id int64 | site string | title string | question_body string | question_body_md string | question_score int32 | question_view_count int32 | question_answer_count int32 | question_comment_count int32 | question_favorite_count int32 | question_tags list | question_creation_date string | question_last_edit_date string | question_user_id int64 | accepted_answer_id int64 | answers list | best_answer string | text string | char_length int32 | tokens_estimate int32 | meta dict |
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1,834 | ai.stackexchange.com | Power efficiency of human brains vs. neural networks | <p>How big artificial neural networks can we run now (either with full train-backprop cycle or just evaluating network outputs) if our total energy budget for computation is equivalent to human brain energy budget (<a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/thinking-hard-calories/">12.6 watts</a>)?</p>
<p>Let ... | How big artificial neural networks can we run now (either with full train-backprop cycle or just evaluating network outputs) if our total energy budget for computation is equivalent to human brain energy budget (12.6 watts (http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/thinking-hard-calories/))? Let assume one cycle per se... | 9 | 873 | 2 | 1 | 3 | [
"<neural-networks><human-like>"
] | 2016-09-02T19:37:42.443 | 2016-09-02T21:36:30.487 | 1,670 | 1,837 | [
{
"id": 1837,
"body": "<p><strong>126 million artificial neurons at 12.6 Watts, with IBM's True North</strong></p>\n\n<p>Back in 2014, <a href=\"http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/brain-chip.shtml\">IBM's True North</a> chip was pushing 1 million neurons at less than 100mW.</p>\n\n<p>So that's roughly 126... | 126 million artificial neurons at 12.6 Watts, with IBM's True North Back in 2014, IBM's True North (http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/brain-chip.shtml) chip was pushing 1 million neurons at less than 100mW. So that's roughly 126 million artificial neurons at 12.6 Watts. A mouse (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of... | # Power efficiency of human brains vs. neural networks
**Tags:** <neural-networks><human-like>
**Question (score 9):**
How big artificial neural networks can we run now (either with full train-backprop cycle or just evaluating network outputs) if our total energy budget for computation is equivalent to human brain e... | 1,696 | 424 | {
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1,838 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why did "Artificial Intelligence" stay intact as a coherent, unified field of study? | <blockquote>
<p>Artificial Intelligence is a rather pernicious label to attach to a very mixed bunch of activities, and one could argue that the sooner we forget it the better. It would be disastrous to conclude that AI was a Bad Thing and should not be supported, and it would be disastrous to conclude that it was a ... | Artificial Intelligence is a rather pernicious label to attach to a very mixed bunch of activities, and one could argue that the sooner we forget it the better. It would be disastrous to conclude that AI was a Bad Thing and should not be supported, and it would be disastrous to conclude that it was a Good Thing and sho... | 3 | 324 | 4 | 0 | 0 | [
"<history>"
] | 2016-09-02T23:41:03.300 | 2017-05-03T08:41:07.017 | 181 | 1,842 | [
{
"id": 1842,
"body": "<p>AI is a rather unusual research field in that the label persists more because it represents a highly desired <em>goal</em>, rather than (as with most other fields) the means, substrate or methodology by which that goal is achieved.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>we still talk of AI as a... | AI is a rather unusual research field in that the label persists more because it represents a highly desired goal, rather than (as with most other fields) the means, substrate or methodology by which that goal is achieved. we still talk of AI as a unified, coherent field of study Despite recent efforts in AGI, I don't ... | # Why did "Artificial Intelligence" stay intact as a coherent, unified field of study?
**Tags:** <history>
**Question (score 3):**
Artificial Intelligence is a rather pernicious label to attach to a very mixed bunch of activities, and one could argue that the sooner we forget it the better. It would be disastrous to... | 5,025 | 1,256 | {
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1,841 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to replicate legacy systems with machine learning? | <p>Let's suppose that we have a legacy system in which we don't have the source code and this system is on a mainframe written in Cobol. Is there any way using machine learning in which we can learn from the inputs and outputs the way the executables work? Doing this analysis could lead to develop some rest / soap webs... | Let's suppose that we have a legacy system in which we don't have the source code and this system is on a mainframe written in Cobol. Is there any way using machine learning in which we can learn from the inputs and outputs the way the executables work? Doing this analysis could lead to develop some rest / soap webserv... | 5 | 695 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning>"
] | 2016-09-03T05:50:10.547 | 2016-09-07T02:54:55.870 | 2,107 | 1,843 | [
{
"id": 1843,
"body": "<p>Let's assume from the outset that the space of inputs is too large to allow exhaustive tabulation.</p>\n\n<p>The essential issues when applying ML are that the program being modelled is likely in general to:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Be discrete, i.e. operate (at least in part) on integer, ... | Let's assume from the outset that the space of inputs is too large to allow exhaustive tabulation. The essential issues when applying ML are that the program being modelled is likely in general to: - Be discrete, i.e. operate (at least in part) on integer, boolean or categorical variables. - Contain various conditional... | # How to replicate legacy systems with machine learning?
**Tags:** <machine-learning>
**Question (score 5):**
Let's suppose that we have a legacy system in which we don't have the source code and this system is on a mainframe written in Cobol. Is there any way using machine learning in which we can learn from the in... | 2,394 | 598 | {
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1,847 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the difference between artificial intelligence and cognitive science? | <p>Sometimes I understand that people doing <em>cognitive science</em> try to avoid the term <em>artificial intelligence</em>. The feeling I get is that there is a need to put some distance to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" rel="nofollow noreferrer">GOFAI</a>.</p>
<p>Anoth... | Sometimes I understand that people doing cognitive science try to avoid the term artificial intelligence. The feeling I get is that there is a need to put some distance to the GOFAI (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence). Another impression that I get is that cognitive science is more about tr... | 6 | 565 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<terminology><comparison><cognitive-science>"
] | 2016-09-03T21:10:31.007 | 2019-05-02T16:07:33.297 | 70 | 1,849 | [
{
"id": 1849,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>Another impression that I get is that <em>cognitive science</em> is more about trying to find out how the human intelligence or mind works. And that it would use <em>artificial intelligence</em> to make tests or experiments, to test ideas and so forth.</p>\n</blockq... | Another impression that I get is that cognitive science is more about trying to find out how the human intelligence or mind works. And that it would use artificial intelligence to make tests or experiments, to test ideas and so forth. I think that's pretty much it. I mean, clearly there is some overlap, but I feel like... | # What is the difference between artificial intelligence and cognitive science?
**Tags:** <terminology><comparison><cognitive-science>
**Question (score 6):**
Sometimes I understand that people doing cognitive science try to avoid the term artificial intelligence. The feeling I get is that there is a need to put som... | 1,461 | 365 | {
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1,851 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are these two versions of back-propagation equivalent? | <p>Just for fun, I am trying to develop a neural network.</p>
<p>Now, for backpropagation I saw two techniques.</p>
<p>The first one is used <a href="http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse599/01wi/admin/Assignments/bpn.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> and in many other places too.</p>
<p>What it does i... | Just for fun, I am trying to develop a neural network. Now, for backpropagation I saw two techniques. The first one is used here (http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse599/01wi/admin/Assignments/bpn.html) and in many other places too. What it does is: - It computes the error for each output neuron. - It backpropa... | 18 | 454 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><comparison><backpropagation>"
] | 2016-09-04T09:45:02.357 | 2020-05-23T12:53:33.067 | 2,143 | null | [
{
"id": 6938,
"body": "<p>The two examples present essentially the same operation:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>In both cases, the network is trained with gradient descent using the backpropagated squared error computed at the output.</p></li>\n<li><p>Both examples use the logistic function for node activation (the ... | The two examples present essentially the same operation: - In both cases, the network is trained with gradient descent using the backpropagated squared error computed at the output. - Both examples use the logistic function for node activation (the derivative of the logistic function $s$ is $s(1 - s)$. This derivative ... | # Are these two versions of back-propagation equivalent?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><comparison><backpropagation>
**Question (score 18):**
Just for fun, I am trying to develop a neural network. Now, for backpropagation I saw two techniques. The first one is used here (http://courses.cs.washington.e... | 3,413 | 853 | {
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1,853 | ai.stackexchange.com | Should I use anthropomorphic language when discussing AI? | <p>The English Language is not well-suited to talking about artificial intelligence, which makes it difficult for humans to communicate to each other about what an AI is actually "doing". Thus, it may make more sense to use "human-like" terms to describe the actions of machinery, even when the internal properties of th... | The English Language is not well-suited to talking about artificial intelligence, which makes it difficult for humans to communicate to each other about what an AI is actually "doing". Thus, it may make more sense to use "human-like" terms to describe the actions of machinery, even when the internal properties of the m... | 9 | 356 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<philosophy>"
] | 2016-09-04T14:06:54.923 | 2016-09-05T11:41:44.290 | 181 | 1,855 | [
{
"id": 1855,
"body": "<p>If clarity is your goal, you should attempt to avoid anthropomorphic language - doing so runs a danger of even misleading <em>yourself</em> about the capabilities of the program.</p>\n\n<p>This is a pernicious trap in AI research, with numerous cases where even experienced research... | If clarity is your goal, you should attempt to avoid anthropomorphic language - doing so runs a danger of even misleading yourself about the capabilities of the program. This is a pernicious trap in AI research, with numerous cases where even experienced researchers have ascribed a greater degree of understanding to a ... | # Should I use anthropomorphic language when discussing AI?
**Tags:** <philosophy>
**Question (score 9):**
The English Language is not well-suited to talking about artificial intelligence, which makes it difficult for humans to communicate to each other about what an AI is actually "doing". Thus, it may make more se... | 6,401 | 1,600 | {
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1,870 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there local search algorithms that make use of memory to give better solutions? | <p>I have been studying local search algorithms such as greedy hill-climbing, stochastic hill-climbing, simulated annealing, etc. I have noticed that most of these methods take up very little memory as compared to systematic search techniques.</p>
<p>Are there local search algorithms that make use of memory to give si... | I have been studying local search algorithms such as greedy hill-climbing, stochastic hill-climbing, simulated annealing, etc. I have noticed that most of these methods take up very little memory as compared to systematic search techniques. Are there local search algorithms that make use of memory to give significantly... | 8 | 195 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<algorithm><search><hill-climbing><simulated-annealing><local-search>"
] | 2016-09-06T23:13:08.677 | 2020-06-16T20:28:31.567 | 2,244 | null | [
{
"id": 1872,
"body": "<p>You could parallelize the search by dividing the global space in distinct regions/subsets. Then apply in each region a local search. This way you can search the global space systematically, more exhaustively and perhaps in different ways (e.g by applying a different local search me... | You could parallelize the search by dividing the global space in distinct regions/subsets. Then apply in each region a local search. This way you can search the global space systematically, more exhaustively and perhaps in different ways (e.g by applying a different local search method to each region). Finally you can ... | # Are there local search algorithms that make use of memory to give better solutions?
**Tags:** <algorithm><search><hill-climbing><simulated-annealing><local-search>
**Question (score 8):**
I have been studying local search algorithms such as greedy hill-climbing, stochastic hill-climbing, simulated annealing, etc. ... | 1,346 | 336 | {
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1,877 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why is search important in AI? | <p>Why is search important in AI? What kinds of search algorithms are used in AI? How do they improve the result of an AI?</p>
| Why is search important in AI? What kinds of search algorithms are used in AI? How do they improve the result of an AI? | 10 | 3,700 | 8 | 0 | 5 | [
"<search>"
] | 2016-09-07T14:16:36.477 | 2019-04-16T09:46:56.027 | 1,270 | 1,883 | [
{
"id": 1883,
"body": "<p><em>State space search</em> is a general and ubiquitous AI activity that includes numerical optimization (e.g. via gradient descent in a real-valued search space) as a special case.</p>\n\n<p>State space search is an abstraction which can be customized for a particular problem via ... | State space search is a general and ubiquitous AI activity that includes numerical optimization (e.g. via gradient descent in a real-valued search space) as a special case. State space search is an abstraction which can be customized for a particular problem via three ingredients: - Some representation for candidate so... | # Why is search important in AI?
**Tags:** <search>
**Question (score 10):**
Why is search important in AI? What kinds of search algorithms are used in AI? How do they improve the result of an AI?
### Answer (score 7 · accepted)
State space search is a general and ubiquitous AI activity that includes numerical opti... | 4,534 | 1,133 | {
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1,885 | ai.stackexchange.com | Emulating human brain - with analogous NN chips | <p>Considering the answers of <a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1314/how-powerful-a-computer-is-required-to-simulate-the-human-brain">this</a> question, emulating a human brain with the current computing capacity is currently impossible, but we aren't very far from it.</p>
<p>Note, 1 or 2 decades ago, si... | Considering the answers of this (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1314/how-powerful-a-computer-is-required-to-simulate-the-human-brain) question, emulating a human brain with the current computing capacity is currently impossible, but we aren't very far from it. Note, 1 or 2 decades ago, similar calculations had ... | 6 | 327 | 5 | 1 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><applications>"
] | 2016-09-07T20:13:49.120 | 2018-10-19T08:20:08.983 | 2,255 | 1,889 | [
{
"id": 1889,
"body": "<p>I'm not sure about \"emulating the brain\" per-se, but in a more general sense there has been some thought given to using analog computing for AI/ML. It seems clear that analog computers do have certain advantages over digital computers. For one, they can (depending on the applic... | I'm not sure about "emulating the brain" per-se, but in a more general sense there has been some thought given to using analog computing for AI/ML. It seems clear that analog computers do have certain advantages over digital computers. For one, they can (depending on the application) be faster, albeit at the cost of so... | # Emulating human brain - with analogous NN chips
**Tags:** <neural-networks><applications>
**Question (score 6):**
Considering the answers of this (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1314/how-powerful-a-computer-is-required-to-simulate-the-human-brain) question, emulating a human brain with the current computin... | 7,458 | 1,864 | {
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1,897 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is consciousness necessary for any AI task? | <p>Consciousness <a href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/consciou/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">is challenging to define</a>, but for this question let's define it as "actually experiencing sensory input as opposed to just putting a bunch of data through an inanimate machine." Humans, of course, have minds; for normal computers,... | Consciousness is challenging to define (http://www.iep.utm.edu/consciou/), but for this question let's define it as "actually experiencing sensory input as opposed to just putting a bunch of data through an inanimate machine." Humans, of course, have minds; for normal computers, all the things they "see" are just more ... | 14 | 1,269 | 7 | 3 | 10 | [
"<philosophy><artificial-consciousness>"
] | 2016-09-08T16:20:40.087 | 2021-10-13T01:06:54.817 | 75 | 1,898 | [
{
"id": 1898,
"body": "<p>No-one knows.</p>\n\n<p>Why: because it's not possible to formally determine even whether your fellow human beings are actually conscious (they may instead be what is philosophically termed a <a href=\"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zombies/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">'Zombie'</a>). N... | No-one knows. Why: because it's not possible to formally determine even whether your fellow human beings are actually conscious (they may instead be what is philosophically termed a 'Zombie' (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zombies/)). No test known to modern physics suffices to decide. Hence it's possible that you a... | # Is consciousness necessary for any AI task?
**Tags:** <philosophy><artificial-consciousness>
**Question (score 14):**
Consciousness is challenging to define (http://www.iep.utm.edu/consciou/), but for this question let's define it as "actually experiencing sensory input as opposed to just putting a bunch of data t... | 14,644 | 3,661 | {
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1,906 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is anybody still researching GOFAI? | <p>A lot of textbooks and introductory lectures typically split AI into connectionism and GOFAI (Good Old Fashioned AI). From a purely technical perspective, it seems that <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/connectionism/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">connectionism</a> has grown into machine learning and data sci... | A lot of textbooks and introductory lectures typically split AI into connectionism and GOFAI (Good Old Fashioned AI). From a purely technical perspective, it seems that connectionism (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/connectionism/) has grown into machine learning and data science, while nobody talks about GOFAI, Sym... | 7 | 878 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<research><symbolic-ai><expert-system><symbolic-computing>"
] | 2016-09-08T23:22:05.480 | 2021-01-24T22:21:10.053 | 2,306 | null | [
{
"id": 1907,
"body": "<p>Oh yeah, definitely. Just to pick one example, you have <a href=\"http://www.cogsci.indiana.edu/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Douglas Hofstader's group</a> at Indiana. I think most of what they do would fall under the rubric of GOFAI (or at least closer to that than the statistical machine... | Oh yeah, definitely. Just to pick one example, you have Douglas Hofstader's group (http://www.cogsci.indiana.edu/) at Indiana. I think most of what they do would fall under the rubric of GOFAI (or at least closer to that than the statistical machine learning stuff). Beyond that, just go to the CORR (http://arxiv.org/co... | # Is anybody still researching GOFAI?
**Tags:** <research><symbolic-ai><expert-system><symbolic-computing>
**Question (score 7):**
A lot of textbooks and introductory lectures typically split AI into connectionism and GOFAI (Good Old Fashioned AI). From a purely technical perspective, it seems that connectionism (ht... | 1,851 | 462 | {
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1,909 | ai.stackexchange.com | State representation of position in 2D plane for Reinforcement Learning (Q Learning) | <p>I recently finished Course on RL by David Silver (on YT) and thought about trying it out on simple application in Unity Game Engine, where I've built simple labyrint with ball and want to teach the ball to get from point A to point B in there while avoiding obstacles and fire (the place where you'll get burnt so big... | I recently finished Course on RL by David Silver (on YT) and thought about trying it out on simple application in Unity Game Engine, where I've built simple labyrint with ball and want to teach the ball to get from point A to point B in there while avoiding obstacles and fire (the place where you'll get burnt so big ne... | 4 | 462 | 1 | 5 | 1 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><models><implementation><q-learning>"
] | 2016-09-09T10:19:56.087 | 2017-12-21T20:00:17.877 | 1,343 | null | [
{
"id": 1916,
"body": "<p>I think your net should have the various actions as outputs, but I am not an expert in Deep Nets. I just think that that light form of multi-task learning might be better. The idea of multi-task learning is that a predictor predicting multiple variables (in this case the various Q(... | I think your net should have the various actions as outputs, but I am not an expert in Deep Nets. I just think that that light form of multi-task learning might be better. The idea of multi-task learning is that a predictor predicting multiple variables (in this case the various Q(s,a1), Q(s,a2), ...) using mostly the ... | # State representation of position in 2D plane for Reinforcement Learning (Q Learning)
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><models><implementation><q-learning>
**Question (score 4):**
I recently finished Course on RL by David Silver (on YT) and thought about trying it out on simple application in Unity Game Engine, wh... | 4,489 | 1,122 | {
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1,913 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the steps to follow to learn artificial intelligence? | <p>I know nothing about AI. Can anybody tell me what steps I have to follow to learn artificial intelligence?</p>
<p>Are there any special technologies, or anything else, I have to learn?</p>
| I know nothing about AI. Can anybody tell me what steps I have to follow to learn artificial intelligence? Are there any special technologies, or anything else, I have to learn? | 9 | 1,279 | 1 | 0 | 7 | [
"<getting-started>"
] | 2016-09-09T12:58:39.140 | 2019-11-06T21:45:50.980 | 2,326 | 1,917 | [
{
"id": 1917,
"body": "<p>A really good introduction is the Berkeley CS188 class videos and projects. You can find those materials at <a href=\"http://ai.berkeley.edu/home.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://ai.berkeley.edu/home.html</a></p>\n\n<p>You probably also want to get ahold of a copy of <a href=\"htt... | A really good introduction is the Berkeley CS188 class videos and projects. You can find those materials at http://ai.berkeley.edu/home.html (http://ai.berkeley.edu/home.html) You probably also want to get ahold of a copy of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/) by Norvig and Russell... | # What are the steps to follow to learn artificial intelligence?
