id int64 | site string | title string | question_body string | question_body_md string | question_score int32 | question_view_count int32 | question_answer_count int32 | question_comment_count int32 | question_favorite_count int32 | question_tags list | question_creation_date string | question_last_edit_date string | question_user_id int64 | accepted_answer_id int64 | answers list | best_answer string | text string | char_length int32 | tokens_estimate int32 | meta dict |
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1 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is "backprop"? | <p>What does "backprop" mean? Is the "backprop" term basically the same as "backpropagation" or does it have a different meaning?</p>
| What does "backprop" mean? Is the "backprop" term basically the same as "backpropagation" or does it have a different meaning? | 10 | 625 | 5 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><backpropagation><terminology><definitions>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:39:14.947 | 2019-11-16T17:56:22.093 | 8 | 3 | [
{
"id": 3,
"body": "<p>\"Backprop\" is the same as \"backpropagation\": it's just a shorter way to say it. It is sometimes abbreviated as \"BP\".</p>\n",
"body_md": "\"Backprop\" is the same as \"backpropagation\": it's just a shorter way to say it. It is sometimes abbreviated as \"BP\".",
"score": ... | "Backprop" is the same as "backpropagation": it's just a shorter way to say it. It is sometimes abbreviated as "BP". | # What is "backprop"?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><backpropagation><terminology><definitions>
**Question (score 10):**
What does "backprop" mean? Is the "backprop" term basically the same as "backpropagation" or does it have a different meaning?
### Answer (score 15 · accepted)
"Backprop" is the same as "backpropaga... | 2,855 | 713 | {
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2 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does noise affect generalization? | <p>Does increasing the noise in data help to improve the learning ability of a network? Does it make any difference or does it depend on the problem being solved? How is it affect the generalization process overall?</p>
| Does increasing the noise in data help to improve the learning ability of a network? Does it make any difference or does it depend on the problem being solved? How is it affect the generalization process overall? | 14 | 801 | 3 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><statistical-ai><generalization>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:40:20.623 | 2019-02-23T22:36:19.090 | 8 | 9 | [
{
"id": 9,
"body": "<p>Noise in the data, to a reasonable amount, may help the network to generalize better. Sometimes, it has the opposite effect. It partly depends on the kind of noise (\"true\" vs. artificial).</p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"ftp://ftp.sas.com/pub/neural/FAQ3.html#A_noise\" rel=\"nofollow norefe... | Noise in the data, to a reasonable amount, may help the network to generalize better. Sometimes, it has the opposite effect. It partly depends on the kind of noise ("true" vs. artificial). The AI FAQ on ANN (ftp://ftp.sas.com/pub/neural/FAQ3.html#A_noise) gives a good overview. Excerpt: Noise in the actual data is neve... | # How does noise affect generalization?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><statistical-ai><generalization>
**Question (score 14):**
Does increasing the noise in data help to improve the learning ability of a network? Does it make any difference or does it depend on the problem being solved? How is it affe... | 2,060 | 515 | {
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4 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to find the optimal number of neurons per layer? | <p>When you're writing your algorithm, how do you know how many neurons you need per single layer? Are there any methods for finding the optimal number of them, or is it a rule of thumb?</p>
| When you're writing your algorithm, how do you know how many neurons you need per single layer? Are there any methods for finding the optimal number of them, or is it a rule of thumb? | 32 | 1,123 | 4 | 0 | 11 | [
"<neural-networks><hyperparameter-optimization><artificial-neuron><hyper-parameters><layers>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:41:22.020 | 2021-01-19T23:54:07.813 | 8 | 12 | [
{
"id": 12,
"body": "<p>There is no direct way to find the optimal number of them: people empirically try and see (e.g., using cross-validation). The most common search techniques are random, manual, and grid searches. </p>\n\n<p>There exist more advanced techniques such as Gaussian processes, e.g. <em><a h... | There is no direct way to find the optimal number of them: people empirically try and see (e.g., using cross-validation). The most common search techniques are random, manual, and grid searches. There exist more advanced techniques such as Gaussian processes, e.g. Optimizing Neural Network Hyperparameters with Gaussian... | # How to find the optimal number of neurons per layer?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><hyperparameter-optimization><artificial-neuron><hyper-parameters><layers>
**Question (score 32):**
When you're writing your algorithm, how do you know how many neurons you need per single layer? Are there any methods for finding the o... | 3,666 | 916 | {
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6 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are humans intelligent according to the definition of an intelligent agent? | <p>Given the following definition of an intelligent agent (taken from a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence#Intelligent_agent_definition" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia article</a>)</p>
<blockquote>
<p>If an agent acts so as to maximize the expected value of a performance... | Given the following definition of an intelligent agent (taken from a Wikipedia article (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence#Intelligent_agent_definition)) If an agent acts so as to maximize the expected value of a performance measure based on past experience and knowledge then it is intel... | 7 | 254 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><definitions><intelligent-agent>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:43:35.460 | 2019-06-15T18:25:58.513 | 29 | 20 | [
{
"id": 1387,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>\"the human mind is a battleground of higher level goals and lower level goals \"<br>— Marvin Minsky paraphrasing Sigmund Freud</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>I argue that in general human agents try to maximise a hierarchy of performance measures.</p>\n\n<h1>performance ... | "the human mind is a battleground of higher level goals and lower level goals " — Marvin Minsky paraphrasing Sigmund Freud I argue that in general human agents try to maximise a hierarchy of performance measures. # performance measures of humans - Survival of genetic data Energy supply and Water - Sex myriad subgoals..... | # Are humans intelligent according to the definition of an intelligent agent?
**Tags:** <philosophy><definitions><intelligent-agent>
**Question (score 7):**
Given the following definition of an intelligent agent (taken from a Wikipedia article (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence#Intel... | 2,494 | 623 | {
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7 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why does Stephen Hawking say "Artificial Intelligence will kill us all"? | <p>This <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/stephen-hawking-artificial-intelligence-could-wipe-out-humanity-when-it-gets-too-clever-humans-could-become-ants-being-stepped-a6686496.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">quote by Stephen Hawking</a> has been in headlines for quite some time:<... | This quote by Stephen Hawking (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/stephen-hawking-artificial-intelligence-could-wipe-out-humanity-when-it-gets-too-clever-humans-could-become-ants-being-stepped-a6686496.html) has been in headlines for quite some time: Artificial Intelligence could wipe out hu... | 10 | 544 | 6 | 1 | 1 | [
"<agi><superintelligence><singularity><ai-safety><ai-takeover>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:45:09.070 | 2021-01-20T00:00:31.027 | 26 | null | [
{
"id": 22,
"body": "<p>It's not just Hawking, you hear variations on this refrain from a lot of people. And given that they're mostly very smart, well educated, well informed people (Elon Musk is another, for example), it probably shouldn't be dismissed out of hand.</p>\n\n<p>Anyway, the basic idea seems ... | It's not just Hawking, you hear variations on this refrain from a lot of people. And given that they're mostly very smart, well educated, well informed people (Elon Musk is another, for example), it probably shouldn't be dismissed out of hand. Anyway, the basic idea seems to be this: If we create "real" artificial inte... | # Why does Stephen Hawking say "Artificial Intelligence will kill us all"?
**Tags:** <agi><superintelligence><singularity><ai-safety><ai-takeover>
**Question (score 10):**
This quote by Stephen Hawking (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/stephen-hawking-artificial-intelligence-could-wipe-... | 5,795 | 1,448 | {
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10 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is fuzzy logic? | <p>I'm new to A.I. and I'd like to know in simple words, what is the fuzzy logic concept? How does it help, and when is it used?</p>
| I'm new to A.I. and I'd like to know in simple words, what is the fuzzy logic concept? How does it help, and when is it used? | 48 | 2,302 | 6 | 0 | 19 | [
"<deep-neural-networks><terminology><fuzzy-logic>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:47:56.593 | 2018-10-18T10:44:33.687 | 8 | 32 | [
{
"id": 32,
"body": "<p><em>As complexity rises, precise statements lose meaning and meaningful statements lose precision.</em> ( Lofti Zadeh ).</p>\n\n<p>Fuzzy logic deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact. This may make the reasoning more meaningful for a human:</p>\n\n<p><a h... | As complexity rises, precise statements lose meaning and meaningful statements lose precision. ( Lofti Zadeh ). Fuzzy logic deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact. This may make the reasoning more meaningful for a human: (https://i.stack.imgur.com/xdHPJ.png) Fuzzy logic is an extension of ... | # What is fuzzy logic?
**Tags:** <deep-neural-networks><terminology><fuzzy-logic>
**Question (score 48):**
I'm new to A.I. and I'd like to know in simple words, what is the fuzzy logic concept? How does it help, and when is it used?
### Answer (score 50 · accepted)
As complexity rises, precise statements lose meani... | 4,832 | 1,208 | {
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13 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can a single neural network handle recognizing two types of objects, or should it be split into two smaller networks? | <p>In particular, an embedded computer (with limited resources) analyzes live video stream from a traffic camera, trying to pick good frames that contain license plate numbers of passing cars. Once a plate is located, the frame is handed over to an OCR library to extract the registration and use it further.</p>
<p>In ... | In particular, an embedded computer (with limited resources) analyzes live video stream from a traffic camera, trying to pick good frames that contain license plate numbers of passing cars. Once a plate is located, the frame is handed over to an OCR library to extract the registration and use it further. In my country ... | 9 | 153 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><image-recognition>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:52:19.413 | 2018-04-12T02:30:42.823 | 38 | 163 | [
{
"id": 163,
"body": "<p>Well, I do not know what type of features you are giving to your neural network. However, in general, I would go with a single neural network. It seems that you have no limitation in resources for training your network and the only problem is resources while you apply your network. ... | Well, I do not know what type of features you are giving to your neural network. However, in general, I would go with a single neural network. It seems that you have no limitation in resources for training your network and the only problem is resources while you apply your network. The thing is that probably the two pr... | # Can a single neural network handle recognizing two types of objects, or should it be split into two smaller networks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><image-recognition>
**Question (score 9):**
In particular, an embedded computer (with limited resources) analyzes live video stream from a traffic camera, trying to pick ... | 2,101 | 525 | {
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15 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is the Turing Test, or any of its variants, a reliable test of artificial intelligence? | <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test">Turing Test</a> was the first test of artificial intelligence and is now a bit outdated. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test#Total_Turing_test">Total Turing Test</a> aims to be a more modern test which requires a much more sophisticated syste... | The Turing Test (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test) was the first test of artificial intelligence and is now a bit outdated. The Total Turing Test (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test#Total_Turing_test) aims to be a more modern test which requires a much more sophisticated system. What techniques can we u... | 37 | 3,419 | 6 | 2 | 8 | [
"<turing-test><agi><intelligent-agent><weak-ai>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:52:50.827 | 2016-08-04T14:10:10.990 | 9 | null | [
{
"id": 39,
"body": "<p>The rhetorical point of the Turing Test is that it places the 'test' for 'humanity' in <em>observable outcomes</em>, instead of in <em>internal components</em>. If you would behave the same in interacting with an AI as you would with a person, how could <em>you</em> know the differen... | The rhetorical point of the Turing Test is that it places the 'test' for 'humanity' in observable outcomes, instead of in internal components. If you would behave the same in interacting with an AI as you would with a person, how could you know the difference between them? But that doesn't mean it's reliable, because i... | # Is the Turing Test, or any of its variants, a reliable test of artificial intelligence?
**Tags:** <turing-test><agi><intelligent-agent><weak-ai>
**Question (score 37):**
The Turing Test (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test) was the first test of artificial intelligence and is now a bit outdated. The Total Tu... | 7,733 | 1,933 | {
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16 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is "early stopping" in machine learning? | <p>What is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_stopping" rel="nofollow noreferrer">early stopping</a> in machine learning and, in general, artificial intelligence? What are the advantages of using this method? How does it help exactly?</p>
<p>I'd be interested in perspectives and links to recent research.</p>... | What is early stopping (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_stopping) in machine learning and, in general, artificial intelligence? What are the advantages of using this method? How does it help exactly? I'd be interested in perspectives and links to recent research. | 8 | 580 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<deep-learning><definitions><overfitting><regularization><early-stopping>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:53:00.447 | 2019-10-11T22:28:23.457 | 8 | 142 | [
{
"id": 142,
"body": "<p>In some iterative learning methods the more iterations you apply the more specific your model becomes about the training set. If there are too many iterations, your model will become too specifically trained for the training samples and will score less on other samples that are not ... | In some iterative learning methods the more iterations you apply the more specific your model becomes about the training set. If there are too many iterations, your model will become too specifically trained for the training samples and will score less on other samples that are not seen during the training phase. This ... | # What is "early stopping" in machine learning?
**Tags:** <deep-learning><definitions><overfitting><regularization><early-stopping>
**Question (score 8):**
What is early stopping (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_stopping) in machine learning and, in general, artificial intelligence? What are the advantages of us... | 1,849 | 462 | {
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17 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the concept of the technological singularity? | <p>I've heard the idea of the technological singularity, what is it and how does it relate to Artificial Intelligence? Is this the theoretical point where Artificial Intelligence machines have progressed to the point where they grow and learn on their own beyond what humans can do and their growth takes off? How would... | I've heard the idea of the technological singularity, what is it and how does it relate to Artificial Intelligence? Is this the theoretical point where Artificial Intelligence machines have progressed to the point where they grow and learn on their own beyond what humans can do and their growth takes off? How would we ... | 38 | 1,463 | 4 | 1 | 11 | [
"<philosophy><definitions><agi><superintelligence><singularity>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:53:38.273 | 2019-09-16T16:23:39.853 | 55 | 45 | [
{
"id": 45,
"body": "<p>The <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">technological singularity</a> is a theoretical point in time at which a <em>self-improving</em> <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence\" rel=\"nofollow... | The technological singularity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity) is a theoretical point in time at which a self-improving artificial general intelligence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence) becomes able to understand and manipulate concepts outside of the human brain's... | # What is the concept of the technological singularity?
**Tags:** <philosophy><definitions><agi><superintelligence><singularity>
**Question (score 38):**
I've heard the idea of the technological singularity, what is it and how does it relate to Artificial Intelligence? Is this the theoretical point where Artificial ... | 6,397 | 1,599 | {
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21 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the techniques for detecting and preventing overfitting? | <p>I'm worrying that my neural network has become too complex. I don't want to end up with half of the neural network doing nothing but just take up space and resources.</p>
<p>So, what are the techniques for detecting and preventing overfitting, to avoid such problems?</p>
| I'm worrying that my neural network has become too complex. I don't want to end up with half of the neural network doing nothing but just take up space and resources. So, what are the techniques for detecting and preventing overfitting, to avoid such problems? | 5 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<reference-request><optimization><deep-neural-networks><overfitting><generalization>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:55:15.957 | 2021-01-10T01:01:09.583 | 8 | null | [
{
"id": 3166,
"body": "<ol>\n<li><p>Usually you keep track of training loss and validation loss and apply proper regularization technique (such as L1, L2, <a href=\"https://jmlr.org/papers/v15/srivastava14a.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">dropout</a>, <a href=\"http://proceedings.mlr.press/v28/wan13.html... | - Usually you keep track of training loss and validation loss and apply proper regularization technique (such as L1, L2, dropout (https://jmlr.org/papers/v15/srivastava14a.html), DropConnect (http://proceedings.mlr.press/v28/wan13.html), etc.). - The more interesting technique is to observe your validation loss with re... | # What are the techniques for detecting and preventing overfitting?
**Tags:** <reference-request><optimization><deep-neural-networks><overfitting><generalization>
**Question (score 5):**
I'm worrying that my neural network has become too complex. I don't want to end up with half of the neural network doing nothing b... | 1,084 | 271 | {
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26 | ai.stackexchange.com | How could emotional intelligence be implemented? | <p>I've seen emotional intelligence defined as the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically. </p>
<ol>
<li><p>What are some strategies for artificial intelligence to begin to tackle this problem and develop emotional intelli... | I've seen emotional intelligence defined as the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically. - What are some strategies for artificial intelligence to begin to tackle this problem and develop emotional intelligence for computers?... | 23 | 1,395 | 4 | 1 | 7 | [
"<emotional-intelligence><turing-test><affective-computing>"
] | 2016-08-02T15:58:31.413 | 2020-03-08T03:17:30.877 | 55 | 189 | [
{
"id": 189,
"body": "<p>Architectures for recognizing and generating emotion are typically somewhat complex and don't generally have short descriptions, so it's probably better to reference the literature rather than give a misleading soundbite:</p>\n<p>Some of the early work in <em>affective computing</em... | Architectures for recognizing and generating emotion are typically somewhat complex and don't generally have short descriptions, so it's probably better to reference the literature rather than give a misleading soundbite: Some of the early work in affective computing was done by Rosalind W. Picard (https://web.media.mi... | # How could emotional intelligence be implemented?
**Tags:** <emotional-intelligence><turing-test><affective-computing>
**Question (score 23):**
I've seen emotional intelligence defined as the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empa... | 5,282 | 1,320 | {
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28 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is a genetic algorithm an example of artificial intelligence? | <p>Since human intelligence presumably is a function of a natural genetic algorithm in nature, is using a genetic algorithm in a computer an example of artificial intelligence? If not, how do they differ? Or perhaps some are and some are not expressing artificial intelligence depending upon the scale of the algorithm a... | Since human intelligence presumably is a function of a natural genetic algorithm in nature, is using a genetic algorithm in a computer an example of artificial intelligence? If not, how do they differ? Or perhaps some are and some are not expressing artificial intelligence depending upon the scale of the algorithm and ... | 12 | 6,074 | 5 | 0 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><genetic-algorithms><terminology>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:02:44.553 | 2019-06-20T20:36:38.073 | 55 | 143 | [
{
"id": 143,
"body": "<ul>\n<li>An ability that is commonly attributed to intelligence is <strong>problem solving</strong>. </li>\n<li>Another one is <strong>learning</strong> (improving itself from experience).</li>\n<li>Artificial intelligence can be defined as \"replicating intelligence, or parts of it, ... | - An ability that is commonly attributed to intelligence is problem solving. - Another one is learning (improving itself from experience). - Artificial intelligence can be defined as "replicating intelligence, or parts of it, at least in appearance, inside a computer" (dodging the definition of intelligence itself). - ... | # Is a genetic algorithm an example of artificial intelligence?
