id int64 | site string | title string | question_body string | question_body_md string | question_score int32 | question_view_count int32 | question_answer_count int32 | question_comment_count int32 | question_favorite_count int32 | question_tags list | question_creation_date string | question_last_edit_date string | question_user_id int64 | accepted_answer_id int64 | answers list | best_answer string | text string | char_length int32 | tokens_estimate int32 | meta dict |
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1,334 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does Watson find and evaluate its evidence to the answer? | <p>Is there any simple explanation how <em>Watson</em> finds and scores evidence after gathering massive evidence and analyzing the data?</p>
<p>In other words, how does it know which precise answer it needs to return?</p>
| Is there any simple explanation how Watson finds and scores evidence after gathering massive evidence and analyzing the data? In other words, how does it know which precise answer it needs to return? | 3 | 142 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<watson>"
] | 2016-08-04T18:40:44.093 | 2016-08-17T13:52:23.383 | 8 | 1,342 | [
{
"id": 1342,
"body": "<p>Watson starts off by searching its massive database of sources for stuff that might be pertinent to the question. Next, it searches through all of the search results and turns them into candidate answers. For example, if one of the search results is an article, Watson might pick th... | Watson starts off by searching its massive database of sources for stuff that might be pertinent to the question. Next, it searches through all of the search results and turns them into candidate answers. For example, if one of the search results is an article, Watson might pick the title of the article as a possible a... | # How does Watson find and evaluate its evidence to the answer?
**Tags:** <watson>
**Question (score 3):**
Is there any simple explanation how Watson finds and scores evidence after gathering massive evidence and analyzing the data? In other words, how does it know which precise answer it needs to return?
### Answe... | 1,588 | 397 | {
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1,348 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are Asimov's Laws flawed by design, or are they feasible in practice? | <p>Isaac Asimov's famous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics">Three Laws of Robotics</a> originated in the context of Asimov's science fiction stories. In those stories, the three laws serve as a safety measure, in order to avoid untimely or manipulated situations from exploding in havoc.</p>
... | Isaac Asimov's famous Three Laws of Robotics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics) originated in the context of Asimov's science fiction stories. In those stories, the three laws serve as a safety measure, in order to avoid untimely or manipulated situations from exploding in havoc. More often than not... | 20 | 586 | 3 | 3 | 3 | [
"<ai-safety><asimovs-laws>"
] | 2016-08-04T23:49:01.983 | 2020-12-04T23:12:50.163 | 71 | 1,355 | [
{
"id": 1355,
"body": "<p>Asimov's laws are not strong enough to be used in practice. Strength isn't even a consideration, when considering that since they're written in English words would first have to be interpreted subjectively to have any meaning at all. You can find a good discussion of this <a href=\... | Asimov's laws are not strong enough to be used in practice. Strength isn't even a consideration, when considering that since they're written in English words would first have to be interpreted subjectively to have any meaning at all. You can find a good discussion of this here (https://youtu.be/7PKx3kS7f4A). To transcr... | # Are Asimov's Laws flawed by design, or are they feasible in practice?
**Tags:** <ai-safety><asimovs-laws>
**Question (score 20):**
Isaac Asimov's famous Three Laws of Robotics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics) originated in the context of Asimov's science fiction stories. In those stories, the... | 3,207 | 801 | {
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
1,354 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any textual CAPTCHA challenges which can fool AI, but not human? | <p>Are there any modern techniques of generating <strong>textual</strong> CAPTCHA (so person needs to type the right text) challenges which can easily <a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/92/8">fool AI</a> with some visual obfuscation methods, but at the same time human can solve them without any struggle?</p>
<p>F... | Are there any modern techniques of generating textual CAPTCHA (so person needs to type the right text) challenges which can easily fool AI (https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/92/8) with some visual obfuscation methods, but at the same time human can solve them without any struggle? For example I'm talking about plain abili... | 10 | 569 | 3 | 3 | 2 | [
"<image-recognition><research><optical-character-recognition>"
] | 2016-08-05T01:45:17.633 | 2017-04-13T12:53:10.013 | 8 | 2,143 | [
{
"id": 2143,
"body": "<p>It's an interesting question about what makes humans unique. There is a good book on the subject titled <a href=\"https://archive.org/stream/whatcomputerscan017504mbp/whatcomputerscan017504mbp_djvu.txt\" rel=\"noreferrer\">What Computers Cant Do</a> by <a href=\"https://en.wikipedi... | It's an interesting question about what makes humans unique. There is a good book on the subject titled What Computers Cant Do (https://archive.org/stream/whatcomputerscan017504mbp/whatcomputerscan017504mbp_djvu.txt) by Hubert Dreyfus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus). One task that a computer can't handle... | # Are there any textual CAPTCHA challenges which can fool AI, but not human?
**Tags:** <image-recognition><research><optical-character-recognition>
**Question (score 10):**
Are there any modern techniques of generating textual CAPTCHA (so person needs to type the right text) challenges which can easily fool AI (http... | 4,395 | 1,098 | {
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1,357 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can the emotional quotient of an AI program be measured? | <p>Can an AI program have an EQ (emotional intelligence or emotional quotient)?</p>
<p>In other words, can the EQ of an AI program be measured?</p>
<p>If EQ is more problematic to measure than IQ (at least with a standard applicable to both humans and AI programs), why is that the case?</p>
| Can an AI program have an EQ (emotional intelligence or emotional quotient)? In other words, can the EQ of an AI program be measured? If EQ is more problematic to measure than IQ (at least with a standard applicable to both humans and AI programs), why is that the case? | 10 | 261 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<emotional-intelligence><intelligence-testing>"
] | 2016-08-05T05:40:23.683 | 2021-09-23T16:14:43.233 | 1,278 | 1,359 | [
{
"id": 1359,
"body": "<p>The answer to your question is \"In principle, yes\" - in it's most general form, EQ testing is just a specific case of the Turing test (\"How would you feel about ... ?\"). </p>\n\n<p>To see why meaningful EQ tests might be difficult to achieve, consider the following two possible... | The answer to your question is "In principle, yes" - in it's most general form, EQ testing is just a specific case of the Turing test ("How would you feel about ... ?"). To see why meaningful EQ tests might be difficult to achieve, consider the following two possible tests: At one extreme of complexity, the film 'Blade... | # How can the emotional quotient of an AI program be measured?
**Tags:** <emotional-intelligence><intelligence-testing>
**Question (score 10):**
Can an AI program have an EQ (emotional intelligence or emotional quotient)? In other words, can the EQ of an AI program be measured? If EQ is more problematic to measure t... | 3,014 | 753 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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1,358 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does "Monte-Carlo search" work? | <p>I have heard about this concept in a Reddit post about Alpha Go. I have tried to go through the paper and the article, but could not really make sense of the algorithm.</p>
<p>So, can someone give an easy-to-understand explanation of how the Monte-Carlo search algorithm work and how is it being used in building gam... | I have heard about this concept in a Reddit post about Alpha Go. I have tried to go through the paper and the article, but could not really make sense of the algorithm. So, can someone give an easy-to-understand explanation of how the Monte-Carlo search algorithm work and how is it being used in building game-playing A... | 16 | 2,500 | 1 | 2 | 8 | [
"<gaming><monte-carlo-tree-search>"
] | 2016-08-05T07:03:50.110 | 2017-05-16T04:33:03.233 | 101 | 1,361 | [
{
"id": 1361,
"body": "<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method\">Monte Carlo method</a> is an approach where you generate a large number of random values or simulations and form some sort of conlusions based on the general patterns, such as the means and variances.</p>\n\n<p>As an exam... | Monte Carlo method (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method) is an approach where you generate a large number of random values or simulations and form some sort of conlusions based on the general patterns, such as the means and variances. As an example, you could use it for weather forecasts (https://en.wikipe... | # How does "Monte-Carlo search" work?
**Tags:** <gaming><monte-carlo-tree-search>
**Question (score 16):**
I have heard about this concept in a Reddit post about Alpha Go. I have tried to go through the paper and the article, but could not really make sense of the algorithm. So, can someone give an easy-to-understan... | 2,403 | 600 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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1,360 | ai.stackexchange.com | Has any research been done on DNN Music? | <p>DNNs are typically used to classify things (of course) but can we let them go wild with sounds and then tell them if we think it sounds good or not? I'd like to think after a training class has been made (perhaps comparing the output to an existing song) we could get an NN that has a basic concept of music.</p>
<p>... | DNNs are typically used to classify things (of course) but can we let them go wild with sounds and then tell them if we think it sounds good or not? I'd like to think after a training class has been made (perhaps comparing the output to an existing song) we could get an NN that has a basic concept of music. Timing woul... | 6 | 161 | 1 | 2 | 3 | [
"<deep-neural-networks><machine-learning>"
] | 2016-08-05T08:51:50.657 | 2016-08-18T21:36:41.180 | 1,284 | 1,369 | [
{
"id": 1369,
"body": "<p>The first thing is to define what is a «good» and a «bad» sound. This is an extremely tricky issue, since the networks need <em>numeric</em> inputs. And music is whole bunch of numbers.</p>\n\n<p>I know from people doing research in identifying <em>how similar</em> two sounds are, ... | The first thing is to define what is a «good» and a «bad» sound. This is an extremely tricky issue, since the networks need numeric inputs. And music is whole bunch of numbers. I know from people doing research in identifying how similar two sounds are, and imitation, say: you hear a sound and try to make another that ... | # Has any research been done on DNN Music?
**Tags:** <deep-neural-networks><machine-learning>
**Question (score 6):**
DNNs are typically used to classify things (of course) but can we let them go wild with sounds and then tell them if we think it sounds good or not? I'd like to think after a training class has been ... | 2,179 | 544 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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1,362 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to avoid falling into the "local minima" trap? | <p>How do I avoid my gradient descent algorithm into falling into the "local minima" trap while backpropogating on my neural network?</p>
<p>Are there any methods which help me avoid it?</p>
| How do I avoid my gradient descent algorithm into falling into the "local minima" trap while backpropogating on my neural network? Are there any methods which help me avoid it? | 6 | 3,542 | 1 | 0 | 3 | [
"<neural-networks><backpropagation><optimization><gradient-descent>"
] | 2016-08-05T10:39:31.520 | 2019-04-27T00:50:35.780 | 101 | 1,365 | [
{
"id": 1365,
"body": "<p>There are several elementary techniques to try and move a search out of the basin of attraction of local optima. They include:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Probabalistically accepting worse solutions in the hope that this\nwill jump out of the current basin (like Metropolis-Hastings acceptance... | There are several elementary techniques to try and move a search out of the basin of attraction of local optima. They include: - Probabalistically accepting worse solutions in the hope that this will jump out of the current basin (like Metropolis-Hastings acceptance in Simulated Annealing). - Maintaining a list of rece... | # How to avoid falling into the "local minima" trap?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><backpropagation><optimization><gradient-descent>
**Question (score 6):**
How do I avoid my gradient descent algorithm into falling into the "local minima" trap while backpropogating on my neural network? Are there any methods which help... | 1,203 | 300 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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1,363 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it beneficial to represent a neural net as a matrix? | <p>A neural network is a directed weighted graph. These can be represented by a (sparse) matrix. Doing so can expose some elegant properties of the network.</p>
<p>Is this technique beneficial for examining neural networks?</p>
| A neural network is a directed weighted graph. These can be represented by a (sparse) matrix. Doing so can expose some elegant properties of the network. Is this technique beneficial for examining neural networks? | 9 | 539 | 3 | 2 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks>"
] | 2016-08-05T10:49:39.557 | 2017-02-16T19:38:44.487 | 1,283 | null | [
{
"id": 1364,
"body": "<p>It depends on the type of neural networks you are dealing with.</p>\n\n<p>For medium sized neural nets, the matrix approach is a very good way to do quick computations and even backpropogation of errors. One can even exploit sparse matrixes for understanding the sparse architecture... | It depends on the type of neural networks you are dealing with. For medium sized neural nets, the matrix approach is a very good way to do quick computations and even backpropogation of errors. One can even exploit sparse matrixes for understanding the sparse architecture of some neural nets. But, for very large neural... | # Is it beneficial to represent a neural net as a matrix?
**Tags:** <neural-networks>
**Question (score 9):**
A neural network is a directed weighted graph. These can be represented by a (sparse) matrix. Doing so can expose some elegant properties of the network. Is this technique beneficial for examining neural net... | 1,596 | 399 | {
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1,376 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it ethical to implement self-defence for street walking AI robots? | <p>Would it be ethical to implement AI for self-defence for public walking robots which are exposed to dangers such as violence and crime such as robbery (of parts), damage or abduction?</p>
<p>What would be pros and cons of such AI behavior? Is it realistic, or it won't be taken into account for some obvious reasons?... | Would it be ethical to implement AI for self-defence for public walking robots which are exposed to dangers such as violence and crime such as robbery (of parts), damage or abduction? What would be pros and cons of such AI behavior? Is it realistic, or it won't be taken into account for some obvious reasons? Like pushi... | 5 | 115 | 2 | 1 | 0 | [
"<ethics><decision-theory><robots>"
] | 2016-08-05T16:51:49.833 | 2016-08-05T17:07:35.410 | 8 | null | [
{
"id": 1377,
"body": "<p>The question mentions \"walking robot\", but it may be illustrative to re-frame the discussion in terms of self-driving cars, because: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>It gives a common point of reference, rather than everyone having their own separate vision of how vulnerable/powerful a kung-fu ... | The question mentions "walking robot", but it may be illustrative to re-frame the discussion in terms of self-driving cars, because: - It gives a common point of reference, rather than everyone having their own separate vision of how vulnerable/powerful a kung-fu walking robot might be. - We already know a lot about so... | # Is it ethical to implement self-defence for street walking AI robots?