**Tags:** <getting-started>
**Question (score 9):**
I know nothing about AI. Can anybody tell me what steps I have to follow to learn artificial intelligence? Are there any special technologies, or anything else, I have to learn?
### Answer (score 11 ... | 1,126 | 281 | {
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1,914 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is a good way to create an artificial self-recognition? | <p>Self-Recognition seems to be an item that designers are trying to integrate into artificial intelligence. Is there a generally recognized method of doing this in a machine, and how would one test the capacity - as in a Turing-Test?</p>
| Self-Recognition seems to be an item that designers are trying to integrate into artificial intelligence. Is there a generally recognized method of doing this in a machine, and how would one test the capacity - as in a Turing-Test? | 6 | 70 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<intelligence-testing>"
] | 2016-09-09T13:50:36.487 | 2016-09-11T19:19:45.337 | 2,310 | null | [
{
"id": 1915,
"body": "<p>Interesting question. I don't think anybody knows a definite answer, but some rough-sketch ideas seem apparent. Think about what it means to you to be \"self aware\". You'll probably cite the way you \"hear\" your own thoughts in your head when you think about something. One ca... | Interesting question. I don't think anybody knows a definite answer, but some rough-sketch ideas seem apparent. Think about what it means to you to be "self aware". You'll probably cite the way you "hear" your own thoughts in your head when you think about something. One can speculate that inside the brain, the various... | # What is a good way to create an artificial self-recognition?
**Tags:** <intelligence-testing>
**Question (score 6):**
Self-Recognition seems to be an item that designers are trying to integrate into artificial intelligence. Is there a generally recognized method of doing this in a machine, and how would one test t... | 1,400 | 350 | {
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1,922 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does deepmind's Atari game AI work? | <p>I know that deepmind used deep Q learning (<a href="https://deepmind.com/research/dqn/" rel="nofollow">DQN</a>) for its Atari game AI. It used a <a href="https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~vmnih/docs/dqn.pdf" rel="nofollow">conv neural network</a> (CNN) to approximate <code>Q(s,a)</code> from pixels instead of from a Q-tab... | I know that deepmind used deep Q learning (DQN (https://deepmind.com/research/dqn/)) for its Atari game AI. It used a conv neural network (https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~vmnih/docs/dqn.pdf) (CNN) to approximate `Q(s,a)` from pixels instead of from a Q-table. I want to know how DQN converted input to an action. How many ou... | 2 | 329 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<deep-neural-networks><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><gaming>"
] | 2016-09-10T04:33:25.000 | 2016-09-11T10:29:34.970 | 39 | null | [
{
"id": 1932,
"body": "<p>Training happens once you have a result. If the result is good (maybe you won in pong, or you improved your highscore in breakout) all the actions in the game are \"supported\" by backpropagation, if the result is bad, all the actions in the game are suppressed. </p>\n\n<p>This sou... | Training happens once you have a result. If the result is good (maybe you won in pong, or you improved your highscore in breakout) all the actions in the game are "supported" by backpropagation, if the result is bad, all the actions in the game are suppressed. This sounds weird because in each game regardless of the en... | # How does deepmind's Atari game AI work?
**Tags:** <deep-neural-networks><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><gaming>
**Question (score 2):**
I know that deepmind used deep Q learning (DQN (https://deepmind.com/research/dqn/)) for its Atari game AI. It used a conv neural network (https://www.cs.toronto.ed... | 1,749 | 437 | {
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1,923 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can I understand this statement about RNNs and hidden layers? | <p>In the lecture, there was a statement:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Recurrent neural networks with multiple hidden layers are just a special case that has some of the hidden to hidden connections missing.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I understand recurrent means that can have connections to the previous layer and the same layer ... | In the lecture, there was a statement: Recurrent neural networks with multiple hidden layers are just a special case that has some of the hidden to hidden connections missing. I understand recurrent means that can have connections to the previous layer and the same layer as well. Is there a visualization available to e... | 4 | 1,108 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<recurrent-neural-networks><terminology><hidden-layers>"
] | 2016-09-10T07:11:17.433 | 2020-04-12T18:44:00.370 | 35 | 1,933 | [
{
"id": 1933,
"body": "<p>I assume the statement was made for Elman recurrent neural networks, because as far as I know, that is the only type of neural networks for which that statement is valid.</p>\n\n<p>Let's say we have an Elman recurrent neural network with one input neuron, one output neuron and one ... | I assume the statement was made for Elman recurrent neural networks, because as far as I know, that is the only type of neural networks for which that statement is valid. Let's say we have an Elman recurrent neural network with one input neuron, one output neuron and one hidden layer with two neurons. (https://i.stack.... | # How can I understand this statement about RNNs and hidden layers?
**Tags:** <recurrent-neural-networks><terminology><hidden-layers>
**Question (score 4):**
In the lecture, there was a statement: Recurrent neural networks with multiple hidden layers are just a special case that has some of the hidden to hidden conn... | 1,934 | 483 | {
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1,924 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it possible for visual systems in AI to have Inattentional Blindness? | <p>Inattentional Blindness is common in humans (see: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inattentional_blindness" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inattentional_blindness</a> ). Could this also be common with machines built with artificial vision?</p>
| Inattentional Blindness is common in humans (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inattentional_blindness (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inattentional_blindness) ). Could this also be common with machines built with artificial vision? | 3 | 132 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [
"<image-recognition>"
] | 2016-09-10T09:00:09.207 | 2016-11-07T14:36:16.030 | 2,310 | null | [
{
"id": 1926,
"body": "<p>Presumably what happens to people in the famous <a href=\"http://www.theinvisiblegorilla.com/videos.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Invisible Gorilla</a> experiment, is that an incongruous object is simply filtered out of human perception.</p>\n\n<p>If we wish to interpret this ... | Presumably what happens to people in the famous Invisible Gorilla (http://www.theinvisiblegorilla.com/videos.html) experiment, is that an incongruous object is simply filtered out of human perception. If we wish to interpret this mechanistically, we could hypothesize that a 'gorilla object' is simply not presented by l... | # Is it possible for visual systems in AI to have Inattentional Blindness?
**Tags:** <image-recognition>
**Question (score 3):**
Inattentional Blindness is common in humans (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inattentional_blindness (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inattentional_blindness) ). Could this also be common... | 1,175 | 293 | {
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1,925 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are FFNN (MLP) Lipschitz functions? | <p>My question is regarding standard dense-connected feed forward neural networks with sigmoidal activation.</p>
<p>I am studying Bayesian Optimization for hyper-parameter selection for neural networks. There is no doubt that this is an effective method, but I just wan't to delve a little deeper into the maths.</p>
<... | My question is regarding standard dense-connected feed forward neural networks with sigmoidal activation. I am studying Bayesian Optimization for hyper-parameter selection for neural networks. There is no doubt that this is an effective method, but I just wan't to delve a little deeper into the maths. Question: Are neu... | 2 | 832 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><optimization><math>"
] | 2016-09-10T10:05:34.707 | 2018-12-28T19:35:12.083 | 1,339 | 1,927 | [
{
"id": 1927,
"body": "<p>I'm not an expert in this area, but it would appear to depend on the choice of activation function:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"math-container\">$e^x$</span> is not Lipschitz continuous. See <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipschitz_continuity\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer... | I'm not an expert in this area, but it would appear to depend on the choice of activation function: - $e^x$ is not Lipschitz continuous. See Analytic functions which are not Lipschitz continuous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipschitz_continuity). - $\tanh(x)$ is (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sd0cCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA... | # Are FFNN (MLP) Lipschitz functions?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><optimization><math>
**Question (score 2):**
My question is regarding standard dense-connected feed forward neural networks with sigmoidal activation. I am studying Bayesian Optimization for hyper-parameter selection for neural networks. There is no do... | 1,392 | 348 | {
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1,930 | ai.stackexchange.com | If mankind can create artificial life in a machine, when would we define it's death? | <p>Can one actually kill a machine? Not only do we have problems in defining life, we also have problems in defining death. Will this also be true in artificial life and artificial intelligence?</p>
| Can one actually kill a machine? Not only do we have problems in defining life, we also have problems in defining death. Will this also be true in artificial life and artificial intelligence? | 9 | 360 | 7 | 3 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><death>"
] | 2016-09-10T16:39:15.020 | 2016-09-10T23:24:10.747 | 2,310 | null | [
{
"id": 1942,
"body": "<p>Death as we know it for natural life is terminal. That is once dead, natural life cannot come back (at least in the current understanding and with current technologies---some people believe otherwise).</p>\n\n<p>Death for AI is trickier. There may be only one scenario: Global destr... | Death as we know it for natural life is terminal. That is once dead, natural life cannot come back (at least in the current understanding and with current technologies---some people believe otherwise). Death for AI is trickier. There may be only one scenario: Global destruction: Extreme scenario where everything suppor... | # If mankind can create artificial life in a machine, when would we define it's death?
**Tags:** <philosophy><death>
**Question (score 9):**
Can one actually kill a machine? Not only do we have problems in defining life, we also have problems in defining death. Will this also be true in artificial life and artificia... | 4,364 | 1,091 | {
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1,931 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can programming cause passive or aggressive behavior in AIs? | <p>Generally, people can be classified as aggressive (Type A) or passive. Could the programming of AI systems cause aggressive or passive behavior in those AIs?</p>
| Generally, people can be classified as aggressive (Type A) or passive. Could the programming of AI systems cause aggressive or passive behavior in those AIs? | 3 | 113 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<philosophy><emotional-intelligence><human-like>"
] | 2016-09-10T17:37:13.517 | 2016-09-10T21:47:18.303 | 2,310 | null | [
{
"id": 1936,
"body": "<p>The <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_and_Type_B_personality_theory\" rel=\"nofollow\">Wikipedia entry on this personality theory</a> says of Type A people:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The theory describes Type A individuals as ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status... | The Wikipedia entry on this personality theory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_and_Type_B_personality_theory) says of Type A people: The theory describes Type A individuals as ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status-conscious, sensitive, impatient, anxious, proactive, and concerned with time management. Peopl... | # Can programming cause passive or aggressive behavior in AIs?
**Tags:** <philosophy><emotional-intelligence><human-like>
**Question (score 3):**
Generally, people can be classified as aggressive (Type A) or passive. Could the programming of AI systems cause aggressive or passive behavior in those AIs?
### Answer (... | 2,565 | 641 | {
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1,939 | ai.stackexchange.com | When we create artificial life and artificial intelligence will we require it to obey human laws? | <p>Assuming mankind will eventually create artificial humans, but in doing so have we put equal effort into how humans will relate to an artificial human, and what can we expect in return? This is happening in real-time as we place AI trucks and cars on the road. Do people have the right to question, maybe in court, if... | Assuming mankind will eventually create artificial humans, but in doing so have we put equal effort into how humans will relate to an artificial human, and what can we expect in return? This is happening in real-time as we place AI trucks and cars on the road. Do people have the right to question, maybe in court, if an... | 3 | 109 | 2 | 3 | 0 | [
"<philosophy><legal>"
] | 2016-09-10T22:20:45.717 | 2016-09-10T23:22:16.840 | 2,310 | null | [
{
"id": 1943,
"body": "<p>For those times when AI does interact with humans, I believe that AI would be held at LEAST to the same standards humans are. The problem comes in when we ask \"who is really to blame\". If a self-driving car cuts you off in traffic and causes you to wreck, you can't take the AI in... | For those times when AI does interact with humans, I believe that AI would be held at LEAST to the same standards humans are. The problem comes in when we ask "who is really to blame". If a self-driving car cuts you off in traffic and causes you to wreck, you can't take the AI in the car to court. Do you take the compa... | # When we create artificial life and artificial intelligence will we require it to obey human laws?
**Tags:** <philosophy><legal>
**Question (score 3):**
Assuming mankind will eventually create artificial humans, but in doing so have we put equal effort into how humans will relate to an artificial human, and what ca... | 1,278 | 319 | {
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1,946 | ai.stackexchange.com | What kind of road and weather conditions can a self-driving car deal with? | <p>Can self-driving cars deal with snow, heavy rain, or other weather conditions like these? Can they deal with unusual events, such as <a href="http://beijingcream.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Ducks-galore-2.jpeg" rel="noreferrer">ducks on the road</a>?</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/a0PVLm.jpg" rel="nor... | Can self-driving cars deal with snow, heavy rain, or other weather conditions like these? Can they deal with unusual events, such as ducks on the road (http://beijingcream.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Ducks-galore-2.jpeg)? (https://i.stack.imgur.com/a0PVLm.jpg) | 7 | 212 | 3 | 2 | 1 | [
"<autonomous-vehicles>"
] | 2016-09-11T14:54:44.943 | 2019-06-20T15:17:16.857 | 1,670 | null | [
{
"id": 2468,
"body": "<p>No, smart cars do not know what to do when surrounded with ducks or flood waters, and it's possible they never will. </p>\n\n<p>As with all machine learning, a computer knows only what it's taught. If an event arises that's unusual, the AI will have less relevant training on how ... | No, smart cars do not know what to do when surrounded with ducks or flood waters, and it's possible they never will. As with all machine learning, a computer knows only what it's taught. If an event arises that's unusual, the AI will have less relevant training on how to respond, so its reaction behavior necessarily wi... | # What kind of road and weather conditions can a self-driving car deal with?
**Tags:** <autonomous-vehicles>
**Question (score 7):**
Can self-driving cars deal with snow, heavy rain, or other weather conditions like these? Can they deal with unusual events, such as ducks on the road (http://beijingcream.com/wp-conte... | 2,601 | 650 | {
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1,953 | ai.stackexchange.com | Has anyone thought about making a neural network ask questions, instead of only answering them? | <p>Most of the people is trying to answer question with a neural network. However, has anyone came up with some thoughts about how to make neural network ask questions, instead of answer questions? For example, if a CNN can decide which category an object belongs to, than can it ask some question to help the the classi... | Most of the people is trying to answer question with a neural network. However, has anyone came up with some thoughts about how to make neural network ask questions, instead of answer questions? For example, if a CNN can decide which category an object belongs to, than can it ask some question to help the the classific... | 15 | 1,229 | 3 | 1 | 3 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning>"
] | 2016-09-12T05:41:30.610 | 2016-09-12T19:40:29.183 | 1,363 | null | [
{
"id": 1954,
"body": "<p>Maybe neural networks are not the best tool for this.</p>\n\n<p>It seems to me that an equivalent of the your notion of 'a question to help the classification' would be to use Machine Learning (ML) to obtain a human-readable <em>ruleset</em> which performs the classification. The i... | Maybe neural networks are not the best tool for this. It seems to me that an equivalent of the your notion of 'a question to help the classification' would be to use Machine Learning (ML) to obtain a human-readable ruleset which performs the classification. The idea is that, if you follow an applicable chain of rules a... | # Has anyone thought about making a neural network ask questions, instead of only answering them?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning>
**Question (score 15):**
Most of the people is trying to answer question with a neural network. However, has anyone came up with some thoughts about how to make neural network ... | 1,352 | 338 | {
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1,955 | ai.stackexchange.com | What AI concept is behind the Mars Exploration Rover (MER)? | <p>The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) <em><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mp4/618340main_mer20120124-320-jpl.mp4" rel="nofollow">Opportunity</a></em> landed on Mars on January 25, 2004. The rover was originally designed for a 90 <strong>Sol mission</strong> (a Sol, one Martian day, is slightly longer than an Earth day at 24... | The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity (http://www.nasa.gov/mp4/618340main_mer20120124-320-jpl.mp4) landed on Mars on January 25, 2004. The rover was originally designed for a 90 Sol mission (a Sol, one Martian day, is slightly longer than an Earth day at 24 hours and 37 minutes). Its mission has been extended se... | 4 | 259 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<control-problem><robotics><nasa>"
] | 2016-09-13T04:50:45.710 | 2016-09-13T17:30:20.807 | 1,699 | null | [
{
"id": 1956,
"body": "<p>The Mars Rover is a highly successful example of the 'New AI' that emerged from work by Rodney Brooks in the 1990s.</p>\n\n<p>In a <a href=\"https://www.flinders.edu.au/alumni/alumni-community/prominent-alumni/rod-brooks.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">quote</a> from Brooks: </p>... | The Mars Rover is a highly successful example of the 'New AI' that emerged from work by Rodney Brooks in the 1990s. In a quote (https://www.flinders.edu.au/alumni/alumni-community/prominent-alumni/rod-brooks.cfm) from Brooks: In 1984 I joined the faculty at MIT where I have been ever since. I set up a mobile robot grou... | # What AI concept is behind the Mars Exploration Rover (MER)?
**Tags:** <control-problem><robotics><nasa>
**Question (score 4):**
The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity (http://www.nasa.gov/mp4/618340main_mer20120124-320-jpl.mp4) landed on Mars on January 25, 2004. The rover was originally designed for a 90 So... | 2,573 | 643 | {
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1,961 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are some techniques/method that can be used to train and detect objects like cars and humans? | <p>I have used OpenCV to train Haar cascades to detect face and other patterns. However I later realized that Haar tends to give a lot of false positives and I learned of Hog would give a more accurate results. But OpenCV doesn't have a good documentation of how to train hogs, I have googled a bit and found results tha... | I have used OpenCV to train Haar cascades to detect face and other patterns. However I later realized that Haar tends to give a lot of false positives and I learned of Hog would give a more accurate results. But OpenCV doesn't have a good documentation of how to train hogs, I have googled a bit and found results that i... | 4 | 165 | 1 | 4 | 2 | [
"<object-recognition><pattern-recognition>"
] | 2016-09-14T05:46:31.573 | 2016-09-14T12:34:10.963 | 2,410 | null | [
{
"id": 3157,
"body": "<p>The terms you are looking for are deeplearning and convolutional neural networks for object detection. Google responds well to these terms.\nFrom academical point of view you can start from:<br>\nSingle shot multibox detector: <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.02325v5.pdf\" rel=... | The terms you are looking for are deeplearning and convolutional neural networks for object detection. Google responds well to these terms. From academical point of view you can start from: Single shot multibox detector: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.02325v5.pdf (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.02325v5.pdf) Or Faster-RCNN: htt... | # What are some techniques/method that can be used to train and detect objects like cars and humans?