**Tags:** <philosophy><genetic-algorithms><terminology>
**Question (score 12):**
Since human intelligence presumably is a function of a natural genetic algorithm in nature, is using a genetic algorithm in a computer an example of artificial intelligence... | 3,547 | 886 | {
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35 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the difference between artificial intelligence and machine learning? | <p>These two terms seem to be related, especially in their application in computer science and software engineering.</p>
<ul>
<li>Is one a subset of another?</li>
<li>Is one a tool used to build a system for the other?</li>
<li>What are their differences and why are they significant?</li>
</ul>
| These two terms seem to be related, especially in their application in computer science and software engineering. - Is one a subset of another? - Is one a tool used to build a system for the other? - What are their differences and why are they significant? | 91 | 14,585 | 10 | 2 | 28 | [
"<machine-learning><comparison><terminology><ai-field>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:05:26.390 | 2021-11-18T10:18:35.200 | 69 | null | [
{
"id": 53,
"body": "<p><strong>Machine learning</strong> has been defined by many people in multiple (often similar) ways [<a href=\"http://noiselab.ucsd.edu/ECE228/Murphy_Machine_Learning.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">1</a>, <a href=\"http://www.cs.ubbcluj.ro/%7Egabis/ml/ML-books/McGrawHill%20-%20Mach... | Machine learning has been defined by many people in multiple (often similar) ways [1 (http://noiselab.ucsd.edu/ECE228/Murphy_Machine_Learning.pdf), 2 (http://www.cs.ubbcluj.ro/%7Egabis/ml/ML-books/McGrawHill%20-%20Machine%20Learning%20-Tom%20Mitchell.pdf)]. One definition says that machine learning (ML) is the field of... | # What is the difference between artificial intelligence and machine learning?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><comparison><terminology><ai-field>
**Question (score 91):**
These two terms seem to be related, especially in their application in computer science and software engineering. - Is one a subset of another? - Is ... | 7,599 | 1,899 | {
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36 | ai.stackexchange.com | To what extent can quantum computers help to develop Artificial Intelligence? | <p>What aspects of quantum computers, if any, can help to further develop Artificial Intelligence?</p>
| What aspects of quantum computers, if any, can help to further develop Artificial Intelligence? | 44 | 1,609 | 5 | 1 | 11 | [
"<quantum-computing>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:06:25.853 | 2016-08-02T19:13:49.690 | 29 | 114 | [
{
"id": 114,
"body": "<p>Quantum computers are super awesome at matrix multiplication, <a href=\"http://twistedoakstudios.com/blog/Post8887_what-quantum-computers-do-faster-with-caveats\" rel=\"noreferrer\">with some limitations</a>. Quantum superposition allows each bit to be in <em>a lot</em> more states ... | Quantum computers are super awesome at matrix multiplication, with some limitations (http://twistedoakstudios.com/blog/Post8887_what-quantum-computers-do-faster-with-caveats). Quantum superposition allows each bit to be in a lot more states than just zero or one, and quantum gates can fiddle those bits in many differen... | # To what extent can quantum computers help to develop Artificial Intelligence?
**Tags:** <quantum-computing>
**Question (score 44):**
What aspects of quantum computers, if any, can help to further develop Artificial Intelligence?
### Answer (score 28 · accepted)
Quantum computers are super awesome at matrix multip... | 4,324 | 1,081 | {
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37 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is a Markov chain and how can it be used in creating artificial intelligence? | <p>I believe a Markov chain is a sequence of events where each subsequent event depends probabilistically on the current event. What are examples of the application of a Markov chain and can it be used to create artificial intelligence? Would a genetic algorithm be an example of a Markov chain since each generation d... | I believe a Markov chain is a sequence of events where each subsequent event depends probabilistically on the current event. What are examples of the application of a Markov chain and can it be used to create artificial intelligence? Would a genetic algorithm be an example of a Markov chain since each generation depend... | 7 | 3,211 | 2 | 0 | 5 | [
"<genetic-algorithms><markov-chain><probability>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:07:29.317 | 2016-08-03T06:37:01.983 | 55 | 73 | [
{
"id": 73,
"body": "<p>A Markov model includes the probability of transitioning to each state considering the current state. \"Each state\" may be just one point - whether it rained on specific day, for instance - or it might look like multiple things - like a pair of words. You've probably seen automatica... | A Markov model includes the probability of transitioning to each state considering the current state. "Each state" may be just one point - whether it rained on specific day, for instance - or it might look like multiple things - like a pair of words. You've probably seen automatically generated weird text that almost m... | # What is a Markov chain and how can it be used in creating artificial intelligence?
**Tags:** <genetic-algorithms><markov-chain><probability>
**Question (score 7):**
I believe a Markov chain is a sequence of events where each subsequent event depends probabilistically on the current event. What are examples of the ... | 3,994 | 998 | {
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40 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the "dropout" technique? | <p>What purpose does the "dropout" method serve and how does it improve the overall performance of the neural network?</p>
| What purpose does the "dropout" method serve and how does it improve the overall performance of the neural network? | 11 | 2,536 | 4 | 0 | 2 | [
"<deep-neural-networks><overfitting><performance>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:08:23.377 | 2016-08-02T16:10:22.307 | 8 | 44 | [
{
"id": 44,
"body": "<p>Dropout means that every individual data point is only used to fit a random subset of the neurons. This is done to make the neural network more like an ensemble model.</p>\n\n<p>That is, just as a random forest is averaging together the results of many individual decision trees, you ... | Dropout means that every individual data point is only used to fit a random subset of the neurons. This is done to make the neural network more like an ensemble model. That is, just as a random forest is averaging together the results of many individual decision trees, you can see a neural network trained using dropout... | # What is the "dropout" technique?
**Tags:** <deep-neural-networks><overfitting><performance>
**Question (score 11):**
What purpose does the "dropout" method serve and how does it improve the overall performance of the neural network?
### Answer (score 8 · accepted)
Dropout means that every individual data point is... | 3,415 | 853 | {
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41 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can the IQ of an AI program be measured? | <p>Can an AI program have an IQ?</p>
<p>In other words, can the IQ of an AI program be measured?</p>
<p>Like how humans can do an IQ test.</p>
| Can an AI program have an IQ? In other words, can the IQ of an AI program be measured? Like how humans can do an IQ test. | 10 | 966 | 4 | 1 | 1 | [
"<intelligence-testing>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:08:34.350 | 2016-08-03T08:04:16.350 | 72 | 65 | [
{
"id": 65,
"body": "<p>Short answer: No.</p>\n\n<p>Longer answer: It depends on what IQ exactly is, and when the question is asked compared to ongoing development. The topic you're referring to is actually more commonly described as AGI, or Artificial General Intelligence, as opposed to AI, which could be ... | Short answer: No. Longer answer: It depends on what IQ exactly is, and when the question is asked compared to ongoing development. The topic you're referring to is actually more commonly described as AGI, or Artificial General Intelligence, as opposed to AI, which could be any narrow problem solving capability represen... | # Can the IQ of an AI program be measured?
**Tags:** <intelligence-testing>
**Question (score 10):**
Can an AI program have an IQ? In other words, can the IQ of an AI program be measured? Like how humans can do an IQ test.
### Answer (score 11 · accepted)
Short answer: No. Longer answer: It depends on what IQ exact... | 4,095 | 1,023 | {
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42 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the purpose of the hidden layers? | <p>Why would anybody want to use "hidden layers"? How do they enhance the learning ability of the network in comparison to the network which doesn't have them (linear models)?</p>
| Why would anybody want to use "hidden layers"? How do they enhance the learning ability of the network in comparison to the network which doesn't have them (linear models)? | 6 | 3,508 | 4 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning><deep-neural-networks><hidden-layers>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:09:25.427 | 2021-01-10T01:10:28.160 | 8 | 51 | [
{
"id": 51,
"body": "<p>\"Hidden\" layers really aren't all that special... a hidden layer is really no more than any layer that isn't input or output. So even a very simple 3 layer NN has 1 hidden layer. So I think the question isn't really \"How do hidden layers help?\" as much as \"Why are deeper network... | "Hidden" layers really aren't all that special... a hidden layer is really no more than any layer that isn't input or output. So even a very simple 3 layer NN has 1 hidden layer. So I think the question isn't really "How do hidden layers help?" as much as "Why are deeper networks better?". And the answer to that latter... | # What is the purpose of the hidden layers?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning><deep-neural-networks><hidden-layers>
**Question (score 6):**
Why would anybody want to use "hidden layers"? How do they enhance the learning ability of the network in comparison to the network which doesn't have them (linear model... | 5,723 | 1,430 | {
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46 | ai.stackexchange.com | When did Artificial Intelligence research first start? | <p>When did research into Artificial Intelligence first begin? Was it called Artificial Intelligence then or was there another name?</p>
| When did research into Artificial Intelligence first begin? Was it called Artificial Intelligence then or was there another name? | 11 | 3,890 | 1 | 0 | 3 | [
"<research><history><ai-field>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:14:26.350 | 2021-01-31T16:41:08.950 | 55 | 71 | [
{
"id": 71,
"body": "<p>The earliest research into thinking machines was inspired by a confluence of ideas that became prevalent in the late 30s, 40s and early 50s (e.g. <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">formal logic</a>, automata, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org... | The earliest research into thinking machines was inspired by a confluence of ideas that became prevalent in the late 30s, 40s and early 50s (e.g. formal logic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic), automata, robots (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot)). Although the Turing test (https://academic.oup.com/mind/article/L... | # When did Artificial Intelligence research first start?
**Tags:** <research><history><ai-field>
**Question (score 11):**
When did research into Artificial Intelligence first begin? Was it called Artificial Intelligence then or was there another name?
### Answer (score 11 · accepted)
The earliest research into thin... | 1,812 | 453 | {
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50 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can the generalization error be estimated? | <p>How would you estimate the generalization error? What are the methods of achieving this?</p>
| How would you estimate the generalization error? What are the methods of achieving this? | 4 | 3,642 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><deep-neural-networks><overfitting><computational-learning-theory><generalization>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:16:46.797 | 2020-11-07T17:26:05.080 | 8 | 138 | [
{
"id": 138,
"body": "<p>Generalization error is the error obtained by applying a model to data it has not seen before. So, if you want to measure generalization error, you need to remove a subset from your data and don't train your model on it. After training, you verify your model accuracy (or other perfo... | Generalization error is the error obtained by applying a model to data it has not seen before. So, if you want to measure generalization error, you need to remove a subset from your data and don't train your model on it. After training, you verify your model accuracy (or other performance measures) on the subset you ha... | # How can the generalization error be estimated?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><deep-neural-networks><overfitting><computational-learning-theory><generalization>
**Question (score 4):**
How would you estimate the generalization error? What are the methods of achieving this?
### Answer (score 6 · accepted)
Generalizat... | 1,375 | 343 | {
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52 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it possible to implement reinforcement learning using a neural network? | <p>I've implemented <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" rel="nofollow noreferrer">the reinforcement learning algorithm</a> for an agent to play <a href="https://github.com/admonkey/snappybird" rel="nofollow noreferrer">snappy bird</a> (a shameless cheap ripoff of flappy bird) utilizing a q-ta... | I've implemented the reinforcement learning algorithm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning) for an agent to play snappy bird (https://github.com/admonkey/snappybird) (a shameless cheap ripoff of flappy bird) utilizing a q-table for storing the history for future lookups. It works and eventually achieve... | 7 | 598 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><reinforcement-learning><deep-rl><function-approximation>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:19:30.337 | 2019-05-10T14:42:23.103 | 62 | 1,437 | [
{
"id": 1437,
"body": "<p><a href=\"http://karpathy.github.io/2016/05/31/rl/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Andrej Karpathy's blog</a> has a tutorial on getting a neural network to learn pong with reinforcement learning. His commentary on the current state of the field is interesting.</p>\n\n<p>He also provides a whole... | Andrej Karpathy's blog (http://karpathy.github.io/2016/05/31/rl/) has a tutorial on getting a neural network to learn pong with reinforcement learning. His commentary on the current state of the field is interesting. He also provides a whole bunch of links (David Silver's course (http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/d.silver... | # Is it possible to implement reinforcement learning using a neural network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><reinforcement-learning><deep-rl><function-approximation>
**Question (score 7):**
I've implemented the reinforcement learning algorithm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning) for an agent to play s... | 1,657 | 414 | {
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54 | ai.stackexchange.com | Does the recent advent of a Go playing computer represent Artificial Intelligence? | <p>I read that in the spring of 2016 a computer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Go" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Go program</a> was finally able to beat a professional human for the first time. </p>
<p>Now that this milestone has been reached, does that represent a significant advance in artificial intel... | I read that in the spring of 2016 a computer Go program (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Go) was finally able to beat a professional human for the first time. Now that this milestone has been reached, does that represent a significant advance in artificial intelligence techniques or was it just a matter of even ... | 7 | 184 | 4 | 0 | 2 | [
"<philosophy><definitions><agi><alphago><weak-ai>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:20:40.520 | 2021-01-10T01:13:07.280 | 55 | 76 | [
{
"id": 76,
"body": "<p>There are at least two questions in your question: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>What are some of the methods used to program the successful go playing program?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>and</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Are those methods considered to be artificial intelligence?</p>\n</bloc... | There are at least two questions in your question: What are some of the methods used to program the successful go playing program? and Are those methods considered to be artificial intelligence? The first question is deep and technical, the second broad and philosophical. The methods have been described in: Mastering t... | # Does the recent advent of a Go playing computer represent Artificial Intelligence?
**Tags:** <philosophy><definitions><agi><alphago><weak-ai>
**Question (score 7):**
I read that in the spring of 2016 a computer Go program (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Go) was finally able to beat a professional human for... | 5,621 | 1,405 | {
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58 | ai.stackexchange.com | Who first coined the term Artificial Intelligence? | <p>Who first coined the term Artificial Intelligence? Is there a published research paper that first used that term?</p>
| Who first coined the term Artificial Intelligence? Is there a published research paper that first used that term? | 12 | 3,031 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<terminology><history>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:25:20.223 | 2019-10-05T02:07:00.143 | 55 | null | [
{
"id": 66,
"body": "<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist))\" rel=\"noreferrer\">John McCarthy</a> (1927 - 2011) was an American computer scientist. A pioneer in the foundations of artificial intelligence research, <strong>he coined the term \"artificial intelligence\... | John McCarthy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist))) (1927 - 2011) was an American computer scientist. A pioneer in the foundations of artificial intelligence research, he coined the term "artificial intelligence". He was one of the creators of the (original) Lisp programming language, whic... | # Who first coined the term Artificial Intelligence?
**Tags:** <terminology><history>
**Question (score 12):**
Who first coined the term Artificial Intelligence? Is there a published research paper that first used that term?
### Answer (score 13)
John McCarthy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_... | 1,375 | 343 | {
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60 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the main problems hindering current AI development? | <p>I have a background in Computer Engineering and have been working on developing better algorithms to mimic human thought. (One of my favorites is Analogical Modeling as applied to language processing and decision making.) However, the more I research, the more I realize just <em>how</em> complicated AI is.</p>
<p>I... | I have a background in Computer Engineering and have been working on developing better algorithms to mimic human thought. (One of my favorites is Analogical Modeling as applied to language processing and decision making.) However, the more I research, the more I realize just how complicated AI is. I have tried to tackl... | 11 | 487 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:27:49.533 | 2018-04-12T02:34:45.870 | 77 | 1,464 | [
{
"id": 1464,
"body": "<ol>\n<li><p>we don't really know what intelligence is.</p></li>\n<li><p>we don't truly understand the best model of intelligence we have available (human intelligence) works.</p></li>\n<li><p>we're trying to replicate human intelligence (to some extent) on hardware which is quite dif... | - we don't really know what intelligence is. - we don't truly understand the best model of intelligence we have available (human intelligence) works. - we're trying to replicate human intelligence (to some extent) on hardware which is quite different from the hardware it runs on in reality. - the human brain (our best ... | # What are the main problems hindering current AI development?
**Tags:** <machine-learning>
**Question (score 11):**
I have a background in Computer Engineering and have been working on developing better algorithms to mimic human thought. (One of my favorites is Analogical Modeling as applied to language processing ... | 3,098 | 774 | {
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63 | ai.stackexchange.com | What kind of problems require more than 2 hidden layers? | <p>I've read that the most of the problems can be solved with 1-2 hidden layers.</p>
<p>How do you know you need more than 2? For what kind of problems you would need them (give me an example)?</p>
| I've read that the most of the problems can be solved with 1-2 hidden layers. How do you know you need more than 2? For what kind of problems you would need them (give me an example)? | 11 | 224 | 1 | 0 | 4 | [
"<deep-neural-networks><hidden-layers>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:29:24.803 | 2018-04-11T18:49:51.953 | 8 | 208 | [
{
"id": 208,
"body": "<p>Formally, a single hidden layer is sufficient to approximate a continuous function to any desired degree of accuracy, so in that sense, you never need more than 1. This is called the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_approximation_theorem\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Univers... | Formally, a single hidden layer is sufficient to approximate a continuous function to any desired degree of accuracy, so in that sense, you never need more than 1. This is called the Universal Approximation Theorem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_approximation_theorem). Finding the best topology for a given pr... | # What kind of problems require more than 2 hidden layers?
**Tags:** <deep-neural-networks><hidden-layers>
**Question (score 11):**
I've read that the most of the problems can be solved with 1-2 hidden layers. How do you know you need more than 2? For what kind of problems you would need them (give me an example)?