**Tags:** <ethics><decision-theory><robots>
**Question (score 5):**
Would it be ethical to implement AI for self-defence for public walking robots which are exposed to dangers such as violence and crime such as robbery (of parts), damage or abdu... | 3,568 | 892 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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1,381 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does the Jetson AI write its screenplays? | <p>I've watched the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LY7x2Ihqjmc" rel="nofollow">Sunspring</a> video which didn't make any sense to me (a lot of nonsense monologues), mainly because it was created by Jetson AI.</p>
<p>What was the mechanism of creating such screenplay?</p>
<p>On what criteria was it trained? ... | I've watched the Sunspring (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LY7x2Ihqjmc) video which didn't make any sense to me (a lot of nonsense monologues), mainly because it was created by Jetson AI. What was the mechanism of creating such screenplay? On what criteria was it trained? What was the goal or motivation in terms of tr... | 3 | 88 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<algorithm>"
] | 2016-08-05T17:38:23.270 | 2016-08-06T01:44:14.583 | 8 | 1,382 | [
{
"id": 1382,
"body": "<p>It <a href=\"http://benjamin.wtf/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">appears to use</a> Recurrent NNs (RNNs) that have a 'Long Short-Term Memory' (LTSM) architecture.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://medium.com/artists-and-machine-intelligence/adventures-in-narrated-reality-6516ff395ba3#.5lvtgribl\" ... | It appears to use (http://benjamin.wtf/) Recurrent NNs (RNNs) that have a 'Long Short-Term Memory' (LTSM) architecture. Here's a summary (https://medium.com/artists-and-machine-intelligence/adventures-in-narrated-reality-6516ff395ba3#.5lvtgribl) of the development process that the author, Ross Goodwin, went through to ... | # How does the Jetson AI write its screenplays?
**Tags:** <algorithm>
**Question (score 3):**
I've watched the Sunspring (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LY7x2Ihqjmc) video which didn't make any sense to me (a lot of nonsense monologues), mainly because it was created by Jetson AI. What was the mechanism of creating... | 1,642 | 410 | {
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"extraction_date": "2026-07-02T12:57:40Z",
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1,384 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any learning algorithms as powerful as "deep" architectures? | <p>This <a href="http://blog.claymcleod.io/2016/06/01/The-truth-about-Deep-Learning/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">article</a> suggests that deep learning is not designed to produce the universal algorithm and cannot be used to create such a complex systems.</p>
<p>First of all it requires huge amounts of computing power... | This article (http://blog.claymcleod.io/2016/06/01/The-truth-about-Deep-Learning/) suggests that deep learning is not designed to produce the universal algorithm and cannot be used to create such a complex systems. First of all it requires huge amounts of computing power, time and effort to train the algorithm the righ... | 4 | 236 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<deep-neural-networks><comparison><architecture>"
] | 2016-08-05T18:22:41.003 | 2017-04-13T12:53:10.013 | 8 | 1,385 | [
{
"id": 1385,
"body": "<p>Have you read the book <a href=\"http://libgen.io/ads.php?md5=F18395FBEF45575CF68BBD5AD26DF035\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">The Master Algorithm:</a> by Pedro Domingos?</p>\n\n<p>He discusses the present day machine learning algorithms... Their strengths, weaknesses and applicatio... | Have you read the book The Master Algorithm: (http://libgen.io/ads.php?md5=F18395FBEF45575CF68BBD5AD26DF035) by Pedro Domingos? He discusses the present day machine learning algorithms... Their strengths, weaknesses and applications... - Deep Neural Network - Genetic Algorithm - Bayesian Network - Support Vector Machin... | # Are there any learning algorithms as powerful as "deep" architectures?
**Tags:** <deep-neural-networks><comparison><architecture>
**Question (score 4):**
This article (http://blog.claymcleod.io/2016/06/01/The-truth-about-Deep-Learning/) suggests that deep learning is not designed to produce the universal algorithm... | 2,399 | 599 | {
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1,390 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there any research on the application of AI for drug design? | <p>Is there any research on the application of AI for drug design?</p>
<p>For example, you could train a deep learning model about current compounds, substances, structures, and their products and chemical reactions from the existing <a href="https://opendata.stackexchange.com/q/3553/3082">dataset</a> (basically what p... | Is there any research on the application of AI for drug design? For example, you could train a deep learning model about current compounds, substances, structures, and their products and chemical reactions from the existing dataset (https://opendata.stackexchange.com/q/3553/3082) (basically what produces what). Then yo... | 8 | 944 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<deep-learning><reference-request><applications><prediction><drug-design>"
] | 2016-08-05T20:47:50.290 | 2021-01-11T20:11:46.910 | 8 | 1,412 | [
{
"id": 1412,
"body": "<p>Yes, many people have worked on this sort of thing, due to its obvious industrial applications (most of the ones I'm familiar with are in the pharmaceutical industry). Here's <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.7074\">a paper from 2013</a> that claims good results; following the t... | Yes, many people have worked on this sort of thing, due to its obvious industrial applications (most of the ones I'm familiar with are in the pharmaceutical industry). Here's a paper from 2013 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.7074) that claims good results; following the trail of papers that cited it (https://scholar.google... | # Is there any research on the application of AI for drug design?
**Tags:** <deep-learning><reference-request><applications><prediction><drug-design>
**Question (score 8):**
Is there any research on the application of AI for drug design? For example, you could train a deep learning model about current compounds, sub... | 3,352 | 838 | {
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1,391 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can I automate the choice of the topology of a neural network for an arbitrary problem? | <p>Assume that I want to solve an issue with a neural network that either I can't fit to already existing topologies (perceptron, Konohen, etc) or I'm simply not aware of the existence of those or I'm unable to understand their mechanics and I rely on my own instead.</p>
<p>How can I automate the choice of the topolog... | Assume that I want to solve an issue with a neural network that either I can't fit to already existing topologies (perceptron, Konohen, etc) or I'm simply not aware of the existence of those or I'm unable to understand their mechanics and I rely on my own instead. How can I automate the choice of the topology (that is,... | 14 | 678 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><topology><neuroevolution>"
] | 2016-08-05T21:29:37.880 | 2019-07-07T20:50:15.410 | 1,270 | 1,399 | [
{
"id": 1399,
"body": "<p>I think in this case, you'll probably want to use a genetic algorithm to generate a topology rather than working on your own. I personally like <a href=\"http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NEAT (NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topol... | I think in this case, you'll probably want to use a genetic algorithm to generate a topology rather than working on your own. I personally like NEAT (NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies) (http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf). The original NEAT paper involves evolving weights for connections, b... | # How can I automate the choice of the topology of a neural network for an arbitrary problem?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><topology><neuroevolution>
**Question (score 14):**
Assume that I want to solve an issue with a neural network that either I can't fit to already existing topologies (perceptron, Konohen, etc) or ... | 2,073 | 518 | {
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1,393 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do Google cars recognize the traffic signs? | <p>The paper <a href="http://repository.supsi.ch/5145/1/IDSIA-04-12.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Multi-column Deep Neural Networks for Image Classification</a> (pages 7-8) shows an attempt at recognizing the traffic signs, with lower error rates, by using multi-column deep neural networks. </p>
<p>Are Google cars us... | The paper Multi-column Deep Neural Networks for Image Classification (http://repository.supsi.ch/5145/1/IDSIA-04-12.pdf) (pages 7-8) shows an attempt at recognizing the traffic signs, with lower error rates, by using multi-column deep neural networks. Are Google cars using similar techniques of predicting signs using D... | 3 | 267 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<deep-learning><image-recognition><classification><autonomous-vehicles><google>"
] | 2016-08-06T00:37:24.067 | 2019-06-20T14:58:10.773 | 8 | null | [
{
"id": 1911,
"body": "<p>I'm not sure what Google is using to perform that task, but most companies use region based convolutional neural nets to locate traffic signs and other objects.</p>\n\n<p>But other companies use a deep neural network + bag of words approach to find objects.</p>\n\n<p>See: <a href=\... | I'm not sure what Google is using to perform that task, but most companies use region based convolutional neural nets to locate traffic signs and other objects. But other companies use a deep neural network + bag of words approach to find objects. See: Bag-of-Words Based Deep Neural Network for Image Retrieval (https:/... | # How do Google cars recognize the traffic signs?
**Tags:** <deep-learning><image-recognition><classification><autonomous-vehicles><google>
**Question (score 3):**
The paper Multi-column Deep Neural Networks for Image Classification (http://repository.supsi.ch/5145/1/IDSIA-04-12.pdf) (pages 7-8) shows an attempt at ... | 1,077 | 269 | {
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1,394 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any artificial neuromorphic systems which can mimic the brain? | <p>I'd like to know whether there were attempts to simulate the whole brain, I'm not talking only about some <a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/237/8">ANN on microchips</a>, but brain simulations.</p>
| I'd like to know whether there were attempts to simulate the whole brain, I'm not talking only about some ANN on microchips (https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/237/8), but brain simulations. | 4 | 162 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<brain><neuromorphic-engineering><human-brain>"
] | 2016-08-06T01:27:03.500 | 2021-01-26T01:56:55.193 | 8 | 1,408 | [
{
"id": 1408,
"body": "<p>Vernor Vinge said that if we can scan a human brain and then simulate it: We can run it at 1000 times the speed. The brain will be able to do 1000 years of thinking in 1 year ect. </p>\n\n<p>At this stage in history we have the computer power.</p>\n\n<p>The trouble lies in cutting ... | Vernor Vinge said that if we can scan a human brain and then simulate it: We can run it at 1000 times the speed. The brain will be able to do 1000 years of thinking in 1 year ect. At this stage in history we have the computer power. The trouble lies in cutting a brain up and scanning the 100 billion neurons and 12 mill... | # Are there any artificial neuromorphic systems which can mimic the brain?
**Tags:** <brain><neuromorphic-engineering><human-brain>
**Question (score 4):**
I'd like to know whether there were attempts to simulate the whole brain, I'm not talking only about some ANN on microchips (https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/237/8... | 3,302 | 825 | {
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1,396 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why can't OCR be perceived as a good example of AI? | <p>On <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" rel="nofollow noreferrer">the Wikipedia page</a> about AI, we can read:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an exemplar of "artificial intelligence" having become a routine technology.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>... | On the Wikipedia page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) about AI, we can read: Optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an exemplar of "artificial intelligence" having become a routine technology. On the other hand, the MNIST (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNIST_database) database o... | 20 | 6,117 | 3 | 0 | 6 | [
"<philosophy><definitions><optical-character-recognition>"
] | 2016-08-06T01:57:43.263 | 2020-03-08T05:55:09.787 | 8 | 1,406 | [
{
"id": 1406,
"body": "<p>Whenever a problem becomes solvable by a computer, people start arguing that it does not require intelligence. John McCarthy is often quoted: \"As soon as it works, no one calls it AI anymore\" (<a href=\"http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2012/1/144824-artificial-intelligence-past-and-... | Whenever a problem becomes solvable by a computer, people start arguing that it does not require intelligence. John McCarthy is often quoted: "As soon as it works, no one calls it AI anymore" (Referenced in CACM (http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2012/1/144824-artificial-intelligence-past-and-future/fulltext)). One of my t... | # Why can't OCR be perceived as a good example of AI?
**Tags:** <philosophy><definitions><optical-character-recognition>
**Question (score 20):**
On the Wikipedia page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) about AI, we can read: Optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an exemplar of... | 3,289 | 822 | {
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1,397 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any AI that have passed the MIST test so far? | <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_intelligent_signal_test" rel="noreferrer">MIST</a> is a quantiative test of humanness, consisting of ~80k propositions such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>Is Earth a planet?</li>
<li>Is the sun bigger than my foot?</li>
<li>Do people sometimes lie?</li>
<li>etc.</li>
</ul>
<p>Have ... | MIST (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_intelligent_signal_test) is a quantiative test of humanness, consisting of ~80k propositions such as: - Is Earth a planet? - Is the sun bigger than my foot? - Do people sometimes lie? - etc. Have any AI attempted and passed this test to date? | 12 | 456 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<history><intelligence-testing><turing-test><chat-bots>"
] | 2016-08-06T02:04:19.343 | 2016-08-15T14:44:41.513 | 8 | 1,452 | [
{
"id": 1452,
"body": "<p>Yes, although how useful this AI can be is another question entirely.</p>\n\n<p><strong>mpgac</strong> is a \"minimally intelligent AGI\" trained on the GAC-80K corpus of MIST questions. As a result, it should be able to \"minimally\" pass this test. However, being trained on the G... | Yes, although how useful this AI can be is another question entirely. mpgac is a "minimally intelligent AGI" trained on the GAC-80K corpus of MIST questions. As a result, it should be able to "minimally" pass this test. However, being trained on the GAC-80K corpus obviously make it lacking for any practical purposes. F... | # Are there any AI that have passed the MIST test so far?