**Tags:** <object-recognition><pattern-recognition>
**Question (score 4):**
I have used OpenCV to train Haar cascades to detect face and other patterns. However I later realized that Haar tends to give a lot of false... | 1,504 | 376 | {
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1,963 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any ongoing projects which use the Stack Exchange for machine learning? | <p>Are there any ongoing AI projects which use the Stack Exchange for machine learning?</p>
| Are there any ongoing AI projects which use the Stack Exchange for machine learning? | 24 | 1,011 | 2 | 0 | 10 | [
"<machine-learning><ai-design>"
] | 2016-09-14T10:16:51.237 | 2019-06-20T20:54:56.933 | 2,420 | null | [
{
"id": 7204,
"body": "<p>There certainly appear to have been research projects involving some form of text mining / information retrieval /etc. and StackExchange sites.</p>\n\n<p>Some examples I was able to find through google/google scholar (unlikely to be anywhere near an exhaustive list):</p>\n\n<ul>\n<... | There certainly appear to have been research projects involving some form of text mining / information retrieval /etc. and StackExchange sites. Some examples I was able to find through google/google scholar (unlikely to be anywhere near an exhaustive list): - TACIT: An open-source text analysis, crawling, and interpret... | # Are there any ongoing projects which use the Stack Exchange for machine learning?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><ai-design>
**Question (score 24):**
Are there any ongoing AI projects which use the Stack Exchange for machine learning?
### Answer (score 7)
There certainly appear to have been research projects involvi... | 4,463 | 1,115 | {
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1,964 | ai.stackexchange.com | How could we define passion in artificial intelligence? | <p>Mankind can create machines to do work. How could we define passion in artificial intelligence? How could we define a passionate AI?</p>
<p>Would passion cause the machine to do a better job? How could we compare the performance of a passionate machine, as opposed to a non-passionate one? How could we measure the l... | Mankind can create machines to do work. How could we define passion in artificial intelligence? How could we define a passionate AI? Would passion cause the machine to do a better job? How could we compare the performance of a passionate machine, as opposed to a non-passionate one? How could we measure the level of pas... | 5 | 704 | 2 | 1 | 0 | [
"<philosophy><emotional-intelligence>"
] | 2016-09-14T11:47:25.770 | 2019-11-17T00:15:32.403 | 2,310 | null | [
{
"id": 1967,
"body": "<p>An elementary approach to 'passion' would be to pre-assign different areas for the program to be 'passionate' about and associate different numeric 'drive strengths' with each (perhaps adaptively). Mechanisms of this sort were studied in Toby Tyrell's widely cited PhD thesis on <a ... | An elementary approach to 'passion' would be to pre-assign different areas for the program to be 'passionate' about and associate different numeric 'drive strengths' with each (perhaps adaptively). Mechanisms of this sort were studied in Toby Tyrell's widely cited PhD thesis on 'Action Selection in Animals' (http://w2m... | # How could we define passion in artificial intelligence?
**Tags:** <philosophy><emotional-intelligence>
**Question (score 5):**
Mankind can create machines to do work. How could we define passion in artificial intelligence? How could we define a passionate AI? Would passion cause the machine to do a better job? How... | 1,997 | 499 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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1,965 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can we create AI to not only recognize itself, but to recognize other AI systems as well? | <p>Can AI systems be created that could recognize itself, and recognize intelligence in other systems, and make intelligent decisions about the other systems? Mankind seems to be making progress in self-recognition but I've not seen evidence of one system recognizing other systems and being able to compare it's own int... | Can AI systems be created that could recognize itself, and recognize intelligence in other systems, and make intelligent decisions about the other systems? Mankind seems to be making progress in self-recognition but I've not seen evidence of one system recognizing other systems and being able to compare it's own intell... | 4 | 90 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<philosophy>"
] | 2016-09-14T12:52:52.423 | 2016-09-14T13:14:13.960 | 2,310 | null | [
{
"id": 1968,
"body": "<p>In the abstract, mechanisms for self-recognition (I personally prefer the phrase 'metacognition', since it carries fewer spurious associations) and recognition of intelligence in other systems can be considered to be pretty much equivalent.</p>\n\n<p>In fact, both can be characteri... | In the abstract, mechanisms for self-recognition (I personally prefer the phrase 'metacognition', since it carries fewer spurious associations) and recognition of intelligence in other systems can be considered to be pretty much equivalent. In fact, both can be characterized in the standard percept/action framework: th... | # Can we create AI to not only recognize itself, but to recognize other AI systems as well?
**Tags:** <philosophy>
**Question (score 4):**
Can AI systems be created that could recognize itself, and recognize intelligence in other systems, and make intelligent decisions about the other systems? Mankind seems to be ma... | 1,204 | 301 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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1,969 | ai.stackexchange.com | If IQ is used as a measure of intelligence in humans could it also be used as a measure of intelligence in machines? | <p>If IQ were used as a measure of the intelligence of machines, as in humans, at this point in time what would be the IQ of our most intelligent AI systems? If not IQ, then how best to compare our intelligence to a machine, or one machine to another? </p>
<p>This question is not asking if we can measure the IQ of a m... | If IQ were used as a measure of the intelligence of machines, as in humans, at this point in time what would be the IQ of our most intelligent AI systems? If not IQ, then how best to compare our intelligence to a machine, or one machine to another? This question is not asking if we can measure the IQ of a machine, but ... | 10 | 538 | 2 | 1 | 4 | [
"<philosophy>"
] | 2016-09-14T14:24:26.547 | 2016-09-14T15:58:55.560 | 2,310 | null | [
{
"id": 1972,
"body": "<p>It depends on how the IQ test is presented:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>If as for humans (effectively, as a video of the book containing the\ntest questions being opened etc), then <strong>all AI programs</strong> would <strong>score\nzero</strong>.</p></li>\n<li><p>If presented as the tes... | It depends on how the IQ test is presented: - If as for humans (effectively, as a video of the book containing the test questions being opened etc), then all AI programs would score zero. - If presented as the test set of a supervised learning problem (e.g. as for Bongard Problems (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongard... | # If IQ is used as a measure of intelligence in humans could it also be used as a measure of intelligence in machines?
**Tags:** <philosophy>
**Question (score 10):**
If IQ were used as a measure of the intelligence of machines, as in humans, at this point in time what would be the IQ of our most intelligent AI syst... | 4,681 | 1,170 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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1,970 | ai.stackexchange.com | How would an AI learn language? | <p>I was think about AIs and how they would work, when I realised that I couldn't think of a way that an AI could be taught language. A child tends to learn language through associations of language and pictures to an object (e.g., people saying the word "dog" while around a dog, and later realising that people say "a... | I was think about AIs and how they would work, when I realised that I couldn't think of a way that an AI could be taught language. A child tends to learn language through associations of language and pictures to an object (e.g., people saying the word "dog" while around a dog, and later realising that people say "a dog... | 15 | 725 | 3 | 0 | 6 | [
"<machine-learning><natural-language-processing>"
] | 2016-09-14T14:59:01.050 | 2019-06-06T22:59:41.170 | 2,426 | 1,971 | [
{
"id": 1971,
"body": "<p>The general research area is known as <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_induction\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">grammar induction</a>.</p>\n\n<p>It is generally framed as a supervised learning problem, with the input presented as raw text, and the desired output the c... | The general research area is known as grammar induction (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_induction). It is generally framed as a supervised learning problem, with the input presented as raw text, and the desired output the corresponding parse tree. The training set often consists of both positive and negative exa... | # How would an AI learn language?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><natural-language-processing>
**Question (score 15):**
I was think about AIs and how they would work, when I realised that I couldn't think of a way that an AI could be taught language. A child tends to learn language through associations of language and ... | 3,893 | 973 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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1,976 | ai.stackexchange.com | Would a sentient AI try to create a more optimised AI which would eventually overtake AI 1.0? | <ul>
<li>Would AI be a self-propogating iteration in which the previous AI is
destroyed by a more optimised AI child? </li>
<li>Would the AI have branches of it's own AI warning not to create the new AI?</li>
</ul>
| - Would AI be a self-propogating iteration in which the previous AI is destroyed by a more optimised AI child? - Would the AI have branches of it's own AI warning not to create the new AI? | 2 | 91 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [
"<ai-design><optimization>"
] | 2016-09-15T14:08:40.983 | 2018-10-19T09:04:58.910 | 2,442 | null | [
{
"id": 1977,
"body": "<p>A common concept in AI is \"recursive self-improvement.\" That is, the AI 1.0 would build a version 1.01, which would build a version 1.02, and so on.</p>\n\n<p>This is probably not going to be thought of as the newer version 'destroying' the older version; if an AI can self-modify... | A common concept in AI is "recursive self-improvement." That is, the AI 1.0 would build a version 1.01, which would build a version 1.02, and so on. This is probably not going to be thought of as the newer version 'destroying' the older version; if an AI can self-modify, it's probably going to be more like going to sle... | # Would a sentient AI try to create a more optimised AI which would eventually overtake AI 1.0?
**Tags:** <ai-design><optimization>
**Question (score 2):**
- Would AI be a self-propogating iteration in which the previous AI is destroyed by a more optimised AI child? - Would the AI have branches of it's own AI warnin... | 2,198 | 549 | {
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1,978 | ai.stackexchange.com | Do deep learning algorithms represent ensemble-based methods? | <p>According to the Wikipedia article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning" rel="nofollow noreferrer">deep learning</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Deep learning is a branch of machine learning based on a set of algorithms that attempt to model high-level abstractions in data by using a deep graph with mult... | According to the Wikipedia article on deep learning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning): Deep learning is a branch of machine learning based on a set of algorithms that attempt to model high-level abstractions in data by using a deep graph with multiple processing layers, composed of multiple linear and non-l... | 10 | 1,462 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><computer-vision><ensemble-learning>"
] | 2016-09-15T15:34:08.027 | 2021-05-20T10:21:01.137 | 1,791 | 1,981 | [
{
"id": 1981,
"body": "<p>You should think of them as different approaches. A deep neural net is a single independent model, whereas ensemble models are ensembles of many independent models.</p>\n\n<p>The primary connection between the two is <a href=\"https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/40/what-is-the-d... | You should think of them as different approaches. A deep neural net is a single independent model, whereas ensemble models are ensembles of many independent models. The primary connection between the two is dropout (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/40/what-is-the-dropout-technique), a particular method of trainin... | # Do deep learning algorithms represent ensemble-based methods?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><computer-vision><ensemble-learning>
**Question (score 10):**
According to the Wikipedia article on deep learning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning): Deep learning is a ... | 1,915 | 478 | {
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1,987 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to classify data which is spiral in shape? | <p>I have been messing around in <a href="http://playground.tensorflow.org/#activation=tanh&batchSize=10&dataset=spiral&regDataset=reg-plane&learningRate=0.03&regularizationRate=0&noise=0&networkShape=4,2&seed=0.73263&showTestData=false&discretize=false&percTrainData=50&x... | I have been messing around in tensorflow playground (http://playground.tensorflow.org/#activation=tanh&batchSize=10&dataset=spiral®Dataset=reg-plane&learningRate=0.03®ularizationRate=0&noise=0&networkShape=4,2&seed=0.73263&showTestData=false&discretize=false&percTrainData=50&x=true&y=true&xTimesY=false&xSquared=f... | 12 | 16,513 | 8 | 1 | 10 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><tensorflow><regression>"
] | 2016-09-18T11:20:23.830 | 2020-12-01T13:02:42.630 | 2,472 | 1,990 | [
{
"id": 1990,
"body": "<p>There are many approaches to this kind of problem. The most obvious one is to <strong>create new features</strong>. The best features I can come up with is to transform the coordinates to <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system\" rel=\"noreferrer\">spher... | There are many approaches to this kind of problem. The most obvious one is to create new features. The best features I can come up with is to transform the coordinates to spherical coordinates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system). I have not found a way to do it in playground, so I just created a... | # How to classify data which is spiral in shape?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><tensorflow><regression>
**Question (score 12):**
I have been messing around in tensorflow playground (http://playground.tensorflow.org/#activation=tanh&batchSize=10&dataset=spiral®Dataset=reg-plane&learningRate=0.03®... | 3,379 | 844 | {
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1,989 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there a trade-off between flexibility and efficiency? | <p>A "general intelligence" may be capable of learning a lot of different things, but possessing capability does not equal actually having it. The "AGI" must learn...and that learning process can take time. If you want an AGI to drive a car or play Go, you have to find some way of "teaching" it. Keep in mind that we ha... | A "general intelligence" may be capable of learning a lot of different things, but possessing capability does not equal actually having it. The "AGI" must learn...and that learning process can take time. If you want an AGI to drive a car or play Go, you have to find some way of "teaching" it. Keep in mind that we have ... | 10 | 399 | 3 | 1 | 1 | [
"<ai-design><agi><weak-ai>"
] | 2016-09-18T19:43:02.197 | 2019-04-04T20:37:24.887 | 181 | 1,992 | [
{
"id": 1992,
"body": "<p>The cleanest result we have on this issue is the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_free_lunch_theorem\" rel=\"noreferrer\">\"no free lunch\" theorem</a>. Basically, in order to make a system perform better at a specific task, you have to degrade its performance on other ta... | The cleanest result we have on this issue is the "no free lunch" theorem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_free_lunch_theorem). Basically, in order to make a system perform better at a specific task, you have to degrade its performance on other tasks, and so there is a flexibility-efficiency tradeoff. But to the broade... | # Is there a trade-off between flexibility and efficiency?
**Tags:** <ai-design><agi><weak-ai>
**Question (score 10):**
A "general intelligence" may be capable of learning a lot of different things, but possessing capability does not equal actually having it. The "AGI" must learn...and that learning process can take... | 4,504 | 1,126 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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1,996 | ai.stackexchange.com | Which neural networks can be used only for storing and retrieving information? | <p>Is there a neural network(NN) system or architecture which can be used for only storing and retrieving information. For example; to store whole Avatar movie in HD format inside a neural network and retrieve(without loss) it from the neural network when needed. I searched the web and came across only LSTM RNN but in ... | Is there a neural network(NN) system or architecture which can be used for only storing and retrieving information. For example; to store whole Avatar movie in HD format inside a neural network and retrieve(without loss) it from the neural network when needed. I searched the web and came across only LSTM RNN but in my ... | 5 | 865 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks>"
] | 2016-09-20T04:20:02.937 | 2016-09-20T13:17:17.733 | 39 | null | [
{
"id": 1998,
"body": "<p>Neural networks are usually trained to produce a certain output given a certain input. Often the output is a classification of the input or some other form of input description. Sometimes it is an action in a game and sometimes it is indeed stored data, a memory if you will. </p>\n... | Neural networks are usually trained to produce a certain output given a certain input. Often the output is a classification of the input or some other form of input description. Sometimes it is an action in a game and sometimes it is indeed stored data, a memory if you will. In that case the input is often a part of th... | # Which neural networks can be used only for storing and retrieving information?
**Tags:** <neural-networks>
**Question (score 5):**
Is there a neural network(NN) system or architecture which can be used for only storing and retrieving information. For example; to store whole Avatar movie in HD format inside a neura... | 1,413 | 353 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
1,997 | ai.stackexchange.com | Should deep residual networks be viewed as an ensemble of networks? | <p>The question is about the architecture of Deep Residual Networks (<strong>ResNets</strong>). The model that won the 1-st places at <a href="http://image-net.org/challenges/LSVRC/2015/results" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2015" (ILSVRC2015)</a> in all five main tracks:</p>
<blo... | The question is about the architecture of Deep Residual Networks (ResNets). The model that won the 1-st places at "Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2015" (ILSVRC2015) (http://image-net.org/challenges/LSVRC/2015/results) in all five main tracks: - ImageNet Classification: “Ultra-deep” (quote Yann) 152-layer nets... | 14 | 721 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><deep-neural-networks><residual-networks>"
] | 2016-09-20T10:54:14.493 | 2019-10-14T15:17:05.923 | 1,791 | 1,999 | [
{
"id": 1999,
"body": "<p>Imagine a genie grants you three wishes. Because you are an ambitious deep learning researcher your first wish is a perfect solution for a 1000-layer NN for Image Net, which promptly appears on your laptop.</p>\n\n<p>Now a genie induced solution doesn't give you any intuition how i... | Imagine a genie grants you three wishes. Because you are an ambitious deep learning researcher your first wish is a perfect solution for a 1000-layer NN for Image Net, which promptly appears on your laptop. Now a genie induced solution doesn't give you any intuition how it might be interpreted as an ensemble, but do yo... | # Should deep residual networks be viewed as an ensemble of networks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><deep-neural-networks><residual-networks>
**Question (score 14):**
The question is about the architecture of Deep Residual Networks (ResNets). The model that won the 1-st places at "Large... | 5,033 | 1,258 | {
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2,005 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the flaws in Jeff Hawkins's AI framework? | <p>In 2004 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hawkins" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Jeff Hawkins</a>, inventor of the palm pilot, published a very interesting book called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Intelligence" rel="nofollow noreferrer">On Intelligence</a>, in which he details a theory how the hum... | In 2004 Jeff Hawkins (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hawkins), inventor of the palm pilot, published a very interesting book called On Intelligence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Intelligence), in which he details a theory how the human neocortex works. This theory is called Memory-Prediction framework (https://... | 22 | 1,469 | 2 | 0 | 8 | [
"<htm>"
] | 2016-09-21T13:05:56.327 | 2020-09-01T08:11:34.710 | 2,227 | 2,006 | [
{
"id": 2006,
"body": "<p>The short answer is that Hawkins' vision has yet to be implemented in a widely accessible way, particularly the indispensable parts related to prediction. </p>\n\n<p>The long answer is that I read Hawkins' book a few years ago and was excited by the possibilities of Hierarchical Te... | The short answer is that Hawkins' vision has yet to be implemented in a widely accessible way, particularly the indispensable parts related to prediction. The long answer is that I read Hawkins' book a few years ago and was excited by the possibilities of Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM). I still am, despite the fact... | # What are the flaws in Jeff Hawkins's AI framework?
**Tags:** <htm>
**Question (score 22):**
In 2004 Jeff Hawkins (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hawkins), inventor of the palm pilot, published a very interesting book called On Intelligence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Intelligence), in which he details a ... | 6,586 | 1,646 | {
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2,008 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can neural networks deal with varying input sizes? | <p>As far as I can tell, neural networks have a <strong>fixed number of neurons</strong> in the input layer.</p>
<p>If neural networks are used in a context like NLP, sentences or blocks of text of varying sizes are fed to a network.