... | 983 | 245 | {
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64 | ai.stackexchange.com | What were the first areas of research and what were some early successes? | <p>What were the first areas of research into Artificial Intelligence and what were some early successes? More recently we've had:</p>
<ol>
<li>Beating a human at the game of chess</li>
<li>Convincing a human that a person was conversing with them (passing the Turing test)</li>
<li>Beating a human at Jeopardy game sh... | What were the first areas of research into Artificial Intelligence and what were some early successes? More recently we've had: - Beating a human at the game of chess - Convincing a human that a person was conversing with them (passing the Turing test) - Beating a human at Jeopardy game show - Beating a human at the ga... | 4 | 70 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<history>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:29:29.207 | 2017-03-15T05:38:48.220 | 55 | null | [
{
"id": 1329,
"body": "<p>What might be classed as AI has of course changed over the years, but landmarks and research breakthroughs include:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Babbagge's <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine\" rel=\"nofollow\">Difference Engine</a> (~1823) for tabulating/interpolating po... | What might be classed as AI has of course changed over the years, but landmarks and research breakthroughs include: - Babbagge's Difference Engine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine) (~1823) for tabulating/interpolating polynomials. - Frank Rosenblatt's 1957 invention of the Perceptron (http://blogs.umass... | # What were the first areas of research and what were some early successes?
**Tags:** <history>
**Question (score 4):**
What were the first areas of research into Artificial Intelligence and what were some early successes? More recently we've had: - Beating a human at the game of chess - Convincing a human that a pe... | 2,737 | 684 | {
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67 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the real world uses for SAT solvers? | <p>Why somebody would use SAT solvers (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_satisfiability_problem" rel="nofollow">Boolean satisfiability problem</a>) to solve their real world problems?</p>
<p>Are there any examples of the real uses of this model?</p>
| Why somebody would use SAT solvers (Boolean satisfiability problem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_satisfiability_problem)) to solve their real world problems? Are there any examples of the real uses of this model? | 6 | 4,387 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<models><problem-solving>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:31:51.380 | 2018-10-18T10:45:09.917 | 8 | 72 | [
{
"id": 72,
"body": "<p>Instead of talking about just SAT solvers, let me talk about optimization in general. Many economic problems can be cast as optimization problems: for example, FedEx may have a list of packages and the destinations for those packages, and must decide which packages to put on which tr... | Instead of talking about just SAT solvers, let me talk about optimization in general. Many economic problems can be cast as optimization problems: for example, FedEx may have a list of packages and the destinations for those packages, and must decide which packages to put on which trucks, and what order to deliver thos... | # What are the real world uses for SAT solvers?
**Tags:** <models><problem-solving>
**Question (score 6):**
Why somebody would use SAT solvers (Boolean satisfiability problem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_satisfiability_problem)) to solve their real world problems? Are there any examples of the real uses of... | 3,068 | 767 | {
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68 | ai.stackexchange.com | What evolutionary algorithms are there that model epigenetics? | <p>What evolutionary algorithms are there that model or incorporate some notion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics" rel="nofollow noreferrer">epigenetics</a>? What are the pros/cons of those approaches? Are there vast insufficiencies or wide-open questions about their usefulness?</p>
| What evolutionary algorithms are there that model or incorporate some notion of epigenetics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics)? What are the pros/cons of those approaches? Are there vast insufficiencies or wide-open questions about their usefulness? | 6 | 187 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<reference-request><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><genetic-programming><evolutionary-computation>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:33:52.707 | 2021-01-10T22:24:44.517 | 46 | null | [
{
"id": 216,
"body": "<p>Over the last few years, evolutionary computation research has shown increasing interest in including some aspect of epigenetics. For example:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>A 2008 paper by <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020025508002880\" rel=\"nofollow\">Tanev and Y... | Over the last few years, evolutionary computation research has shown increasing interest in including some aspect of epigenetics. For example: - A 2008 paper by Tanev and Yuta (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020025508002880) - Work from Lee Spector's genetic programming group (http://faculty.hampshi... | # What evolutionary algorithms are there that model epigenetics?
**Tags:** <reference-request><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><genetic-programming><evolutionary-computation>
**Question (score 6):**
What evolutionary algorithms are there that model or incorporate some notion of epigenetics (https://en.wi... | 972 | 243 | {
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70 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is the pattern recognition capability of CNNs limited to image processing? | <p>Can a Convolutional Neural Network be used for pattern recognition in problem domains without image data? For example, by representing abstract data in an image-like format with spatial relations? Would that always be less efficient?</p>
<p><a href="https://youtu.be/py5byOOHZM8?t=815" rel="nofollow noreferrer" title... | Can a Convolutional Neural Network be used for pattern recognition in problem domains without image data? For example, by representing abstract data in an image-like format with spatial relations? Would that always be less efficient? This developer (https://youtu.be/py5byOOHZM8?t=815) says current development could go ... | 25 | 412 | 4 | 0 | 5 | [
"<deep-neural-networks><neural-networks><image-recognition><convolutional-neural-networks>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:38:55.800 | 2021-01-11T19:03:23.563 | 46 | null | [
{
"id": 201,
"body": "<p>Convolutional Nets (CNN) rely on mathematical convolution (e.g. 2D or 3D convolutions), which is commonly used for signal processing. Images are a type of signal, and convolution can equally be used on sound, vibrations, etc. So, in principle, CNNs can find applications to any signa... | Convolutional Nets (CNN) rely on mathematical convolution (e.g. 2D or 3D convolutions), which is commonly used for signal processing. Images are a type of signal, and convolution can equally be used on sound, vibrations, etc. So, in principle, CNNs can find applications to any signal, and probably more. In practice, th... | # Is the pattern recognition capability of CNNs limited to image processing?
**Tags:** <deep-neural-networks><neural-networks><image-recognition><convolutional-neural-networks>
**Question (score 25):**
Can a Convolutional Neural Network be used for pattern recognition in problem domains without image data? For examp... | 4,131 | 1,032 | {
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74 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the difference between strong-AI and weak-AI? | <p>I've heard the terms strong-AI and weak-AI used. Are these well defined terms or subjective ones? How are they generally defined?</p>
| I've heard the terms strong-AI and weak-AI used. Are these well defined terms or subjective ones? How are they generally defined? | 44 | 23,133 | 3 | 0 | 12 | [
"<terminology><definitions><agi><comparison><weak-ai>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:42:35.817 | 2019-06-20T20:32:04.477 | 55 | 141 | [
{
"id": 141,
"body": "<p>The terms <em>strong</em> and <em>weak</em> don't actually refer to processing, or optimization power, or any interpretation leading to \"strong AI\" being <em>stronger</em> than \"weak AI\". It holds conveniently in practice, but the terms come from elsewhere. In 1980, <a href=\"ht... | The terms strong and weak don't actually refer to processing, or optimization power, or any interpretation leading to "strong AI" being stronger than "weak AI". It holds conveniently in practice, but the terms come from elsewhere. In 1980, John Searle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle) coined the following sta... | # What is the difference between strong-AI and weak-AI?
**Tags:** <terminology><definitions><agi><comparison><weak-ai>
**Question (score 44):**
I've heard the terms strong-AI and weak-AI used. Are these well defined terms or subjective ones? How are they generally defined?
### Answer (score 36 · accepted)
The terms... | 3,033 | 758 | {
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77 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is Lisp still being used to tackle AI problems? | <p>I know that language of Lisp was used early on when working on artificial intelligence problems. Is it still being used today for significant work? If not, is there a new language that has taken its place as the most common one being used for work in AI today?</p>
| I know that language of Lisp was used early on when working on artificial intelligence problems. Is it still being used today for significant work? If not, is there a new language that has taken its place as the most common one being used for work in AI today? | 25 | 1,924 | 4 | 0 | 7 | [
"<history><programming-languages><lisp>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:45:01.487 | 2018-04-14T01:47:35.577 | 55 | 131 | [
{
"id": 131,
"body": "<p>Overall, the answer is no, but the current paradigms owe a lot to LISP. The language most commonly used today is python.</p>\n\n<p>Relevant answers:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Stack Overflow thread explaining why LISP was thought of as the AI language: <a href=\"https://stackoverflow.com/ques... | Overall, the answer is no, but the current paradigms owe a lot to LISP. The language most commonly used today is python. Relevant answers: - Stack Overflow thread explaining why LISP was thought of as the AI language: Why is Lisp used for AI (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/130475/why-is-lisp-used-for-ai) - Quora a... | # Is Lisp still being used to tackle AI problems?
**Tags:** <history><programming-languages><lisp>
**Question (score 25):**
I know that language of Lisp was used early on when working on artificial intelligence problems. Is it still being used today for significant work? If not, is there a new language that has take... | 6,889 | 1,722 | {
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80 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the specific requirements of the Turing test? | <p>What are the specific requirements of the Turing test? </p>
<ul>
<li>What requirements if any must the evaluator fulfill in order to be qualified to give the test?</li>
<li>Must there always be two participants in the conversation (one human and one computer) or can there be more?</li>
<li>Are placebo tests (where ... | What are the specific requirements of the Turing test? - What requirements if any must the evaluator fulfill in order to be qualified to give the test? - Must there always be two participants in the conversation (one human and one computer) or can there be more? - Are placebo tests (where there is not actually a comput... | 13 | 1,669 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<natural-language-processing><intelligence-testing><turing-test>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:46:07.253 | 2020-05-18T23:55:50.073 | 96 | 85 | [
{
"id": 85,
"body": "<p>The \"Turing Test\" is generally taken to mean an updated version of the Imitation Game Alan Turing proposed in his 1951 paper of the same name. An early version had a human (male or female) and a computer, and a judge had to decide which is which, and what gender they were if human.... | The "Turing Test" is generally taken to mean an updated version of the Imitation Game Alan Turing proposed in his 1951 paper of the same name. An early version had a human (male or female) and a computer, and a judge had to decide which is which, and what gender they were if human. If they were correct less than 50% th... | # What are the specific requirements of the Turing test?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><intelligence-testing><turing-test>
**Question (score 13):**
What are the specific requirements of the Turing test? - What requirements if any must the evaluator fulfill in order to be qualified to give the test? - Must t... | 3,298 | 824 | {
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81 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are some examples of statistical AI applied to real-world problems? | <p>I believe that statistical AI uses inductive thought processes. For example, deducing a trend from a pattern, after training.</p>
<p>What are some examples of successfully applied statistical AI to real-world problems?</p>
| I believe that statistical AI uses inductive thought processes. For example, deducing a trend from a pattern, after training. What are some examples of successfully applied statistical AI to real-world problems? | 8 | 2,009 | 4 | 0 | 0 | [
"<applications><statistical-ai>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:49:40.830 | 2019-06-27T23:44:11.853 | 55 | 87 | [
{
"id": 87,
"body": "<p>There are several examples. For example, one instance of using Statistical AI from my workplace is:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Analyzing the behavior of the customer and their food-ordering trends, and then trying to upsell by recommending them the dishes which they might like to order/eat. Th... | There are several examples. For example, one instance of using Statistical AI from my workplace is: - Analyzing the behavior of the customer and their food-ordering trends, and then trying to upsell by recommending them the dishes which they might like to order/eat. This can be done through the apriori and FP-growth al... | # What are some examples of statistical AI applied to real-world problems?
**Tags:** <applications><statistical-ai>
**Question (score 8):**
I believe that statistical AI uses inductive thought processes. For example, deducing a trend from a pattern, after training. What are some examples of successfully applied stat... | 2,516 | 629 | {
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84 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are methods of exhaustive search considered to be AI? | <p>Some programs do exhaustive searches for a solution while others do heuristic searches for a similar answer. For example, in chess, the search for the best next move tends to be more exhaustive in nature whereas, in Go, the search for the best next move tends to be more heuristic in nature due to the much larger sea... | Some programs do exhaustive searches for a solution while others do heuristic searches for a similar answer. For example, in chess, the search for the best next move tends to be more exhaustive in nature whereas, in Go, the search for the best next move tends to be more heuristic in nature due to the much larger search... | 11 | 935 | 5 | 0 | 2 | [
"<gaming><search><chess><heuristics>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:55:37.050 | 2018-04-14T02:03:13.207 | 55 | null | [
{
"id": 101,
"body": "<p>If one thinks of intelligence as a continuous measure of optimization power (that is, how much better are outcomes for any unit of cognitive effort expended), then exhaustive search has non-zero intelligence (in that it does actually give better outcomes as more effort is expended) ... | If one thinks of intelligence as a continuous measure of optimization power (that is, how much better are outcomes for any unit of cognitive effort expended), then exhaustive search has non-zero intelligence (in that it does actually give better outcomes as more effort is expended) but very, very low intelligence (as t... | # Are methods of exhaustive search considered to be AI?
**Tags:** <gaming><search><chess><heuristics>
**Question (score 11):**
Some programs do exhaustive searches for a solution while others do heuristic searches for a similar answer. For example, in chess, the search for the best next move tends to be more exhaust... | 3,193 | 798 | {
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86 | ai.stackexchange.com | How is a deep neural network different from other neural networks? | <p>How is a neural network having the "deep" adjective actually distinguished from other similar networks?</p>
| How is a neural network having the "deep" adjective actually distinguished from other similar networks? | 30 | 1,063 | 2 | 0 | 9 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-neural-networks><terminology><comparison>"
] | 2016-08-02T16:59:30.683 | 2019-02-23T22:05:20.793 | 8 | 93 | [
{
"id": 93,
"body": "<p>The difference is mostly in the number of layers. </p>\n\n<p>For a long time, it was believed that \"1-2 hidden layers are enough for most tasks\" and it was impractical to use more than that, because training neural networks can be very computationally demanding.</p>\n\n<p>Nowadays,... | The difference is mostly in the number of layers. For a long time, it was believed that "1-2 hidden layers are enough for most tasks" and it was impractical to use more than that, because training neural networks can be very computationally demanding. Nowadays, computers are capable of much more, so people have started... | # How is a deep neural network different from other neural networks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-neural-networks><terminology><comparison>
**Question (score 30):**
How is a neural network having the "deep" adjective actually distinguished from other similar networks?
### Answer (score 31 · ac... | 1,252 | 313 | {
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88 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why does unsupervised pre-training help in deep learning? | <p>What is the effectiveness of pre-training of unsupervised deep learning?</p>
<p>Does unsupervised deep learning actually work?</p>
| What is the effectiveness of pre-training of unsupervised deep learning? Does unsupervised deep learning actually work? | 4 | 548 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<deep-learning><unsupervised-learning><transfer-learning>"
] | 2016-08-02T17:01:18.317 | 2019-11-19T21:16:17.260 | 8 | 2,573 | [
{
"id": 2573,
"body": "<p><a href=\"http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~fritz/absps/ncfast.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Unsupervised pre-training</a> was done only very shortly, as far as I know, at the time when deep learning started to actually work. It extracts certain regularities in the data, which a later... | Unsupervised pre-training (http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~fritz/absps/ncfast.pdf) was done only very shortly, as far as I know, at the time when deep learning started to actually work. It extracts certain regularities in the data, which a later supervised learning can latch onto, so it is not surprising that it might work.... | # Why does unsupervised pre-training help in deep learning?
**Tags:** <deep-learning><unsupervised-learning><transfer-learning>
**Question (score 4):**
What is the effectiveness of pre-training of unsupervised deep learning? Does unsupervised deep learning actually work?
### Answer (score 2 · accepted)
Unsupervised... | 1,727 | 431 | {
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91 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are search engines considered AI? | <p>Are search engines considered AI because of the way they analyze what you search for and remember it? Or how they send you ads of what you've searched for recently? </p>
<p>Is this considered AI or just smart?</p>
| Are search engines considered AI because of the way they analyze what you search for and remember it? Or how they send you ads of what you've searched for recently? Is this considered AI or just smart? | 16 | 411 | 1 | 1 | 2 | [
"<machine-learning><philosophy><definitions>"
] | 2016-08-02T17:04:35.297 | 2019-06-24T13:10:54.557 | 5 | 97 | [
{
"id": 97,
"body": "<p>I believe it would be more accurate to say that (some) search engines <em>use</em> AI. Broadly saying \"search engines are AI\" is not really correct. At the core, most search engines are nothing more than an inverted text index using something like tf–idf scoring. That's a very mec... | I believe it would be more accurate to say that (some) search engines use AI. Broadly saying "search engines are AI" is not really correct. At the core, most search engines are nothing more than an inverted text index using something like tf–idf scoring. That's a very mechanical/simple thing that nobody would really ca... | # Are search engines considered AI?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><philosophy><definitions>
**Question (score 16):**
Are search engines considered AI because of the way they analyze what you search for and remember it? Or how they send you ads of what you've searched for recently? Is this considered AI or just smart?
... | 870 | 217 | {
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92 | ai.stackexchange.com | How is it possible that deep neural networks are so easily fooled? | <p>The following <a href="http://www.evolvingai.org/fooling" rel="noreferrer">page</a>/<a href="http://www.evolvingai.org/files/DNNsEasilyFooled_cvpr15.pdf" rel="noreferrer">study</a> demonstrates that the deep neural networks are easily fooled by giving high confidence predictions for unrecognisable images, e.g.</p>
... | The following page (http://www.evolvingai.org/fooling)/study (http://www.evolvingai.org/files/DNNsEasilyFooled_cvpr15.pdf) demonstrates that the deep neural networks are easily fooled by giving high confidence predictions for unrecognisable images, e.g. (https://i.stack.imgur.com/7pgrH.jpg) (https://i.stack.imgur.com/p... | 82 | 6,229 | 9 | 2 | 34 | [
"<convolutional-neural-networks><computer-vision><image-recognition><deep-neural-networks><adversarial-ml>"
] | 2016-08-02T17:05:27.590 | 2021-02-18T19:48:25.217 | 8 | 250 | [
{
"id": 250,
"body": "<p>First up, those images (even the first few) aren't complete trash despite being junk to humans; they're actually finely tuned with various advanced techniques, including another neural network.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The deep neural network is the pre-trained network modeled on A... | First up, those images (even the first few) aren't complete trash despite being junk to humans; they're actually finely tuned with various advanced techniques, including another neural network. The deep neural network is the pre-trained network modeled on AlexNet provided by Caffe (https://github.com/BVLC/caffe). To ev... | # How is it possible that deep neural networks are so easily fooled?