**Tags:** <history><intelligence-testing><turing-test><chat-bots>
**Question (score 12):**
MIST (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_intelligent_signal_test) is a quantiative test of humanness, consisting of ~80k propositions such as: - Is Earth a planet? -... | 2,257 | 564 | {
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1,401 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can we prove that a piece of code in AI software will cause it to never turn against us? | <p>It is possible of normal code to prove that it is correct using mathematical techniques, and that is often done to ensure that some parts are bug-free. </p>
<p>Can we also prove that a piece of code in AI software will cause it to never turn against us, i.e. that the AI is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri... | It is possible of normal code to prove that it is correct using mathematical techniques, and that is often done to ensure that some parts are bug-free. Can we also prove that a piece of code in AI software will cause it to never turn against us, i.e. that the AI is friendly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_artif... | 2 | 65 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<friendly-ai>"
] | 2016-08-06T07:08:20.203 | 2016-08-06T07:51:00.567 | 29 | 1,403 | [
{
"id": 1403,
"body": "<p>Unfortunately, this is extremely unlikely.</p>\n\n<p>It is nearly impossible to make statements about the behaviour of software in general. This is due to the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem\">Halting problem</a>, which shows that it is impossible to prove w... | Unfortunately, this is extremely unlikely. It is nearly impossible to make statements about the behaviour of software in general. This is due to the Halting problem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem), which shows that it is impossible to prove whether a program will stop for any given input. From this resu... | # Can we prove that a piece of code in AI software will cause it to never turn against us?
**Tags:** <friendly-ai>
**Question (score 2):**
It is possible of normal code to prove that it is correct using mathematical techniques, and that is often done to ensure that some parts are bug-free. Can we also prove that a p... | 3,041 | 760 | {
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1,404 | ai.stackexchange.com | What does "death" intuitively mean in the paper "Death and Suicide in Universal Artificial Intelligence"? | <p>In the paper <a href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.00652.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Death and Suicide in Universal Artificial Intelligence</a>, a proposal is given for what death could mean for Artificial Intelligence. </p>
<p>What does this mean using English only? I understand that mathematical notation is usefu... | In the paper Death and Suicide in Universal Artificial Intelligence (http://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.00652.pdf), a proposal is given for what death could mean for Artificial Intelligence. What does this mean using English only? I understand that mathematical notation is useful for giving a precise definition, but I'd like to... | 4 | 884 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<research><definitions><agi><death><aixi>"
] | 2016-08-06T07:27:52.287 | 2019-04-19T16:44:43.073 | 29 | 1,407 | [
{
"id": 1407,
"body": "<p>The authors do actually give an English definition in terms of the well-known agent formulation of AI:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>We intend this usage to be intuitive: death means that one sees\n no more percepts, and takes no more actions.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>It would seem th... | The authors do actually give an English definition in terms of the well-known agent formulation of AI: We intend this usage to be intuitive: death means that one sees no more percepts, and takes no more actions. It would seem that this becomes possible for a reinforcement learning agent such as AIXI in a formulation th... | # What does "death" intuitively mean in the paper "Death and Suicide in Universal Artificial Intelligence"?
**Tags:** <research><definitions><agi><death><aixi>
**Question (score 4):**
In the paper Death and Suicide in Universal Artificial Intelligence (http://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.00652.pdf), a proposal is given for wh... | 1,013 | 253 | {
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1,410 | ai.stackexchange.com | Do specific units exists for measuring the intelligence of a machine? | <p>We can measure the power of the machine with the number of operation per second or the frequency of the processor. But does units similar of IQ for humans exist for a AI?<br/>
I'm asking for a unit which can give countable result so something different from a Turing Test which only give a binary result.</p>
| We can measure the power of the machine with the number of operation per second or the frequency of the processor. But does units similar of IQ for humans exist for a AI? I'm asking for a unit which can give countable result so something different from a Turing Test which only give a binary result. | 5 | 89 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><classification><intelligence-testing>"
] | 2016-08-06T10:46:10.100 | 2016-08-06T14:14:05.420 | 98 | null | [
{
"id": 1411,
"body": "<p>One of the challenges of AI is defining Intelligence.\nIf we could precisely define general intelligence then we could program it into a computer. After all an algorithm is a process so well defined that it can be run on a computer.</p>\n\n<p>Narrow AI can be evaluated on its succe... | One of the challenges of AI is defining Intelligence. If we could precisely define general intelligence then we could program it into a computer. After all an algorithm is a process so well defined that it can be run on a computer. Narrow AI can be evaluated on its success at achieving goals in an environment. In domai... | # Do specific units exists for measuring the intelligence of a machine?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><classification><intelligence-testing>
**Question (score 5):**
We can measure the power of the machine with the number of operation per second or the frequency of the processor. But does units similar of IQ for humans... | 2,052 | 513 | {
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1,415 | ai.stackexchange.com | What kind of body (if any) does intelligence require? | <p>In the mid 1980s, Rodney Brooks famously created the foundations of "the new AI". The central claim was that the symbolist approach of 'Good Old Fashioned AI' (GOFAI) had failed by attempting to 'cream cognition off the top', and that <em>embodied cognition</em> was required, i.e. built from the bottom up in a 'hier... | In the mid 1980s, Rodney Brooks famously created the foundations of "the new AI". The central claim was that the symbolist approach of 'Good Old Fashioned AI' (GOFAI) had failed by attempting to 'cream cognition off the top', and that embodied cognition was required, i.e. built from the bottom up in a 'hierarchy of com... | 10 | 416 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<agi><symbolic-ai><embodied-cognition>"
] | 2016-08-06T17:24:50.083 | 2016-08-06T18:19:44.323 | 42 | 1,418 | [
{
"id": 1418,
"body": "<p>This is something of an orthogonal answer, but I think Brooks didn't go about his idea the right way. That is, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsumption_architecture\" rel=\"noreferrer\">subsumption architecture</a> is one in which the 'autopilot' is <em>replaced</em> by ... | This is something of an orthogonal answer, but I think Brooks didn't go about his idea the right way. That is, subsumption architecture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsumption_architecture) is one in which the 'autopilot' is replaced by a more sophisticated system when necessary. (All pieces receive the raw sensory ... | # What kind of body (if any) does intelligence require?
**Tags:** <agi><symbolic-ai><embodied-cognition>
**Question (score 10):**
In the mid 1980s, Rodney Brooks famously created the foundations of "the new AI". The central claim was that the symbolist approach of 'Good Old Fashioned AI' (GOFAI) had failed by attemp... | 2,622 | 655 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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1,420 | ai.stackexchange.com | How close are we to creating Ex Machina? | <p>Are there any research teams that attempted to create or have already created an AI robot that can be as close to intelligent as these found in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_Machina_(film)" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>Ex Machina</a></em> or <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)" re... | Are there any research teams that attempted to create or have already created an AI robot that can be as close to intelligent as these found in Ex Machina (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_Machina_(film)) or I, Robot (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)) movies? I'm not talking about full awareness, but an ar... | 13 | 1,657 | 4 | 0 | 5 | [
"<research><agi>"
] | 2016-08-06T18:38:50.160 | 2019-11-22T23:33:06.783 | 8 | 1,421 | [
{
"id": 1421,
"body": "<p>We are absolutely nowhere near, nor do we have any idea how to bridge the gap between what we can currently do and what is depicted in these films.</p>\n\n<p>The current trend for DL approaches (coupled with the emergence of data science as a mainstream discipline) has led to a lot... | We are absolutely nowhere near, nor do we have any idea how to bridge the gap between what we can currently do and what is depicted in these films. The current trend for DL approaches (coupled with the emergence of data science as a mainstream discipline) has led to a lot of popular interest in AI. However, researchers... | # How close are we to creating Ex Machina?
**Tags:** <research><agi>
**Question (score 13):**
Are there any research teams that attempted to create or have already created an AI robot that can be as close to intelligent as these found in Ex Machina (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_Machina_(film)) or I, Robot (https... | 1,949 | 487 | {
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"extraction_date": "2026-07-02T12:57:40Z",
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1,423 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there any artificial intelligence that possesses "concentration"? | <p>Humans can do multiple tasks at the same (e.g. reading while listening to music), but we memorize information from less focused sources with worse efficiency than we do from our main focus or task.</p>
<p>Do such things exist in the case of artificial intelligence? I doubt, for example, that neural networks have su... | Humans can do multiple tasks at the same (e.g. reading while listening to music), but we memorize information from less focused sources with worse efficiency than we do from our main focus or task. Do such things exist in the case of artificial intelligence? I doubt, for example, that neural networks have such characte... | 13 | 208 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><reference-request><attention>"
] | 2016-08-06T22:59:43.413 | 2019-11-05T16:14:30.497 | 1,270 | 1,440 | [
{
"id": 1440,
"body": "<p>Douglas Hofstadter's <a href=\"https://pcl.sitehost.iu.edu/rgoldsto/courses/concepts/copycat.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">CopyCat</a> architecture for solving letter-string analogy problems was deliberately engineered to maintain a semantically-informed notion of 'salience', i... | Douglas Hofstadter's CopyCat (https://pcl.sitehost.iu.edu/rgoldsto/courses/concepts/copycat.pdf) architecture for solving letter-string analogy problems was deliberately engineered to maintain a semantically-informed notion of 'salience', i.e. given a variety of competing possibilities, tend to maintain interest in the... | # Is there any artificial intelligence that possesses "concentration"?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><reference-request><attention>
**Question (score 13):**
Humans can do multiple tasks at the same (e.g. reading while listening to music), but we memorize information from less focused sources with worse efficiency than ... | 1,703 | 425 | {
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
1,426 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can thousand-robot swarm coordinate their moves without bumping into each other? | <p>How can a swarm of small robots (like Kilobots) walking close to each other achieve collaboration without bumping into each other? For example, one study shows <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6198/795.abstract" rel="noreferrer">programmable self-assembly in a thousand-robot swarm</a> (see <a href=... | How can a swarm of small robots (like Kilobots) walking close to each other achieve collaboration without bumping into each other? For example, one study shows programmable self-assembly in a thousand-robot swarm (http://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6198/795.abstract) (see article (http://robohub.org/thousand-rob... | 5 | 117 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<robots><multi-agent-systems>"
] | 2016-08-07T00:06:45.913 | 2016-08-07T19:10:08.217 | 8 | 1,443 | [
{
"id": 1443,
"body": "<p>There has been quite a few approaches to achieve such kind of distributed coordination. I present here one of them, for its generality and simplicity (that makes it easy to remember too). But first, the general idea behind these approaches is pretty interesting, around a mechanism ... | There has been quite a few approaches to achieve such kind of distributed coordination. I present here one of them, for its generality and simplicity (that makes it easy to remember too). But first, the general idea behind these approaches is pretty interesting, around a mechanism called stigmergy (https://en.wikipedia... | # How can thousand-robot swarm coordinate their moves without bumping into each other?
**Tags:** <robots><multi-agent-systems>
**Question (score 5):**
How can a swarm of small robots (like Kilobots) walking close to each other achieve collaboration without bumping into each other? For example, one study shows progra... | 5,022 | 1,255 | {
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1,429 | ai.stackexchange.com | How machine learning can help with sustainable development and biological conservation? | <p>Recently White House published the article: <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/05/03/preparing-future-artificial-intelligence" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence</a> which says that the government is working to leverage AI for the public good and toward a more ef... | Recently White House published the article: Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/05/03/preparing-future-artificial-intelligence) which says that the government is working to leverage AI for the public good and toward a more effective government. I'm especially intere... | 3 | 584 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<applications><biology><green-ai>"
] | 2016-08-07T01:32:32.137 | 2021-04-01T01:25:39.373 | 8 | 1,430 | [
{
"id": 1430,
"body": "<p>There are a variety of aspects where AI can help for the public good. Future studies of computational methods can contribute to a sustainable management ecosystem by its data acquisition, interpretation, integration and model fitting.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://web.engr.oregonstate.e... | There are a variety of aspects where AI can help for the public good. Future studies of computational methods can contribute to a sustainable management ecosystem by its data acquisition, interpretation, integration and model fitting. Prof. Tom Dietterich (http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/%7Etgd/) is a leader in combini... | # How machine learning can help with sustainable development and biological conservation?
**Tags:** <applications><biology><green-ai>
**Question (score 3):**
Recently White House published the article: Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/05/03/preparing-future-ar... | 2,921 | 730 | {
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1,432 | ai.stackexchange.com | What kind of education is required for researchers in AI? | <p>Suppose my goal is to collaborate and create an advanced AI, for instance one that resembles a human being and the project would be on the frontier of AI research, what kind of skills would I need?</p>
<p>I am talking about specific things like what university program should I complete to enter and be competent in ... | Suppose my goal is to collaborate and create an advanced AI, for instance one that resembles a human being and the project would be on the frontier of AI research, what kind of skills would I need? I am talking about specific things like what university program should I complete to enter and be competent in the field. ... | 9 | 1,620 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<getting-started><academia>"
] | 2016-08-07T02:08:34.803 | 2019-06-17T20:27:32.460 | 1,321 | null | [
{
"id": 1447,
"body": "<p>As a full-time AI researcher myself, I'd say that a PhD in machine learning would certainly be one useful option.</p>\n\n<p>However, in order <a href=\"https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1420/how-close-are-we-to-creating-ex-machina\">make much-needed progress</a>, AI needs avoi... | As a full-time AI researcher myself, I'd say that a PhD in machine learning would certainly be one useful option. However, in order make much-needed progress (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1420/how-close-are-we-to-creating-ex-machina), AI needs avoid falling into the trap of thinking that currently fashionable... | # What kind of education is required for researchers in AI?