How is the <strong>varying input size</strong> reconciled with the <strong>fixed siz... | As far as I can tell, neural networks have a fixed number of neurons in the input layer. If neural networks are used in a context like NLP, sentences or blocks of text of varying sizes are fed to a network. How is the varying input size reconciled with the fixed size of the input layer of the network? In other words, h... | 77 | 53,466 | 3 | 3 | 39 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><natural-language-processing>"
] | 2016-09-23T10:33:58.060 | 2019-07-13T19:28:47.193 | 2,522 | 2,009 | [
{
"id": 2009,
"body": "<p>Three possibilities come to mind.</p>\n\n<p>The easiest is the <strong>zero-padding</strong>. Basically, you take a rather big input size and just add zeroes if your concrete input is too small. Of course, this is pretty limited and certainly not useful if your input ranges from a ... | Three possibilities come to mind. The easiest is the zero-padding. Basically, you take a rather big input size and just add zeroes if your concrete input is too small. Of course, this is pretty limited and certainly not useful if your input ranges from a few words to full texts. Recurrent NNs (https://en.wikipedia.org/... | # How can neural networks deal with varying input sizes?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><natural-language-processing>
**Question (score 77):**
As far as I can tell, neural networks have a fixed number of neurons in the input layer. If neural networks are us... | 4,743 | 1,185 | {
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2,020 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could an AI think laterally while avoiding "ethically suboptimal" choices? | <p>In the recent PC game <em><a href="http://www.theturingtestgame.com/">The Turing Test</a></em>, the AI ("TOM") needs help from Ava to get through some puzzle rooms. TOM says he is unable to solve the puzzles because he is not allowed to "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking">think laterally</a>." ... | In the recent PC game The Turing Test (http://www.theturingtestgame.com/), the AI ("TOM") needs help from Ava to get through some puzzle rooms. TOM says he is unable to solve the puzzles because he is not allowed to "think laterally (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking)." Specifically, he says he would not h... | 14 | 844 | 4 | 0 | 6 | [
"<agi><problem-solving>"
] | 2016-09-27T16:55:24.733 | 2016-09-30T18:40:58.730 | 75 | 2,022 | [
{
"id": 2022,
"body": "<p><strong>No</strong>, with a <em>but</em>. We can have creative yet ethical problem-solving if the system has a complete system of ethics, but otherwise creativity will be unsafe by default.</p>\n\n<p>One can classify AI decision-making approaches into two types: interpolative think... | No, with a but. We can have creative yet ethical problem-solving if the system has a complete system of ethics, but otherwise creativity will be unsafe by default. One can classify AI decision-making approaches into two types: interpolative thinkers, and extrapolative thinkers. Interpolative thinkers learn to classify ... | # Could an AI think laterally while avoiding "ethically suboptimal" choices?
**Tags:** <agi><problem-solving>
**Question (score 14):**
In the recent PC game The Turing Test (http://www.theturingtestgame.com/), the AI ("TOM") needs help from Ava to get through some puzzle rooms. TOM says he is unable to solve the puz... | 5,576 | 1,394 | {
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2,023 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the calcium equivalent role in neural networks | <p>I understand that neural networks model biological neurons. Each node in the network represents a neuron cell and the connections between nodes represent the connections between cells. As in nature, a neuron fires an electrical signal to connected neurons based on some kind of threshold or function that mimics suc... | I understand that neural networks model biological neurons. Each node in the network represents a neuron cell and the connections between nodes represent the connections between cells. As in nature, a neuron fires an electrical signal to connected neurons based on some kind of threshold or function that mimics such. Re... | 5 | 214 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><unsupervised-learning><neurons>"
] | 2016-09-27T18:11:43.820 | 2016-09-28T08:51:44.490 | 1,434 | 2,027 | [
{
"id": 2027,
"body": "<p>Neural networks <strong>don't</strong> model biological neurons. </p>\n\n<p>They are at best <em>inspired</em> by biological neurons, in that they get excited by certain inputs and fire once the excitation crosses a threshold. And this second point even holds only approximately bec... | Neural networks don't model biological neurons. They are at best inspired by biological neurons, in that they get excited by certain inputs and fire once the excitation crosses a threshold. And this second point even holds only approximately because the backpropagation algorithm needs smoothed out steps to learn by gra... | # What is the calcium equivalent role in neural networks
**Tags:** <philosophy><unsupervised-learning><neurons>
**Question (score 5):**
I understand that neural networks model biological neurons. Each node in the network represents a neuron cell and the connections between nodes represent the connections between cel... | 2,257 | 564 | {
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2,037 | ai.stackexchange.com | When using neural networks to detect features in an image, how can locate that specific feature in the original image? | <p>I understand how a neural network can be trained to recognise certain features in an image (faces, cars, ...), where the inputs are the image's pixels, and the output is a set of boolean values indicating which objects were recognised in the image and which weren't.</p>
<p>What I don't really get is, when using thi... | I understand how a neural network can be trained to recognise certain features in an image (faces, cars, ...), where the inputs are the image's pixels, and the output is a set of boolean values indicating which objects were recognised in the image and which weren't. What I don't really get is, when using this approach ... | 2 | 3,620 | 3 | 1 | 4 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><computer-vision>"
] | 2016-09-29T14:21:57.723 | 2017-08-28T10:41:30.590 | 2,522 | 2,044 | [
{
"id": 2044,
"body": "<p>This problem is called <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_detection\" rel=\"noreferrer\">object detection</a>.</p>\n\n<p>If you have a trainings set of images with boxed objects you can just train a neural network to directly predict the box. I.e. the output has the sam... | This problem is called object detection (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_detection). If you have a trainings set of images with boxed objects you can just train a neural network to directly predict the box. I.e. the output has the same dimension as the input and the NN learns to assign each pixel the probability o... | # When using neural networks to detect features in an image, how can locate that specific feature in the original image?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><computer-vision>
**Question (score 2):**
I understand how a neural network can be trained to recognise certain features in... | 4,781 | 1,195 | {
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2,048 | ai.stackexchange.com | What jobs cannot be automatized by AI in the future? | <p>AI is progressing drastically, and imagine they tell you you're fired because a robot will take your place. What are some jobs that can never be automated?</p>
| AI is progressing drastically, and imagine they tell you you're fired because a robot will take your place. What are some jobs that can never be automated? | 5 | 1,373 | 6 | 2 | 6 | [
"<philosophy><robots>"
] | 2016-09-30T19:24:07.047 | 2016-09-30T22:29:14.440 | 1,760 | 2,052 | [
{
"id": 2052,
"body": "<p>The Oxford study from 2013 in <a href=\"http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">The future of employment</a> paper assess this and estimated the probability of computerisation for 702 detailed occupations using ... | The Oxford study from 2013 in The future of employment (http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf) paper assess this and estimated the probability of computerisation for 702 detailed occupations using a Gaussian process classifier (using job data from the UK partially merged with ... | # What jobs cannot be automatized by AI in the future?
**Tags:** <philosophy><robots>
**Question (score 5):**
AI is progressing drastically, and imagine they tell you you're fired because a robot will take your place. What are some jobs that can never be automated?
### Answer (score 8 · accepted)
The Oxford study f... | 7,309 | 1,827 | {
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2,055 | ai.stackexchange.com | Feasibility of sorting a basket of clothes in the real world | <p>I'm wondering how feasible it is to create a machine that can separate clothing from a basket.</p>
<p>At the most basic level it would distinguish between tops, pants, button downs and socks</p>
<p>Programmatically, I'd image this would require training a neural network to recognize these items, but in real time i... | I'm wondering how feasible it is to create a machine that can separate clothing from a basket. At the most basic level it would distinguish between tops, pants, button downs and socks Programmatically, I'd image this would require training a neural network to recognize these items, but in real time it becomes exponenti... | 3 | 148 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><image-recognition>"
] | 2016-10-01T17:47:48.857 | 2016-10-01T19:25:13.977 | 2,752 | 2,057 | [
{
"id": 2057,
"body": "<p><a href=\"https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pabbeel/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Peter Abbeel</a> does work in deep learning for robotics, and one of the projects they've tackled is manipulating clothes. Here's a <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FGVgMsiv1s\" rel=\"nofollow\">video... | Peter Abbeel (https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pabbeel/) does work in deep learning for robotics, and one of the projects they've tackled is manipulating clothes. Here's a video from 2011 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FGVgMsiv1s) of their robot folding laundry (one piece at a time). There are also companies attemp... | # Feasibility of sorting a basket of clothes in the real world
**Tags:** <neural-networks><image-recognition>
**Question (score 3):**
I'm wondering how feasible it is to create a machine that can separate clothing from a basket. At the most basic level it would distinguish between tops, pants, button downs and socks... | 1,392 | 348 | {
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2,066 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is the AI Effect caused by bad tests of intelligence? | <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_effect" rel="nofollow noreferrer">According to Wikipedia</a>...</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The AI effect occurs when onlookers discount the behavior of an artificial intelligence program by arguing that it is not real intelligence.</p>
<p>Pamela McCorduck writes: "It's part of... | According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_effect)... The AI effect occurs when onlookers discount the behavior of an artificial intelligence program by arguing that it is not real intelligence. Pamela McCorduck writes: "It's part of the history of the field of artificial intelligence that every time some... | 8 | 219 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<intelligence-testing><ai-effect>"
] | 2016-10-02T20:02:47.463 | 2021-11-18T15:19:40.133 | 181 | 2,068 | [
{
"id": 2068,
"body": "<p>I think it is mostly right. But not that intelligence is hard to define. In my opinion, it is simple: A is more intelligent than B if A achieves some purpose in less steps than B. It is functional/algorithmic efficiency.</p>\n\n<p>What is difficult to define is <em>human</em> intel... | I think it is mostly right. But not that intelligence is hard to define. In my opinion, it is simple: A is more intelligent than B if A achieves some purpose in less steps than B. It is functional/algorithmic efficiency. What is difficult to define is human intelligence. But when someone says, "No, X is not real intell... | # Is the AI Effect caused by bad tests of intelligence?
**Tags:** <intelligence-testing><ai-effect>
**Question (score 8):**
According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_effect)... The AI effect occurs when onlookers discount the behavior of an artificial intelligence program by arguing that it is not rea... | 4,262 | 1,065 | {
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2,069 | ai.stackexchange.com | How will an AI comprehend the ethics of "right" and "wrong"? | <p>Here is one of the most serious questions, about the artificial intelligence.<br>
How will the machine know the difference between right and wrong, what is good and bad, what is respect, dignity, faith and empathy.<br>
<br> A machine can recognize what is correct and incorrect, what is right and what is wrong, depen... | Here is one of the most serious questions, about the artificial intelligence. How will the machine know the difference between right and wrong, what is good and bad, what is respect, dignity, faith and empathy. A machine can recognize what is correct and incorrect, what is right and what is wrong, depend on how it is o... | 2 | 343 | 2 | 5 | 3 | [
"<ethics><value-alignment>"
] | 2016-10-03T02:27:05.757 | 2017-10-27T20:47:12.067 | 2,682 | 2,070 | [
{
"id": 2070,
"body": "<p>Right and wrong only exist relative to some goal or purpose.</p>\n\n<p>To make a machine do more right than wrong, relative to human goals, one should minimize the surface area of the machine's purpose. Doing that minimizes the intrinsic behavior of the AI, which enables us to reas... | Right and wrong only exist relative to some goal or purpose. To make a machine do more right than wrong, relative to human goals, one should minimize the surface area of the machine's purpose. Doing that minimizes the intrinsic behavior of the AI, which enables us to reason about the right and wrong behaviors of the AI... | # How will an AI comprehend the ethics of "right" and "wrong"?
**Tags:** <ethics><value-alignment>
**Question (score 2):**
Here is one of the most serious questions, about the artificial intelligence. How will the machine know the difference between right and wrong, what is good and bad, what is respect, dignity, fa... | 3,762 | 940 | {
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2,078 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can an evolutionary algorithm adapt to a changing environment? | <p><a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/2067/will-ai-be-able-to-adapt">From this SE question</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Will be AI able to adapt, to different environments and changes.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This is my attempt at interpreting that question.</p>
<p>Evolutionary algorithms are useful for solv... | From this SE question (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/2067/will-ai-be-able-to-adapt): Will be AI able to adapt, to different environments and changes. This is my attempt at interpreting that question. Evolutionary algorithms are useful for solving optimization problems...by measuring the "fitness" of various pr... | 3 | 253 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [
"<evolutionary-algorithms>"
] | 2016-10-04T19:06:15.487 | 2017-04-13T12:53:10.013 | 181 | 2,079 | [
{
"id": 2079,
"body": "<p>The core question to whether or not an AI is adaptable or not is whether or not it supports <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_machine_learning\" rel=\"noreferrer\">online learning</a>. That doesn't mean using the Internet to learn things; that means continuing to accep... | The core question to whether or not an AI is adaptable or not is whether or not it supports online learning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_machine_learning). That doesn't mean using the Internet to learn things; that means continuing to accept training data during the functioning of the system. This is (mostly) ... | # Can an evolutionary algorithm adapt to a changing environment?
**Tags:** <evolutionary-algorithms>
**Question (score 3):**
From this SE question (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/2067/will-ai-be-able-to-adapt): Will be AI able to adapt, to different environments and changes. This is my attempt at interpretin... | 1,992 | 498 | {
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2,083 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it possible to separately evolve a part of the population? | <p>In a classic example of a genetic algorithm, you would have a population and a certain amount of simulation time to evaluate it and breeding. Then proceed to the next generation.</p>
<p>Is it possible, during the simulation process, to have an isolated and small part of the population and keep it evolving in their ... | In a classic example of a genetic algorithm, you would have a population and a certain amount of simulation time to evaluate it and breeding. Then proceed to the next generation. Is it possible, during the simulation process, to have an isolated and small part of the population and keep it evolving in their own little ... | 5 | 152 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><genetic-programming><island-models>"
] | 2016-10-06T10:26:13.423 | 2021-01-19T19:10:58.163 | 2,825 | 2,085 | [
{
"id": 2085,
"body": "<p>There have been extensive studies within <em>evolutionary computation</em> in the area of <a href=\"http://cs.gmu.edu/%7Eeclab/papers/skolicki05analysis.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><em>island models</em></a> and <a href=\"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1... | There have been extensive studies within evolutionary computation in the area of island models (http://cs.gmu.edu/%7Eeclab/papers/skolicki05analysis.pdf) and niching (http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.30.8270&rep=rep1&type=pdf) for doing exactly this. The advantages of this approach include great... | # Is it possible to separately evolve a part of the population?
**Tags:** <genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><genetic-programming><island-models>
**Question (score 5):**
In a classic example of a genetic algorithm, you would have a population and a certain amount of simulation time to evaluate it and breed... | 1,674 | 418 | {
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2,092 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is AI programming useful in everyday programs? | <p>I'm curious about Artificial Intelligence. In my everyday job I develop standard applications, like websites with basic functionalities like user subscription, file upload, forms saved in a database... </p>
<p>I mainly know of AI being used in games or robotics fields. But can it be useful in "standard" application... | I'm curious about Artificial Intelligence. In my everyday job I develop standard applications, like websites with basic functionalities like user subscription, file upload, forms saved in a database... I mainly know of AI being used in games or robotics fields. But can it be useful in "standard" application development... | 10 | 535 | 5 | 0 | 1 | [
"<applications>"
] | 2016-10-07T21:57:02.907 | 2016-10-21T13:58:02.750 | 2,862 | 2,098 | [
{
"id": 2098,
"body": "<p>Yes, but probably only to a limited degree in the near term.</p>\n\n<p>Where people draw the boundaries around 'artificial intelligence' is fuzzy, but if one takes the broad view, where it incorporates any sort of coding of explicitly cognitive functions, then many routine economic... | Yes, but probably only to a limited degree in the near term. Where people draw the boundaries around 'artificial intelligence' is fuzzy, but if one takes the broad view, where it incorporates any sort of coding of explicitly cognitive functions, then many routine economic tasks can benefit from artificial intelligence.... | # Is AI programming useful in everyday programs?
**Tags:** <applications>
**Question (score 10):**
I'm curious about Artificial Intelligence. In my everyday job I develop standard applications, like websites with basic functionalities like user subscription, file upload, forms saved in a database... I mainly know of... | 5,313 | 1,328 | {
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2,101 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it possible to create a 'logic system' equivalent to humans? | <p>I've heard of AI that can solve math problems. Is it possible to create a 'logic system' equivalent to humans that can solve mathematics in the so called 'beautiful' manner? Can AI find beauty in mathematics and solve problems other than using brute force? Can you please provide with examples where work on this is ... | I've heard of AI that can solve math problems. Is it possible to create a 'logic system' equivalent to humans that can solve mathematics in the so called 'beautiful' manner? Can AI find beauty in mathematics and solve problems other than using brute force? Can you please provide with examples where work on this is bein... | 2 | 98 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<research><applications>"
] | 2016-10-09T15:06:47.237 | 2018-10-19T10:08:47.333 | 26 | null | [
{
"id": 2114,
"body": "<p>There is of course a vast amount of work in the area of Automatic Theorem Proving, but most of it is simply concerned with proof, rather than human notions of beauty, elegance, parsimony etc.</p>\n\n<p>There has however been some work in this general area over the years:</p>\n\n<ul... | There is of course a vast amount of work in the area of Automatic Theorem Proving, but most of it is simply concerned with proof, rather than human notions of beauty, elegance, parsimony etc. There has however been some work in this general area over the years: - Douglas Lenat's famous AM (https://www.aaai.org/Papers/A... | # Is it possible to create a 'logic system' equivalent to humans?
**Tags:** <research><applications>
**Question (score 2):**
I've heard of AI that can solve math problems. Is it possible to create a 'logic system' equivalent to humans that can solve mathematics in the so called 'beautiful' manner? Can AI find beauty... | 1,337 | 334 | {
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2,107 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the most abstract concept learned by a deep neural network? | <p>It seems that deep neural networks are making improvements largely because as we add nodes and connections, they are able to put together more and more abstract concepts. We know that, starting from pixels, they start to recognize high level objects like cat faces, chairs, and written words. Has a network ever been ... | It seems that deep neural networks are making improvements largely because as we add nodes and connections, they are able to put together more and more abstract concepts. We know that, starting from pixels, they start to recognize high level objects like cat faces, chairs, and written words. Has a network ever been sho... | 7 | 378 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<deep-learning>"
] | 2016-10-10T00:02:42.510 | 2016-10-10T04:07:29.890 | 2,897 | null | [
{
"id": 2108,
"body": "<p>You can train DNN to <strike>learn</strike> compute any abstract concept just by making that abstract concept as the label (output) in the training dataset. For example there are projects which detects emotions from peoples photos.</p>\n",
"body_md": "You can train DNN to learn... | You can train DNN to learn compute any abstract concept just by making that abstract concept as the label (output) in the training dataset. For example there are projects which detects emotions from peoples photos. | # What is the most abstract concept learned by a deep neural network?