**Tags:** <convolutional-neural-networks><computer-vision><image-recognition><deep-neural-networks><adversarial-ml>
**Question (score 82):**
The following page (http://www.evolvingai.org/fooling)/study (http://www.evolvingai.org/files/DNNsEasilyFoo... | 13,612 | 3,403 | {
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94 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the significance of weights in a feedforward neural network? | <p>In a feedforward neural network, the inputs are fed directly to the outputs via a series of <strong>weights</strong>.</p>
<p>What purpose do the weights serve, and how are they significant in this neural network?</p>
| In a feedforward neural network, the inputs are fed directly to the outputs via a series of weights. What purpose do the weights serve, and how are they significant in this neural network? | 4 | 234 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><weights><perceptron><feedforward-neural-networks>"
] | 2016-08-02T17:06:46.317 | 2021-12-04T09:23:57.703 | 8 | 132 | [
{
"id": 132,
"body": "<p>You described a single-layer feedforward network. They can have multiple layers. The significance of the weights is that they make a linear transformation from the output of the previous layer and hand it to the node they are going to. To say it more simplistically, they specify how... | You described a single-layer feedforward network. They can have multiple layers. The significance of the weights is that they make a linear transformation from the output of the previous layer and hand it to the node they are going to. To say it more simplistically, they specify how important (and in what way: negative... | # What is the significance of weights in a feedforward neural network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><weights><perceptron><feedforward-neural-networks>
**Question (score 4):**
In a feedforward neural network, the inputs are fed directly to the outputs via a series of weights. What purpose do the weights serve, and how ... | 1,801 | 450 | {
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96 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is a deep neural network? | <p>What is the definition of a deep neural network? Why are they so popular or important?</p>
| What is the definition of a deep neural network? Why are they so popular or important? | 11 | 277 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><deep-learning><terminology><deep-neural-networks><definitions>"
] | 2016-08-02T17:12:58.533 | 2019-06-23T12:18:37.573 | 5 | 98 | [
{
"id": 98,
"body": "<p>A deep neural network (DNN) is nothing but a neural network which has multiple layers, where <em>multiple</em> can be subjective.</p>\n\n<p>IMHO, any network which has 6 or 7 or more layers is considered deep. So, the above would form a very basic definition of a deep network. </p>\n... | A deep neural network (DNN) is nothing but a neural network which has multiple layers, where multiple can be subjective. IMHO, any network which has 6 or 7 or more layers is considered deep. So, the above would form a very basic definition of a deep network. | # What is a deep neural network?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><deep-learning><terminology><deep-neural-networks><definitions>
**Question (score 11):**
What is the definition of a deep neural network? Why are they so popular or important?
### Answer (score 12 · accepted)
A deep neural network (DNN) is nothing but a n... | 1,850 | 462 | {
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103 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are some examples of Classical AI? | <p>I believe that Classical AI uses deductive thought processes. For example, given as a set of constraints, deduce a conclusion. What are some examples of successfully applying Classical AI to real world problems.</p>
| I believe that Classical AI uses deductive thought processes. For example, given as a set of constraints, deduce a conclusion. What are some examples of successfully applying Classical AI to real world problems. | 6 | 3,625 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<symbolic-ai>"
] | 2016-08-02T17:47:41.750 | 2021-01-24T22:04:16.883 | 55 | null | [
{
"id": 105,
"body": "<p>The term <em>classical AI</em> refers to the concept of intelligence that was broadly accepted after the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Dartmouth Conference</a> and basically refers to a kind of intelligence that is strongly ... | The term classical AI refers to the concept of intelligence that was broadly accepted after the Dartmouth Conference (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop) and basically refers to a kind of intelligence that is strongly symbolic and oriented to logic and language processing. One basic point is the duality b... | # What are some examples of Classical AI?
**Tags:** <symbolic-ai>
**Question (score 6):**
I believe that Classical AI uses deductive thought processes. For example, given as a set of constraints, deduce a conclusion. What are some examples of successfully applying Classical AI to real world problems.
### Answer (sc... | 1,799 | 449 | {
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104 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can artificial intelligence be thought of as optimization? | <p>In <a href="https://youtu.be/oSdPmxRCWws?t=30">this video</a> an expert says, "One way of thinking about what intelligence is [specifically with regard to artificial intelligence], is as an optimization process."</p>
<p>Can intelligence always be thought of as an optimization process, and can artificial intelligenc... | In this video (https://youtu.be/oSdPmxRCWws?t=30) an expert says, "One way of thinking about what intelligence is [specifically with regard to artificial intelligence], is as an optimization process." Can intelligence always be thought of as an optimization process, and can artificial intelligence always be modeled as ... | 10 | 300 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<optimization><agi>"
] | 2016-08-02T17:56:02.743 | 2016-08-02T18:01:01.713 | 46 | null | [
{
"id": 117,
"body": "<p>A good answer to this question depends on what you want to use the labels for.</p>\n\n<p>When I think about \"optimization,\" I think about a solution space and a cost function; that is, there are many possible answers that could be returned and we can know what the cost is of any p... | A good answer to this question depends on what you want to use the labels for. When I think about "optimization," I think about a solution space and a cost function; that is, there are many possible answers that could be returned and we can know what the cost is of any particular answer. In this view, the answer is "ye... | # Can artificial intelligence be thought of as optimization?
**Tags:** <optimization><agi>
**Question (score 10):**
In this video (https://youtu.be/oSdPmxRCWws?t=30) an expert says, "One way of thinking about what intelligence is [specifically with regard to artificial intelligence], is as an optimization process." ... | 2,772 | 693 | {
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108 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the main advantages of using declarative programming languages for building AI? | <p>What specific advantages of declarative languages make them more applicable to AI than imperative languages? </p>
<p>What can declarative languages do easily that other languages styles find difficult for this kind of problem?</p>
| What specific advantages of declarative languages make them more applicable to AI than imperative languages? What can declarative languages do easily that other languages styles find difficult for this kind of problem? | 8 | 2,139 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<declarative-programming>"
] | 2016-08-02T18:17:44.297 | 2018-11-13T17:24:41.510 | 69 | null | [
{
"id": 116,
"body": "<p>The advantage of a declarative language like Prolog is that it can be used to express facts and inference rules separately from control flow. </p>\n\n<p>This allows the developer to focus on the data and inference rules (the knowledge model), and allows the developer to extend the ... | The advantage of a declarative language like Prolog is that it can be used to express facts and inference rules separately from control flow. This allows the developer to focus on the data and inference rules (the knowledge model), and allows the developer to extend the knowledge model more easily. I should add that in... | # What are the main advantages of using declarative programming languages for building AI?
**Tags:** <declarative-programming>
**Question (score 8):**
What specific advantages of declarative languages make them more applicable to AI than imperative languages? What can declarative languages do easily that other langu... | 5,616 | 1,404 | {
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109 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can rule induction be considered a way to "hybridize" probabilistic / statistical approaches and symbolic approaches? | <p>In years past, GOFAI (Good Old Fashioned AI) was heavily based on "rules" and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" rel="nofollow noreferrer">symbolic computation</a> based on rules. Unfortunately, that approach ran into stumbling blocks, and the world moved heavily towards statis... | In years past, GOFAI (Good Old Fashioned AI) was heavily based on "rules" and symbolic computation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence) based on rules. Unfortunately, that approach ran into stumbling blocks, and the world moved heavily towards statistical/probabilistic approaches leading to ... | 4 | 76 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<symbolic-ai><symbolic-computing>"
] | 2016-08-02T18:29:19.443 | 2018-04-14T02:02:43.383 | 33 | null | [
{
"id": 7587,
"body": "<p>Sure! This is a somewhat hot area right now.</p>\n\n<p>There are lots of ways to do it. </p>\n\n<p>Probably the main line of research is with <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_network\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Bayesian Networks</a> (1980's) and <a href=\"https://... | Sure! This is a somewhat hot area right now. There are lots of ways to do it. Probably the main line of research is with Bayesian Networks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_network) (1980's) and Casual Networks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_model) (1990's). These are basically rule-based systems for reaso... | # Can rule induction be considered a way to "hybridize" probabilistic / statistical approaches and symbolic approaches?
**Tags:** <symbolic-ai><symbolic-computing>
**Question (score 4):**
In years past, GOFAI (Good Old Fashioned AI) was heavily based on "rules" and symbolic computation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... | 2,370 | 592 | {
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111 | ai.stackexchange.com | How could self-driving cars make ethical decisions about who to kill? | <p>Obviously, self-driving cars aren't perfect, so imagine that the Google car (as an example) got into a difficult situation.</p>
<p>Here are a few examples of unfortunate situations caused by a set of events:</p>
<ul>
<li>The car is heading toward a crowd of 10 people crossing the road, so it cannot stop in time, but... | Obviously, self-driving cars aren't perfect, so imagine that the Google car (as an example) got into a difficult situation. Here are a few examples of unfortunate situations caused by a set of events: - The car is heading toward a crowd of 10 people crossing the road, so it cannot stop in time, but it can avoid killing... | 98 | 6,233 | 14 | 5 | 20 | [
"<philosophy><ethics><autonomous-vehicles><decision-theory>"
] | 2016-08-02T18:57:57.550 | 2020-06-26T22:37:36.083 | 8 | 1,790 | [
{
"id": 1790,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>How could self-driving cars make ethical decisions about who to kill?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>It shouldn't. Self-driving cars are not moral agents. Cars fail in predictable ways. Horses fail in predictable ways. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>the car is heading toward ... | How could self-driving cars make ethical decisions about who to kill? It shouldn't. Self-driving cars are not moral agents. Cars fail in predictable ways. Horses fail in predictable ways. the car is heading toward a crowd of 10 people crossing the road, so it cannot stop in time, but it can avoid killing 10 people by h... | # How could self-driving cars make ethical decisions about who to kill?
**Tags:** <philosophy><ethics><autonomous-vehicles><decision-theory>
**Question (score 98):**
Obviously, self-driving cars aren't perfect, so imagine that the Google car (as an example) got into a difficult situation. Here are a few examples of ... | 7,004 | 1,751 | {
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112 | ai.stackexchange.com | Which machine learning algorithm is used in self-driving cars? | <p>Which deep neural network is used in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_self-driving_car" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Google's driverless cars</a> to analyze the surroundings? Is this information open to the public?</p>
| Which deep neural network is used in Google's driverless cars (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_self-driving_car) to analyze the surroundings? Is this information open to the public? | 6 | 1,454 | 4 | 0 | 1 | [
"<deep-neural-networks><algorithm><autonomous-vehicles>"
] | 2016-08-02T18:59:44.230 | 2018-04-13T18:53:56.720 | 8 | null | [
{
"id": 2273,
"body": "<p>It will not be single DNN architecture, rather it will be a collection of different DNN architectures that are used together to make the final decision. Convolutions are using the images/videos from the camera. Other architectures use other sensory sources. These DNNs will be train... | It will not be single DNN architecture, rather it will be a collection of different DNN architectures that are used together to make the final decision. Convolutions are using the images/videos from the camera. Other architectures use other sensory sources. These DNNs will be trained to compute the high-level features ... | # Which machine learning algorithm is used in self-driving cars?
**Tags:** <deep-neural-networks><algorithm><autonomous-vehicles>
**Question (score 6):**
Which deep neural network is used in Google's driverless cars (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_self-driving_car) to analyze the surroundings? Is this informat... | 3,089 | 772 | {
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113 | ai.stackexchange.com | What's the difference between hyperbolic tangent and sigmoid neurons? | <p>Two common activation functions used in deep learning are the hyperbolic tangent function and the sigmoid activation function. I understand that the hyperbolic tangent is just a rescaling and translation of the sigmoid function: </p>
<p><span class="math-container">$\tanh(z) = 2\sigma(z) - 1$</span>. </p>
<p>Is th... | Two common activation functions used in deep learning are the hyperbolic tangent function and the sigmoid activation function. I understand that the hyperbolic tangent is just a rescaling and translation of the sigmoid function: $\tanh(z) = 2\sigma(z) - 1$. Is there a significant difference between these two activation... | 10 | 2,100 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-neural-networks><comparison><hidden-layers>"
] | 2016-08-02T19:02:33.003 | 2019-05-02T16:09:44.820 | 127 | 5,572 | [
{
"id": 5572,
"body": "<p><strong>Sigmoid > Hyperbolic tangent:</strong></p>\n\n<p>As you mentioned, the application of Sigmoid might be more convenient than hyperbolic tangent in the cases that we need a probability value at the output (as @matthew-graves says, we can fix this with a simple mapping/calibra... | Sigmoid > Hyperbolic tangent: As you mentioned, the application of Sigmoid might be more convenient than hyperbolic tangent in the cases that we need a probability value at the output (as @matthew-graves says, we can fix this with a simple mapping/calibration step). In other layers, this makes no sense. Hyperbolic tang... | # What's the difference between hyperbolic tangent and sigmoid neurons?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-neural-networks><comparison><hidden-layers>
**Question (score 10):**
Two common activation functions used in deep learning are the hyperbolic tangent function and the sigmoid activation function... | 2,537 | 634 | {
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118 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can fuzzy logic be used in creating AI? | <p><a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/10/what-is-fuzzy-logic">Fuzzy logic</a> is the logic where every statement can have any real truth value between 0 and 1.</p>
<p>How can fuzzy logic be used in creating AI? Is it useful for certain decision problems involving multiple inputs? Can you give an example o... | Fuzzy logic (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/10/what-is-fuzzy-logic) is the logic where every statement can have any real truth value between 0 and 1. How can fuzzy logic be used in creating AI? Is it useful for certain decision problems involving multiple inputs? Can you give an example of an AI that uses it? | 8 | 440 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<applications><fuzzy-logic>"
] | 2016-08-02T19:22:20.577 | 2021-11-10T15:51:59.617 | 29 | 122 | [
{
"id": 122,
"body": "<p>A classical example of fuzzy logic in an AI is the expert system Mycin.</p>\n\n<p>Fuzzy logic can be used to deal with probabilities and uncertainties. </p>\n\n<p>If one looks at, for example, predicate logic, then every statement is either true or false. In reality, we don't have t... | A classical example of fuzzy logic in an AI is the expert system Mycin. Fuzzy logic can be used to deal with probabilities and uncertainties. If one looks at, for example, predicate logic, then every statement is either true or false. In reality, we don't have this mathematical certainty. For example, let's say a physi... | # How can fuzzy logic be used in creating AI?
**Tags:** <applications><fuzzy-logic>
**Question (score 8):**
Fuzzy logic (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/10/what-is-fuzzy-logic) is the logic where every statement can have any real truth value between 0 and 1. How can fuzzy logic be used in creating AI? Is it u... | 2,196 | 549 | {
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120 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does Lucas's argument work? | <p>In <a href="https://philpapers.org/rec/LUCMMA-8" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Minds, Machines and Gödel</a> (1959), J. R. Lucas shows that any human mathematician can not be represented by an algorithmic automaton (a Turing Machine, but any computer is equivalent to it by the Church-Turing thesis), using Gödel's incomp... | In Minds, Machines and Gödel (https://philpapers.org/rec/LUCMMA-8) (1959), J. R. Lucas shows that any human mathematician can not be represented by an algorithmic automaton (a Turing Machine, but any computer is equivalent to it by the Church-Turing thesis), using Gödel's incompleteness theorem. As I understand it, he ... | 5 | 238 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><agi><artificial-consciousness><incompleteness-theorems><turing-machine>"
] | 2016-08-02T19:31:01.370 | 2021-02-02T01:07:51.347 | 29 | 125 | [
{
"id": 125,
"body": "<p>Yes, it applies. If a statement cannot be derived in a finite number of steps, then it doesn't matter if the person trying to prove it is a human or a computer. </p>\n\n<p>The mathematician has one advantage over a standard theorem proving algorithm: the mathematician can \"step ou... | Yes, it applies. If a statement cannot be derived in a finite number of steps, then it doesn't matter if the person trying to prove it is a human or a computer. The mathematician has one advantage over a standard theorem proving algorithm: the mathematician can "step out of the system" (as Douglas Hofstadter called in ... | # How does Lucas's argument work?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><artificial-consciousness><incompleteness-theorems><turing-machine>
**Question (score 5):**
In Minds, Machines and Gödel (https://philpapers.org/rec/LUCMMA-8) (1959), J. R. Lucas shows that any human mathematician can not be represented by an algorithmic a... | 3,308 | 827 | {
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123 | ai.stackexchange.com | Does the Chinese Room argument hold against AI? | <p>Back in college, I had a Complexity Theory teacher who stated that artificial intelligence was a contradiction in terms. If it could be calculated mechanically, he argued, it wasn't intelligence, it was math.</p>
<p>This seems to be a variant of the Chinese Room argument. This argument is a metaphor, where a person... | Back in college, I had a Complexity Theory teacher who stated that artificial intelligence was a contradiction in terms. If it could be calculated mechanically, he argued, it wasn't intelligence, it was math. This seems to be a variant of the Chinese Room argument. This argument is a metaphor, where a person is put in ... | 13 | 568 | 4 | 0 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><agi><chinese-room-argument>"
] | 2016-08-02T19:42:07.160 | 2021-02-15T23:45:03.590 | 66 | null | [
{
"id": 128,
"body": "<p>It depends on the definition of (artificial) intelligence.</p>\n<p>The position that Searle originally tried to refute with the Chinese room experiment was the so-called position of strong AI: An appropriately programmed computer would have a mind in the exact same sense as humans h... | It depends on the definition of (artificial) intelligence. The position that Searle originally tried to refute with the Chinese room experiment was the so-called position of strong AI: An appropriately programmed computer would have a mind in the exact same sense as humans have minds. Alan Turing tried to give a defini... | # Does the Chinese Room argument hold against AI?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><chinese-room-argument>
**Question (score 13):**
Back in college, I had a Complexity Theory teacher who stated that artificial intelligence was a contradiction in terms. If it could be calculated mechanically, he argued, it wasn't intellige... | 4,734 | 1,183 | {
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130 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the main differences between a deep Boltzmann machine and a deep belief network? | <p>What are the main differences between a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_machine" rel="nofollow noreferrer">deep Boltzmann machine</a> (DBM) (a recurrent neural network) and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_belief_network" rel="nofollow noreferrer">deep belief network</a> (which is based... | What are the main differences between a deep Boltzmann machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_machine) (DBM) (a recurrent neural network) and a deep belief network (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_belief_network) (which is based on RBMs)? | 3 | 129 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><comparison><boltzmann-machine><deep-belief-network><deep-boltzmann-machine>"
] | 2016-08-02T19:58:28.117 | 2020-05-18T12:01:28.283 | 8 | 135 | [
{
"id": 135,
"body": "<p>The graph that represents a deep Boltzmann machine can be any weighted undirected graph. </p>\n\n<p>However, the graph that represents a deep Belief network must be a connection of graphs that represent restricted Boltzmann machines. Those graphs are bipartite, so there are two grou... | The graph that represents a deep Boltzmann machine can be any weighted undirected graph. However, the graph that represents a deep Belief network must be a connection of graphs that represent restricted Boltzmann machines. Those graphs are bipartite, so there are two groups of vertices in those graphs so that every edg... | # What are the main differences between a deep Boltzmann machine and a deep belief network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><comparison><boltzmann-machine><deep-belief-network><deep-boltzmann-machine>
**Question (score 3):**
What are the main differences between a deep Boltzmann machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol... | 1,164 | 291 | {
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140 | ai.stackexchange.com | Does this argument refuting the existence of superintelligence work? | <p>A superintelligence is a machine that can surpass all intellectual activities by any human, and such a machine is often portrayed in science fiction as a machine that brings mankind to an end.</p>
<p>Any machine is executed using an algorithm. By the Church-Turing thesis, any algorithm that can be executed by a mod... | A superintelligence is a machine that can surpass all intellectual activities by any human, and such a machine is often portrayed in science fiction as a machine that brings mankind to an end. Any machine is executed using an algorithm. By the Church-Turing thesis, any algorithm that can be executed by a modern compute... | 8 | 221 | 3 | 2 | 0 | [
"<philosophy><superintelligence>"
] | 2016-08-02T20:37:59.927 | 2019-06-25T21:16:52.410 | 29 | 144 | [
{
"id": 144,
"body": "<p>I believe this argument is based on the fact that intelligence is a single dimension when it really isn't. Are machines and humans really on the same level if a machine can solve a complex problem in a millionth of the time a human can? </p>\n\n<p>It also assumes that the Turing mac... | I believe this argument is based on the fact that intelligence is a single dimension when it really isn't. Are machines and humans really on the same level if a machine can solve a complex problem in a millionth of the time a human can? It also assumes that the Turing machine is still the best computational model for t... | # Does this argument refuting the existence of superintelligence work?