**Tags:** <getting-started><academia>
**Question (score 9):**
Suppose my goal is to collaborate and create an advanced AI, for instance one that resembles a human being and the project would be on the frontier of AI research, what kind of skills would I nee... | 5,155 | 1,288 | {
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1,433 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the most pressing fundamental questions and gaps in AI research? | <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222448/https://www.whitehouse.gov/webform/rfi-preparing-future-artificial-intelligence" rel="nofollow noreferrer">White House published the information</a> about AI which requests mentions about <em>the most important research gaps in AI that must be addressed to advance ... | White House published the information (https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222448/https://www.whitehouse.gov/webform/rfi-preparing-future-artificial-intelligence) about AI which requests mentions about the most important research gaps in AI that must be addressed to advance this field and benefit the public. What are t... | 3 | 718 | 2 | 0 | 4 | [
"<research><social><ethics>"
] | 2016-08-07T02:33:51.350 | 2020-03-07T20:34:56.477 | 8 | 1,434 | [
{
"id": 1434,
"body": "<p>According to IBM Research organization in the response to the White House as part of <a href=\"http://web.archive.org/web/20160808135040/https://www.whitehouse.gov/webform/rfi-preparing-future-artificial-intelligence\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">preparing for the future of Artific... | According to IBM Research organization in the response to the White House as part of preparing for the future of Artificial Intelligence (http://web.archive.org/web/20160808135040/https://www.whitehouse.gov/webform/rfi-preparing-future-artificial-intelligence), AI depends upon many long-term advances, not only from AI ... | # What are the most pressing fundamental questions and gaps in AI research?
**Tags:** <research><social><ethics>
**Question (score 3):**
White House published the information (https://web.archive.org/web/20161221222448/https://www.whitehouse.gov/webform/rfi-preparing-future-artificial-intelligence) about AI which re... | 4,963 | 1,240 | {
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1,436 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is recursion used in practice to improve performance of AI systems? | <p>Is there any methods by which artificial intelligence use recursion(s) to solve a certain issue or to keep up working and calculating?</p>
| Is there any methods by which artificial intelligence use recursion(s) to solve a certain issue or to keep up working and calculating? | 5 | 560 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<math>"
] | 2016-08-07T03:49:20.143 | 2018-12-28T21:43:24.817 | 1,270 | 1,439 | [
{
"id": 1439,
"body": "<p>To my knowledge, recursion does not play a strong role in the definition of modern AI techniques, although it does feature used in Lovasz's definition of 'Local Search' and Kurzweil is <a href=\"http://www.kurzweilai.net/a-formula-for-intelligence-the-recursive-paradigm\" rel=\"nof... | To my knowledge, recursion does not play a strong role in the definition of modern AI techniques, although it does feature used in Lovasz's definition of 'Local Search' and Kurzweil is certainly an advocate (http://www.kurzweilai.net/a-formula-for-intelligence-the-recursive-paradigm). Recursion can be seen as an elegan... | # Is recursion used in practice to improve performance of AI systems?
**Tags:** <math>
**Question (score 5):**
Is there any methods by which artificial intelligence use recursion(s) to solve a certain issue or to keep up working and calculating?
### Answer (score 5 · accepted)
To my knowledge, recursion does not pl... | 1,577 | 394 | {
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1,451 | ai.stackexchange.com | Has the Lovelace Test 2.0 been successfully used in an academic setting? | <p>In October 2014, Dr. Mark Riedl published an approach to testing AI intelligence, called <a href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.6142v3.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">the "Lovelace Test 2.0"</a>, after being inspired by the <a href="http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/lovelace.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">original Lovelace Test</... | In October 2014, Dr. Mark Riedl published an approach to testing AI intelligence, called the "Lovelace Test 2.0" (http://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.6142v3.pdf), after being inspired by the original Lovelace Test (http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/lovelace.pdf) (published in 2001). Mark believed that the original Lovelace Test would be ... | 20 | 972 | 1 | 0 | 3 | [
"<history><intelligence-testing>"
] | 2016-08-07T18:17:11.663 | 2020-03-01T15:42:48.967 | 181 | 2,095 | [
{
"id": 2095,
"body": "<p><strong>No.</strong></p>\n\n<p>TL;DR: The Lovelace Test 2.0 is very vague, making it ill-suited for evaluation of intelligence. It is also generally ignored by researchers of Computational Creativity, who already have their own tests to evaluate creativity.</p>\n\n<p>Longer Answer... | No. TL;DR: The Lovelace Test 2.0 is very vague, making it ill-suited for evaluation of intelligence. It is also generally ignored by researchers of Computational Creativity, who already have their own tests to evaluate creativity. Longer Answer: According to Google Scholar, there are 10 references to the "Lovelace Test... | # Has the Lovelace Test 2.0 been successfully used in an academic setting?
**Tags:** <history><intelligence-testing>
**Question (score 20):**
In October 2014, Dr. Mark Riedl published an approach to testing AI intelligence, called the "Lovelace Test 2.0" (http://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.6142v3.pdf), after being inspired b... | 6,397 | 1,599 | {
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1,453 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can ConvNets be used for real-time object recognition from video feed? | <p>Convolutional neural network are leading type of feed-forward artificial neural network for image recognition. Can they be used for real-time image recognition for videos (frame by frame), or it takes too much processing (assuming they're written in C-like language)?</p>
<p>For example for classification of type of... | Convolutional neural network are leading type of feed-forward artificial neural network for image recognition. Can they be used for real-time image recognition for videos (frame by frame), or it takes too much processing (assuming they're written in C-like language)? For example for classification of type of animals ba... | 2 | 438 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<convolutional-neural-networks><classification><performance><real-time>"
] | 2016-08-07T19:49:25.977 | 2016-08-07T20:36:00.187 | 8 | 1,456 | [
{
"id": 1456,
"body": "<p>We are getting there, with as usual some trade-off between quality and speed.</p>\n<p>For example <a href=\"http://cs231n.stanford.edu/slides/2016/winter1516_lecture8.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Lecture 8: Spatial Localization and Detection lecture</a> shows some benchmarks (... | We are getting there, with as usual some trade-off between quality and speed. For example Lecture 8: Spatial Localization and Detection lecture (http://cs231n.stanford.edu/slides/2016/winter1516_lecture8.pdf) shows some benchmarks (mAP = Mean Average Precision, higher is better; FPS = frame per second): (https://i.stac... | # Can ConvNets be used for real-time object recognition from video feed?
**Tags:** <convolutional-neural-networks><classification><performance><real-time>
**Question (score 2):**
Convolutional neural network are leading type of feed-forward artificial neural network for image recognition. Can they be used for real-t... | 956 | 239 | {
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1,458 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to classify language as friendly or aggressive with AI? | <p>Just for the purpose of learning I'd like to classify the likeliness of a tweet being in aggressive language or not. </p>
<p>I was wondering how to approach the problem. I guess I need first train my neural network on a huge dataset of text what aggressive language is. This brings up the question where I would get ... | Just for the purpose of learning I'd like to classify the likeliness of a tweet being in aggressive language or not. I was wondering how to approach the problem. I guess I need first train my neural network on a huge dataset of text what aggressive language is. This brings up the question where I would get this data in... | 4 | 148 | 4 | 0 | 0 | [
"<classification><datasets>"
] | 2016-08-08T07:04:49.487 | 2018-09-30T15:59:31.110 | 1,334 | 1,460 | [
{
"id": 1459,
"body": "<p>I did a little search and couldn't find any database that has ground truth for aggressiveness. This means that you need to build yourself a database. This might be huge undertaking. Take thousands of messages, and classify them by hand whether they are aggressive or not. This part ... | I did a little search and couldn't find any database that has ground truth for aggressiveness. This means that you need to build yourself a database. This might be huge undertaking. Take thousands of messages, and classify them by hand whether they are aggressive or not. This part is quite labor intensive. Second part ... | # How to classify language as friendly or aggressive with AI?
**Tags:** <classification><datasets>
**Question (score 4):**
Just for the purpose of learning I'd like to classify the likeliness of a tweet being in aggressive language or not. I was wondering how to approach the problem. I guess I need first train my ne... | 2,565 | 641 | {
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1,461 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are Siri and Cortana AI programs? | <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Siri</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Cortana</a> communicate pretty much like humans. Unlike <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Now" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Google Now</a>, which main... | Siri (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri) and Cortana (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana) communicate pretty much like humans. Unlike Google Now (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Now), which mainly gives us search results when asked some questions (not setting alarms or reminders), Siri and Cortana provide us w... | 25 | 1,406 | 4 | 0 | 5 | [
"<chat-bots><intelligence-testing><weak-ai><siri><cortana>"
] | 2016-08-08T17:48:43.730 | 2021-01-20T10:53:03.583 | 72 | 1,483 | [
{
"id": 1483,
"body": "<p>Siri and Cortana are AI to some extent. The usual label is "weak AI" (also called "narrow" or "soft" AI). It turns out the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak_AI&oldid=736852472\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Wikipedia article ... | Siri and Cortana are AI to some extent. The usual label is "weak AI" (also called "narrow" or "soft" AI). It turns out the Wikipedia article on Weak AI (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak_AI&oldid=736852472) explicitly refers to Siri: Siri is a good example of narrow intelligence. Siri operates within a li... | # Are Siri and Cortana AI programs?
**Tags:** <chat-bots><intelligence-testing><weak-ai><siri><cortana>
**Question (score 25):**
Siri (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri) and Cortana (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortana) communicate pretty much like humans. Unlike Google Now (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_N... | 3,905 | 976 | {
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1,462 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the difference between artificial intelligence and robots? | <p>What is the difference between artificial intelligence and robots?</p>
| What is the difference between artificial intelligence and robots? | 6 | 12,163 | 6 | 2 | 2 | [
"<terminology><robotics><robots><comparison>"
] | 2016-08-08T17:53:40.050 | 2019-10-01T12:30:22.803 | 72 | 1,465 | [
{
"id": 1465,
"body": "<p>Although there are several definitions of \"robot\", an essential feature of everything called \"robot\" is that it is capable of movement. This does not necessarily mean <em>displacement</em>; a robot arm in a factory also moves.</p>\n\n<p>There is a single exception to this rule,... | Although there are several definitions of "robot", an essential feature of everything called "robot" is that it is capable of movement. This does not necessarily mean displacement; a robot arm in a factory also moves. There is a single exception to this rule, which is bot-programs like chatbots; I will discuss them lat... | # What is the difference between artificial intelligence and robots?
**Tags:** <terminology><robotics><robots><comparison>
**Question (score 6):**
What is the difference between artificial intelligence and robots?
### Answer (score 9 · accepted)
Although there are several definitions of "robot", an essential featur... | 3,165 | 791 | {
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1,478 | ai.stackexchange.com | How successfully can convnets detect NSFW images? | <p>For example, search engine companies want to classify their image searches into 2 categories (which they already do that) such as: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_safe_for_work" rel="nofollow">NSFW</a> (nudity, porn, brutality) and safe to view pictures.</p>
<p>How can artificial neural networks achieve ... | For example, search engine companies want to classify their image searches into 2 categories (which they already do that) such as: NSFW (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_safe_for_work) (nudity, porn, brutality) and safe to view pictures. How can artificial neural networks achieve that, and at what success rate? Can th... | 2 | 2,506 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<image-recognition><classification><convolutional-neural-networks>"
] | 2016-08-09T02:01:58.240 | 2016-08-17T19:58:38.663 | 8 | 1,527 | [
{
"id": 1527,
"body": "<p>The 2015 paper entitled \"<a href=\"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.08899.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Applying deep learning to classify pornographic images and videos</a>\" applied various types of convnets for detecting pornography. The proposed architecture achieved <strong>94.1% accuracy... | The 2015 paper entitled "Applying deep learning to classify pornographic images and videos (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.08899.pdf)" applied various types of convnets for detecting pornography. The proposed architecture achieved 94.1% accuracy on the NPDI dataset, which contains 800 videos (400 porn, 200 non-porn "easy" ... | # How successfully can convnets detect NSFW images?