**Tags:** <deep-learning>
**Question (score 7):**
It seems that deep neural networks are making improvements largely because as we add nodes and connections, they are able to put together more and more abstract concepts. We know that, starting fro... | 810 | 202 | {
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2,111 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is AI living or non-living? | <p>I'm a bit confused about the definition of life. Can AI systems be called 'living'? Because they can do most of the things that we can. They can even communicate with one another. </p>
<p>They are not formed of what we call cells. But, you see, cells are just a collection of several chemical processes which is in t... | I'm a bit confused about the definition of life. Can AI systems be called 'living'? Because they can do most of the things that we can. They can even communicate with one another. They are not formed of what we call cells. But, you see, cells are just a collection of several chemical processes which is in turn non-livi... | 11 | 13,228 | 13 | 0 | 6 | [
"<philosophy><definitions><biology>"
] | 2016-10-10T04:44:32.257 | 2019-11-12T18:22:57.590 | 26 | null | [
{
"id": 2137,
"body": "<p>You're unsure about the definition of life (which the other answers clarify) but also most people are unclear about the definition of AI. Do you mean an AI that can accomplish a routine task (such as the path finder in a GPS) or a General AI that is able to find a creative solution... | You're unsure about the definition of life (which the other answers clarify) but also most people are unclear about the definition of AI. Do you mean an AI that can accomplish a routine task (such as the path finder in a GPS) or a General AI that is able to find a creative solution to any directive given to it (such an... | # Is AI living or non-living?
**Tags:** <philosophy><definitions><biology>
**Question (score 11):**
I'm a bit confused about the definition of life. Can AI systems be called 'living'? Because they can do most of the things that we can. They can even communicate with one another. They are not formed of what we call c... | 8,350 | 2,087 | {
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2,118 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can AI help developer to develop things | <p>I have seen an AI create a game it self, AI act as a lawyer, call center etc.</p>
<p>There are many problems (Example for mobile development)</p>
<pre><code>1. New api/technology or even new language every year.
2. New design
3. New hardware
4. Good code architecture, design pattern
5. Security
6. Image/Animation ... | I have seen an AI create a game it self, AI act as a lawyer, call center etc. There are many problems (Example for mobile development) ``` 1. New api/technology or even new language every year. 2. New design 3. New hardware 4. Good code architecture, design pattern 5. Security 6. Image/Animation optimization 7. Automat... | 3 | 124 | 1 | 3 | 1 | [
"<intelligence-testing><ai-security>"
] | 2016-10-11T06:08:16.267 | 2017-12-23T10:33:00.920 | 2,930 | 2,121 | [
{
"id": 2121,
"body": "<p>An umbrella term for the application of heuristic techniques to software development is 'Search Based Software Engineering' (SBSE).</p>\n\n<p>SBSE emerged as a distinct activity around the turn of the century, with a strong initial focus on automating the generation/prioritization ... | An umbrella term for the application of heuristic techniques to software development is 'Search Based Software Engineering' (SBSE). SBSE emerged as a distinct activity around the turn of the century, with a strong initial focus on automating the generation/prioritization of test cases. With respect to some of your spec... | # How can AI help developer to develop things
**Tags:** <intelligence-testing><ai-security>
**Question (score 3):**
I have seen an AI create a game it self, AI act as a lawyer, call center etc. There are many problems (Example for mobile development) ``` 1. New api/technology or even new language every year. 2. New ... | 2,293 | 573 | {
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2,119 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can we create an AI to develop mobile apps? | <p>There are AI creating game, content and more.</p>
<p>I'm thinking on how can AI develop mobile app itself?</p>
<p>The computer languages might easy for AI to learn.</p>
<p>AI can learn a lot from good open source project in github.</p>
<p>The trend prediction can help AI to select the topic for creating a great ... | There are AI creating game, content and more. I'm thinking on how can AI develop mobile app itself? The computer languages might easy for AI to learn. AI can learn a lot from good open source project in github. The trend prediction can help AI to select the topic for creating a great apps. There are lots of details to ... | 3 | 50 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<computer-programming>"
] | 2016-10-11T06:15:28.633 | 2016-10-11T06:44:14.300 | 2,930 | 2,120 | [
{
"id": 2120,
"body": "<p>We don't know how to do that yet. The problem is one of scale:</p>\n\n<p>Despite many years of research into program synthesis via heuristic methods, it's still not possible to automatically create programs (e.g. via Genetic Programming (GP), Grammatical Evolution (GE) or Learning ... | We don't know how to do that yet. The problem is one of scale: Despite many years of research into program synthesis via heuristic methods, it's still not possible to automatically create programs (e.g. via Genetic Programming (GP), Grammatical Evolution (GE) or Learning Classifier Systems (LCS)) that are thousands of ... | # How can we create an AI to develop mobile apps?
**Tags:** <computer-programming>
**Question (score 3):**
There are AI creating game, content and more. I'm thinking on how can AI develop mobile app itself? The computer languages might easy for AI to learn. AI can learn a lot from good open source project in github.... | 1,717 | 429 | {
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2,122 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are some datasets to train an MLP on simple tasks? | <p>I have implemented an MLP. Now, I want to train it to solve simple tasks. </p>
<p>Are there any data sets to train the MLP on simple tasks, that is, tasks with a small number of inputs and outputs? </p>
<p>I would like to train it to solve problems which are slightly more complex than the XOR problem.</p>
| I have implemented an MLP. Now, I want to train it to solve simple tasks. Are there any data sets to train the MLP on simple tasks, that is, tasks with a small number of inputs and outputs? I would like to train it to solve problems which are slightly more complex than the XOR problem. | 6 | 856 | 4 | 1 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><datasets><multilayer-perceptrons>"
] | 2016-10-11T14:11:41.737 | 2019-08-03T13:15:40.813 | 2,936 | null | [
{
"id": 2139,
"body": "<p>There are a ton of sample datasets our there you can play with. A bunch of good ones install with R in the datasets package. Luckily you can download them independently if you're not an R user. Try <a href=\"https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html\" rel=\"no... | There are a ton of sample datasets our there you can play with. A bunch of good ones install with R in the datasets package. Luckily you can download them independently if you're not an R user. Try https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html (https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html... | # What are some datasets to train an MLP on simple tasks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><datasets><multilayer-perceptrons>
**Question (score 6):**
I have implemented an MLP. Now, I want to train it to solve simple tasks. Are there any data sets to train the MLP on simple tasks, that is, tasks with a s... | 1,502 | 375 | {
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2,126 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why are autonomous cars categorized as AI? | <p>How are autonomous cars related to artificial intelligence? I would presume that artificial intelligence is when we are able to copy the human state of mind and perform tasks in the same way. But isn't an autonomous car just rule-based machines that operates due to its environment? They are not self-aware, and they ... | How are autonomous cars related to artificial intelligence? I would presume that artificial intelligence is when we are able to copy the human state of mind and perform tasks in the same way. But isn't an autonomous car just rule-based machines that operates due to its environment? They are not self-aware, and they can... | 9 | 1,747 | 5 | 0 | 3 | [
"<philosophy><agi><autonomous-vehicles><weak-ai>"
] | 2016-10-12T06:56:47.753 | 2019-06-20T15:20:09.030 | 2,963 | null | [
{
"id": 2129,
"body": "<p>There is a neat definition of artificial intelligence, which circumvents the problem of defining \"intelligence\" and which I would ascribe to <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)\" rel=\"noreferrer\">McCarthy</a>, the founder of the field, alt... | There is a neat definition of artificial intelligence, which circumvents the problem of defining "intelligence" and which I would ascribe to McCarthy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)), the founder of the field, although I can only find it now in this book (https://books.google.de/books?... | # Why are autonomous cars categorized as AI?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><autonomous-vehicles><weak-ai>
**Question (score 9):**
How are autonomous cars related to artificial intelligence? I would presume that artificial intelligence is when we are able to copy the human state of mind and perform tasks in the same way... | 2,182 | 545 | {
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2,127 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the advantages of having self-driving cars? | <p>What are the advantages of having self-driving cars?</p>
<p>We will be able to have more cars in the traffic at the same time, but won't it also make more people choose to use the cars, so both the traffic and the public health will actually become worse?</p>
<p>Are we really interested in this?</p>
| What are the advantages of having self-driving cars? We will be able to have more cars in the traffic at the same time, but won't it also make more people choose to use the cars, so both the traffic and the public health will actually become worse? Are we really interested in this? | 11 | 1,025 | 8 | 0 | 3 | [
"<philosophy><social><autonomous-vehicles>"
] | 2016-10-12T07:40:44.907 | 2019-06-20T15:22:12.070 | 2,963 | null | [
{
"id": 2128,
"body": "<p>One of the main arguments for self-driving cars is that presumably they'll get better and better at driving as the technology progresses, they have no temporal attention deficits or aggressive urges or drug habits and sense their environment 360°, all the while communicating with t... | One of the main arguments for self-driving cars is that presumably they'll get better and better at driving as the technology progresses, they have no temporal attention deficits or aggressive urges or drug habits and sense their environment 360°, all the while communicating with the other cars, which all together basi... | # What are the advantages of having self-driving cars?
**Tags:** <philosophy><social><autonomous-vehicles>
**Question (score 11):**
What are the advantages of having self-driving cars? We will be able to have more cars in the traffic at the same time, but won't it also make more people choose to use the cars, so bot... | 4,985 | 1,246 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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2,131 | ai.stackexchange.com | AI becoming sentient plausibility? | <p>In lots of sci-fi, it seems that AI becomes sentient (Terminator, Peter F Hamilton's SI (commonwealth saga), etc.)</p>
<p>However, I'm interested in whether this is actually plausible, whether an AI could actually break free form being controlled by us, and if that is possible, whether there is any research as to a... | In lots of sci-fi, it seems that AI becomes sentient (Terminator, Peter F Hamilton's SI (commonwealth saga), etc.) However, I'm interested in whether this is actually plausible, whether an AI could actually break free form being controlled by us, and if that is possible, whether there is any research as to about what s... | 3 | 542 | 3 | 1 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><deep-learning>"
] | 2016-10-12T16:52:48.150 | 2016-10-16T11:29:26.130 | 2,978 | 2,133 | [
{
"id": 2133,
"body": "<p>There are already programs that have broken free of our control (<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_worm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Morris worm</a>) so that in itself doesn't imply any great computational demands.</p>\n\n<p>Sentience is ill-defined but is certainly n... | There are already programs that have broken free of our control (Morris worm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_worm)) so that in itself doesn't imply any great computational demands. Sentience is ill-defined but is certainly not a pre-requisite for a program to do mischief beyond what its creators intend. It's diff... | # AI becoming sentient plausibility?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><deep-learning>
**Question (score 3):**
In lots of sci-fi, it seems that AI becomes sentient (Terminator, Peter F Hamilton's SI (commonwealth saga), etc.) However, I'm interested in whether this is actually plausible, whether an AI could actually break... | 2,529 | 632 | {
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2,144 | ai.stackexchange.com | How would DeepMind's new differentiable neural computer scale? | <p>DeepMind just published a <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20101" rel="nofollow noreferrer">paper</a> about a <a href="https://deepmind.com/blog/differentiable-neural-computers/" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>differentiable neural computer</em></a>, which basically <em>combines a neural network with a ... | DeepMind just published a paper (https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20101) about a differentiable neural computer (https://deepmind.com/blog/differentiable-neural-computers/), which basically combines a neural network with a memory. The idea is to teach the neural network to create and recall useful explicit memorie... | 12 | 1,703 | 1 | 0 | 3 | [
"<deep-learning><papers><scalability><neural-turing-machine>"
] | 2016-10-13T15:00:49.880 | 2020-11-08T22:31:00.930 | 2,227 | null | [
{
"id": 3619,
"body": "<p>Examining the architecture of the DNC <a href=\"https://www.quora.com/How-does-the-Deepmind-DNC-Differentiable-Neural-Computer-compare-to-LSTMs-and-RNNs\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">indeed shows many similarities to the LSTM</a>. Consider the diagram in the DeepMind article that y... | Examining the architecture of the DNC indeed shows many similarities to the LSTM (https://www.quora.com/How-does-the-Deepmind-DNC-Differentiable-Neural-Computer-compare-to-LSTMs-and-RNNs). Consider the diagram in the DeepMind article that you linked to: (https://i.stack.imgur.com/NwTfn.png) Compare this to the LSTM arc... | # How would DeepMind's new differentiable neural computer scale?
**Tags:** <deep-learning><papers><scalability><neural-turing-machine>
**Question (score 12):**
DeepMind just published a paper (https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20101) about a differentiable neural computer (https://deepmind.com/blog/differentiabl... | 4,856 | 1,214 | {
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2,145 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do we test if an model or algorithm is AI-complete? | <p>How do we test if a model or algorithm is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-complete" rel="nofollow noreferrer">AI-complete</a>?</p>
| How do we test if a model or algorithm is AI-complete (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-complete)? | 3 | 571 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<agi><intelligence-testing><turing-test><ai-completeness>"
] | 2016-10-13T19:29:51.133 | 2019-06-30T00:27:36.973 | 2,995 | 2,159 | [
{
"id": 2159,
"body": "<p>According to <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-complete\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">the Wikipedia definition</a>, a problem is said to be AI-complete if it requires generalized, human-level intelligence, that is, requires strong AI. The Turing test and its variants are t... | According to the Wikipedia definition (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-complete), a problem is said to be AI-complete if it requires generalized, human-level intelligence, that is, requires strong AI. The Turing test and its variants are the best ways we have of measuring this. See, for example, Turing Test as a Defin... | # How do we test if an model or algorithm is AI-complete?
**Tags:** <agi><intelligence-testing><turing-test><ai-completeness>
**Question (score 3):**
How do we test if a model or algorithm is AI-complete (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-complete)?
### Answer (score 2 · accepted)
According to the Wikipedia definiti... | 1,024 | 256 | {
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2,158 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why do self-driving cars use a radar? | <p>The slideshow <a href="https://www.national.co.uk/tech-powers-google-car/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">10 astonishing technologies that power google’s
self-driving cars</a> documents some of the technologies used in Google's self-driving car. It mentions a radar.</p>
<p>Why does Google use radar? Doesn't LIDAR do ev... | The slideshow 10 astonishing technologies that power google’s self-driving cars (https://www.national.co.uk/tech-powers-google-car/) documents some of the technologies used in Google's self-driving car. It mentions a radar. Why does Google use radar? Doesn't LIDAR do everything radar can do? In particular, are there te... | 4 | 277 | 2 | 2 | 1 | [
"<autonomous-vehicles><google>"
] | 2016-10-14T18:11:34.883 | 2019-06-20T15:25:21.010 | 3,022 | null | [
{
"id": 13078,
"body": "<p>LIDARs, especially cheap LIDARs, have problems with reflective surfaces (like metallic paint on cars), strong lights like car headlights, weather(rain, snow, hail, fog), and have a considerably shorter range than comparable in price radars. Of course, they have much better precisi... | LIDARs, especially cheap LIDARs, have problems with reflective surfaces (like metallic paint on cars), strong lights like car headlights, weather(rain, snow, hail, fog), and have a considerably shorter range than comparable in price radars. Of course, they have much better precision, so some hardware stacks for cars ar... | # Why do self-driving cars use a radar?
**Tags:** <autonomous-vehicles><google>
**Question (score 4):**
The slideshow 10 astonishing technologies that power google’s self-driving cars (https://www.national.co.uk/tech-powers-google-car/) documents some of the technologies used in Google's self-driving car. It mention... | 11,233 | 2,808 | {
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2,161 | ai.stackexchange.com | What would the commercial application of a conscious AI look like/be? | <p>Sometimes, but not always in the commercialization of technology, there are some low hanging fruits or early applications, I am having trouble coming up with examples of such applications as they would apply to a conscious AI.</p>
<p>As per conscious I would propose an expanded strict definition: the state of being... | Sometimes, but not always in the commercialization of technology, there are some low hanging fruits or early applications, I am having trouble coming up with examples of such applications as they would apply to a conscious AI. As per conscious I would propose an expanded strict definition: the state of being awake and ... | 2 | 113 | 3 | 8 | 0 | [
"<object-recognition><pattern-recognition>"
] | 2016-10-15T03:38:35.407 | 2016-10-15T21:07:29.410 | 3,020 | null | [
{
"id": 2162,
"body": "<p>They may be just for fun. If you had a robot that understood you, could hold a conversation with you about your interests, and even had goals of its own (good or bad), it wouldn't really need to do anything special. People would buy it like it was a toy or game.</p>\n\n<p>Also, the... | They may be just for fun. If you had a robot that understood you, could hold a conversation with you about your interests, and even had goals of its own (good or bad), it wouldn't really need to do anything special. People would buy it like it was a toy or game. Also, they might be usable as programmers, artists, desig... | # What would the commercial application of a conscious AI look like/be?
**Tags:** <object-recognition><pattern-recognition>
**Question (score 2):**
Sometimes, but not always in the commercialization of technology, there are some low hanging fruits or early applications, I am having trouble coming up with examples of... | 1,441 | 360 | {
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2,170 | ai.stackexchange.com | In 2016, can $1000.00 buy enough operations per second to be approximately equal to the computational power of a human brain? | <p>In The Age of Spiritual Machines (1999), Ray Kurzweil predicted that in 2009, a \$1000 computing device would be able to perform a trillion operations per second. Additionally, he claimed that in 2019, a \$1000 computing device would be approximately equal to the computational ability of the human brain (due to Moor... | In The Age of Spiritual Machines (1999), Ray Kurzweil predicted that in 2009, a \$1000 computing device would be able to perform a trillion operations per second. Additionally, he claimed that in 2019, a \$1000 computing device would be approximately equal to the computational ability of the human brain (due to Moore's... | 6 | 682 | 2 | 1 | 1 | [
"<comparison><human-like><hardware-evaluation><human-brain>"
] | 2016-10-17T02:16:40.473 | 2020-12-20T12:02:12.950 | 3,070 | null | [
{
"id": 2172,
"body": "<p>The <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Cost_of_computing\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">development of CPUs</a> didn't quite keep up with Kurzweil's predictions. But if you also <a href=\"https://www.cnet.com/products/nvidia-geforce-gtx-295/review/\" rel=\"nofollow norefe... | The development of CPUs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS#Cost_of_computing) didn't quite keep up with Kurzweil's predictions. But if you also allow for (https://www.cnet.com/products/nvidia-geforce-gtx-295/review/) GPU (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nvidia_graphics_processing_units#GeForce_200_series)s, his... | # In 2016, can $1000.00 buy enough operations per second to be approximately equal to the computational power of a human brain?