**Tags:** <philosophy><superintelligence>
**Question (score 8):**
A superintelligence is a machine that can surpass all intellectual activities by any human, and such a machine is often portrayed in science fiction as a machine that brings mankin... | 1,329 | 332 | {
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145 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the relevance of AIXI on current artificial intelligence research? | <p>From Wikipedia:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>AIXI ['ai̯k͡siː] is a theoretical mathematical formalism for artificial general intelligence. It combines Solomonoff induction with sequential decision theory. AIXI was first proposed by Marcus Hutter in 2000[1] and the results below are proved in Hutter's 2005 book Universal A... | From Wikipedia: AIXI ['ai̯k͡siː] is a theoretical mathematical formalism for artificial general intelligence. It combines Solomonoff induction with sequential decision theory. AIXI was first proposed by Marcus Hutter in 2000[1] and the results below are proved in Hutter's 2005 book Universal Artificial Intelligence.[2]... | 14 | 4,627 | 4 | 0 | 7 | [
"<models><agi><aixi>"
] | 2016-08-02T21:10:26.693 | 2019-04-19T15:13:02.567 | 144 | null | [
{
"id": 1372,
"body": "<p>\"Current artificial intelligence research\" is a pretty broad field. From where I sit, in a mostly CS realm, people are focused on narrow intelligence that can do economically relevant work on narrow tasks. (That is, predicting when components will fail, predicting which ads a use... | "Current artificial intelligence research" is a pretty broad field. From where I sit, in a mostly CS realm, people are focused on narrow intelligence that can do economically relevant work on narrow tasks. (That is, predicting when components will fail, predicting which ads a user will click on, and so on.) For those s... | # What is the relevance of AIXI on current artificial intelligence research?
**Tags:** <models><agi><aixi>
**Question (score 14):**
From Wikipedia: AIXI ['ai̯k͡siː] is a theoretical mathematical formalism for artificial general intelligence. It combines Solomonoff induction with sequential decision theory. AIXI was ... | 7,259 | 1,814 | {
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147 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can we ever achieve hypercomputation using recurrent neural networks? | <p>It is proved that a recurrent neural net with rational weights can be a super-Turing machine. Can we achieve this in practice ?</p>
| It is proved that a recurrent neural net with rational weights can be a super-Turing machine. Can we achieve this in practice ? | 2 | 288 | 2 | 1 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><hypercomputation><recurrent-neural-networks>"
] | 2016-08-02T21:15:34.483 | 2016-09-03T17:38:06.577 | 159 | null | [
{
"id": 235,
"body": "<p>I presume the proof the OP is referring to can be found in <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-0707-8\" rel=\"nofollow\">this monograph</a> by Hava Siegelmann?</p>\n\n<p>In his article <a href=\"http://www1.maths.leeds.ac.uk/~pmt6sbc/docs/davis.myth.pdf\" re... | I presume the proof the OP is referring to can be found in this monograph (http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-0707-8) by Hava Siegelmann? In his article 'The Myth of Hypercomputation' (http://www1.maths.leeds.ac.uk/~pmt6sbc/docs/davis.myth.pdf), the eminent computer scientist Martin Davis explains (p8-9... | # Can we ever achieve hypercomputation using recurrent neural networks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><hypercomputation><recurrent-neural-networks>
**Question (score 2):**
It is proved that a recurrent neural net with rational weights can be a super-Turing machine. Can we achieve this in practice ?
### Answer (score 4... | 978 | 244 | {
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148 | ai.stackexchange.com | What limits, if any, does the halting problem put on Artificial Intelligence? | <p>Given the proven <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem">halting problem</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine">Turing machines</a>, can we infer limits on the ability of strong Artificial Intelligence?</p>
| Given the proven halting problem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem) for Turing machines (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine), can we infer limits on the ability of strong Artificial Intelligence? | 19 | 1,573 | 2 | 0 | 6 | [
"<agi><theory-of-computation><halting-problem><turing-machine>"
] | 2016-08-02T21:16:44.013 | 2021-10-13T00:31:31.113 | 55 | 170 | [
{
"id": 173,
"body": "<p>The halting problem is an example of a general phenomenon known as <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecidable_problem\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Undecidability</a>, which shows that there are problems no Turing machine can solve in finite time. Let's consider the generalization t... | The halting problem is an example of a general phenomenon known as Undecidability (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecidable_problem), which shows that there are problems no Turing machine can solve in finite time. Let's consider the generalization that it is undecidable whether a Turing Machine satisfies some non-triv... | # What limits, if any, does the halting problem put on Artificial Intelligence?
**Tags:** <agi><theory-of-computation><halting-problem><turing-machine>
**Question (score 19):**
Given the proven halting problem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem) for Turing machines (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_m... | 2,413 | 603 | {
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152 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why is the generation of deep style images so slow and resource-hungry? | <p>Consider these neural style algorithms which produce some art work:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/alexjc/neural-doodle">Neural Doodle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/jcjohnson/neural-style">neural-style</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Why is generating such images so slow and why does it take huge amounts of... | Consider these neural style algorithms which produce some art work: - Neural Doodle (https://github.com/alexjc/neural-doodle) - neural-style (https://github.com/jcjohnson/neural-style) Why is generating such images so slow and why does it take huge amounts of memory? Isn't there any method of optimizing the algorithm? ... | 7 | 545 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<performance><neural-doodle><deepdreaming>"
] | 2016-08-02T21:34:32.107 | 2016-08-18T13:24:43.510 | 8 | 1,728 | [
{
"id": 1728,
"body": "<p>Real time style transfer and neural doodle is very much possible and is an active topic I see users working on to improve upon. The basic idea is to do only feed forward propagation at test time and train with appropriate loss functions at train time.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://arx... | Real time style transfer and neural doodle is very much possible and is an active topic I see users working on to improve upon. The basic idea is to do only feed forward propagation at test time and train with appropriate loss functions at train time. Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolution ... | # Why is the generation of deep style images so slow and resource-hungry?
**Tags:** <performance><neural-doodle><deepdreaming>
**Question (score 7):**
Consider these neural style algorithms which produce some art work: - Neural Doodle (https://github.com/alexjc/neural-doodle) - neural-style (https://github.com/jcjoh... | 2,152 | 538 | {
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153 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can autoencoders be used for supervised learning? | <p>Can autoencoders be used for supervised learning <em>without adding an output layer</em>? Can we simply feed it with a concatenated input-output vector for training, and reconstruct the output part from the input part when doing inference? The output part would be treated as missing values during inference and some ... | Can autoencoders be used for supervised learning without adding an output layer? Can we simply feed it with a concatenated input-output vector for training, and reconstruct the output part from the input part when doing inference? The output part would be treated as missing values during inference and some imputation w... | 9 | 2,501 | 2 | 2 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks>"
] | 2016-08-02T21:36:28.053 | 2017-06-17T21:22:44.503 | 144 | null | [
{
"id": 3417,
"body": "<p>One such paper I know of and which I implemented is <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.02672\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Semi-Supervised Learning using Ladder Networks</a> . I quote here their description of the model:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Our approach follows Valpola (201... | One such paper I know of and which I implemented is Semi-Supervised Learning using Ladder Networks (https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.02672) . I quote here their description of the model: Our approach follows Valpola (2015), who proposed a Ladder network where the auxiliary task is to denoise representations at every level of... | # Can autoencoders be used for supervised learning?
**Tags:** <neural-networks>
**Question (score 9):**
Can autoencoders be used for supervised learning without adding an output layer? Can we simply feed it with a concatenated input-output vector for training, and reconstruct the output part from the input part when... | 1,350 | 337 | {
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154 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it possible to train the neural network to solve math equations? | <p>I'm aware that neural networks are probably not designed to do that, however asking hypothetically, is it possible to train the deep neural network (or similar) to solve math equations?</p>
<p>So given the 3 inputs: 1st number, operator sign represented by the number (1 - <code>+</code>, 2 - <code>-</code>, 3 - <co... | I'm aware that neural networks are probably not designed to do that, however asking hypothetically, is it possible to train the deep neural network (or similar) to solve math equations? So given the 3 inputs: 1st number, operator sign represented by the number (1 - `+`, 2 - `-`, 3 - `/`, 4 - `*`, and so on), and the 2n... | 32 | 21,192 | 5 | 3 | 19 | [
"<neural-networks><math><applications>"
] | 2016-08-02T21:37:32.420 | 2021-10-08T11:59:11.790 | 8 | 158 | [
{
"id": 158,
"body": "<p>Yes, it has been done!</p>\n<p>However, the applications aren't to replace calculators or anything like that. The lab I'm associated with develops neural network models of equational reasoning to better understand how humans might solve these problems. This is a part of the field kn... | Yes, it has been done! However, the applications aren't to replace calculators or anything like that. The lab I'm associated with develops neural network models of equational reasoning to better understand how humans might solve these problems. This is a part of the field known as Mathematical Cognition (https://web.ar... | # Is it possible to train the neural network to solve math equations?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><math><applications>
**Question (score 32):**
I'm aware that neural networks are probably not designed to do that, however asking hypothetically, is it possible to train the deep neural network (or similar) to solve math... | 3,784 | 946 | {
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156 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any computational models of mirror neurons? | <p>From Wikipedia:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Mirror neurons are related to imitation learning, a very useful feature that is missing in current real-world A.I. implementa... | From Wikipedia: A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Mirror neurons are related to imitation learning, a very useful feature that is missing in current real-world A.I. implementations. Instead of learning from input-output exa... | 19 | 1,699 | 3 | 0 | 11 | [
"<neural-networks><models>"
] | 2016-08-02T21:59:01.093 | 2016-10-14T13:08:35.790 | 144 | null | [
{
"id": 1340,
"body": "<p><a href=\"http://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(04)00243-8?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661304002438%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" rel=\"noreferrer\">This article</a> gives a description of mirror neurons in terms of Hebbi... | This article (http://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(04)00243-8?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661304002438%3Fshowall%3Dtrue) gives a description of mirror neurons in terms of Hebbian learning, a mechanism that has been widely used in AI. I don't know ... | # Are there any computational models of mirror neurons?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><models>
**Question (score 19):**
From Wikipedia: A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Mirror neurons are related to imitation learning, a v... | 1,156 | 289 | {
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157 | ai.stackexchange.com | What artificial intelligence strategies are useful for summarization? | <p>If I have a paragraph I want to summarize, for example:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Ponzo and Fila went to the mall during the day. They walked for a long while, stopping at shops. They went to many shops. At first, they didn't buy anything. After going to a number of shops, they eventually bought a shirt, and a pair of ... | If I have a paragraph I want to summarize, for example: Ponzo and Fila went to the mall during the day. They walked for a long while, stopping at shops. They went to many shops. At first, they didn't buy anything. After going to a number of shops, they eventually bought a shirt, and a pair of pants. Better summarized a... | 8 | 155 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<algorithm><natural-language-processing><pattern-recognition>"
] | 2016-08-02T22:38:50.823 | 2018-10-08T12:44:30.960 | 46 | 267 | [
{
"id": 267,
"body": "<p>The following post has a bit of math, which I hope helps to explain the problem better. Unfortunately it seems, this SE site does not support LaTex:</p>\n\n<p>Document summarization is very much an open problem in AI research. One way this task is currently handled is called \"extra... | The following post has a bit of math, which I hope helps to explain the problem better. Unfortunately it seems, this SE site does not support LaTex: Document summarization is very much an open problem in AI research. One way this task is currently handled is called "extractive summarization". The basic strategy is as f... | # What artificial intelligence strategies are useful for summarization?
**Tags:** <algorithm><natural-language-processing><pattern-recognition>
**Question (score 8):**
If I have a paragraph I want to summarize, for example: Ponzo and Fila went to the mall during the day. They walked for a long while, stopping at sho... | 4,780 | 1,195 | {
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167 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why would neural network dream scenes mirror the hallucinations people experience when they're tripping? | <p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDream" rel="nofollow">DeepDream</a> wikipedia page it's suggested that a dreamlike images created by a convolutional neural network may be related to how visual cortex works in humans when they're tripping.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The imagery to LSD- and psilocybin-induce... | In DeepDream (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDream) wikipedia page it's suggested that a dreamlike images created by a convolutional neural network may be related to how visual cortex works in humans when they're tripping. The imagery to LSD- and psilocybin-induced hallucinations is suggestive of a functional resemb... | 4 | 176 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<convolutional-neural-networks><deepdream><computer-vision><deepdreaming>"
] | 2016-08-03T01:55:30.377 | 2016-08-18T11:34:48.770 | 8 | 174 | [
{
"id": 174,
"body": "<p>The similarity of artificial neural networks and the human visual cortex goes very deep, and in many ways the human visual cortex was the inspiration for the techniques we use for the design and implementation of ANNs designed for image recognition. So in that direction, the similar... | The similarity of artificial neural networks and the human visual cortex goes very deep, and in many ways the human visual cortex was the inspiration for the techniques we use for the design and implementation of ANNs designed for image recognition. So in that direction, the similarity seems obvious to me. The reverse ... | # Why would neural network dream scenes mirror the hallucinations people experience when they're tripping?
**Tags:** <convolutional-neural-networks><deepdream><computer-vision><deepdreaming>
**Question (score 4):**
In DeepDream (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepDream) wikipedia page it's suggested that a dreamlike ... | 2,345 | 586 | {
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172 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could AIs self-develop in the future? | <p>Is it possible that, at some time in the future, AIs will be able to initiatively develop themselves, rather than passively being developed by humanity?</p>
| Is it possible that, at some time in the future, AIs will be able to initiatively develop themselves, rather than passively being developed by humanity? | 2 | 103 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [
"<philosophy>"
] | 2016-08-03T03:33:35.193 | 2019-06-20T20:43:42.113 | 104 | null | [
{
"id": 178,
"body": "<p>This is known as the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_explosion\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">intelligence explosion</a> hypothesis or <a href=\"https://wiki.lesswrong.com/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">recursive self-improvement</a... | This is known as the intelligence explosion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_explosion) hypothesis or recursive self-improvement (https://wiki.lesswrong.com/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement). | # Could AIs self-develop in the future?
**Tags:** <philosophy>
**Question (score 2):**
Is it possible that, at some time in the future, AIs will be able to initiatively develop themselves, rather than passively being developed by humanity?
### Answer (score 2)
This is known as the intelligence explosion (https://en... | 1,284 | 321 | {
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179 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can the multiple intelligences model be incorporated into AI? | <p>I have been wondering since a while ago about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligences" rel="nofollow noreferrer">theory of multiple intelligences</a> and how they could fit in the field of Artificial Intelligence as a whole.</p>
<p>We hear from time to time about <a href="https:/... | I have been wondering since a while ago about the theory of multiple intelligences (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligences) and how they could fit in the field of Artificial Intelligence as a whole. We hear from time to time about Leonardo Da Vinci (https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonat... | 6 | 670 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<definitions><theory><emotional-intelligence>"
] | 2016-08-03T05:15:39.443 | 2019-12-21T00:40:52.520 | 70 | null | [
{
"id": 1371,
"body": "<p>If anything, multiple intelligences are much more obvious in AI than in other fields, because we haven't yet unlocked how to do transfer between domains.</p>\n\n<p>As an example, AlphaGo is very, very good at playing Go, but it's got basically nothing in the way of bodily-kinesthet... | If anything, multiple intelligences are much more obvious in AI than in other fields, because we haven't yet unlocked how to do transfer between domains. As an example, AlphaGo is very, very good at playing Go, but it's got basically nothing in the way of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. But other teams have built soft... | # How can the multiple intelligences model be incorporated into AI?