**Tags:** <image-recognition><classification><convolutional-neural-networks>
**Question (score 2):**
For example, search engine companies want to classify their image searches into 2 categories (which they already do that) such as: NSFW (https://en.wikipedia.org/wi... | 1,103 | 275 | {
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1,479 | ai.stackexchange.com | Do scientists know what is happening inside artificial neural networks? | <p>Do scientists or research experts know from the kitchen what is happening inside complex "deep" neural network with at least millions of connections firing at an instant? Do they understand the process behind this (e.g. what is happening inside and how it works exactly), or it is a subject of debate?</p>
<... | Do scientists or research experts know from the kitchen what is happening inside complex "deep" neural network with at least millions of connections firing at an instant? Do they understand the process behind this (e.g. what is happening inside and how it works exactly), or it is a subject of debate? For example this s... | 90 | 16,056 | 7 | 3 | 55 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><explainable-ai>"
] | 2016-08-09T02:08:56.663 | 2021-11-19T18:54:37.483 | 8 | 4,044 | [
{
"id": 4044,
"body": "<p>There are many approaches that aim to make a trained neural network more interpretable and less like a \"black box\", specifically <em>convolutional neural networks</em> that you've mentioned.</p>\n\n<h3>Visualizing the activations and layer weights</h3>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://med... | There are many approaches that aim to make a trained neural network more interpretable and less like a "black box", specifically convolutional neural networks that you've mentioned. ### Visualizing the activations and layer weights Activations visualization (https://medium.com/@awjuliani/visualizing-neural-network-laye... | # Do scientists know what is happening inside artificial neural networks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><explainable-ai>
**Question (score 90):**
Do scientists or research experts know from the kitchen what is happening inside complex "deep" neural network with at least mil... | 14,885 | 3,721 | {
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1,481 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can action recognition be achieved? | <p>For example, I would like to train my neural network to recognize the type of actions (e.g. in commercial movies or some real-life videos), so I can "ask" my network in which video or movie (and at what frames) somebody was driving a car, kissing, eating, was scared or was talking over the phone.</p>
<p>What are th... | For example, I would like to train my neural network to recognize the type of actions (e.g. in commercial movies or some real-life videos), so I can "ask" my network in which video or movie (and at what frames) somebody was driving a car, kissing, eating, was scared or was talking over the phone. What are the current s... | 7 | 1,646 | 5 | 0 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><image-recognition><training><action-recognition>"
] | 2016-08-09T02:54:33.677 | 2019-06-28T14:54:48.483 | 8 | 1,699 | [
{
"id": 1699,
"body": "<p>There are several approaches as to how this can be achieved.</p>\n\n<p>One recent study from 2015 about <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-09396-3_9\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Action Recognition in Realistic Sports Videos</a><sup><a href=\"http://cs.s... | There are several approaches as to how this can be achieved. One recent study from 2015 about Action Recognition in Realistic Sports Videos (http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-09396-3_9)PDF (http://cs.stanford.edu/~amirz/index_files/Springer2015_action_chapter.pdf) uses the action recognition framewor... | # How can action recognition be achieved?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><image-recognition><training><action-recognition>
**Question (score 7):**
For example, I would like to train my neural network to recognize the type of actions (e.g. in commercial movies or some real-life videos), so I can "ask" my network in whic... | 4,253 | 1,063 | {
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1,485 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to separate image recognition from logic? | <p>For example I would like to implement transparent AI in the RTS game which doesn't offer any AI API (like old games), and I'd like to use image recognition algorithm for detecting the objects which can talks to another algorithm which is responsible for the logic.</p>
<p>Given I'd like to use two neural networks, w... | For example I would like to implement transparent AI in the RTS game which doesn't offer any AI API (like old games), and I'd like to use image recognition algorithm for detecting the objects which can talks to another algorithm which is responsible for the logic. Given I'd like to use two neural networks, what are the... | 3 | 111 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><convolutional-neural-networks><gaming>"
] | 2016-08-09T09:01:52.373 | 2016-08-09T18:57:43.590 | 8 | 1,523 | [
{
"id": 1523,
"body": "<p>The underlying abstraction (which is essentially what you'd be using the first network for) is that of reducing the state-space of the raw input via feature extraction/synthesis and/or dimensionality reduction.</p>\n\n<p>At present, there are few definite rules for doing this: prac... | The underlying abstraction (which is essentially what you'd be using the first network for) is that of reducing the state-space of the raw input via feature extraction/synthesis and/or dimensionality reduction. At present, there are few definite rules for doing this: practice is more a question of 'informed trial and e... | # How to separate image recognition from logic?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><convolutional-neural-networks><gaming>
**Question (score 3):**
For example I would like to implement transparent AI in the RTS game which doesn't offer any AI API (like old games), and I'd like to use image recognition algorithm for detectin... | 1,410 | 352 | {
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
1,488 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why did a Tesla car mistake a truck with a bright sky? | <p>Do we know why Tesla's autopilot mistaken empty sky with a high-sided lorry which resulted in fatal crash involving a car in self-drive mode? Was it AI fault or something else? Is there any technical explanation behind this why this happened?</p>
<p>The articles <a href="http://news.sky.com/story/tesla-driver-in-fi... | Do we know why Tesla's autopilot mistaken empty sky with a high-sided lorry which resulted in fatal crash involving a car in self-drive mode? Was it AI fault or something else? Is there any technical explanation behind this why this happened? The articles Tesla Driver In First Self-Drive Fatal Crash (http://news.sky.co... | 6 | 896 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<autonomous-vehicles><ai-security><ai-safety>"
] | 2016-08-09T10:10:25.253 | 2019-06-20T15:01:51.317 | 8 | 1,522 | [
{
"id": 1522,
"body": "<p>Tesla's technology is assistive, as Alexey points out, so this is not a case of an autonomous system (e.g. an AGI) doing some fatal stunt (the product name AutoPilot is famously misleading). Now on why the car assistance led to this tragic accident, there is some information relate... | Tesla's technology is assistive, as Alexey points out, so this is not a case of an autonomous system (e.g. an AGI) doing some fatal stunt (the product name AutoPilot is famously misleading). Now on why the car assistance led to this tragic accident, there is some information related to AI technologies. Warning: I canno... | # Why did a Tesla car mistake a truck with a bright sky?
**Tags:** <autonomous-vehicles><ai-security><ai-safety>
**Question (score 6):**
Do we know why Tesla's autopilot mistaken empty sky with a high-sided lorry which resulted in fatal crash involving a car in self-drive mode? Was it AI fault or something else? Is ... | 3,564 | 891 | {
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1,491 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to deal with huge branching factors in real-time? | <p>Some time ago playing chess was challenging for algorithms, then Go game which is vastly more complex than compared to chess.</p>
<p>How about playing RTS game which have enormous branching factors limited by its time and space (like deciding what to do next)? What are the successful approaches to such problems?</p... | Some time ago playing chess was challenging for algorithms, then Go game which is vastly more complex than compared to chess. How about playing RTS game which have enormous branching factors limited by its time and space (like deciding what to do next)? What are the successful approaches to such problems? | 2 | 100 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<game-ai><branching-factors><rts>"
] | 2016-08-09T10:40:35.500 | 2019-09-19T11:51:39.703 | 8 | 2,183 | [
{
"id": 2183,
"body": "<p>As you mentioned in the question, you cannot solve all problems with decision trees. Decision trees usually works well in a turn-based game with a good heuristic function, but in RTS games takes a different approach.</p>\n\n<p>In the case of a very complex RTS game, one could impl... | As you mentioned in the question, you cannot solve all problems with decision trees. Decision trees usually works well in a turn-based game with a good heuristic function, but in RTS games takes a different approach. In the case of a very complex RTS game, one could implemented a rule-based AI. For example - given it i... | # How to deal with huge branching factors in real-time?
**Tags:** <game-ai><branching-factors><rts>
**Question (score 2):**
Some time ago playing chess was challenging for algorithms, then Go game which is vastly more complex than compared to chess. How about playing RTS game which have enormous branching factors li... | 2,481 | 620 | {
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1,492 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why did AlphaGo lose its Go game? | <p>We can read on wiki page that in March 2016 AlphaGo AI lost its game (1 of 5) to Lee Sedol, a professional Go player. One <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-36558829" rel="nofollow">article</a> cite says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>AlphaGo lost a game and we as researchers want to explore that and find out wh... | We can read on wiki page that in March 2016 AlphaGo AI lost its game (1 of 5) to Lee Sedol, a professional Go player. One article (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-36558829) cite says: AlphaGo lost a game and we as researchers want to explore that and find out what went wrong. We need to figure out what its weaknes... | 5 | 1,491 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<game-ai><deepmind><alphago>"
] | 2016-08-09T12:00:06.583 | 2020-03-08T06:08:14.880 | 8 | 1,495 | [
{
"id": 1495,
"body": "<p>We know what Lee's strategy was during the game, and it seems like the sort of thing that should work. <a href=\"https://gogameguru.com/lee-sedol-defeats-alphago-masterful-comeback-game-4/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Here's</a> an article explaining it. Short version: yes, we know what we... | We know what Lee's strategy was during the game, and it seems like the sort of thing that should work. Here's (https://gogameguru.com/lee-sedol-defeats-alphago-masterful-comeback-game-4/) an article explaining it. Short version: yes, we know what went wrong, but probably not how to fix it yet. Basically, AlphaGo is goo... | # Why did AlphaGo lose its Go game?
**Tags:** <game-ai><deepmind><alphago>
**Question (score 5):**
We can read on wiki page that in March 2016 AlphaGo AI lost its game (1 of 5) to Lee Sedol, a professional Go player. One article (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-36558829) cite says: AlphaGo lost a game and we as... | 2,585 | 646 | {
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1,493 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it possible to fool a facial recognition algorithm? | <p>Assuming we're dealing with an artificial neural network (e.g. a ConvNet), which was trained by a large dataset of human faces.</p>
<p>Are there any known issues or challenges where facial recognition would fail? I'm not talking about covering half of the face, but some simple common things, such as wearing glasses,... | Assuming we're dealing with an artificial neural network (e.g. a ConvNet), which was trained by a large dataset of human faces. Are there any known issues or challenges where facial recognition would fail? I'm not talking about covering half of the face, but some simple common things, such as wearing glasses, a hat, je... | 4 | 202 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<convolutional-neural-networks><facial-recognition>"
] | 2016-08-09T12:19:35.883 | 2021-05-19T08:30:58.980 | 8 | 1,496 | [
{
"id": 1496,
"body": "<p>Facial recognition works by essentially turning your face into a point cloud, recognizing eyes, cheeks, nose, mouth, etc. </p>\n\n<p>Unfortunately it doesn't look at the top of your head (hair is very hard to differentiate from other hair and doesn't have many features). Face paint... | Facial recognition works by essentially turning your face into a point cloud, recognizing eyes, cheeks, nose, mouth, etc. Unfortunately it doesn't look at the top of your head (hair is very hard to differentiate from other hair and doesn't have many features). Face paintings would be your best bet since they can be eas... | # Is it possible to fool a facial recognition algorithm?
**Tags:** <convolutional-neural-networks><facial-recognition>
**Question (score 4):**
Assuming we're dealing with an artificial neural network (e.g. a ConvNet), which was trained by a large dataset of human faces. Are there any known issues or challenges where... | 1,603 | 400 | {
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1,507 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the minimum requirements to call something AI? | <p>I believe <em>artificial intelligence</em> (AI) term is overused nowadays. For example, people see that something is self-moving and they call it AI, even if it's on autopilot (like cars or planes) or there is some simple algorithm behind it.</p>
<p>What are the minimum general requirements so that we can say somet... | I believe artificial intelligence (AI) term is overused nowadays. For example, people see that something is self-moving and they call it AI, even if it's on autopilot (like cars or planes) or there is some simple algorithm behind it. What are the minimum general requirements so that we can say something is AI? | 28 | 4,586 | 7 | 0 | 10 | [
"<philosophy><definitions>"
] | 2016-08-10T00:55:54.690 | 2019-06-24T13:07:17.090 | 8 | 1,516 | [
{
"id": 1516,
"body": "<p>It's true that the term has become a buzzword, and is now widely used to a point of confusion - however if you look at the definition provided by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, they write it as follows:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>We define AI as the study of agents that <strong>re... | It's true that the term has become a buzzword, and is now widely used to a point of confusion - however if you look at the definition provided by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, they write it as follows: We define AI as the study of agents that receive percepts from the environment and perform actions. Each such agent... | # What are the minimum requirements to call something AI?
**Tags:** <philosophy><definitions>
**Question (score 28):**
I believe artificial intelligence (AI) term is overused nowadays. For example, people see that something is self-moving and they call it AI, even if it's on autopilot (like cars or planes) or there ... | 6,882 | 1,720 | {
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1,508 | ai.stackexchange.com | Which neural network has capabilities of sorting input? | <p>I believe normally you can use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_programming" rel="noreferrer">genetic programming</a> for sorting, however I'd like to check whether it's possible using ANN.</p>
<p>Given the unsorted text data from input, which neural network is suitable for doing sorting tasks?</p>
| I believe normally you can use genetic programming (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_programming) for sorting, however I'd like to check whether it's possible using ANN. Given the unsorted text data from input, which neural network is suitable for doing sorting tasks? | 7 | 6,945 | 2 | 0 | 5 | [
"<neural-networks>"
] | 2016-08-10T01:06:07.823 | 2019-05-13T15:44:52.717 | 8 | 1,514 | [
{
"id": 1514,
"body": "<p>Even a simple multilayer perceptron can sort input data to some extent, as you can see <a href=\"https://github.com/primaryobjects/nnsorting\" rel=\"nofollow\">here</a> and <a href=\"http://yyue.blogspot.com.br/2015/01/a-brief-overview-of-deep-learning.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">here<... | Even a simple multilayer perceptron can sort input data to some extent, as you can see here (https://github.com/primaryobjects/nnsorting) and here (http://yyue.blogspot.com.br/2015/01/a-brief-overview-of-deep-learning.html). However, neural networks for sequential data seem more appropriate, as they can handle sequence... | # Which neural network has capabilities of sorting input?
