834,942
834,942
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the testamentary term "such" (scope language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
such advance payment
scope
testamentary
found
inferred
834,942
834,942
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the testamentary term "such advance payment" (scope language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
parties to the payment
role
uncertain
found
inferred
834,942
834,942
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "parties to the payment" (role language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
meeting of the minds
uncategorised
contract
rejected
direct
834,957
834,957
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the contract term "meeting of the minds" (uncategorised language); the court held the language clear. Link between term and holding: direct.
‘meeting of the minds
uncategorised
uncertain
found
inferred
834,957
834,957
or
OR
2,011
A OR appellate court in 2011 considered the uncertain term "‘meeting of the minds" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
bag limit
uncategorised
uncertain
alleged
direct
835,072
835,072
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "bag limit" (uncategorised language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: direct.
take
uncategorised
statute
alleged
inferred
835,072
835,072
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "take" (uncategorised language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
hunting
uncategorised
statute
alleged
inferred
835,072
835,072
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "hunting" (uncategorised language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
took
uncategorised
uncertain
alleged
inferred
835,072
835,072
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "took" (uncategorised language); the court was asked to hold the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.
directly perceive[s
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
inferred
835,073
835,073
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "directly perceive[s" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
witness
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
835,073
835,073
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "witness" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
witnessed
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
835,073
835,073
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "witnessed" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
directly
uncategorised
contract
uncertain
inferred
835,073
835,073
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the contract term "directly" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
become aware of
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
835,073
835,073
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "become aware of" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
committed in the immediate presence of
temporal
statute
uncertain
inferred
835,073
835,073
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "committed in the immediate presence of" (temporal language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
immediate presence
temporal
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
835,073
835,073
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "immediate presence" (temporal language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
heard
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
direct
835,073
835,073
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "heard" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
perceive
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
direct
835,073
835,073
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "perceive" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
seeing, heard, or felt
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
direct
835,073
835,073
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "seeing, heard, or felt" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
perceived
uncategorised
constitution
uncertain
proximate
835,073
835,073
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the constitution term "perceived" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: proximate.
intent to interfere substantially with another
degree
statute
uncertain
direct
835,079
835,079
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "intent to interfere substantially with another" (degree language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: direct.
finds
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
inferred
835,091
835,091
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "finds" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
grounds
uncategorised
statute
uncertain
inferred
835,091
835,091
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the statute term "grounds" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
grounds for relief
uncategorised
uncertain
uncertain
inferred
835,091
835,091
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "grounds for relief" (uncategorised language); the court did not resolve the question in terms this dataset could classify. Link between term and holding: inferred.
individual circumstances
uncategorised
uncertain
found
inferred
835,094
835,094
or
OR
2,010
A OR appellate court in 2010 considered the uncertain term "individual circumstances" (uncategorised language); the court held the language ambiguous. Link between term and holding: inferred.