**Tags:** <definitions><theory><emotional-intelligence>
**Question (score 6):**
I have been wondering since a while ago about the theory of multiple intelligences (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligences) and how they could fi... | 1,805 | 451 | {
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182 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do I decide the optimal number of layers for a neural network? | <p>How do I decide the optimal number of layers for a neural network (feedforward or recurrent)?</p>
| How do I decide the optimal number of layers for a neural network (feedforward or recurrent)? | 16 | 302 | 2 | 1 | 5 | [
"<neural-networks><recurrent-neural-networks><feedforward-neural-networks><hyperparameter-optimization><hidden-layers>"
] | 2016-08-03T05:31:30.353 | 2020-04-12T18:54:07.443 | 202 | 183 | [
{
"id": 183,
"body": "<p>There is a technique called <code>Pruning</code> in neural networks, which is used just for this same purpose.</p>\n\n<p>The pruning is done on the number of hidden layers. The process is very similar to the pruning process of decision trees. The pruning process is done as follows:<... | There is a technique called `Pruning` in neural networks, which is used just for this same purpose. The pruning is done on the number of hidden layers. The process is very similar to the pruning process of decision trees. The pruning process is done as follows: - Train a large, densely connected, network with a standar... | # How do I decide the optimal number of layers for a neural network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><recurrent-neural-networks><feedforward-neural-networks><hyperparameter-optimization><hidden-layers>
**Question (score 16):**
How do I decide the optimal number of layers for a neural network (feedforward or recurrent)?
... | 1,493 | 373 | {
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184 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there emergent models of time in robots? | <p>I am interested in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence" rel="nofollow">emergence</a> of properties in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model#Theory" rel="nofollow">agents</a>, and, more generally in robotics.</p>
<p>I was wondering if there is work on the emergence of time-related... | I am interested in the emergence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence) of properties in agents (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model#Theory), and, more generally in robotics. I was wondering if there is work on the emergence of time-related concepts, on the low-level representation of notions like before... | 4 | 51 | 1 | 7 | 2 | [
"<knowledge-representation><time><embodied-cognition>"
] | 2016-08-03T06:03:28.903 | 2016-09-02T21:11:12.350 | 70 | null | [
{
"id": 188,
"body": "<p>To my knowledge, this is very much an open research issue.</p>\n\n<p>Here is a paper by Prof Leslie Smith, an acknowledged expert on neuromorphic perceptual coding, which explains the importance of the notion of perceptual time for Artificial General Intelligence and sketches an ar... | To my knowledge, this is very much an open research issue. Here is a paper by Prof Leslie Smith, an acknowledged expert on neuromorphic perceptual coding, which explains the importance of the notion of perceptual time for Artificial General Intelligence and sketches an architecture from which a notion of 'now' might em... | # Are there emergent models of time in robots?
**Tags:** <knowledge-representation><time><embodied-cognition>
**Question (score 4):**
I am interested in the emergence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence) of properties in agents (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model#Theory), and, more generally in rob... | 1,821 | 455 | {
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186 | ai.stackexchange.com | Does a quantum computer resolve the halting problem and would that advance strong AI? | <p>Have there been proposed extensions to go beyond a Turing machine that solve the halting problem and if so, would those proposed extensions have value to advance strong Artificial Intelligence? For example, does quantum computing go beyond the definition of a Turing machine and resolve the halting problem, and does... | Have there been proposed extensions to go beyond a Turing machine that solve the halting problem and if so, would those proposed extensions have value to advance strong Artificial Intelligence? For example, does quantum computing go beyond the definition of a Turing machine and resolve the halting problem, and does tha... | 5 | 2,870 | 2 | 5 | 1 | [
"<quantum-computing><halting-problem><agi>"
] | 2016-08-03T06:20:12.393 | 2016-08-07T23:34:29.837 | 55 | null | [
{
"id": 190,
"body": "<p>It depends a bit on what you mean by 'quantum computer'. The 'conventional' notion is that quantum computation buys a (in some cases, exponential) speedup - it doesn't change <em>what</em> can be computed, just how quickly.</p>\n\n<p>In contrast, advocates of <em>hypercomputation</e... | It depends a bit on what you mean by 'quantum computer'. The 'conventional' notion is that quantum computation buys a (in some cases, exponential) speedup - it doesn't change what can be computed, just how quickly. In contrast, advocates of hypercomputation claim that quantum effects may make it possible to do infinite... | # Does a quantum computer resolve the halting problem and would that advance strong AI?
**Tags:** <quantum-computing><halting-problem><agi>
**Question (score 5):**
Have there been proposed extensions to go beyond a Turing machine that solve the halting problem and if so, would those proposed extensions have value to... | 3,134 | 783 | {
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191 | ai.stackexchange.com | What was the first machine that was able to carry on a conversation? | <p>What was the first AI that was able to carry on a conversation, with real responses, such as in the famous <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnzlbyTZsQY" rel="nofollow">'I am not a robot. I am a unicorn' case?</a></p>
<p>A 'real response' constitutes a sort-of personalized answer to a specific input by a use... | What was the first AI that was able to carry on a conversation, with real responses, such as in the famous 'I am not a robot. I am a unicorn' case? (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnzlbyTZsQY) A 'real response' constitutes a sort-of personalized answer to a specific input by a user. | 6 | 171 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<natural-language-processing><chat-bots><history><turing-test>"
] | 2016-08-03T07:57:21.743 | 2018-10-08T12:44:10.017 | 145 | 1,526 | [
{
"id": 196,
"body": "<p>In 1986, the first PC therapist program was written by Joseph Weintraub. This program won the first Loebner Prize in 1991, and then again in 1992, 1993 and 1995. </p>\n\n<p>In 1981 or 1982, Jabberwacky was founded, which is the foundation of the current Cleverbot. Jabberwacky appea... | In 1986, the first PC therapist program was written by Joseph Weintraub. This program won the first Loebner Prize in 1991, and then again in 1992, 1993 and 1995. In 1981 or 1982, Jabberwacky was founded, which is the foundation of the current Cleverbot. Jabberwacky appeared on the internet in 1997, reaching the third p... | # What was the first machine that was able to carry on a conversation?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><chat-bots><history><turing-test>
**Question (score 6):**
What was the first AI that was able to carry on a conversation, with real responses, such as in the famous 'I am not a robot. I am a unicorn' case? (... | 1,457 | 364 | {
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197 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there a strong argument that survival instinct is a prerequisite for creating an AGI? | <p>This question stems from quite a few "informal" sources. Movies like <em>2001, A Space Odyssey</em> and <em>Ex Machina</em>; books like <em>Destination Void</em> (Frank Herbert), and others suggest that general intelligence <em>wants</em> to survive, and even learn the importance for it.</p>
<p>There may be several... | This question stems from quite a few "informal" sources. Movies like 2001, A Space Odyssey and Ex Machina; books like Destination Void (Frank Herbert), and others suggest that general intelligence wants to survive, and even learn the importance for it. There may be several arguments for survival. What would be the most... | 11 | 527 | 3 | 4 | 0 | [
"<philosophy><agi>"
] | 2016-08-03T08:56:53.430 | 2019-11-22T23:30:37.760 | 169 | null | [
{
"id": 234,
"body": "<p>Steve Omohudro wrote a paper called <a href=\"https://selfawaresystems.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/ai_drives_final.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Basic AI Drives</a> that steps through why we would expect an AI with narrow goals to find some basic, general concepts as instrumentally usefu... | Steve Omohudro wrote a paper called Basic AI Drives (https://selfawaresystems.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/ai_drives_final.pdf) that steps through why we would expect an AI with narrow goals to find some basic, general concepts as instrumentally useful for their narrow goals. For example, an AI designed to maximize stoc... | # Is there a strong argument that survival instinct is a prerequisite for creating an AGI?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi>
**Question (score 11):**
This question stems from quite a few "informal" sources. Movies like 2001, A Space Odyssey and Ex Machina; books like Destination Void (Frank Herbert), and others suggest th... | 2,433 | 608 | {
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198 | ai.stackexchange.com | What research has been done in the domain of "Identifying sarcasm in text"? | <p>Identifying sarcasm is considered as one of the most difficult open-ended problems in the domain of ML and NLP.</p>
<p>So, was there any considerable research done in that front? If yes, then what is the accuracy like? Please also explain the NLP model briefly.</p>
| Identifying sarcasm is considered as one of the most difficult open-ended problems in the domain of ML and NLP. So, was there any considerable research done in that front? If yes, then what is the accuracy like? Please also explain the NLP model briefly. | 17 | 331 | 2 | 1 | 8 | [
"<natural-language-processing><research><semantics>"
] | 2016-08-03T09:01:05.790 | 2018-10-08T12:43:51.623 | 101 | 1,345 | [
{
"id": 1345,
"body": "<p>The following survey article by researchers from IIT Bombay summarizes recent advances in sarcasm detection: <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.03426\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Arxiv link</a>.</p>\n\n<p>In reference to your question, I do not think it is considered either extraordinari... | The following survey article by researchers from IIT Bombay summarizes recent advances in sarcasm detection: Arxiv link (https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.03426). In reference to your question, I do not think it is considered either extraordinarily difficult or open-ended. While it does introduce ambiguity that computers cann... | # What research has been done in the domain of "Identifying sarcasm in text"?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><research><semantics>
**Question (score 17):**
Identifying sarcasm is considered as one of the most difficult open-ended problems in the domain of ML and NLP. So, was there any considerable research d... | 1,938 | 484 | {
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205 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to write a C decompiler using AI? | <p>I would like to learn more about whether it is possible and how to write a program that decompiles executable binary (an object file) to the C source. I'm not asking exactly 'how', but rather how this can be achieved.</p>
<p>Given the following <code>hello.c</code> file (as example):</p>
<pre><code>#include <stdi... | I would like to learn more about whether it is possible and how to write a program that decompiles executable binary (an object file) to the C source. I'm not asking exactly 'how', but rather how this can be achieved. Given the following `hello.c` file (as example): ``` #include int main() { printf("Hello World!"); } `... | 7 | 2,122 | 2 | 1 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning><reference-request><c>"
] | 2016-08-03T10:03:58.587 | 2020-11-19T15:17:41.320 | 8 | 219 | [
{
"id": 219,
"body": "<p>In-between your input and desired output, there's obviously a huge space to search. The more relevant domain information you include as features, the higher chance that the Deep Learning (DL) algorithm can find the desired mapping.</p>\n\n<p>At this early stage in DL research, there... | In-between your input and desired output, there's obviously a huge space to search. The more relevant domain information you include as features, the higher chance that the Deep Learning (DL) algorithm can find the desired mapping. At this early stage in DL research, there aren't so many rules of thumb to tell you what... | # How to write a C decompiler using AI?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning><reference-request><c>
**Question (score 7):**
I would like to learn more about whether it is possible and how to write a program that decompiles executable binary (an object file) to the C source. I'm not asking exactly 'how', but rat... | 3,100 | 775 | {
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207 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can abstractive summarization be achieved using neural networks? | <p>Text summarization is a long-standing research problem that was <em>"ignited"</em> by Luhn in 1958. However, a half century later, we still came nowhere close to solving this problem (abstractive summarization). The reason for this might be because researchers are resorting to statistical (and sometimes linguistic)... | Text summarization is a long-standing research problem that was "ignited" by Luhn in 1958. However, a half century later, we still came nowhere close to solving this problem (abstractive summarization). The reason for this might be because researchers are resorting to statistical (and sometimes linguistic) methods to f... | 4 | 79 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><natural-language-processing><text-summarization>"
] | 2016-08-03T10:14:49.743 | 2018-10-08T12:42:18.353 | null | null | [
{
"id": 217,
"body": "<p>The ability to re-frame summarization as a problem for ANN is rather dependent on what kind of output you're looking for: you mentioned 'salient parts of the text'.</p>\n\n<p>One possibly is to use a deep learning approach that first chunks together words that belong in the same phr... | The ability to re-frame summarization as a problem for ANN is rather dependent on what kind of output you're looking for: you mentioned 'salient parts of the text'. One possibly is to use a deep learning approach that first chunks together words that belong in the same phrase as a single 'feature'. Another possibility ... | # Can abstractive summarization be achieved using neural networks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><natural-language-processing><text-summarization>
**Question (score 4):**
Text summarization is a long-standing research problem that was "ignited" by Luhn in 1958. However, a half century later, we still came nowhere close... | 1,157 | 289 | {
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211 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the main AI technologies behind the Watson platform? | <p>What AI techniques does IBM use for its Watson platform (specifically, its natural language processing part)?</p>
| What AI techniques does IBM use for its Watson platform (specifically, its natural language processing part)? | 4 | 647 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<natural-language-processing><watson>"
] | 2016-08-03T12:27:56.120 | 2019-06-29T23:05:19.380 | 8 | 1,664 | [
{
"id": 1664,
"body": "<p>As a person who works with people who work on Watson, perhaps I can give some insight.</p>\n\n<p>The name <em>Watson</em> is casually thrown around a lot whilst many people aren't aware of its evolution into a larger suite of systems and services. We now have Chef Watson, Watson He... | As a person who works with people who work on Watson, perhaps I can give some insight. The name Watson is casually thrown around a lot whilst many people aren't aware of its evolution into a larger suite of systems and services. We now have Chef Watson, Watson Health, and many other developing projects along the "cogni... | # What are the main AI technologies behind the Watson platform?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><watson>
**Question (score 4):**
What AI techniques does IBM use for its Watson platform (specifically, its natural language processing part)?
### Answer (score 4 · accepted)
As a person who works with people who ... | 3,338 | 834 | {
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218 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to resolve lexical ambiguity in natural language processing? | <p>I'm interested in implementing a program for natural language processing (aka <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ELIZA</a>).</p>
<p>Assuming that I'm already <a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/212/8">storing semantic-lexical connections</a> between the words and its strengt... | I'm interested in implementing a program for natural language processing (aka ELIZA (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA)). Assuming that I'm already storing semantic-lexical connections (https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/212/8) between the words and its strength. What are the methods of dealing with words which have very... | 7 | 3,633 | 2 | 2 | 3 | [
"<natural-language-processing><lexical-recognition>"
] | 2016-08-03T14:17:17.257 | 2017-04-13T12:53:10.013 | 8 | 1,745 | [
{
"id": 1745,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>In general, how algorithm should distinguish the word meaning and recognise the word within the context?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>I don't think anybody knows how to answer this for the general case. If they did, they'd have basically solved AGI. But we can certainl... | In general, how algorithm should distinguish the word meaning and recognise the word within the context? I don't think anybody knows how to answer this for the general case. If they did, they'd have basically solved AGI. But we can certainly talk about techniques that get part-of-the-way there, and approaches that coul... | # How to resolve lexical ambiguity in natural language processing?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><lexical-recognition>
**Question (score 7):**
I'm interested in implementing a program for natural language processing (aka ELIZA (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA)). Assuming that I'm already storing semanti... | 3,694 | 923 | {
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220 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does an unsupervised learning model learn? | <p>How does an unsupervised learning model learn, if it does not involve any target values?</p>
| How does an unsupervised learning model learn, if it does not involve any target values? | 4 | 545 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><ai-basics><models><unsupervised-learning>"
] | 2016-08-03T14:23:50.760 | 2019-06-06T23:19:55.067 | 8 | 223 | [
{
"id": 223,
"body": "<p>Supervised learning is typically an attempt to learn a mathematical function, <span class=\"math-container\">$f(\\bf X)=\\bf y$</span>. For this, you need both the input vector <span class=\"math-container\">$\\bf X$</span> and the output vector <span class=\"math-container\">$\\bf ... | Supervised learning is typically an attempt to learn a mathematical function, $f(\bf X)=\bf y$. For this, you need both the input vector $\bf X$ and the output vector $\bf y$. The model outputs have whatever dimensionality that the target values have. Unsupervised learning models instead learn a structure from the data... | # How does an unsupervised learning model learn?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><ai-basics><models><unsupervised-learning>
**Question (score 4):**
How does an unsupervised learning model learn, if it does not involve any target values?
### Answer (score 8 · accepted)
Supervised learning is typically an attempt to lear... | 1,446 | 361 | {
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221 | ai.stackexchange.com | How would we know if AI development will continue to be multipolar, or will become monolithic? | <p>Currently, many different organizations do cutting-edge AI research, and some innovations are shared freely (at a time lag) while others are kept private. I'm referring to this state of affairs as 'multipolar,' where instead of there being one world leader that's far ahead of everyone else, there are many competitor... | Currently, many different organizations do cutting-edge AI research, and some innovations are shared freely (at a time lag) while others are kept private. I'm referring to this state of affairs as 'multipolar,' where instead of there being one world leader that's far ahead of everyone else, there are many competitors w... | 4 | 341 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<research><ai-community>"
] | 2016-08-03T14:32:39.333 | 2017-07-15T16:07:53.250 | 10 | null | [
{
"id": 3656,
"body": "<p><strong>Oligopoly vs Monopoly</strong></p>\n\n<p>The terms in the question, multipolar and monolithic, appear to be referring to the micro-economic concepts of oligopoly and monopoly respectively. Although these concepts are not AI specific, they certainly apply to such developmen... | Oligopoly vs Monopoly The terms in the question, multipolar and monolithic, appear to be referring to the micro-economic concepts of oligopoly and monopoly respectively. Although these concepts are not AI specific, they certainly apply to such development in the way the question suggests. Leading AI R&D is occurring in... | # How would we know if AI development will continue to be multipolar, or will become monolithic?