**Tags:** <neural-networks>
**Question (score 7):**
I believe normally you can use genetic programming (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_programming) for sorting, however I'd like to check whether it's possible using ANN. Given the unsorted text data fro... | 1,659 | 414 | {
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1,509 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can genetic programming be used to prevent cyberterrorism? | <p>I've read on wiki that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_programming" rel="nofollow">genetic programming</a> has '<em>outstanding results</em>' in cyberterrorism prevention.</p>
<p>Further more, this <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=877981" rel="nofollow">abstract</a> says:</... | I've read on wiki that genetic programming (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_programming) has 'outstanding results' in cyberterrorism prevention. Further more, this abstract (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=877981) says: Using machine-coded linear genomes and a homologous crossover operator in g... | 2 | 87 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<genetic-programming><cyberterrorism><ai-security>"
] | 2016-08-10T01:14:19.777 | 2016-08-10T09:04:33.507 | 8 | 1,520 | [
{
"id": 1520,
"body": "<p>They treated it as a classification problem. While it's common to use some variety of Neural Nets (NNs) to build classifiers, Genetic Programming (GP) can also be used for this purpose. In contrast to NN classifiers, GP can use a wider range of operations (e.g. if,while,logical sta... | They treated it as a classification problem. While it's common to use some variety of Neural Nets (NNs) to build classifiers, Genetic Programming (GP) can also be used for this purpose. In contrast to NN classifiers, GP can use a wider range of operations (e.g. if,while,logical statements,arbitrary mathematical functio... | # How can genetic programming be used to prevent cyberterrorism?
**Tags:** <genetic-programming><cyberterrorism><ai-security>
**Question (score 2):**
I've read on wiki that genetic programming (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_programming) has 'outstanding results' in cyberterrorism prevention. Further more, th... | 1,599 | 399 | {
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1,515 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the difference between abstract, autonomous and virtual intelligent agents? | <p>On Wikipedia, we can read about different type of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent" rel="nofollow noreferrer">intelligent agents</a>:</p>
<ul>
<li>abstract intelligent agents (AIA),</li>
<li>autonomous intelligent agents,</li>
<li>virtual intelligent agent (IVA), which I've found on other we... | On Wikipedia, we can read about different type of intelligent agents (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent): - abstract intelligent agents (AIA), - autonomous intelligent agents, - virtual intelligent agent (IVA), which I've found on other websites, e.g. this one (https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26646/... | 5 | 542 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<definitions><intelligent-agent><comparison><terminology>"
] | 2016-08-10T02:05:29.250 | 2017-06-07T16:19:39.653 | 8 | 3,464 | [
{
"id": 1529,
"body": "<p>I don't think there are many contexts where there is any really meaningful distinction between these terms. Even in the WP article you refer to, it is shown that \"abstract intelligent agent\" and \"autonomous intelligent agent\" are generally just synonyms for \"intelligent agent... | I don't think there are many contexts where there is any really meaningful distinction between these terms. Even in the WP article you refer to, it is shown that "abstract intelligent agent" and "autonomous intelligent agent" are generally just synonyms for "intelligent agent" but used to highlight certain aspects of i... | # What is the difference between abstract, autonomous and virtual intelligent agents?
**Tags:** <definitions><intelligent-agent><comparison><terminology>
**Question (score 5):**
On Wikipedia, we can read about different type of intelligent agents (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_agent): - abstract intellig... | 2,170 | 542 | {
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1,517 | ai.stackexchange.com | How could Deep Blue possibly cheat? | <p>On <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" rel="nofollow">Wikipedia</a> we can read:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch. IBM refused and retired Deep Blue.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>What was the accusation and how was Deep Blue allegedly able to chea... | On Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)) we can read: Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch. IBM refused and retired Deep Blue. What was the accusation and how was Deep Blue allegedly able to cheat? | 3 | 650 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<chess><deep-blue><challenges><game-theory>"
] | 2016-08-10T02:38:17.940 | 2016-08-11T14:51:20.763 | 8 | 1,524 | [
{
"id": 1524,
"body": "<p>The allegation was based on the fact that Deep Blue made a choice that did not yield the immediate (or short term) benefit that was synonymous with systems back then (1997). Computational capability was significantly less powerful then, and Kasparov claimed that only a grand master... | The allegation was based on the fact that Deep Blue made a choice that did not yield the immediate (or short term) benefit that was synonymous with systems back then (1997). Computational capability was significantly less powerful then, and Kasparov claimed that only a grand master would have made the decision that the... | # How could Deep Blue possibly cheat?
**Tags:** <chess><deep-blue><challenges><game-theory>
**Question (score 3):**
On Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)) we can read: Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch. IBM refused and retired Deep Blue. What was the accusation ... | 1,299 | 324 | {
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1,518 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the Control Problem? | <p>The Wikipedia page describes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_control_problem" rel="nofollow">AI control problem</a> in very intricated way.</p>
<p>Therefore I would like to better understand it based on some simple explanation, what's going on.
Basically I don't want any copy & pastes from wiki, becau... | The Wikipedia page describes AI control problem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_control_problem) in very intricated way. Therefore I would like to better understand it based on some simple explanation, what's going on. Basically I don't want any copy & pastes from wiki, because the articles there are written in neutr... | 3 | 1,823 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<definitions><control-problem>"
] | 2016-08-10T02:54:35.943 | 2016-08-12T10:44:18.917 | 8 | 1,528 | [
{
"id": 1528,
"body": "<p>The Control Problem is, in short, the idea that AI will eventually be much better decision-makers than humans. If we don't set things up correctly beforehand, we won't get a chance to fix it afterwards, because AI will have effective control.</p>\n\n<p>There are three main areas of... | The Control Problem is, in short, the idea that AI will eventually be much better decision-makers than humans. If we don't set things up correctly beforehand, we won't get a chance to fix it afterwards, because AI will have effective control. There are three main areas of discussion with regards to the Control Problem:... | # What is the Control Problem?
**Tags:** <definitions><control-problem>
**Question (score 3):**
The Wikipedia page describes AI control problem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_control_problem) in very intricated way. Therefore I would like to better understand it based on some simple explanation, what's going on. ... | 2,858 | 714 | {
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1,525 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could a Boltzmann machine store more patterns than a Hopfield net? | <p><sub>This is from a closed beta for AI, with this question being posted by user number 47. All credit to them. </sub></p>
<hr>
<p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_machine" rel="noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>,</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Boltzmann machines can be seen as the stochastic, generativ... | This is from a closed beta for AI, with this question being posted by user number 47. All credit to them. According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_machine), Boltzmann machines can be seen as the stochastic, generative counterpart of Hopfield nets. Both are recurrent neural networks that can be tr... | 17 | 423 | 1 | 0 | 3 | [
"<neural-networks><comparison><recurrent-neural-networks>"
] | 2016-08-10T14:10:08.270 | 2016-08-23T08:19:28.460 | 145 | null | [
{
"id": 4274,
"body": "<p>Indeed you're intuition is correct, a Boltzmann machine is able to hold more than a Hopfield network in its memory because of its stochastic nature <a href=\"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/487813/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">as explored in this paper.</a> In the paper they n... | Indeed you're intuition is correct, a Boltzmann machine is able to hold more than a Hopfield network in its memory because of its stochastic nature as explored in this paper. (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/487813/) In the paper they note that the capacity is around 0.6. After this ratio it starts to break down an... | # Could a Boltzmann machine store more patterns than a Hopfield net?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><comparison><recurrent-neural-networks>
**Question (score 17):**
This is from a closed beta for AI, with this question being posted by user number 47. All credit to them. According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w... | 1,613 | 403 | {
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1,531 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is Prolog still used in AI? | <p>According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog">Wikipedia</a>,</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Prolog is a general-purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Is it still used for AI?</p>
<hr>
<p><sub>This is based off of a quest... | According to Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog), Prolog is a general-purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Is it still used for AI? This is based off of a question on the 2014 closed beta. The author had the UID of 330. | 21 | 9,253 | 2 | 0 | 8 | [
"<history><programming-languages><prolog>"
] | 2016-08-10T19:17:18.410 | 2016-08-12T21:38:48.343 | 145 | 1,532 | [
{
"id": 1532,
"body": "<p>Remembering that artificial intelligence has been an academic endeavour for the longest time, Prolog was amongst one of the early languages used as part of the study and implementation of it. It has rarely made its way into large commercial applications, having said that, a famous ... | Remembering that artificial intelligence has been an academic endeavour for the longest time, Prolog was amongst one of the early languages used as part of the study and implementation of it. It has rarely made its way into large commercial applications, having said that, a famous commercial implementation is in Watson... | # Is Prolog still used in AI?
**Tags:** <history><programming-languages><prolog>
**Question (score 21):**
According to Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog), Prolog is a general-purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Is it still used for AI... | 2,436 | 609 | {
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1,534 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do I know when to use which Monte Carlo method? | <p>I'm a bit confused with extensive number of different <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method" rel="noreferrer">Monte Carlo methods</a> such as:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Monte_Carlo" rel="noreferrer">Hamiltonian/Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC)</a>,</li>
<li><a href="http... | I'm a bit confused with extensive number of different Monte Carlo methods (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method) such as: - Hamiltonian/Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Monte_Carlo), - Dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Monte_Carlo_method), - Marko... | 6 | 179 | 1 | 1 | 2 | [
"<gaming><comparison><monte-carlo-tree-search>"
] | 2016-08-11T03:29:18.097 | 2016-08-11T13:46:22.443 | 8 | 1,727 | [
{
"id": 1727,
"body": "<p>They are all called Monte Carlo because all of them are a different version of the canonical Monte Carlo algorithm.</p>\n\n<p>The canonical version of Monte Carlo algorithm is a stochastic algorithm to determine an action based in a tree representation. The differences among all th... | They are all called Monte Carlo because all of them are a different version of the canonical Monte Carlo algorithm. The canonical version of Monte Carlo algorithm is a stochastic algorithm to determine an action based in a tree representation. The differences among all these version are their exploration and exploitati... | # How do I know when to use which Monte Carlo method?
**Tags:** <gaming><comparison><monte-carlo-tree-search>
**Question (score 6):**
I'm a bit confused with extensive number of different Monte Carlo methods (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method) such as: - Hamiltonian/Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) (https://e... | 1,587 | 396 | {
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1,535 | ai.stackexchange.com | How exactly is the value of each node determined? Is it the same formula throughout the network? | <p>When it comes to neural networks, it's often only explained what abstract task they do, say for example detect a number in an image. I never understood what's going on under the hood essentially.</p>
<p>There seems to be a common structure of a directed graph, with values in each node. Some nodes are input nodes. T... | When it comes to neural networks, it's often only explained what abstract task they do, say for example detect a number in an image. I never understood what's going on under the hood essentially. There seems to be a common structure of a directed graph, with values in each node. Some nodes are input nodes. Their values... | 2 | 421 | 3 | 6 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks>"
] | 2016-08-11T08:30:40.453 | 2016-08-18T08:40:00.167 | 1,463 | null | [
{
"id": 1536,
"body": "<p>I will overly simplify ANNs in order to point how they work. Examples might not be 100% accurate.</p>\n\n<p>In the simplest form, network is trained using the apriori information extracted from the ground truth. This basically means that ANN uses the relation between the input and ... | I will overly simplify ANNs in order to point how they work. Examples might not be 100% accurate. In the simplest form, network is trained using the apriori information extracted from the ground truth. This basically means that ANN uses the relation between the input and output. For instance, if you are to classify shr... | # How exactly is the value of each node determined? Is it the same formula throughout the network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks>
**Question (score 2):**
When it comes to neural networks, it's often only explained what abstract task they do, say for example detect a number in an image. I never understood what's going o... | 5,968 | 1,492 | {
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1,539 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do evolutionary algorithms have advantages over the conventional backpropagation methods? | <p>How does employing evolutionary algorithms to design and train artificial neural networks have advantages over using the conventional backpropagation algorithms?</p>
| How does employing evolutionary algorithms to design and train artificial neural networks have advantages over using the conventional backpropagation algorithms? | 9 | 155 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><comparison><backpropagation><evolutionary-algorithms>"
] | 2016-08-11T09:39:32.893 | 2016-08-17T11:49:00.693 | 8 | 1,545 | [
{
"id": 1545,
"body": "<p>Unlike backpropagation, evolutionary algorithms do not require the objective function to be differential with respect to the parameters you aim to optimize. As a result, you can optimize \"more things\" in the network, such as activation functions or number of layers, which wouldn'... | Unlike backpropagation, evolutionary algorithms do not require the objective function to be differential with respect to the parameters you aim to optimize. As a result, you can optimize "more things" in the network, such as activation functions or number of layers, which wouldn't be possible in the standard backpropag... | # How do evolutionary algorithms have advantages over the conventional backpropagation methods?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><comparison><backpropagation><evolutionary-algorithms>
**Question (score 9):**
How does employing evolutionary algorithms to design and train artificial neural networks have advantages over usin... | 1,357 | 339 | {
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1,540 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any machine learning techniques to detect coding standard violations? | <p>Are there any machine learning techniques (such as deep learning or evolutionary algorithms) to detect coding standard violations? Which one would be more suitable?</p>
<p>I don't have any specific programming language in mind, but something similar to <a href="http://pear.php.net/package/PHP_CodeSniffer" rel="nofol... | Are there any machine learning techniques (such as deep learning or evolutionary algorithms) to detect coding standard violations? Which one would be more suitable? I don't have any specific programming language in mind, but something similar to PHP_CodeSniffer (http://pear.php.net/package/PHP_CodeSniffer) (following t... | 2 | 792 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><reference-request><evolutionary-algorithms><computer-programming>"
] | 2016-08-11T10:41:10.593 | 2020-12-05T15:37:36.623 | 8 | 1,562 | [
{
"id": 1562,
"body": "<p>If the system claims that a piece of code has violated standards, then to be useful to the programmer, it really needs to provide more information than just a 'yes/no' classifier: you need some form of explanation about <em>why</em> it is claimed to be wrong.</p>\n\n<p>Clearly ANNs... | If the system claims that a piece of code has violated standards, then to be useful to the programmer, it really needs to provide more information than just a 'yes/no' classifier: you need some form of explanation about why it is claimed to be wrong. Clearly ANNs aren't much use for that. If I were tackling such a prob... | # Are there any machine learning techniques to detect coding standard violations?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><reference-request><evolutionary-algorithms><computer-programming>
**Question (score 2):**
Are there any machine learning techniques (such as deep learning or evolutionary algorithms) to det... | 2,917 | 729 | {
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1,541 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why is cross-over a part of genetic algorithms? | <p>Genetic Algorithms has come to my attention recently when trying to correct/improve computer opponents for turn-based strategy computer games.</p>
<p>I implemented a simple Genetic Algorithm that didn't use any cross-over, just some random mutation. It seemed to work in this case, and so I started thinking:</p>
<p><... | Genetic Algorithms has come to my attention recently when trying to correct/improve computer opponents for turn-based strategy computer games. I implemented a simple Genetic Algorithm that didn't use any cross-over, just some random mutation. It seemed to work in this case, and so I started thinking: Why is cross-over ... | 9 | 343 | 3 | 1 | 1 | [
"<genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><crossover-operators><genetic-operators><mutation-operators>"
] | 2016-08-11T13:21:53.280 | 2020-12-08T11:21:56.810 | 145 | 1,548 | [
{
"id": 1548,
"body": "<p>Mutation is usually defined to be a <em>global</em> operator, i.e. iterated mutation is (eventually) capable of reaching every point in the vector space defined by the geneome. In that sense, mutation alone is certainly 'enough'.</p>\n\n<p>Regarding the motivation for crossover - f... | Mutation is usually defined to be a global operator, i.e. iterated mutation is (eventually) capable of reaching every point in the vector space defined by the geneome. In that sense, mutation alone is certainly 'enough'. Regarding the motivation for crossover - from Essentials of Metaheuristics (https://cs.gmu.edu/~sea... | # Why is cross-over a part of genetic algorithms?