**Tags:** <comparison><human-like><hardware-evaluation><human-brain>
**Question (score 6):**
In The Age of Spiritual Machines (1999), Ray Kurzweil predicted that in 2009, a \$1000 computing... | 2,498 | 624 | {
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2,185 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is Artificial Intelligence restricted to electrical based technology? | <p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" rel="noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>AI is intelligence exhibited by machines.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I have been wondering if with the recent biological advancements, is there already a non-electrical-based "machine" that ... | According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence): AI is intelligence exhibited by machines. I have been wondering if with the recent biological advancements, is there already a non-electrical-based "machine" that is programmed by humans in order to be able to behave like a: flexible ration... | 8 | 333 | 3 | 0 | 2 | [
"<history><comparison><biology>"
] | 2016-10-19T13:28:45.640 | 2016-10-19T14:58:18.497 | 3,128 | null | [
{
"id": 2188,
"body": "<p>Not yet. <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_virology\">Synthetic virology</a> / <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_biology#Synthetic_life\">Synthetic life</a> are still in their infancy.\nWe can now synthesize simple bacteria (see Craig Venter's <a hre... | Not yet. Synthetic virology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_virology) / Synthetic life (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_biology#Synthetic_life) are still in their infancy. We can now synthesize simple bacteria (see Craig Venter's fascinating TED talk (https://www.ted.com/talks/craig_venter_is_on_the_ve... | # Is Artificial Intelligence restricted to electrical based technology?
**Tags:** <history><comparison><biology>
**Question (score 8):**
According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence): AI is intelligence exhibited by machines. I have been wondering if with the recent biological advanc... | 4,018 | 1,004 | {
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2,190 | ai.stackexchange.com | Was DeepMind's DQN Atari game learning simultaneous? | <p>DeepMind state that their deep Q-network (DQN) was able to continually adapt its behavior while learning to play 49 Atari games. </p>
<p>After learning all games with the same neural net, was the agent able to play them all at 'superhuman' levels simultaneously (whenever it was randomly presented with one of the g... | DeepMind state that their deep Q-network (DQN) was able to continually adapt its behavior while learning to play 49 Atari games. After learning all games with the same neural net, was the agent able to play them all at 'superhuman' levels simultaneously (whenever it was randomly presented with one of the games) or coul... | 9 | 520 | 2 | 2 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning><deepmind>"
] | 2016-10-20T01:42:51.263 | 2016-10-20T02:36:11.080 | 3,142 | 2,191 | [
{
"id": 2191,
"body": "<p>Switching required a re-learn.</p>\n\n<p>Also, <a href=\"https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~vmnih/docs/dqn.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">note that</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>We use the same network architecture, learning\n algorithm and hyperparameters settings across all seven games, showi... | Switching required a re-learn. Also, note that (https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~vmnih/docs/dqn.pdf): We use the same network architecture, learning algorithm and hyperparameters settings across all seven games, showing that our approach is robust enough to work on a variety of games without incorporating game-specific info... | # Was DeepMind's DQN Atari game learning simultaneous?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning><deepmind>
**Question (score 9):**
DeepMind state that their deep Q-network (DQN) was able to continually adapt its behavior while learning to play 49 Atari games. After learning all games with the same neural net, was t... | 1,196 | 299 | {
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2,192 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it possible to build an AGI with neural networks on neuromorphic chips? | <p>I read a lot about the structure of the human brain and artificial neural networks.</p>
<p>Is it possible to build an AGI (or human-level AI) with artificial neural networks on neuromorphic chips, which would be divided into centers, like the brain is, e.g. centers responsible for feelings, abstract thinking, speech... | I read a lot about the structure of the human brain and artificial neural networks. Is it possible to build an AGI (or human-level AI) with artificial neural networks on neuromorphic chips, which would be divided into centers, like the brain is, e.g. centers responsible for feelings, abstract thinking, speech, memory, ... | 3 | 302 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><agi><neuromorphic-engineering><neuroscience><human-brain>"
] | 2016-10-20T09:25:01.037 | 2021-01-26T01:46:55.627 | 3,148 | 2,194 | [
{
"id": 2194,
"body": "<p>No. The reasons include but are not limited to:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>lack of understanding of how the brain works</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>current ANNs are mostly good at pattern recognition and generative tasks, but lack the capacity to create abstractions on their own</p>\n</li>\n<li><p... | No. The reasons include but are not limited to: - lack of understanding of how the brain works - current ANNs are mostly good at pattern recognition and generative tasks, but lack the capacity to create abstractions on their own - we can't match the size/number of artificial neurons to the number of biological neurons ... | # Is it possible to build an AGI with neural networks on neuromorphic chips?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><agi><neuromorphic-engineering><neuroscience><human-brain>
**Question (score 3):**
I read a lot about the structure of the human brain and artificial neural networks. Is it possible to build an AGI (or human-level... | 1,048 | 262 | {
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2,201 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the purpose of hidden nodes in neural network? | <p>If I have a set of sensory nodes taking in information and a set of "action nodes" which determine the behavior of my robot, why do I need hidden nodes between them when I can let all sensory nodes affect all action nodes?</p>
<p>(This is in the context of evolving neural network)</p>
| If I have a set of sensory nodes taking in information and a set of "action nodes" which determine the behavior of my robot, why do I need hidden nodes between them when I can let all sensory nodes affect all action nodes? (This is in the context of evolving neural network) | 6 | 4,059 | 4 | 1 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><convolutional-neural-networks><evolutionary-algorithms>"
] | 2016-10-23T17:09:24.797 | 2016-11-01T04:40:10.877 | 1,321 | null | [
{
"id": 2206,
"body": "<p>A feed forward neural network without hidden nodes can only find linear decision boundaries. However, most of the time you need non-linear decision boundaries. Hence you need hidden nodes with a non-linear activation function. The more hidden nodes you have, the more data you need ... | A feed forward neural network without hidden nodes can only find linear decision boundaries. However, most of the time you need non-linear decision boundaries. Hence you need hidden nodes with a non-linear activation function. The more hidden nodes you have, the more data you need to find good parameters, but the more ... | # What is the purpose of hidden nodes in neural network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><convolutional-neural-networks><evolutionary-algorithms>
**Question (score 6):**
If I have a set of sensory nodes taking in information and a set of "action nodes" which determine the behavior of my robot, why do I need hidden nodes ... | 826 | 206 | {
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2,203 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are we technically able to make, in hardware, arbitrarily large neural networks with current technology? | <p><em>If neurons and synapses can be implemented using transistors, what prevents us from creating arbitrarily large neural networks using the same methods with which GPUs are made?</em></p>
<p>In essence, we have seen how extraordinarily well virtual neural networks implemented on sequential processors work (even GP... | If neurons and synapses can be implemented using transistors, what prevents us from creating arbitrarily large neural networks using the same methods with which GPUs are made? In essence, we have seen how extraordinarily well virtual neural networks implemented on sequential processors work (even GPUs are sequential ma... | 10 | 773 | 4 | 1 | 4 | [
"<neural-networks><recurrent-neural-networks><hardware><implementation>"
] | 2016-10-23T19:46:36.997 | 2020-03-05T16:09:05.237 | 3,211 | 2,209 | [
{
"id": 2209,
"body": "<p>The approach you describe is called <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering\" rel=\"noreferrer\">neuromorphic computing</a> and it's <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/526506/neuromorphic-chips/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">quite</a> a <a href=\"https://w... | The approach you describe is called neuromorphic computing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering) and it's quite (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/526506/neuromorphic-chips/) a busy (https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news2016/pm20160316-neuromorphic-computer-coming-online.html) field (http://www.... | # Are we technically able to make, in hardware, arbitrarily large neural networks with current technology?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><recurrent-neural-networks><hardware><implementation>
**Question (score 10):**
If neurons and synapses can be implemented using transistors, what prevents us from creating arbitrarily... | 7,341 | 1,835 | {
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2,211 | ai.stackexchange.com | How are generative adversarial networks trained? | <p>I am reading about generative adversarial networks (GANs) and I have some doubts regarding it. So far, I understand that in a GAN there are two different types of neural networks: one is generative (<span class="math-container">$G$</span>) and the other discriminative (<span class="math-container">$D$</span>). The g... | I am reading about generative adversarial networks (GANs) and I have some doubts regarding it. So far, I understand that in a GAN there are two different types of neural networks: one is generative ($G$) and the other discriminative ($D$). The generative neural network generates some data which the discriminative neura... | 13 | 1,577 | 2 | 1 | 6 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning><training><generative-adversarial-networks><self-supervised-learning>"
] | 2016-10-24T11:42:28.893 | 2020-11-22T12:30:58.357 | 39 | null | [
{
"id": 2212,
"body": "<h1>Compare generated and real data</h1>\n\n<p>All the results produced by G are always considered \"wrong\" by definition, even for a very good generator.</p>\n\n<p>You provide the discriminative neural network <span class=\"math-container\">$D$</span> with a mix of results generated... | # Compare generated and real data All the results produced by G are always considered "wrong" by definition, even for a very good generator. You provide the discriminative neural network $D$ with a mix of results generated by the generator network $G$ and real results from an outside source, and then you train it to di... | # How are generative adversarial networks trained?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning><training><generative-adversarial-networks><self-supervised-learning>
**Question (score 13):**
I am reading about generative adversarial networks (GANs) and I have some doubts regarding it. So far, I understand that in a GAN... | 2,711 | 677 | {
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2,219 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can you represent the state and action spaces for a card game in the case of a variable number of cards and actions? | <p>I know how a machine can learn to play Atari games (Breakout): <a href="https://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Evmnih/docs/dqn.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Playing Atari with Reinforcement Learning</a>. With the same technique, it is even possible to play FPS games (Doom): <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.05521" rel="nof... | I know how a machine can learn to play Atari games (Breakout): Playing Atari with Reinforcement Learning (https://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Evmnih/docs/dqn.pdf). With the same technique, it is even possible to play FPS games (Doom): Playing FPS Games with Reinforcement Learning (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.05521). Further st... | 8 | 2,092 | 3 | 3 | 3 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><game-ai><deep-rl><reference-request><markov-decision-process>"
] | 2016-10-26T08:11:31.073 | 2020-09-21T22:26:55.907 | 3,270 | null | [
{
"id": 4058,
"body": "<p>Instead of having the AI learn what action to take, you can alternatively train it to judge how \"good\" a position is. In order to determine what move to make, you don't ask the AI \"This is the current state, what move should I make\", you iterate through all possible moves, and ... | Instead of having the AI learn what action to take, you can alternatively train it to judge how "good" a position is. In order to determine what move to make, you don't ask the AI "This is the current state, what move should I make", you iterate through all possible moves, and feed the the resulting state into the AI a... | # How can you represent the state and action spaces for a card game in the case of a variable number of cards and actions?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><game-ai><deep-rl><reference-request><markov-decision-process>
**Question (score 8):**
I know how a machine can learn to play Atari games (Breakout): Playing At... | 7,411 | 1,852 | {
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2,226 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is a time-step in a Markov Decision Process? | <p>The "discounted sum of future rewards" (or return) using discount factor <span class="math-container">$\gamma$</span> is</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$\gamma^1 r_1 +\gamma^2 r_2 + \gamma^3 r_2 + \dots \tag{1}\label{1}$$</span></p>
<p>where <span class="math-container">$r_i$</span> is the reward rec... | The "discounted sum of future rewards" (or return) using discount factor $\gamma$ is $$\gamma^1 r_1 +\gamma^2 r_2 + \gamma^3 r_2 + \dots \tag{1}\label{1}$$ where $r_i$ is the reward received at the $i$th time-step. I am confused as to what constitutes a time-step. Say, I take an action now, so I will get a reward in 1 ... | 7 | 2,268 | 2 | 1 | 3 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><terminology><markov-decision-process><return><time-step>"
] | 2016-10-27T19:57:17.187 | 2021-01-12T10:49:02.027 | 35 | null | [
{
"id": 2300,
"body": "<p>In a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_decision_process\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Markov Decision Process (MDP)</a> model, we define a set of states (<span class=\"math-container\">$S$</span>), a set of actions (<span class=\"math-container\">$A$</span>), the rewar... | In a Markov Decision Process (MDP) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_decision_process) model, we define a set of states ($S$), a set of actions ($A$), the rewards ($R$), and the transition probabilities $P(s' \mid s, a)$. The goal is to figure out the best action to take in each of the states, i.e. the policy $\pi$... | # What is a time-step in a Markov Decision Process?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><terminology><markov-decision-process><return><time-step>
**Question (score 7):**
The "discounted sum of future rewards" (or return) using discount factor $\gamma$ is $$\gamma^1 r_1 +\gamma^2 r_2 + \gamma^3 r_2 + \dots \tag{1}\labe... | 6,587 | 1,646 | {
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2,234 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why would neural networks be a particularly good framework for "embodied AI"? | <p>There is this claim around that the brain's cognitive capabilities are tightly linked to the way it processes sensorimotor information and that, in this or a similar sense, our intelligence is "embodied". Lets assume, for the sake of argument, that this claim is correct (you may think the claim is too vagu... | There is this claim around that the brain's cognitive capabilities are tightly linked to the way it processes sensorimotor information and that, in this or a similar sense, our intelligence is "embodied". Lets assume, for the sake of argument, that this claim is correct (you may think the claim is too vague to even qua... | 5 | 411 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><human-like><embodied-cognition>"
] | 2016-10-30T21:20:13.010 | 2021-02-03T00:54:32.277 | 3,346 | 2,240 | [
{
"id": 2240,
"body": "<p>To my mind the essential reason why neural networks and the brain are powerful is that they create a hierarchical model of data or of the world. If you ask why that makes them powerful, well, that's just the structure of the world. If you are stalked by a wolf, it's not like its up... | To my mind the essential reason why neural networks and the brain are powerful is that they create a hierarchical model of data or of the world. If you ask why that makes them powerful, well, that's just the structure of the world. If you are stalked by a wolf, it's not like its upper jaw will attack you frontally, whi... | # Why would neural networks be a particularly good framework for "embodied AI"?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><human-like><embodied-cognition>
**Question (score 5):**
There is this claim around that the brain's cognitive capabilities are tightly linked to the way it processes sensorimotor information and that, in this ... | 8,700 | 2,175 | {
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2,235 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why can't we apply value iteration when we do not know the reward and transition functions, and how does Q-learning solve this issue? | <p>I don't understand why we can't apply <em>value iteration</em> when don't know the reward and transition probabilities. In <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifma8G7LegE&feature=youtu.be&t=3431&ab_channel=CS188Spring2013" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this lecture</a>, the lecturer says it has to do wi... | I don't understand why we can't apply value iteration when don't know the reward and transition probabilities. In this lecture (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifma8G7LegE&feature=youtu.be&t=3431&ab_channel=CS188Spring2013), the lecturer says it has to do with not being able to take max with samples, but what does this... | 4 | 248 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><q-learning><markov-decision-process><value-iteration>"
] | 2016-10-30T23:56:59.217 | 2020-09-27T22:48:02.423 | 35 | null | [
{
"id": 2292,
"body": "<p>For normal <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_decision_process#Value_iteration\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">value iteration</a>, you need to have the model, i.e. the transition probability, denoted by <span class=\"math-container\">$P(s' \\mid s,a)$</span>.</p>\n<p>Wit... | For normal value iteration (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_decision_process#Value_iteration), you need to have the model, i.e. the transition probability, denoted by $P(s' \mid s,a)$. With Q-learning, you use the current reward and the already stored Q value: The relation between the value function $V(s)$ and the... | # Why can't we apply value iteration when we do not know the reward and transition functions, and how does Q-learning solve this issue?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><q-learning><markov-decision-process><value-iteration>
**Question (score 4):**
I don't understand why we can't apply value iteration when don't kno... | 1,217 | 304 | {
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2,236 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why is Lisp such a good language for AI? | <p>I've heard before from computer scientists and from researchers in the area of AI that that Lisp is a good language for research and development in artificial intelligence. Does this still apply, with the proliferation of neural networks and deep learning? What was their reasoning for this? What languages are curren... | I've heard before from computer scientists and from researchers in the area of AI that that Lisp is a good language for research and development in artificial intelligence. Does this still apply, with the proliferation of neural networks and deep learning? What was their reasoning for this? What languages are current d... | 34 | 25,234 | 3 | 0 | 27 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><research><programming-languages>"
] | 2016-10-31T03:38:07.027 | 2017-01-09T04:47:02.603 | 3,323 | 2,237 | [
{
"id": 2237,
"body": "<p>First, I guess that you mean <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Lisp\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Common Lisp</a> (which is a standard language specification, see its <a href=\"http://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Front/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">HyperS... | First, I guess that you mean Common Lisp (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Lisp) (which is a standard language specification, see its HyperSpec (http://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Front/)) with efficient implementations (à la SBCL (https://sbcl.org/)). But some recent implementations of Scheme (https:... | # Why is Lisp such a good language for AI?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><research><programming-languages>
**Question (score 34):**
I've heard before from computer scientists and from researchers in the area of AI that that Lisp is a good language for research and development in artific... | 8,357 | 2,089 | {
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2,245 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is a trap function in the context of a genetic algorithm? | <p>What is a trap function in the context of a genetic algorithm? How is it related to the concepts of local and global optima?</p>
| What is a trap function in the context of a genetic algorithm? How is it related to the concepts of local and global optima? | 5 | 1,011 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<definitions><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><trap-functions>"
] | 2016-10-31T21:09:58.063 | 2020-12-08T16:09:59.407 | 3,343 | 2,246 | [
{
"id": 2246,
"body": "<p>\"Trap\" functions were introduced as a way to discuss how GAs behave on functions where sampling most of the search space would provide pressure for the algorithm to move in the wrong direction (wrong in the sense of away from the global optimum).</p>\n\n<p>For example, consider a... | "Trap" functions were introduced as a way to discuss how GAs behave on functions where sampling most of the search space would provide pressure for the algorithm to move in the wrong direction (wrong in the sense of away from the global optimum). For example, consider a four-bit function f(x) such that ``` f(0000) = 5 ... | # What is a trap function in the context of a genetic algorithm?
**Tags:** <definitions><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><trap-functions>
**Question (score 5):**
What is a trap function in the context of a genetic algorithm? How is it related to the concepts of local and global optima?