**Tags:** <research><ai-community>
**Question (score 4):**
Currently, many different organizations do cutting-edge AI research, and some innovations are shared freely (at a time lag) while others are kept private. I'm re... | 7,562 | 1,890 | {
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224 | ai.stackexchange.com | How could AI be used to augment human biological intelligence? | <p>One of the most compelling applications for AI would be in augmenting human biological intelligence. What are some of the currently proposed methods for doing this aside from vague notions such as "nanobots swimming around our brains and bodies" or "electrodes connected to our skulls"?</p>
| One of the most compelling applications for AI would be in augmenting human biological intelligence. What are some of the currently proposed methods for doing this aside from vague notions such as "nanobots swimming around our brains and bodies" or "electrodes connected to our skulls"? | 4 | 89 | 1 | 3 | 1 | [
"<cyborg>"
] | 2016-08-03T14:58:03.663 | 2018-10-21T20:53:59.603 | 148 | null | [
{
"id": 226,
"body": "<p>'Direct augmentation' of human intelligence, of the sort that you would see in science fiction, looks to be very hard. Most of our promising approaches deal with <em>avoiding damage</em> rather than <em>adding capabilities</em>--there's no drug that you can take now that will make y... | 'Direct augmentation' of human intelligence, of the sort that you would see in science fiction, looks to be very hard. Most of our promising approaches deal with avoiding damage rather than adding capabilities--there's no drug that you can take now that will make you smarter to the degree that missing a night of sleep ... | # How could AI be used to augment human biological intelligence?
**Tags:** <cyborg>
**Question (score 4):**
One of the most compelling applications for AI would be in augmenting human biological intelligence. What are some of the currently proposed methods for doing this aside from vague notions such as "nanobots sw... | 3,657 | 914 | {
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233 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are neural networks the only way to reach "true" artificial intelligence? | <p>Currently, most research done in artificial intelligence focuses on neural networks, which have been successfully used to solve many problems. A good example would be <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961" rel="nofollow noreferrer">DeepMind's AlphaGo</a>, which uses a convolutional neural network. Th... | Currently, most research done in artificial intelligence focuses on neural networks, which have been successfully used to solve many problems. A good example would be DeepMind's AlphaGo (https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961), which uses a convolutional neural network. There are many other examples, such as Googl... | 12 | 472 | 3 | 0 | 3 | [
"<neural-networks><agi><human-like>"
] | 2016-08-03T15:56:18.480 | 2021-01-25T23:21:24.513 | 39 | 236 | [
{
"id": 236,
"body": "<p>If by true AI, you mean 'like human beings', the answer is - no-one knows what the appropriate computational mechanisms (neural or otherwise) are or indeed whether we are capable of constructing them.</p>\n\n<p>What Artificial Neural Nets (ANNs) do is essentially 'nonlinear regressi... | If by true AI, you mean 'like human beings', the answer is - no-one knows what the appropriate computational mechanisms (neural or otherwise) are or indeed whether we are capable of constructing them. What Artificial Neural Nets (ANNs) do is essentially 'nonlinear regression' - perhaps this is not a sufficiently strong... | # Are neural networks the only way to reach "true" artificial intelligence?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><agi><human-like>
**Question (score 12):**
Currently, most research done in artificial intelligence focuses on neural networks, which have been successfully used to solve many problems. A good example would be Deep... | 4,696 | 1,174 | {
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237 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any microchips specifically designed to run ANNs? | <p>I'm interested in hardware implementation of ANNs (artificial neural networks). Are there any popular existing technology implementations in form of microchips which are purpose designed to run artificial neural networks? For example, a chip which is optimised for an application like image recognition or something s... | I'm interested in hardware implementation of ANNs (artificial neural networks). Are there any popular existing technology implementations in form of microchips which are purpose designed to run artificial neural networks? For example, a chip which is optimised for an application like image recognition or something simi... | 5 | 200 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<image-recognition><hardware>"
] | 2016-08-03T16:22:36.073 | 2016-08-03T19:55:57.227 | 8 | 253 | [
{
"id": 253,
"body": "<p>In May 2016 Google announced a custom ASIC which was is specifically built for machine learning<sup><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow#DistBelief\" rel=\"nofollow\">wiki</a></sup> and tailored for <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow\" rel=\"nofollow\">... | In May 2016 Google announced a custom ASIC which was is specifically built for machine learningwiki (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow#DistBelief) and tailored for TensorFlow (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow). It is using tensor processing unit (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_processing_unit) (TPU... | # Are there any microchips specifically designed to run ANNs?
**Tags:** <image-recognition><hardware>
**Question (score 5):**
I'm interested in hardware implementation of ANNs (artificial neural networks). Are there any popular existing technology implementations in form of microchips which are purpose designed to r... | 2,019 | 504 | {
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240 | ai.stackexchange.com | What exactly are genetic algorithms and what sort of problems are they good for? | <p>I've noticed that a few questions on this site mention genetic algorithms and it made me realize that I don't really know much about those.</p>
<p>I have heard the term before, but it's not something I've ever used, so I don't have much idea about how they work and what they are good for. All I know is that they in... | I've noticed that a few questions on this site mention genetic algorithms and it made me realize that I don't really know much about those. I have heard the term before, but it's not something I've ever used, so I don't have much idea about how they work and what they are good for. All I know is that they involve some ... | 17 | 5,344 | 5 | 1 | 8 | [
"<genetic-algorithms><applications><evolutionary-algorithms>"
] | 2016-08-03T17:22:05.433 | 2021-01-07T00:39:57.647 | 30 | 243 | [
{
"id": 243,
"body": "<p>Evolutionary algorithms are a family of optimization algorithms based on the principle of <strong>Darwinian natural selection</strong>. As part of natural selection, a given environment has a population of individuals that compete for survival and reproduction. The ability of each i... | Evolutionary algorithms are a family of optimization algorithms based on the principle of Darwinian natural selection. As part of natural selection, a given environment has a population of individuals that compete for survival and reproduction. The ability of each individual to achieve these goals determines their chan... | # What exactly are genetic algorithms and what sort of problems are they good for?
**Tags:** <genetic-algorithms><applications><evolutionary-algorithms>
**Question (score 17):**
I've noticed that a few questions on this site mention genetic algorithms and it made me realize that I don't really know much about those.... | 12,738 | 3,184 | {
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241 | ai.stackexchange.com | Has an AI ever solved a detective mystery? | <p>In detective novels, the point is often that the reader gets enough information to solve the crime themselves. This "puzzle" aspect of detective novels is part of the attraction.</p>
<p>Often the difficulty for humans is to keep track of all the variables - events, items, motivations.<br>
An AI would have an easier... | In detective novels, the point is often that the reader gets enough information to solve the crime themselves. This "puzzle" aspect of detective novels is part of the attraction. Often the difficulty for humans is to keep track of all the variables - events, items, motivations. An AI would have an easier time keeping t... | 5 | 434 | 3 | 2 | 0 | [
"<natural-language-processing><problem-solving><world-knowledge>"
] | 2016-08-03T17:24:18.480 | 2018-10-08T12:41:15.483 | 66 | null | [
{
"id": 1298,
"body": "<p>I might be wrong, but I do not believe that something of the scope you describe would be possible with the current state of technology. It would require a lot of things which are still in relatively early stages of research.</p>\n\n<p>For one, just extracting relevant information f... | I might be wrong, but I do not believe that something of the scope you describe would be possible with the current state of technology. It would require a lot of things which are still in relatively early stages of research. For one, just extracting relevant information from text is a huge task by itself. Doubly so wit... | # Has an AI ever solved a detective mystery?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><problem-solving><world-knowledge>
**Question (score 5):**
In detective novels, the point is often that the reader gets enough information to solve the crime themselves. This "puzzle" aspect of detective novels is part of the attract... | 2,953 | 738 | {
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247 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the learning limitations of neural networks trained with backpropagation? | <p>In 1969, Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky showed that Perceptrons could not learn the XOR function.</p>
<p>This was solved by the backpropagation network with at least one hidden layer. This type of network can learn the XOR function.</p>
<p>I believe I was once taught that every problem that could be learned by a b... | In 1969, Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky showed that Perceptrons could not learn the XOR function. This was solved by the backpropagation network with at least one hidden layer. This type of network can learn the XOR function. I believe I was once taught that every problem that could be learned by a backpropagation ne... | 10 | 612 | 2 | 0 | 3 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><backpropagation><universal-approximation-theorems><computational-learning-theory>"
] | 2016-08-03T18:05:24.997 | 2021-01-22T14:35:47.293 | 66 | null | [
{
"id": 1341,
"body": "<p>Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) can theoretically approximate any bounded, continuous function. There's no guarantee for a discontinuous function. There are plenty of important discontinuous functions, like, say, the prime counting function.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.o... | Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) can theoretically approximate any bounded, continuous function. There's no guarantee for a discontinuous function. There are plenty of important discontinuous functions, like, say, the prime counting function. The prime counting function (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-counting_function... | # What are the learning limitations of neural networks trained with backpropagation?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><backpropagation><universal-approximation-theorems><computational-learning-theory>
**Question (score 10):**
In 1969, Seymour Papert and Marvin Minsky showed that Perceptrons could not lea... | 2,754 | 688 | {
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248 | ai.stackexchange.com | Issues with and alternatives to Deep Learning approaches? | <p>Over the last 50 years, the rise/fall/rise in popularity of neural nets has acted as something of a 'barometer' for AI research.</p>
<p>It's clear from the questions on this site that people are interested in applying Deep Learning (DL) to a wide variety of difficult problems.</p>
<p>I therefore have two questions... | Over the last 50 years, the rise/fall/rise in popularity of neural nets has acted as something of a 'barometer' for AI research. It's clear from the questions on this site that people are interested in applying Deep Learning (DL) to a wide variety of difficult problems. I therefore have two questions: - Practitioners -... | 17 | 3,590 | 4 | 0 | 2 | [
"<deep-learning>"
] | 2016-08-03T18:05:26.937 | 2016-08-04T14:09:54.380 | 42 | 5,803 | [
{
"id": 5803,
"body": "<p>To summarize, There are two major issues in applied Deep Learning.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>The first being that computationally , it's exhaustive. Normal CPU's require a lot of time to perform even the basic computation/training with Deep Learning. GPU's are thus recommended however, e... | To summarize, There are two major issues in applied Deep Learning. - The first being that computationally , it's exhaustive. Normal CPU's require a lot of time to perform even the basic computation/training with Deep Learning. GPU's are thus recommended however, even they may not be enough in a lot of situations. Typic... | # Issues with and alternatives to Deep Learning approaches?
**Tags:** <deep-learning>
**Question (score 17):**
Over the last 50 years, the rise/fall/rise in popularity of neural nets has acted as something of a 'barometer' for AI research. It's clear from the questions on this site that people are interested in appl... | 4,314 | 1,078 | {
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258 | ai.stackexchange.com | Which artificial neural network can mimic biological neurons the most? | <p>On the Wikipedia page we can read the basic structure of an artificial neuron (a model of biological neurons) which consist:</p>
<ul>
<li>Dendrites - acts as the input vector,</li>
<li>Soma - acts as the summation function,</li>
<li>Axon - gets its signal from the summation behavior which occurs inside the soma.</l... | On the Wikipedia page we can read the basic structure of an artificial neuron (a model of biological neurons) which consist: - Dendrites - acts as the input vector, - Soma - acts as the summation function, - Axon - gets its signal from the summation behavior which occurs inside the soma. I've checked deep learning Wiki... | 8 | 270 | 4 | 0 | 3 | [
"<artificial-neuron><biology><neuroscience>"
] | 2016-08-03T19:03:20.587 | 2020-03-09T01:15:07.373 | 8 | 3,936 | [
{
"id": 3936,
"body": "<p>Only a small portion of the habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning behavior of neurons has been primitively simulated in ANN systems. Simulation of actin cytoskeletal machinery<sup>1</sup> and other agents of neural plasticity, central to learning new domains, is in... | Only a small portion of the habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning behavior of neurons has been primitively simulated in ANN systems. Simulation of actin cytoskeletal machinery1 and other agents of neural plasticity, central to learning new domains, is in its beginnings2. As of this writing, the complex... | # Which artificial neural network can mimic biological neurons the most?
**Tags:** <artificial-neuron><biology><neuroscience>
**Question (score 8):**
On the Wikipedia page we can read the basic structure of an artificial neuron (a model of biological neurons) which consist: - Dendrites - acts as the input vector, - ... | 2,948 | 737 | {
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1,274 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any studies which attempt to use AI to guess the human emotion based on the brainwaves? | <p>Have there been any studies which attempted to use AI algorithms to detect human thoughts or emotions based on brain activity, such as using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface#EEG-based" rel="nofollow">BCI/EEG devices</a>?</p>
<p>By this, I mean simple guesses such as whether th... | Have there been any studies which attempted to use AI algorithms to detect human thoughts or emotions based on brain activity, such as using BCI/EEG devices (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface#EEG-based)? By this, I mean simple guesses such as whether the person was happy or angry, or what o... | 2 | 148 | 2 | 5 | 2 | [
"<research><signal-processing>"
] | 2016-08-04T01:39:20.737 | 2016-08-17T13:03:50.990 | 8 | null | [
{
"id": 1311,
"body": "<p>As per this <a href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2095214/As-scientists-discover-translate-brainwaves-words--Could-machine-read-innermost-thoughts.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">site</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Researchers recorded the complex patterns of electrical a... | As per this site (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2095214/As-scientists-discover-translate-brainwaves-words--Could-machine-read-innermost-thoughts.html) Researchers recorded the complex patterns of electrical activity generated by someone’s brain, as the subject listened to someone talking. By feeding th... | # Are there any studies which attempt to use AI to guess the human emotion based on the brainwaves?
**Tags:** <research><signal-processing>
**Question (score 2):**
Have there been any studies which attempted to use AI algorithms to detect human thoughts or emotions based on brain activity, such as using BCI/EEG devi... | 4,807 | 1,201 | {
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1,285 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any decentralized examples of AI systems with blockchain technology? | <p>Has there been any attempts to deploy AI with blockchain technology? </p>
<p>Are there any decentralized examples of AI networks with no central point of control with AI nodes acting independently (but according to a codified set of rules) creating, validating and storing the same shared decentralized database in m... | Has there been any attempts to deploy AI with blockchain technology? Are there any decentralized examples of AI networks with no central point of control with AI nodes acting independently (but according to a codified set of rules) creating, validating and storing the same shared decentralized database in many location... | 13 | 407 | 6 | 1 | 3 | [
"<reference-request><multi-agent-systems><blockchain>"
] | 2016-08-04T05:07:03.323 | 2021-10-13T01:18:57.967 | 1,256 | 1,315 | [
{
"id": 1315,
"body": "<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_intelligence\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Swarm intelligence</a> is the term for systems where relatively simple agents work together to solve a complicated problem in a decentralized fashion.</p>\n\n<p>In general, distributed computin... | Swarm intelligence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_intelligence) is the term for systems where relatively simple agents work together to solve a complicated problem in a decentralized fashion. In general, distributed computing methods are very important for dealing with problems at scale, and many of them embrace ... | # Are there any decentralized examples of AI systems with blockchain technology?
**Tags:** <reference-request><multi-agent-systems><blockchain>
**Question (score 13):**
Has there been any attempts to deploy AI with blockchain technology? Are there any decentralized examples of AI networks with no central point of co... | 1,879 | 469 | {
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1,288 | ai.stackexchange.com | Did Minsky and Papert know that multi-layer perceptrons could solve XOR? | <p>In their famous book entitled <a href="https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/0262631113" rel="nofollow noreferrer" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry</a>, Minsky and Papert show that a perceptron can't solve the XOR problem. This contributed to the first AI winte... | In their famous book entitled Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry (https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/0262631113), Minsky and Papert show that a perceptron can't solve the XOR problem. This contributed to the first AI winter, resulting in funding cuts for neural networks. However, now we k... | 9 | 2,591 | 3 | 0 | 2 | [
"<multilayer-perceptrons><history><perceptron><ai-winter><xor-problem>"
] | 2016-08-04T07:34:06.557 | 2021-01-18T23:34:13.700 | 144 | null | [
{
"id": 1442,
"body": "<p>There does not appear to be a historical consensus on this.</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_(book)\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Wikipedia page on the Perceptrons book</a> (which does not come down on either side) gives an argument that the ability o... | There does not appear to be a historical consensus on this. The Wikipedia page on the Perceptrons book (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_(book)) (which does not come down on either side) gives an argument that the ability of MLPs to compute any Boolean function was widely known at the time (at the very least t... | # Did Minsky and Papert know that multi-layer perceptrons could solve XOR?