**Tags:** <genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><crossover-operators><genetic-operators><mutation-operators>
**Question (score 9):**
Genetic Algorithms has come to my attention recently when trying to correct/improve computer opponents for turn-based strategy ... | 4,164 | 1,041 | {
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1,544 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could curiosity improve artificial intelligence? | <p>While thinking about AI, this question came into my mind. Could curiosity help in developing a true AI? According to this <a href="http://psychologia.co/creativity-test/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">website</a> (for testing creativity):</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Curiosity in this context refers to persistent desire to learn... | While thinking about AI, this question came into my mind. Could curiosity help in developing a true AI? According to this website (http://psychologia.co/creativity-test/) (for testing creativity): Curiosity in this context refers to persistent desire to learn and discover new things and ideas. A curious person - always... | 8 | 247 | 5 | 1 | 2 | [
"<agi><human-inspired><artificial-curiosity>"
] | 2016-08-11T14:00:46.070 | 2021-01-26T01:33:01.403 | 39 | null | [
{
"id": 1553,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>Does this addition of curosity changes clarifai into a true AI?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>As per my answer to <a href=\"https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1420/how-close-are-we-to-creating-ex-machina\">this question</a>, we don't know what the ingredients for a '... | Does this addition of curosity changes clarifai into a true AI? As per my answer to this question (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1420/how-close-are-we-to-creating-ex-machina), we don't know what the ingredients for a 'true AI' are. Via the Turing Test and its variants, the best we can do is "know one when we s... | # Could curiosity improve artificial intelligence?
**Tags:** <agi><human-inspired><artificial-curiosity>
**Question (score 8):**
While thinking about AI, this question came into my mind. Could curiosity help in developing a true AI? According to this website (http://psychologia.co/creativity-test/) (for testing crea... | 3,347 | 836 | {
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1,560 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does Google's self-driving car identify pedestrians? | <p>Based on the article <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3677950/Google-s-self-driving-cars-spot-cyclists-Sensors-read-hand-signals-predict-riders-behavior.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Google's self-driving cars can now spot cyclists: Sensors can read hand signals and predict rider's behaviour... | Based on the article Google's self-driving cars can now spot cyclists: Sensors can read hand signals and predict rider's behaviour (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3677950/Google-s-self-driving-cars-spot-cyclists-Sensors-read-hand-signals-predict-riders-behavior.html), Google's self-driving cars can spot... | 3 | 494 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<object-recognition><autonomous-vehicles><google>"
] | 2016-08-11T18:06:34.053 | 2019-06-21T21:43:59.547 | 8 | 1,577 | [
{
"id": 1577,
"body": "<p>The AI of the car uses sensor data to process all the data and classifies objects <strong>based on the size, shape and movement patterns</strong>. It can recognize surroundings from a 360 degree perspective by making predictions about vehicles, people and objects around it will mov... | The AI of the car uses sensor data to process all the data and classifies objects based on the size, shape and movement patterns. It can recognize surroundings from a 360 degree perspective by making predictions about vehicles, people and objects around it will move. It can detect pedestrians, but as moving, column-sha... | # How does Google's self-driving car identify pedestrians?
**Tags:** <object-recognition><autonomous-vehicles><google>
**Question (score 3):**
Based on the article Google's self-driving cars can now spot cyclists: Sensors can read hand signals and predict rider's behaviour (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/art... | 2,005 | 501 | {
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1,561 | ai.stackexchange.com | Would Google's self-driving-car stop when it sees somebody with a T-shirt with a stop sign printed on it? | <p>In <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/530276/hidden-obstacles-for-googles-self-driving-cars/" rel="noreferrer">Hidden Obstacles for Google’s Self-Driving Cars</a> article we can read that:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Google’s cars can detect and respond to stop signs that aren’t on its map, a feature that was intro... | In Hidden Obstacles for Google’s Self-Driving Cars (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/530276/hidden-obstacles-for-googles-self-driving-cars/) article we can read that: Google’s cars can detect and respond to stop signs that aren’t on its map, a feature that was introduced to deal with temporary signs used at construct... | 19 | 769 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<object-recognition><decision-theory><autonomous-vehicles><google>"
] | 2016-08-11T18:18:27.973 | 2020-06-17T09:57:20.710 | 8 | 1,578 | [
{
"id": 1578,
"body": "<p>Google’s self-driving car most likely uses <a href=\"https://viejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40327-015-0027-1\" rel=\"noreferrer\">mapping of traffic signs using google street view images for roadway inventory management</a>. If traffic signs are not in its database, ... | Google’s self-driving car most likely uses mapping of traffic signs using google street view images for roadway inventory management (https://viejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40327-015-0027-1). If traffic signs are not in its database, it can still “see” and detect moving objects which can be distinguished... | # Would Google's self-driving-car stop when it sees somebody with a T-shirt with a stop sign printed on it?
**Tags:** <object-recognition><decision-theory><autonomous-vehicles><google>
**Question (score 19):**
In Hidden Obstacles for Google’s Self-Driving Cars (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/530276/hidden-obstac... | 2,943 | 735 | {
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1,567 | ai.stackexchange.com | Once self-driving cars are perfected, will they replace manually driven cars? | <p>After self-driving cars are perfected to the degree that accident statistics are lower for them than human driven cars, will they replace cars with human drivers? Will there eventually only be self-driving cars?</p>
| After self-driving cars are perfected to the degree that accident statistics are lower for them than human driven cars, will they replace cars with human drivers? Will there eventually only be self-driving cars? | 4 | 133 | 1 | 6 | 0 | [
"<autonomous-vehicles>"
] | 2016-08-11T19:56:31.223 | 2018-11-06T17:04:10.237 | 145 | null | [
{
"id": 1576,
"body": "<p>It likely to be happen, because it's more convenient that way. In general people, organizations and government are always keen to make things more efficient by standarizing things (computers, technology, law, science, etc.) in order to make it manageable and predictable to reduce t... | It likely to be happen, because it's more convenient that way. In general people, organizations and government are always keen to make things more efficient by standarizing things (computers, technology, law, science, etc.) in order to make it manageable and predictable to reduce the time and minimalize the risk of the... | # Once self-driving cars are perfected, will they replace manually driven cars?
**Tags:** <autonomous-vehicles>
**Question (score 4):**
After self-driving cars are perfected to the degree that accident statistics are lower for them than human driven cars, will they replace cars with human drivers? Will there eventua... | 4,552 | 1,138 | {
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1,568 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there any board game where a human can still beat an AI? | <p>Significant AI vs human board game matches include:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>chess</strong>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)#Deep_Blue_versus_Kasparov" rel="noreferrer">Deep Blue vs Kasparov</a> in 1996,</li>
<li><strong>Go</strong>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versu... | Significant AI vs human board game matches include: - chess: Deep Blue vs Kasparov (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)#Deep_Blue_versus_Kasparov) in 1996, - Go: DeepMind AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol) in 2016, which demonstrated that AI challenged and... | 8 | 2,843 | 3 | 3 | 0 | [
"<history><challenges><game-theory>"
] | 2016-08-11T20:11:33.013 | 2016-08-11T20:15:58.067 | 8 | 1,584 | [
{
"id": 1574,
"body": "<p>Not all games (or even board games) are computationally algorithmic. Even the least skilled player is likely to trounce the hottest pattern-matching algorithm in a game of <strong><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictionary\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Pictionary</a></strong> (for e... | Not all games (or even board games) are computationally algorithmic. Even the least skilled player is likely to trounce the hottest pattern-matching algorithm in a game of Pictionary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictionary) (for example). If you want to say that the movement of pieces upon successful completion of a ... | # Is there any board game where a human can still beat an AI?
**Tags:** <history><challenges><game-theory>
**Question (score 8):**
Significant AI vs human board game matches include: - chess: Deep Blue vs Kasparov (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)#Deep_Blue_versus_Kasparov) in 1996, - Go: Dee... | 2,936 | 734 | {
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1,592 | ai.stackexchange.com | What technologies are needed for a self-driving car? | <p>Google, Tesla or Apple have all built or are building their own self-driving cars. As an expert in a related area, I am interested in knowing at a high level, the systems and techniques that go into self-driving cars. </p>
<p>How easy is it for me to make a tabletop prototype (large enough to accommodate the needed... | Google, Tesla or Apple have all built or are building their own self-driving cars. As an expert in a related area, I am interested in knowing at a high level, the systems and techniques that go into self-driving cars. How easy is it for me to make a tabletop prototype (large enough to accommodate the needed computing p... | 7 | 155 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<ai-design><autonomous-vehicles>"
] | 2016-08-12T20:27:15.577 | 2019-06-26T12:04:00.113 | 130 | null | [
{
"id": 1610,
"body": "<p>You're going to need some way to 'see' the area around the car, and to track the speed of nearby objects. Google uses a combination of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar\" rel=\"nofollow\">LIDAR</a>, radar, conventional cameras, and occasionally sonar (see <a href=\"http... | You're going to need some way to 'see' the area around the car, and to track the speed of nearby objects. Google uses a combination of LIDAR (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar), radar, conventional cameras, and occasionally sonar (see here (http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-self-driving-cars-work-the-nuts-and-bolts-be... | # What technologies are needed for a self-driving car?
**Tags:** <ai-design><autonomous-vehicles>
**Question (score 7):**
Google, Tesla or Apple have all built or are building their own self-driving cars. As an expert in a related area, I am interested in knowing at a high level, the systems and techniques that go i... | 1,555 | 388 | {
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1,593 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there any research work on the usefulness of the concept of "personality" for an AGI? | <p>Humans have been endowed with personalities by nature, and it is not clear (to me at least) if this is a feature or a bug. This has been explored in science fiction by various notions of <a href="http://memory-alpha.org/Borg" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Borg</a>-like entities. It is my belief that, for narrative reaso... | Humans have been endowed with personalities by nature, and it is not clear (to me at least) if this is a feature or a bug. This has been explored in science fiction by various notions of Borg (http://memory-alpha.org/Borg)-like entities. It is my belief that, for narrative reasons, such stories usually end with the hum... | 3 | 129 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<reference-request><philosophy><agi><affective-computing>"
] | 2016-08-12T20:36:59.840 | 2021-01-26T16:35:19.977 | 130 | null | [
{
"id": 1596,
"body": "<p>'Personality' is something of a 'suitcase word' (Minsky) for quite a large collection of (presumably reasonably consistent) observable traits. </p>\n\n<p>It seems clear that there is a certain collective advantage in having a consistent personality - specifically that it affords ob... | 'Personality' is something of a 'suitcase word' (Minsky) for quite a large collection of (presumably reasonably consistent) observable traits. It seems clear that there is a certain collective advantage in having a consistent personality - specifically that it affords observers some learning gradient in an otherwise un... | # Is there any research work on the usefulness of the concept of "personality" for an AGI?