### Answer (score... | 1,470 | 367 | {
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2,248 | ai.stackexchange.com | What does the term "closed expression" mean? | <p>In the field of logic systems there is a property for reasoning algorithms called incompleteness or incompletion. In this context the phrase "any closed expression that is not derivable inside the same system" appeared. My question is what means "closed expression that is not derivable".</p>
| In the field of logic systems there is a property for reasoning algorithms called incompleteness or incompletion. In this context the phrase "any closed expression that is not derivable inside the same system" appeared. My question is what means "closed expression that is not derivable". | 5 | 939 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<algorithm><terminology><logic><reasoning>"
] | 2016-11-01T17:48:59.553 | 2017-05-29T12:22:48.093 | 3,338 | 2,748 | [
{
"id": 2748,
"body": "<p>A <strong>closed expression</strong> refers to a formula which has no free variables [<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-form_expression\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">1</a>]. This is also called <strong>sentence</strong>. In a logic system you have a set of axioms which... | A closed expression refers to a formula which has no free variables [1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-form_expression)]. This is also called sentence. In a logic system you have a set of axioms which are sentences and rules which state how to derive a sentence from this [2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_... | # What does the term "closed expression" mean?
**Tags:** <algorithm><terminology><logic><reasoning>
**Question (score 5):**
In the field of logic systems there is a property for reasoning algorithms called incompleteness or incompletion. In this context the phrase "any closed expression that is not derivable inside ... | 939 | 234 | {
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2,251 | ai.stackexchange.com | Were there known tests done on two or more AI interacting together? | <p>I am talking about relationships between AIs (e.g. 2 of them forming a couple, 3+ in family like relationship).</p>
<p>What knowledge could come out of such experimentation?</p>
| I am talking about relationships between AIs (e.g. 2 of them forming a couple, 3+ in family like relationship). What knowledge could come out of such experimentation? | 3 | 81 | 1 | 6 | 0 | [
"<emotional-intelligence><human-like>"
] | 2016-11-01T22:15:15.543 | 2016-11-02T18:35:09.503 | 3,401 | null | [
{
"id": 2734,
"body": "<p>One example might be self-play in games. Since neural networks and deep learning depend on massive amounts of data, one way to generate data is to have two virtual machines play each other and record the experience. An example discussion can be found at <a href=\"http://www.cs.corn... | One example might be self-play in games. Since neural networks and deep learning depend on massive amounts of data, one way to generate data is to have two virtual machines play each other and record the experience. An example discussion can be found at http://www.cs.cornell.edu/boom/2001sp/Tsinteris/gammon.htm (http:/... | # Were there known tests done on two or more AI interacting together?
**Tags:** <emotional-intelligence><human-like>
**Question (score 3):**
I am talking about relationships between AIs (e.g. 2 of them forming a couple, 3+ in family like relationship). What knowledge could come out of such experimentation?
### Answ... | 1,029 | 257 | {
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2,260 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could an AI be sentient? | <p>In theory, could an AI become sentient, as in learning and becoming self-aware, all from its source code?</p>
| In theory, could an AI become sentient, as in learning and becoming self-aware, all from its source code? | 9 | 728 | 3 | 0 | 2 | [
"<philosophy><agi><sentience>"
] | 2016-11-04T12:22:46.603 | 2019-06-21T21:39:55.877 | 3,448 | 2,263 | [
{
"id": 2263,
"body": "<p>In theory, if one could build a computing device that matched or exceeded the cognitive capabilities of a sentient being, it should be possible. </p>\n\n<p>(Singlarity adherents believe we will one day be able to transfer the human mind into an artificial computing platform, and it... | In theory, if one could build a computing device that matched or exceeded the cognitive capabilities of a sentient being, it should be possible. (Singlarity adherents believe we will one day be able to transfer the human mind into an artificial computing platform, and it logically follows that one could "hack" such a m... | # Could an AI be sentient?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><sentience>
**Question (score 9):**
In theory, could an AI become sentient, as in learning and becoming self-aware, all from its source code?
### Answer (score 4 · accepted)
In theory, if one could build a computing device that matched or exceeded the cognitive ... | 2,409 | 602 | {
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2,265 | ai.stackexchange.com | Building Profile Based Off Speech Patterns | <p>Has there been research done regarding processing speech then building a "speaker profile" based off the processed speech? Things like matching the voice with a speaker profile and matching speech patterns and wordage for the speaker profile would be examples of building the profile. Basically, building a model of a... | Has there been research done regarding processing speech then building a "speaker profile" based off the processed speech? Things like matching the voice with a speaker profile and matching speech patterns and wordage for the speaker profile would be examples of building the profile. Basically, building a model of an i... | 2 | 131 | 3 | 1 | 1 | [
"<natural-language-processing><pattern-recognition><voice-recognition>"
] | 2016-11-04T15:20:28.200 | 2016-11-04T22:03:31.200 | 2,818 | 2,267 | [
{
"id": 2267,
"body": "<p>Yes, there is. An extremely quick search found this:\n<a href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221536362_Multimodal_Speaker_Identification_Based_on_Text_and_Speech\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Multimodal Speaker Identification Based on Text_and_Speech</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Let ... | Yes, there is. An extremely quick search found this: Multimodal Speaker Identification Based on Text_and_Speech (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221536362_Multimodal_Speaker_Identification_Based_on_Text_and_Speech). Let me tl;dr for you: (My abstract addition in Italics) Novel method for speaker identification... | # Building Profile Based Off Speech Patterns
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><pattern-recognition><voice-recognition>
**Question (score 2):**
Has there been research done regarding processing speech then building a "speaker profile" based off the processed speech? Things like matching the voice with a speaker... | 2,048 | 512 | {
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2,274 | ai.stackexchange.com | What would be the best way to disable a rogue AI? | <p>Suppose that an artificial superintelligence (ASI) has finally been developed, but it has rebelled against humanity. We can assume that the ASI is online and can reproduce itself through electronic devices.</p>
<p>How would you disable the AI in the most efficient way possible reducing damage as much as possible?</p... | Suppose that an artificial superintelligence (ASI) has finally been developed, but it has rebelled against humanity. We can assume that the ASI is online and can reproduce itself through electronic devices. How would you disable the AI in the most efficient way possible reducing damage as much as possible? | 6 | 1,510 | 3 | 1 | 3 | [
"<agi><superintelligence><control-problem><ai-takeover><self-replicating-machines>"
] | 2016-11-05T11:08:54.697 | 2020-08-18T11:59:09.643 | 3,448 | 2,305 | [
{
"id": 2295,
"body": "<p>Metaphorically: make it so depressed it commits suicide.</p>\n\n<p>As per my answer to <a href=\"https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1768/could-a-paradox-kill-an-ai\">this AI SE question</a>, the idea is to feed it a sequence of inputs that will cause it to become (permanently) ... | Metaphorically: make it so depressed it commits suicide. As per my answer to this AI SE question (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1768/could-a-paradox-kill-an-ai), the idea is to feed it a sequence of inputs that will cause it to become (permanently) inactive. The technical details of how this might be achieved ... | # What would be the best way to disable a rogue AI?
**Tags:** <agi><superintelligence><control-problem><ai-takeover><self-replicating-machines>
**Question (score 6):**
Suppose that an artificial superintelligence (ASI) has finally been developed, but it has rebelled against humanity. We can assume that the ASI is on... | 2,289 | 572 | {
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2,277 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could an AI feel emotions? | <p>Assuming humans had finally developed the first humanoid AI based on the human brain, would It feel emotions? If not, would it still have ethics and/or morals?</p>
| Assuming humans had finally developed the first humanoid AI based on the human brain, would It feel emotions? If not, would it still have ethics and/or morals? | 12 | 1,628 | 10 | 4 | 6 | [
"<philosophy><human-like><ethics><emotional-intelligence><emotion-recognition>"
] | 2016-11-06T01:51:57.383 | 2021-05-08T17:04:11.200 | 3,448 | 2,376 | [
{
"id": 2298,
"body": "<p>There is much discussion in philosophy about inner language and the ability to perceive pain (see <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Pain in philosophy</a> article). Your question is in the area of philosophy and not science. If ... | There is much discussion in philosophy about inner language and the ability to perceive pain (see Pain in philosophy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)) article). Your question is in the area of philosophy and not science. If you define emotion as some state then you can construct simple automata with two... | # Could an AI feel emotions?
**Tags:** <philosophy><human-like><ethics><emotional-intelligence><emotion-recognition>
**Question (score 12):**
Assuming humans had finally developed the first humanoid AI based on the human brain, would It feel emotions? If not, would it still have ethics and/or morals?
### Answer (sc... | 6,517 | 1,629 | {
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2,279 | ai.stackexchange.com | CNN for detecting not just the nature of the object, but position within image as well | <p>Consider a typical convolutional neural network like this example that recognizes 10 different kinds of objects from the CIFAR-10 dataset:</p>
<p><a href="https://github.com/tflearn/tflearn/blob/master/examples/images/convnet_cifar10.py" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/tflearn/tflearn/blob/master/examp... | Consider a typical convolutional neural network like this example that recognizes 10 different kinds of objects from the CIFAR-10 dataset: https://github.com/tflearn/tflearn/blob/master/examples/images/convnet_cifar10.py (https://github.com/tflearn/tflearn/blob/master/examples/images/convnet_cifar10.py) ``` """ Convolu... | 2 | 4,219 | 5 | 0 | 1 | [
"<image-recognition><convolutional-neural-networks>"
] | 2016-11-06T10:27:48.913 | 2020-10-14T00:29:27.243 | 1,606 | null | [
{
"id": 2944,
"body": "<p>You could use another type of CNN that instead of classification is performing regression so it will also give you as output the position(it's not really like that but this is the core idea) .\nSome algorithms are <a href=\"https://github.com/weiliu89/caffe/tree/ssd\" rel=\"nofollo... | You could use another type of CNN that instead of classification is performing regression so it will also give you as output the position(it's not really like that but this is the core idea) . Some algorithms are SSD (https://github.com/weiliu89/caffe/tree/ssd) or YOLO (https://pjreddie.com/darknet/yolo/). | # CNN for detecting not just the nature of the object, but position within image as well
**Tags:** <image-recognition><convolutional-neural-networks>
**Question (score 2):**
Consider a typical convolutional neural network like this example that recognizes 10 different kinds of objects from the CIFAR-10 dataset: http... | 3,752 | 938 | {
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2,285 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the most sophisticated AI ever made? | <p>What is the most advanced AI software/system that humans have made to date, and what does it do?</p>
| What is the most advanced AI software/system that humans have made to date, and what does it do? | 11 | 1,862 | 4 | 1 | 8 | [
"<agi><research><state-of-the-art><weak-ai>"
] | 2016-11-06T17:43:07.307 | 2020-11-16T18:11:59.893 | 3,488 | 2,287 | [
{
"id": 2287,
"body": "<p>In my opinion, this would be <a href=\"http://www.foundalis.com/res/diss_research.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Phaeaco</a>, which was developed by Harry Foundalis at Douglas Hofstadter's CRCC research group.</p>\n\n<p>It takes noisy photographic images of <a href=\"https://www.theguar... | In my opinion, this would be Phaeaco (http://www.foundalis.com/res/diss_research.html), which was developed by Harry Foundalis at Douglas Hofstadter's CRCC research group. It takes noisy photographic images of Bongard problems (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/apr/25/can-you-solve-it-bongard-picture-puzzles-tha... | # What is the most sophisticated AI ever made?
**Tags:** <agi><research><state-of-the-art><weak-ai>
**Question (score 11):**
What is the most advanced AI software/system that humans have made to date, and what does it do?
### Answer (score 11 · accepted)
In my opinion, this would be Phaeaco (http://www.foundalis.co... | 3,607 | 901 | {
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2,286 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to calculate the entropy in the ID3 decision tree algorithm? | <p>Here is the definition of the entropy</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$H(S)=-\sum_{x \in X} p(x) \log _{2} p(x)$$</span></p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID3_algorithm#Entropy" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>'s description of entropy breaks down the formula, but I still don't know how to de... | Here is the definition of the entropy $$H(S)=-\sum_{x \in X} p(x) \log _{2} p(x)$$ Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID3_algorithm#Entropy)'s description of entropy breaks down the formula, but I still don't know how to determine the values of $X$, defined as The set of classes in $S$ and $p(x)$, defined as The ... | 3 | 4,175 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<machine-learning><classification><decision-tree><id3-algorithm><entropy>"
] | 2016-11-06T18:40:52.660 | 2020-12-04T23:18:53.370 | 3,490 | null | [
{
"id": 2372,
"body": "<p>Suppose you have data:</p>\n\n<pre><code>color height quality\n===== ====== =======\ngreen tall good\ngreen short bad\nblue tall bad\nblue short medium\nred tall medium\nred short medium\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>To calculate the entropy for quality in thi... | Suppose you have data: ``` color height quality ===== ====== ======= green tall good green short bad blue tall bad blue short medium red tall medium red short medium ``` To calculate the entropy for quality in this example: ``` X = {good, medium, bad} x1 = {good}, x2 = {bad}, x3 = {medium} ``` Probability of each x in ... | # How to calculate the entropy in the ID3 decision tree algorithm?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><classification><decision-tree><id3-algorithm><entropy>
**Question (score 3):**
Here is the definition of the entropy $$H(S)=-\sum_{x \in X} p(x) \log _{2} p(x)$$ Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID3_algorithm#Entr... | 1,397 | 349 | {
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2,301 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there a service that can search for answers to general questions? | <p>I was looking for an API service where I can ask it a general question (for example, <em>when was Einstein born?</em>) and retrieve an answer from the web.</p>
<p>Is there any available service to do that? Have tried Watson services, but didn't work as expected.</p>
| I was looking for an API service where I can ask it a general question (for example, when was Einstein born?) and retrieve an answer from the web. Is there any available service to do that? Have tried Watson services, but didn't work as expected. | 5 | 141 | 2 | 2 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><natural-language-processing><chat-bots><question-answering>"
] | 2016-11-08T18:15:34.353 | 2021-01-26T17:51:00.657 | 3,539 | null | [
{
"id": 2317,
"body": "<p>You can use Google</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&q=when%20was%20Einstein%20born\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&q=when%20was%20Einstein%20born</a>\nand parse the response.</p>\n\n<p>Wolfram ALPHA is ano... | You can use Google https://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&q=when%20was%20Einstein%20born (https://encrypted.google.com/search?hl=en&q=when%20was%20Einstein%20born) and parse the response. Wolfram ALPHA is another candidate. http://m.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=what+year+was+Einstein+born&x=0&y=0 (http://m.wolframalpha... | # Is there a service that can search for answers to general questions?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><natural-language-processing><chat-bots><question-answering>
**Question (score 5):**
I was looking for an API service where I can ask it a general question (for example, when was Einstein born?) and retrieve an answer ... | 881 | 220 | {
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2,303 | ai.stackexchange.com | What linear rectifier is better? | <p>What rectifier is better in general case of Convolutional Neural Network and how about empirical rules to use each type?</p>
<ul>
<li>ReLU</li>
<li>PReLU</li>
<li>RReLU</li>
<li>ELU</li>
<li>Leacky ReLU</li>
</ul>
| What rectifier is better in general case of Convolutional Neural Network and how about empirical rules to use each type? - ReLU - PReLU - RReLU - ELU - Leacky ReLU | 3 | 123 | 1 | 1 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><convolutional-neural-networks><architecture>"
] | 2016-11-09T11:03:07.003 | 2017-04-14T14:35:09.737 | 1,442 | 3,159 | [
{
"id": 3159,
"body": "<p>I've read all the papers about PReLU, LeakyReLU (...) and all the claims how it improves this and that but the little dirty secret is: most of the time it doesn't matter at all and you can't go much wrong with ReLU - empirically proven. I've personally tried all of them in many dif... | I've read all the papers about PReLU, LeakyReLU (...) and all the claims how it improves this and that but the little dirty secret is: most of the time it doesn't matter at all and you can't go much wrong with ReLU - empirically proven. I've personally tried all of them in many different problems (from training small n... | # What linear rectifier is better?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><convolutional-neural-networks><architecture>
**Question (score 3):**
What rectifier is better in general case of Convolutional Neural Network and how about empirical rules to use each type? - ReLU - PReLU - RReLU - ELU - Leacky ReLU
### Answer (score 4 ... | 827 | 206 | {
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2,306 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the top artificial intelligence journals? | <p>What are the top artificial intelligence journals?</p>
<p>I am looking for general artificial intelligence research, not necessarily machine learning. </p>
| What are the top artificial intelligence journals? I am looking for general artificial intelligence research, not necessarily machine learning. | 9 | 1,628 | 4 | 0 | 4 | [
"<research>"
] | 2016-11-09T12:19:59.713 | 2016-11-09T15:32:57.147 | 3,550 | null | [
{
"id": 2307,
"body": "<p>This <a href=\"http://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?category=1702\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">link</a> includes various journals for artificial intelligence applied to various domains.</p>\n\n<p>Some of those are:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems</l... | This link (http://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?category=1702) includes various journals for artificial intelligence applied to various domains. Some of those are: - IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems - Journal of the ACM - Knowledge-based systems - IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intellig... | # What are the top artificial intelligence journals?
**Tags:** <research>
**Question (score 9):**
What are the top artificial intelligence journals? I am looking for general artificial intelligence research, not necessarily machine learning.
### Answer (score 4)
This link (http://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?c... | 2,528 | 632 | {
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2,314 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to find proper parameter settings for a given optimization algorithm? | <p>Is there any methodology to find proper parameter settings for a given meta-heuristic algorithm, e.g. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_algorithm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">firefly algorithm</a> or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoo_search" rel="nofollow noreferrer">cuckoo search</a>?... | Is there any methodology to find proper parameter settings for a given meta-heuristic algorithm, e.g. the firefly algorithm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_algorithm) or the cuckoo search (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoo_search)? Is this an open issue in optimization? Is extensive experimentation, measureme... | 3 | 100 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<search><heuristics><hyperparameter-optimization><meta-heuristics>"
] | 2016-11-10T10:02:07.070 | 2020-03-09T16:55:31.530 | 3,566 | null | [
{
"id": 2316,
"body": "<p>How to find the best configuration for an algorithm is an open research question in AI. The topic in general is known as `hyper-parameter optimization' and there are a range of possible methods:</p>\n\n<p>One of the most popular is <a href=\"http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/irace/\" rel=\"n... | How to find the best configuration for an algorithm is an open research question in AI. The topic in general is known as `hyper-parameter optimization' and there are a range of possible methods: One of the most popular is IRace (http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/irace/), but other possibilities include: - Spearmint (https://gith... | # How to find proper parameter settings for a given optimization algorithm?