**Tags:** <multilayer-perceptrons><history><perceptron><ai-winter><xor-problem>
**Question (score 9):**
In their famous book entitled Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry (https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/026263... | 7,492 | 1,873 | {
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1,289 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can we destroy an artificial general intelligence without its consent? | <p>According to Wikipedia <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Artificial general intelligence(AGI)</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the intelligence of a
(hypothetical) machine that could successfully perform any
intell... | According to Wikipedia Artificial general intelligence(AGI) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence) Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the intelligence of a (hypothetical) machine that could successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being can. According to the below image (a ... | 5 | 201 | 2 | 1 | 0 | [
"<philosophy><agi><ethics>"
] | 2016-08-04T07:41:16.090 | 2020-03-10T02:33:58.997 | 39 | null | [
{
"id": 1293,
"body": "<p>Firstly, an AGI could conceivably exhibit all of the observable properties of intelligence without being conscious. Although that may seem counter-intuitive, at present we have no physical theory that allows us to detect consciousness (philosophically speaking, a <a href=\"http://p... | Firstly, an AGI could conceivably exhibit all of the observable properties of intelligence without being conscious. Although that may seem counter-intuitive, at present we have no physical theory that allows us to detect consciousness (philosophically speaking, a 'Zombie' (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zombies/) is... | # Can we destroy an artificial general intelligence without its consent?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><ethics>
**Question (score 5):**
According to Wikipedia Artificial general intelligence(AGI) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence) Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the intelligence of... | 2,733 | 683 | {
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1,290 | ai.stackexchange.com | How much of Deep Mind's work is actually reproducible? | <p>DeepMind has published a lot of works on deep learning in the last years, most of them are state-of-the-art on their respective tasks. But how much of this work has actually been reproduced by the AI community? For instance, the Neural Turing Machine paper seems to be very hard to reproduce, according to other resea... | DeepMind has published a lot of works on deep learning in the last years, most of them are state-of-the-art on their respective tasks. But how much of this work has actually been reproduced by the AI community? For instance, the Neural Turing Machine paper seems to be very hard to reproduce, according to other research... | 11 | 942 | 2 | 3 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning><research><deepmind><neural-turing-machine>"
] | 2016-08-04T07:43:33.010 | 2021-06-09T12:25:27.293 | 144 | 2,229 | [
{
"id": 2229,
"body": "<p>On the suggestion of the O.P. rcpinto I converted a comment about seeing \"around a half-dozen papers that follow up on Graves et al.'s work which have produced results of the caliber\" and will provide a few links. Keep in mind that this only answers the part of the question pert... | On the suggestion of the O.P. rcpinto I converted a comment about seeing "around a half-dozen papers that follow up on Graves et al.'s work which have produced results of the caliber" and will provide a few links. Keep in mind that this only answers the part of the question pertaining to NTMs, not Google DeepMind itsel... | # How much of Deep Mind's work is actually reproducible?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning><research><deepmind><neural-turing-machine>
**Question (score 11):**
DeepMind has published a lot of works on deep learning in the last years, most of them are state-of-the-art on their respective tasks. But how much o... | 6,506 | 1,626 | {
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1,294 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do capsule neural networks work? | <p>Geoffrey Hinton has been researching something he calls "capsules theory" in neural networks. What is it? How do capsule neural networks work?</p>
| Geoffrey Hinton has been researching something he calls "capsules theory" in neural networks. What is it? How do capsule neural networks work? | 40 | 21,259 | 6 | 1 | 36 | [
"<neural-networks><capsule-neural-network>"
] | 2016-08-04T08:28:06.277 | 2020-06-09T11:27:33.617 | 144 | 1,313 | [
{
"id": 1313,
"body": "<p>It appears to not be published yet; the best available online are <a href=\"http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~gary/cs200/s12/Hinton.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">these slides</a> for <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFIMqt0yT2I\" rel=\"noreferrer\">this talk</a>. (Several people referenc... | It appears to not be published yet; the best available online are these slides (http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~gary/cs200/s12/Hinton.pdf) for this talk (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFIMqt0yT2I). (Several people reference an earlier talk with this link (http://techtv.mit.edu/collections/bcs/videos/30698-what-s-wrong-with-c... | # How do capsule neural networks work?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><capsule-neural-network>
**Question (score 40):**
Geoffrey Hinton has been researching something he calls "capsules theory" in neural networks. What is it? How do capsule neural networks work?
### Answer (score 32 · accepted)
It appears to not be pub... | 7,319 | 1,829 | {
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1,295 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the advantages of complex-valued neural networks? | <p>During my research, I've stumbled upon "complex-valued neural networks", which are neural networks that work with complex-valued inputs (probably weights too). What are the advantages (or simply the applications) of this kind of neural network over real-valued neural networks?</p>
| During my research, I've stumbled upon "complex-valued neural networks", which are neural networks that work with complex-valued inputs (probably weights too). What are the advantages (or simply the applications) of this kind of neural network over real-valued neural networks? | 11 | 376 | 1 | 0 | 4 | [
"<neural-networks>"
] | 2016-08-04T08:32:36.610 | 2016-08-04T10:28:59.957 | 144 | 1,299 | [
{
"id": 1299,
"body": "<p>According to <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-44989-2_118\">this paper</a>, complex-valued ANNs (C-ANNs) can solve problems such as XOR and symmetry detection with a smaller number of layers than real ANNs (for both of these a 2 layer C-ANN suffices, whereas... | According to this paper (http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-44989-2_118), complex-valued ANNs (C-ANNs) can solve problems such as XOR and symmetry detection with a smaller number of layers than real ANNs (for both of these a 2 layer C-ANN suffices, whereas a 3-layer R-ANN is required). I believe that it is ... | # What are the advantages of complex-valued neural networks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks>
**Question (score 11):**
During my research, I've stumbled upon "complex-valued neural networks", which are neural networks that work with complex-valued inputs (probably weights too). What are the advantages (or simply the appl... | 1,120 | 280 | {
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1,296 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does novelty search work? | <p>In <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519181402/http://fabelier.org/novelty-search-and-open-ended-evolution-by-ken-stanley/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this article</a>, the author claims that guiding evolution by novelty alone (without explicit goals) can solve problems even better than using explicit goals. ... | In this article (https://web.archive.org/web/20190519181402/http://fabelier.org/novelty-search-and-open-ended-evolution-by-ken-stanley/), the author claims that guiding evolution by novelty alone (without explicit goals) can solve problems even better than using explicit goals. In other words, using a novelty measure a... | 16 | 4,368 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><novelty-search>"
] | 2016-08-04T08:39:43.740 | 2019-11-22T00:48:42.640 | 144 | null | [
{
"id": 1300,
"body": "<p>As explained in an answer to <a href=\"https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/240/what-exactly-are-genetic-algorithms-and-what-sort-of-problems-are-they-good-for/244#244\">this AI SE question</a>, GAs are 'satisficers' rather than 'optimizers' and tend not to explore 'outlying' reg... | As explained in an answer to this AI SE question (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/240/what-exactly-are-genetic-algorithms-and-what-sort-of-problems-are-they-good-for/244#244), GAs are 'satisficers' rather than 'optimizers' and tend not to explore 'outlying' regions of the search space. Rather, the population ten... | # How does novelty search work?
**Tags:** <genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><novelty-search>
**Question (score 16):**
In this article (https://web.archive.org/web/20190519181402/http://fabelier.org/novelty-search-and-open-ended-evolution-by-ken-stanley/), the author claims that guiding evolution by novelt... | 3,033 | 758 | {
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1,297 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to distinguish AI modeling from implementation? | <p>Quote from this <a href="https://ai.meta.stackexchange.com/a/46/8">Eric's meta post</a> about modelling and implementation:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>They are not exactly the same, although strongly related. This was a very difficult lesson to learn among mathematicians and early programmers, notably in the 70s (mathem... | Quote from this Eric's meta post (https://ai.meta.stackexchange.com/a/46/8) about modelling and implementation: They are not exactly the same, although strongly related. This was a very difficult lesson to learn among mathematicians and early programmers, notably in the 70s (mathematical proofs can demand a lot of non-... | 3 | 89 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<models><comparison><implementation>"
] | 2016-08-04T09:22:21.360 | 2017-03-16T16:44:15.193 | 8 | 1,327 | [
{
"id": 1327,
"body": "<p>One good way of differentiating modelling and implementation is to consider that models occupy a much higher level of abstraction. </p>\n\n<p>To continue with the mathematical example: even though experimental mathematics might be dependent on computation, the program can be consid... | One good way of differentiating modelling and implementation is to consider that models occupy a much higher level of abstraction. To continue with the mathematical example: even though experimental mathematics might be dependent on computation, the program can be considered as one possible realization of the necessary... | # How to distinguish AI modeling from implementation?
**Tags:** <models><comparison><implementation>
**Question (score 3):**
Quote from this Eric's meta post (https://ai.meta.stackexchange.com/a/46/8) about modelling and implementation: They are not exactly the same, although strongly related. This was a very diffic... | 4,354 | 1,088 | {
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1,303 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can PHP be considered as a serious programming language for AI? | <p>I read some information<sup>1</sup> about attempts to build neural networks in the PHP programming language. Personally I think PHP is not the right language to do so at all probably because it's a high-level language, I assume low level language are way more suitable for AI in terms of performance and scalability. ... | I read some information1 about attempts to build neural networks in the PHP programming language. Personally I think PHP is not the right language to do so at all probably because it's a high-level language, I assume low level language are way more suitable for AI in terms of performance and scalability. Is there a goo... | 3 | 3,456 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><programming-languages>"
] | 2016-08-04T12:28:07.427 | 2017-05-23T12:39:33.010 | 217 | 1,305 | [
{
"id": 1305,
"body": "<p><em>Question on-topicness questionable, but...</em></p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>The most logical reason why PHP is unsuited for neural networks is that PHP is, well, intended to be used for server side webpages. It can connect to various external resources, such as databases, via native lang... | Question on-topicness questionable, but... The most logical reason why PHP is unsuited for neural networks is that PHP is, well, intended to be used for server side webpages. It can connect to various external resources, such as databases, via native language features. It is very much a glue language, and not a process... | # Can PHP be considered as a serious programming language for AI?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><programming-languages>
**Question (score 3):**
I read some information1 about attempts to build neural networks in the PHP programming language. Personally I think PHP is not the right language to do so at all probably beca... | 2,759 | 689 | {
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1,306 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the dangers of AI applications for nuclear industry? | <p>I've found <a href="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-1009-9_2" rel="nofollow">this old scientific paper from 1988</a> about introduction of AI into nuclear power fields.</p>
<p>Were or still are there any dangers by application of such algorithm? Are nuclear power plants or human life in risk i... | I've found this old scientific paper from 1988 (http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-1009-9_2) about introduction of AI into nuclear power fields. Were or still are there any dangers by application of such algorithm? Are nuclear power plants or human life in risk if the algorithm will fail? Especially ... | 2 | 187 | 1 | 5 | 1 | [
"<applications>"
] | 2016-08-04T12:40:22.857 | 2016-08-04T14:10:15.490 | 8 | 1,312 | [
{
"id": 1312,
"body": "<p>Any technology in the nuclear industry represents variance--it may be an improvement in safety or efficiency, or it may contain some unseen defect that allows a catastrophe to happen.</p>\n\n<p>But the simple <em>possibility</em> of harm isn't enough to swing the decision one way o... | Any technology in the nuclear industry represents variance--it may be an improvement in safety or efficiency, or it may contain some unseen defect that allows a catastrophe to happen. But the simple possibility of harm isn't enough to swing the decision one way or the other. The application of AI methods--whether to th... | # What are the dangers of AI applications for nuclear industry?
**Tags:** <applications>
**Question (score 2):**
I've found this old scientific paper from 1988 (http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-1009-9_2) about introduction of AI into nuclear power fields. Were or still are there any dangers by a... | 1,626 | 406 | {
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1,308 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is AI capable to replace pilots entirely on the commercial flights? | <p>Since we've self-driving cars already, would we have self-flying commercial flights in the near future? Basically the AI which can do take off, flying, landing and parking.</p>
| Since we've self-driving cars already, would we have self-flying commercial flights in the near future? Basically the AI which can do take off, flying, landing and parking. | 6 | 90 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<real-world>"
] | 2016-08-04T12:58:01.810 | 2018-09-08T15:09:45.913 | 8 | 7,901 | [
{
"id": 7901,
"body": "<p>Self-flight is already <strong>running on all</strong> commercial airlines, but only at the cruising altitude. When you flight from London to New York, most of the time the pilots are monitoring the autopilot systems. Running AI on cruising altitude is arguably a simper problem tha... | Self-flight is already running on all commercial airlines, but only at the cruising altitude. When you flight from London to New York, most of the time the pilots are monitoring the autopilot systems. Running AI on cruising altitude is arguably a simper problem than self-driving cars. The system has been in-place for y... | # Is AI capable to replace pilots entirely on the commercial flights?
**Tags:** <real-world>
**Question (score 6):**
Since we've self-driving cars already, would we have self-flying commercial flights in the near future? Basically the AI which can do take off, flying, landing and parking.
### Answer (score 3 · acce... | 1,485 | 371 | {
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1,314 | ai.stackexchange.com | How powerful a computer is required to simulate the human brain? | <p>How much processing power is needed to emulate the human brain? More specifically, the neural simulation, such as communication between the neurons and processing certain data in real-time.</p>
<p>I understand that this may be a bit of speculation and it's not possible to be accurate, but I'm sure there is some data... | How much processing power is needed to emulate the human brain? More specifically, the neural simulation, such as communication between the neurons and processing certain data in real-time. I understand that this may be a bit of speculation and it's not possible to be accurate, but I'm sure there is some data available... | 10 | 3,900 | 3 | 1 | 1 | [
"<hardware><neuromorphic-engineering><neuroscience><human-brain>"
] | 2016-08-04T14:18:10.547 | 2021-01-26T01:53:46.537 | 8 | 1,316 | [
{
"id": 1316,
"body": "<p>H+ magazine wrote an estimate <a href=\"http://hplusmagazine.com/2009/04/07/brain-chip/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">in 2009</a> that seems broadly comparable to other things I've seen; they think the human brain is approximately 37 petaflops. A supercomputer larger than that 37 petaflop e... | H+ magazine wrote an estimate in 2009 (http://hplusmagazine.com/2009/04/07/brain-chip/) that seems broadly comparable to other things I've seen; they think the human brain is approximately 37 petaflops. A supercomputer larger than that 37 petaflop estimate exists today (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunway_TaihuLight).... | # How powerful a computer is required to simulate the human brain?
**Tags:** <hardware><neuromorphic-engineering><neuroscience><human-brain>
**Question (score 10):**
How much processing power is needed to emulate the human brain? More specifically, the neural simulation, such as communication between the neurons and... | 4,914 | 1,228 | {
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1,318 | ai.stackexchange.com | What would happen if someone jumped in the front of a Google car? | <p><strong>The Situation:</strong>
A self-driving car is traveling at it's maximum speed, 25 mph (40 km/h), in the middle of an empty street with the ability to change lanes on both sides. There are two passengers, one in the front and another in the back.</p>
<p>Someone jumps from the side of the road directly into t... | The Situation: A self-driving car is traveling at it's maximum speed, 25 mph (40 km/h), in the middle of an empty street with the ability to change lanes on both sides. There are two passengers, one in the front and another in the back. Someone jumps from the side of the road directly into the path of the car. A collis... | 2 | 413 | 1 | 5 | 0 | [
"<autonomous-vehicles><decision-theory>"
] | 2016-08-04T15:10:41.230 | 2016-08-31T23:17:29.040 | 8 | 1,820 | [
{
"id": 1820,
"body": "<p>Given this <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXylqtEQ0tk\" rel=\"nofollow\">YouTube video</a> which is being given by Sebastian Thrun who had a TED talk which had nowhere near the same level of detail but had similar conclusions, it looks like the lidar system used by googl... | Given this YouTube video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXylqtEQ0tk) which is being given by Sebastian Thrun who had a TED talk which had nowhere near the same level of detail but had similar conclusions, it looks like the lidar system used by google's automated car system has decent resolution out to at least 30m pi... | # What would happen if someone jumped in the front of a Google car?
**Tags:** <autonomous-vehicles><decision-theory>
**Question (score 2):**
The Situation: A self-driving car is traveling at it's maximum speed, 25 mph (40 km/h), in the middle of an empty street with the ability to change lanes on both sides. There a... | 2,178 | 544 | {
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1,323 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there a way to define the boundaries of the optimal size of a training set? | <p><a href="https://cs.stackexchange.com/a/60535/54605">At a related question in Computer Science SE</a>, a user told:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Neural networks typically require a large training set.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Is there a way to define the boundaries of the "optimal" size of a training set in general case?</p>... | At a related question in Computer Science SE (https://cs.stackexchange.com/a/60535/54605), a user told: Neural networks typically require a large training set. Is there a way to define the boundaries of the "optimal" size of a training set in general case? When I was learning about fuzzy logic, I've heard some rules of... | 3 | 72 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><training><optimization><topology>"
] | 2016-08-04T15:49:13.793 | 2018-07-23T15:36:34.730 | 1,270 | 1,325 | [
{
"id": 1325,
"body": "<p>For a finite value to be 'optimal,' typically you need some benefit from more paired up with some cost for more, and eventually the lines cross because the benefit decreases and the cost increases.</p>\n\n<p>Most models will have a reduction in error with more training data, that a... | For a finite value to be 'optimal,' typically you need some benefit from more paired up with some cost for more, and eventually the lines cross because the benefit decreases and the cost increases. Most models will have a reduction in error with more training data, that asymptotically approaches the best the model can ... | # Is there a way to define the boundaries of the optimal size of a training set?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><training><optimization><topology>
**Question (score 3):**
At a related question in Computer Science SE (https://cs.stackexchange.com/a/60535/54605), a user told: Neural networks typically require a large trai... | 2,261 | 565 | {
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1,332 | ai.stackexchange.com | How important is true randomness in AI designs? | <p>How important is true (non-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandomness" rel="noreferrer" title="pseudo">pseudo</a>) randomness in Artificial Intelligence designs? Is there any chance that pseudo-randomness could be a barrier to more successful designs?</p>
| How important is true (non-pseudo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandomness)) randomness in Artificial Intelligence designs? Is there any chance that pseudo-randomness could be a barrier to more successful designs? | 6 | 269 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<ai-design>"
] | 2016-08-04T18:26:31.213 | 2016-08-04T18:56:47.850 | 46 | null | [
{
"id": 1335,
"body": "<p>Randomness is typically the best one can do with ignorance, rather than a source of strength in its own right.</p>\n\n<p>For example, the primary use of randomness in statistics is random assignment (A/B testing, randomized controlled trials, etc.). The reason to do this is to make... | Randomness is typically the best one can do with ignorance, rather than a source of strength in its own right. For example, the primary use of randomness in statistics is random assignment (A/B testing, randomized controlled trials, etc.). The reason to do this is to make the influence of confounders independent from t... | # How important is true randomness in AI designs?
**Tags:** <ai-design>
**Question (score 6):**
How important is true (non-pseudo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandomness)) randomness in Artificial Intelligence designs? Is there any chance that pseudo-randomness could be a barrier to more successful designs?
... | 1,687 | 421 | {
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