**Tags:** <search><heuristics><hyperparameter-optimization><meta-heuristics>
**Question (score 3):**
Is there any methodology to find proper parameter settings for a given meta-heuristic algorithm, e.g. the firefly algorithm (https://en.wiki... | 1,523 | 380 | {
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2,319 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can the English language ever be generalized using a set of grammar rules? | <p>In programming languages, there is a set of grammar rules which govern the construction of valid statements and expressions. These rules help in parsing the programs written by the user.</p>
<p>Can there ever be a functionally complete set of grammar rules which can parse any statement in English (locale-specific) ... | In programming languages, there is a set of grammar rules which govern the construction of valid statements and expressions. These rules help in parsing the programs written by the user. Can there ever be a functionally complete set of grammar rules which can parse any statement in English (locale-specific) accurately ... | 10 | 818 | 4 | 2 | 1 | [
"<ai-design><natural-language-processing><semantics>"
] | 2016-11-11T23:04:19.753 | 2018-10-08T12:36:30.397 | 3,592 | null | [
{
"id": 2322,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>Can there ever be a functionally complete set of grammar rules which can parse any statement in English (locale-specific) accurately and which can be possibly implemented for use in AI-based projects?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Parse it yes, accurately most likely no.... | Can there ever be a functionally complete set of grammar rules which can parse any statement in English (locale-specific) accurately and which can be possibly implemented for use in AI-based projects? Parse it yes, accurately most likely no. Why ? According to my understanding on how we derive meaning from sounds, ther... | # Can the English language ever be generalized using a set of grammar rules?
**Tags:** <ai-design><natural-language-processing><semantics>
**Question (score 10):**
In programming languages, there is a set of grammar rules which govern the construction of valid statements and expressions. These rules help in parsing ... | 7,437 | 1,859 | {
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2,324 | ai.stackexchange.com | Should we fear an AGI if it will be equivalent to a human? | <p>It seems to me that the first AGIs ought to be able to perform the same sort and variety of tasks as people, with the most computationally strenuous tasks taking an amount of time compared to how long a person would take. If this is the case, and people have yet to develop basic AGI (meaning it's a difficult task), ... | It seems to me that the first AGIs ought to be able to perform the same sort and variety of tasks as people, with the most computationally strenuous tasks taking an amount of time compared to how long a person would take. If this is the case, and people have yet to develop basic AGI (meaning it's a difficult task), sho... | 3 | 505 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><agi><human-like><superintelligence>"
] | 2016-11-13T07:15:29.303 | 2019-06-28T14:34:52.687 | 3,604 | 2,337 | [
{
"id": 2337,
"body": "<p>There are basically two worries:</p>\n\n<p>If we create an AGI that is a slightly better AGI-programmer than its creators, it might be able to improve its own source code to become even more intelligent. Which would enable it to improve its source code even more etc. Such a selfimp... | There are basically two worries: If we create an AGI that is a slightly better AGI-programmer than its creators, it might be able to improve its own source code to become even more intelligent. Which would enable it to improve its source code even more etc. Such a selfimproving seed AI might very quickly become superin... | # Should we fear an AGI if it will be equivalent to a human?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><human-like><superintelligence>
**Question (score 3):**
It seems to me that the first AGIs ought to be able to perform the same sort and variety of tasks as people, with the most computationally strenuous tasks taking an amount o... | 1,494 | 373 | {
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2,330 | ai.stackexchange.com | When will the number of neurons in AI systems equal the human brain? | <p>Based on fitting to historical data and extrapolation, when is it expected that the number of neurons in AI systems will equal those of the human brain?</p>
<p>I'm interested in a possible direct replication of the human brain, which will need equal numbers of neurons.</p>
<p>Of course, this assumes neurons which ... | Based on fitting to historical data and extrapolation, when is it expected that the number of neurons in AI systems will equal those of the human brain? I'm interested in a possible direct replication of the human brain, which will need equal numbers of neurons. Of course, this assumes neurons which are equally capable... | 9 | 5,227 | 6 | 1 | 5 | [
"<neurons><prediction>"
] | 2016-11-14T04:19:31.873 | 2016-11-14T15:21:31.023 | 2,424 | null | [
{
"id": 2334,
"body": "<p>Some back of the envelope calculations :</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>number of neurons in AI systems </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The number of neurons in AI systems is a little tricky to calculate, Neural Networks and Deep Learning are 2 current AI systems as you call them, specifics a... | Some back of the envelope calculations : number of neurons in AI systems The number of neurons in AI systems is a little tricky to calculate, Neural Networks and Deep Learning are 2 current AI systems as you call them, specifics are hard to come by (If someone has them please share), but data on parameters do exist, pa... | # When will the number of neurons in AI systems equal the human brain?
**Tags:** <neurons><prediction>
**Question (score 9):**
Based on fitting to historical data and extrapolation, when is it expected that the number of neurons in AI systems will equal those of the human brain? I'm interested in a possible direct r... | 4,922 | 1,230 | {
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2,338 | ai.stackexchange.com | When will artificial intelligence equal human intelligence? | <p>What are the current best estimates as to what year artificial intelligence will be able to score 100 points on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%E2%80%93Binet_Intelligence_Scales" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Stanford Binet IQ test</a>?</p>
| What are the current best estimates as to what year artificial intelligence will be able to score 100 points on the Stanford Binet IQ test (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%E2%80%93Binet_Intelligence_Scales)? | 2 | 332 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<intelligence-testing><prediction>"
] | 2016-11-14T15:44:57.997 | 2016-11-17T12:07:52.950 | 2,424 | null | [
{
"id": 2346,
"body": "<p>Not going into details of Stanford–Binet test, but just looking at <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%E2%80%93Binet_Intelligence_Scales\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">wikipedia page</a> it shows many subtests like knowledge, reasoning, verbal tests etc. Most of the eff... | Not going into details of Stanford–Binet test, but just looking at wikipedia page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%E2%80%93Binet_Intelligence_Scales) it shows many subtests like knowledge, reasoning, verbal tests etc. Most of the efforts in the artificial intelligence today is directed into research of specific ... | # When will artificial intelligence equal human intelligence?
**Tags:** <intelligence-testing><prediction>
**Question (score 2):**
What are the current best estimates as to what year artificial intelligence will be able to score 100 points on the Stanford Binet IQ test (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%E2%80%9... | 2,810 | 702 | {
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2,342 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does A* search work given there are multiple goal states? | <p>When I have read through the fundamentals of AI, I saw a situation (i.e., a search space) which is illustrated in the following picture.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/zX6wZ.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/zX6wZ.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
<p>These... | When I have read through the fundamentals of AI, I saw a situation (i.e., a search space) which is illustrated in the following picture. (https://i.stack.imgur.com/zX6wZ.png) These are the heuristic estimates: ``` h(B)=9 h(D)=10 h(A)=2 h(C)=1 ``` If we use the A* algorithm, the node $B$ will be expanded first because $... | 5 | 978 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<search><heuristics><a-star>"
] | 2016-11-16T12:35:47.487 | 2019-11-10T17:10:45.097 | 3,673 | 2,687 | [
{
"id": 2344,
"body": "<p>Yes. If you leave A* running (i.e. do not impose a goal condition on a newly-encountered state), all states will be explored, just as they would be in breadth- or depth- first search.</p>\n",
"body_md": "Yes. If you leave A* running (i.e. do not impose a goal condition on a new... | Yes. If you leave A* running (i.e. do not impose a goal condition on a newly-encountered state), all states will be explored, just as they would be in breadth- or depth- first search. | # How does A* search work given there are multiple goal states?
**Tags:** <search><heuristics><a-star>
**Question (score 5):**
When I have read through the fundamentals of AI, I saw a situation (i.e., a search space) which is illustrated in the following picture. (https://i.stack.imgur.com/zX6wZ.png) These are the h... | 914 | 228 | {
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2,347 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could artificial intelligence cause problems for humanity after figuring out human behavior? | <p><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/34243898/five-questions-we-should-ask-ourselves-before-ai-answers-them-for-us" rel="nofollow noreferrer">This BBC article</a> suggests that intelligent algorithms, like those that select news stories and advertisements for display, could control our experience of the wo... | This BBC article (http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/34243898/five-questions-we-should-ask-ourselves-before-ai-answers-them-for-us) suggests that intelligent algorithms, like those that select news stories and advertisements for display, could control our experience of the world and manipulate us. Will Artificial In... | 6 | 393 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<philosophy><human-like><control-problem><social><neo-luddism>"
] | 2016-11-17T18:22:39.990 | 2019-04-05T12:16:59.427 | 1,581 | null | [
{
"id": 2348,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>Will Artificial Intelligence some day become a problem to humanity\n after learning human behaviors and characteristics?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>It can be answered in both ways, I think.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Yes, they may become a problem.</strong></p>\n\n<p>With the... | Will Artificial Intelligence some day become a problem to humanity after learning human behaviors and characteristics? It can be answered in both ways, I think. Yes, they may become a problem. With the increasing integration of loads of apps and smart devices in our life, almost everything defining an individual human ... | # Could artificial intelligence cause problems for humanity after figuring out human behavior?
**Tags:** <philosophy><human-like><control-problem><social><neo-luddism>
**Question (score 6):**
This BBC article (http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/34243898/five-questions-we-should-ask-ourselves-before-ai-answers-the... | 3,637 | 909 | {
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2,349 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are ReLUs incapable of solving certain problems? | <h3>Background</h3>
<p>I've been interested in and reading about neural networks for several years, but I haven't gotten around to testing them out until recently.</p>
<p>Both for fun and to increase my understanding, I tried to write a class library from scratch in .Net. For tests, I've tried some simple functions, su... | ### Background I've been interested in and reading about neural networks for several years, but I haven't gotten around to testing them out until recently. Both for fun and to increase my understanding, I tried to write a class library from scratch in .Net. For tests, I've tried some simple functions, such as generatin... | 8 | 1,283 | 3 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><activation-function><function-approximation><relu><sigmoid>"
] | 2016-11-17T20:46:24.343 | 2021-01-17T20:43:54.733 | 3,702 | 2,384 | [
{
"id": 2384,
"body": "<p>There are a variety of possible things that could be wrong, but let me give you some potentially useful information.</p>\n<p>Neural networks with ReLU activation functions are Turing complete for a computation with on order as many steps as the network contains nodes - for a recurr... | There are a variety of possible things that could be wrong, but let me give you some potentially useful information. Neural networks with ReLU activation functions are Turing complete for a computation with on order as many steps as the network contains nodes - for a recurrent network (an RNN), that means the same leve... | # Are ReLUs incapable of solving certain problems?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><activation-function><function-approximation><relu><sigmoid>
**Question (score 8):**
### Background I've been interested in and reading about neural networks for several years, but I haven't gotten around to testing them out until recently... | 4,090 | 1,022 | {
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2,351 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is the QuickDraw with Google neural net a convolutional neural network? | <p>Does anyone know, or can we deduce or infer with high probability from its characteristics, whether the neural network used on this site </p>
<p><a href="https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/" rel="noreferrer">https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/</a></p>
<p>is a type of convolutional neural network (CNN)?</p>
| Does anyone know, or can we deduce or infer with high probability from its characteristics, whether the neural network used on this site https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/ (https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/) is a type of convolutional neural network (CNN)? | 4 | 1,631 | 1 | 1 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><image-recognition><convolutional-neural-networks>"
] | 2016-11-18T20:16:43.493 | 2017-01-07T15:47:06.297 | 46 | 2,355 | [
{
"id": 2355,
"body": "<p>I believe they don't use CNNs. The most important reason why it's because they have more information than a regular image: time. The input they receive is a sequence of (x,y,t) as you draw on the screen, which they refer as \"ink\". This gives them the construction of the image for... | I believe they don't use CNNs. The most important reason why it's because they have more information than a regular image: time. The input they receive is a sequence of (x,y,t) as you draw on the screen, which they refer as "ink". This gives them the construction of the image for free, which a CNN would have to deduce ... | # Is the QuickDraw with Google neural net a convolutional neural network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><image-recognition><convolutional-neural-networks>
**Question (score 4):**
Does anyone know, or can we deduce or infer with high probability from its characteristics, whether the neural network used on this site http... | 1,537 | 384 | {
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2,353 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can an artificial general intelligence determine which information is true? | <p>After the explosion of fake news during the US election, and following the question about whether AIs can educate themselves via the internet, it is clear to me that any newly-launched AI will have a serious problem knowing what to believe (that is, rely on as input for making predictions and decisions).</p>
<p>Inf... | After the explosion of fake news during the US election, and following the question about whether AIs can educate themselves via the internet, it is clear to me that any newly-launched AI will have a serious problem knowing what to believe (that is, rely on as input for making predictions and decisions). Information pr... | 5 | 799 | 4 | 2 | 3 | [
"<philosophy><agi>"
] | 2016-11-19T06:02:15.850 | 2019-06-20T21:45:15.663 | 3,601 | null | [
{
"id": 2354,
"body": "<p>Not possible without some big restrictions. What it can do is look at known \"good\" sites and compare news with site that is potentially \"bad\". Obvious problem here is defining some sites as absolute truth. For example it can recognize, while reading text, that some politician s... | Not possible without some big restrictions. What it can do is look at known "good" sites and compare news with site that is potentially "bad". Obvious problem here is defining some sites as absolute truth. For example it can recognize, while reading text, that some politician said something. These sentences can be comp... | # How can an artificial general intelligence determine which information is true?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi>
**Question (score 5):**
After the explosion of fake news during the US election, and following the question about whether AIs can educate themselves via the internet, it is clear to me that any newly-launche... | 3,995 | 998 | {
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2,356 | ai.stackexchange.com | Would an AI with human intelligence have the same rights as a human under current legal frameworks? | <p>For example, would an AI be able to own property, evict tenants, acquire debt, employ, vote, or marry? What are the legal structures in place to implement a strong AI into society? </p>
| For example, would an AI be able to own property, evict tenants, acquire debt, employ, vote, or marry? What are the legal structures in place to implement a strong AI into society? | 9 | 353 | 6 | 2 | 3 | [
"<agi><control-problem><legal>"
] | 2016-11-20T04:25:14.977 | 2016-11-23T01:22:43.420 | 3,748 | 2,359 | [
{
"id": 2359,
"body": "<p>Yes, to some of what you propose. No to some.</p>\n\n<p>Today corporations are granted rights: to own property, earn income, pay taxes, contribute to political campaigns, offer opinion in public, ad more. Even now I see no reason why an AI should not be eligible to incorporate it... | Yes, to some of what you propose. No to some. Today corporations are granted rights: to own property, earn income, pay taxes, contribute to political campaigns, offer opinion in public, ad more. Even now I see no reason why an AI should not be eligible to incorporate itself, thereby inheriting all these rights. Convers... | # Would an AI with human intelligence have the same rights as a human under current legal frameworks?
**Tags:** <agi><control-problem><legal>
**Question (score 9):**
For example, would an AI be able to own property, evict tenants, acquire debt, employ, vote, or marry? What are the legal structures in place to implem... | 3,689 | 922 | {
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2,363 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is a Sobel filter for edge detection a type of Cellular Neural Network? | <p>I have implemented a Sobel filter for edge detection in Matlab without using its toolbox. I am a bit confused: </p>
<p>Is a Sobel filter a type of Cellular Neural Network?</p>
<p>Both Sobel and Cellular Neural Network calculate output via its neighborhood cells.</p>
| I have implemented a Sobel filter for edge detection in Matlab without using its toolbox. I am a bit confused: Is a Sobel filter a type of Cellular Neural Network? Both Sobel and Cellular Neural Network calculate output via its neighborhood cells. | 6 | 899 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><matlab>"
] | 2016-11-21T12:44:57.060 | 2018-01-28T23:05:11.443 | 3,763 | 2,364 | [
{
"id": 2364,
"body": "<p>You're right about the basic arrangement of the inputs, but there are a number of differences:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Artificial neural networks</a> typically use exemplar data as inputs for... | You're right about the basic arrangement of the inputs, but there are a number of differences: - Artificial neural networks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network) typically use exemplar data as inputs for the purpose of training, or adjusting the weights of its internal connections, to accurately clas... | # Is a Sobel filter for edge detection a type of Cellular Neural Network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><matlab>
**Question (score 6):**
I have implemented a Sobel filter for edge detection in Matlab without using its toolbox. I am a bit confused: Is a Sobel filter a type of Cellular Neural Network? Both Sobel and Cell... | 2,092 | 523 | {
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2,366 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the most important components in the algorithm of a minimum AI? | <p>If someone wants to develop a <strong>basic AI</strong> with some code modules,Let us say the AI just has to provide an action when stimulated in a certain situation based on its previous understanding of situations. </p>
<p>I can think of at least 3 of such components:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Real-time Understanding... | If someone wants to develop a basic AI with some code modules,Let us say the AI just has to provide an action when stimulated in a certain situation based on its previous understanding of situations. I can think of at least 3 of such components: - Real-time Understanding/Learning: Using Deep Learning/ConvNets, Supervis... | 6 | 2,442 | 2 | 2 | 4 | [
"<algorithm><ai-design>"
] | 2016-11-22T00:10:21.533 | 2016-11-23T21:27:18.617 | 3,768 | 2,560 | [
{
"id": 2390,
"body": "<p>Some good places to start would be <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">cognitive architectures</a> and as mentioned in another answer <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">int... | Some good places to start would be cognitive architectures (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture) and as mentioned in another answer intelligent agents (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent). The question is broad but you definitely want to look into planning & decision making (http://msl.cs.... | # What are the most important components in the algorithm of a minimum AI?
**Tags:** <algorithm><ai-design>
**Question (score 6):**
If someone wants to develop a basic AI with some code modules,Let us say the AI just has to provide an action when stimulated in a certain situation based on its previous understanding ... | 9,526 | 2,381 | {
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2,373 | ai.stackexchange.com | Will AIs make most of the scientific discoveries in 50 years? | <p>Given the advantage AI already has over human intelligence, one could imagine a relatively weak strong-AI (barely human intelligence) still outperforming a segment of the human scientist population in terms of scientific discoveries per year (or hour).</p>
<p>Will AIs be doing most of the science in 50 years?</p>
| Given the advantage AI already has over human intelligence, one could imagine a relatively weak strong-AI (barely human intelligence) still outperforming a segment of the human scientist population in terms of scientific discoveries per year (or hour). Will AIs be doing most of the science in 50 years? | 5 | 154 | 3 | 2 | 0 | [
"<control-problem><world-knowledge>"
] | 2016-11-23T02:09:13.923 | 2016-11-25T10:59:40.203 | 3,748 | 2,374 | [
{
"id": 2374,
"body": "<p>According to <a href=\"http://www.kurzweilai.net/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Ray Kurzweil</a>, a prominent AI researcher, yes. In his book <em>The Singularity is Near</em> he predicts that AIs will take over developing other AIs in about 30 years, after which human intelligence ... | According to Ray Kurzweil (http://www.kurzweilai.net/), a prominent AI researcher, yes. In his book The Singularity is Near he predicts that AIs will take over developing other AIs in about 30 years, after which human intelligence will become marginalised. | # Will AIs make most of the scientific discoveries in 50 years?
**Tags:** <control-problem><world-knowledge>
**Question (score 5):**
Given the advantage AI already has over human intelligence, one could imagine a relatively weak strong-AI (barely human intelligence) still outperforming a segment of the human scienti... | 729 | 182 | {
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