**Tags:** <reference-request><philosophy><agi><affective-computing>
**Question (score 3):**
Humans have been endowed with personalities by nature, and it is not clear (to me at least) if this is a feature or a bug. This has be... | 5,098 | 1,274 | {
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1,601 | ai.stackexchange.com | Research for misbehavior detection in WiFI networks | <p>I'm looking for research which discusses misbehavior detection in public internet access networks using ANN approaches.</p>
<p>So it can be used by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider" rel="nofollow">ISP</a> to detect suspicious users connected to their network.</p>
| I'm looking for research which discusses misbehavior detection in public internet access networks using ANN approaches. So it can be used by ISP (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider) to detect suspicious users connected to their network. | 3 | 38 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><research>"
] | 2016-08-13T03:51:50.153 | 2016-08-13T07:45:28.300 | 8 | 1,608 | [
{
"id": 1608,
"body": "<p>One popular technique for doing this is to use <a href=\"http://www.artificial-immune-systems.org/\">Artificial Immune Systems</a>, an evolutionary computation approach which maintains a population of pattern detectors. </p>\n\n<p>Here is a <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/pap... | One popular technique for doing this is to use Artificial Immune Systems (http://www.artificial-immune-systems.org/), an evolutionary computation approach which maintains a population of pattern detectors. Here is a survey paper (https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0804/0804.1266.pdf). | # Research for misbehavior detection in WiFI networks
**Tags:** <neural-networks><research>
**Question (score 3):**
I'm looking for research which discusses misbehavior detection in public internet access networks using ANN approaches. So it can be used by ISP (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider... | 695 | 173 | {
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1,603 | ai.stackexchange.com | Which learning algorithms are suitable for data leakage detection and prevention? | <p>I'm investigating applications of AI algorithms which can be used for data leakage detection and prevention within an intranet network (like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcepoint" rel="nofollow">Forcepoint</a>). More specifically detecting traffic patterns. I'm new to this.</p>
<p>Which learning algorit... | I'm investigating applications of AI algorithms which can be used for data leakage detection and prevention within an intranet network (like Forcepoint (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcepoint)). More specifically detecting traffic patterns. I'm new to this. Which learning algorithms are most suitable for this goal? E... | 3 | 123 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<learning-algorithms>"
] | 2016-08-13T04:08:47.627 | 2016-08-17T11:53:52.427 | 8 | 1,616 | [
{
"id": 1616,
"body": "<p>This seems to fall broadly into the regime of a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification\" rel=\"nofollow\">classification problem</a> as you want to classify an outgoing communication as \"contains proprietary information\" or \"does not contain proprieta... | This seems to fall broadly into the regime of a classification problem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification) as you want to classify an outgoing communication as "contains proprietary information" or "does not contain proprietary information". As such, any classification approach could be applied. ... | # Which learning algorithms are suitable for data leakage detection and prevention?
**Tags:** <learning-algorithms>
**Question (score 3):**
I'm investigating applications of AI algorithms which can be used for data leakage detection and prevention within an intranet network (like Forcepoint (https://en.wikipedia.org... | 1,487 | 371 | {
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1,606 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the approaches to teach AI to how to render html page based on its source code? | <p>I'm wondering, instead of implementing new web browsers over and over again with millions line of code which is very difficult to manage, would it be possible to use ANN or GA algorithm to teach it about the rendering process (how the page should look like)?</p>
<p>So as an input I would imaging the html source cod... | I'm wondering, instead of implementing new web browsers over and over again with millions line of code which is very difficult to manage, would it be possible to use ANN or GA algorithm to teach it about the rendering process (how the page should look like)? So as an input I would imaging the html source code, output i... | 2 | 181 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><implementation><computer-programming>"
] | 2016-08-13T04:25:29.447 | 2016-08-13T11:20:33.007 | 8 | 1,607 | [
{
"id": 1607,
"body": "<p>The rendering process for browsers is <a href=\"https://www.w3.org/\">very well defined</a>, and has a very rigid definite ruleset where (virtually) every accountability is noted and handled. This is not optimal for Machine Learning, which works when we have a large pool of example... | The rendering process for browsers is very well defined (https://www.w3.org/), and has a very rigid definite ruleset where (virtually) every accountability is noted and handled. This is not optimal for Machine Learning, which works when we have a large pool of examples, and we don't know the ruleset; it will figure it ... | # What are the approaches to teach AI to how to render html page based on its source code?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><implementation><computer-programming>
**Question (score 2):**
I'm wondering, instead of implementing new web browsers over and over again with millions line of code which is very difficult to manage... | 3,836 | 959 | {
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1,614 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can artificial intelligence (including deep learning algorithms) find suspicious patterns in the body’s biochemistry? | <p>It has been <a href="http://www.itnonline.com/content/will-fda-be-too-much-intelligent-machines" rel="nofollow noreferrer">suggested</a> that machine learning algorithms (also <a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/1427/8">Watson</a>) can help with finding disease in patient images and optimize scans. Also that dee... | It has been suggested (http://www.itnonline.com/content/will-fda-be-too-much-intelligent-machines) that machine learning algorithms (also Watson (https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/1427/8)) can help with finding disease in patient images and optimize scans. Also that deep learning algorithms show promise for every type of ... | 5 | 98 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<deep-learning><healthcare><learning-algorithms>"
] | 2016-08-14T03:17:29.793 | 2017-04-13T12:53:10.013 | 8 | 1,615 | [
{
"id": 1615,
"body": "<p>I wouldn't focus <em>only</em> on \"deep learning\" unless you have some specific reason for doing so. There may be other techniques which could be as effective, or more effective. </p>\n\n<p>One approach I've seen used for something similar was <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org... | I wouldn't focus only on "deep learning" unless you have some specific reason for doing so. There may be other techniques which could be as effective, or more effective. One approach I've seen used for something similar was Inductive Logic Programming (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_logic_programming). For one... | # How can artificial intelligence (including deep learning algorithms) find suspicious patterns in the body’s biochemistry?
**Tags:** <deep-learning><healthcare><learning-algorithms>
**Question (score 5):**
It has been suggested (http://www.itnonline.com/content/will-fda-be-too-much-intelligent-machines) that machin... | 1,493 | 373 | {
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1,617 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why would someone want to simulate emotional desicion-making within an AI? | <p>The <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AplG6KnOr2Q" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Mario Lives!</a> video (and its follow-up video, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltPj3RlN4Nw&list=PLuOoXrWK6Kz5ySULxGMtAUdZEg9SkXDoq&index=5" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Mario Becomes Social!</a>) showcases an AI unit ... | The Mario Lives! (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AplG6KnOr2Q) video (and its follow-up video, Mario Becomes Social! (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltPj3RlN4Nw&list=PLuOoXrWK6Kz5ySULxGMtAUdZEg9SkXDoq&index=5)) showcases an AI unit that is able to simulate emotional decision-making within a virtual world, and can ente... | 2 | 113 | 1 | 1 | 0 | [
"<philosophy><social><emotional-intelligence>"
] | 2016-08-14T17:28:47.513 | 2020-03-10T23:20:36.190 | 181 | 1,627 | [
{
"id": 1627,
"body": "<p>Humans have poor understanding of emotional rules. Probably every poster on here has experienced <em>greatly</em> misreading another individual emotionally. Further, people often don't act emotionally how they would expect themselves to act, for example we have all experienced frus... | Humans have poor understanding of emotional rules. Probably every poster on here has experienced greatly misreading another individual emotionally. Further, people often don't act emotionally how they would expect themselves to act, for example we have all experienced frustration at someone else's irrational concerns a... | # Why would someone want to simulate emotional desicion-making within an AI?
**Tags:** <philosophy><social><emotional-intelligence>
**Question (score 2):**
The Mario Lives! (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AplG6KnOr2Q) video (and its follow-up video, Mario Becomes Social! (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltPj3RlN4Nw... | 2,373 | 593 | {
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1,618 | ai.stackexchange.com | How should I encode the structure of a neural network into a genome? | <p>For a deterministic problem space, I need to find a neural network with the optimal node and link structure. I want to use a genetic algorithm to simulate many neural networks to find the best network structure for the problem domain. </p>
<p>I've never used genetic algorithms for a task like this before. <em>What ... | For a deterministic problem space, I need to find a neural network with the optimal node and link structure. I want to use a genetic algorithm to simulate many neural networks to find the best network structure for the problem domain. I've never used genetic algorithms for a task like this before. What are the practica... | 14 | 450 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><ai-design><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neuroevolution>"
] | 2016-08-14T19:16:12.140 | 2019-07-07T21:38:31.047 | 145 | 1,626 | [
{
"id": 1626,
"body": "<p>Section 4.2 of <a href=\"https://cs.gmu.edu/~sean/book/metaheuristics/\">\"Essentials of Metaheuristics\"</a> has a wealth of information on alternative ways of encoding graph structures via Genetic Algorithms.</p>\n\n<p>With particular regard to evolving ANNs, I would personally n... | Section 4.2 of "Essentials of Metaheuristics" (https://cs.gmu.edu/~sean/book/metaheuristics/) has a wealth of information on alternative ways of encoding graph structures via Genetic Algorithms. With particular regard to evolving ANNs, I would personally not be inclined to implement this sort of thing 'from scratch': T... | # How should I encode the structure of a neural network into a genome?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><ai-design><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neuroevolution>
**Question (score 14):**
For a deterministic problem space, I need to find a neural network with the optimal node and link structure. I want to us... | 3,727 | 931 | {
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1,625 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can neural networks be better than human experts at prediction of greyhound racing results? | <p>Were there any studies which checked the accuracy of neural network predictions of greyhound racing results, compared to a human expert? Would it achieve a better payoff?</p>
| Were there any studies which checked the accuracy of neural network predictions of greyhound racing results, compared to a human expert? Would it achieve a better payoff? | 4 | 811 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><research>"
] | 2016-08-15T03:33:07.827 | 2016-08-15T14:56:08.323 | 8 | 1,959 | [
{
"id": 1959,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>Practically, no. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>In greyhound racing (or horse racing), there is no definite underlying pattern that can be associated with the outcome of the race. There are far too many variables to record and code as features. Most of which cannot be ac... | Practically, no. In greyhound racing (or horse racing), there is no definite underlying pattern that can be associated with the outcome of the race. There are far too many variables to record and code as features. Most of which cannot be accessed by the public. This includes eating, sleeping, and training patterns. Fur... | # Can neural networks be better than human experts at prediction of greyhound racing results?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><research>
**Question (score 4):**
Were there any studies which checked the accuracy of neural network predictions of greyhound racing results, compared to a human expert? Would it achieve a bette... | 2,164 | 541 | {
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1,628 | ai.stackexchange.com | Have any chatbots fooled the judges and won the Loebner Prize Gold medal yet? | <p>I've read about The Loebner Prize for AI, which pledged a Grand Prize of $100,000 and a Gold Medal for the first computer whose responses were indistinguishable from a human's.</p>
<p>So I was wondering whether any chatbots have fooled the judges and won a Gold Medal yet?</p>
<p>From their <a href="http://www.loeb... | I've read about The Loebner Prize for AI, which pledged a Grand Prize of $100,000 and a Gold Medal for the first computer whose responses were indistinguishable from a human's. So I was wondering whether any chatbots have fooled the judges and won a Gold Medal yet? From their website (http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loeb... | 3 | 271 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<history><turing-test><chat-bots>"
] | 2016-08-15T11:08:05.700 | 2016-08-15T14:37:10.257 | 8 | 1,629 | [
{
"id": 1629,
"body": "<p>The 2016 finals haven't started yet, they will start on Saturday, 17 September 2016. </p>\n\n<p>In the 2015 finals or before that, nobody won the Gold Medal or the Silver Medal. \nThe most up-to-date data can be found <a href=\"http://www.aisb.org.uk/events/loebner-prize\" rel=\"no... | The 2016 finals haven't started yet, they will start on Saturday, 17 September 2016. In the 2015 finals or before that, nobody won the Gold Medal or the Silver Medal. The most up-to-date data can be found here (http://www.aisb.org.uk/events/loebner-prize), where we can find both the results from 2015 and the timeline o... | # Have any chatbots fooled the judges and won the Loebner Prize Gold medal yet?
**Tags:** <history><turing-test><chat-bots>
**Question (score 3):**
I've read about The Loebner Prize for AI, which pledged a Grand Prize of $100,000 and a Gold Medal for the first computer whose responses were indistinguishable from a h... | 1,244 | 311 | {
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1,630 | ai.stackexchange.com | Given enough computational resources, do we currently have any algorithms which could achieve AI? | <p>Hypothetically, assume that you have access to infinite computing power. Do we have designs for any brute-force algorithms that can find an AI capable of passing traditional tests (e.g. Turing, Chinese Room, MIST, etc.)? </p>
| Hypothetically, assume that you have access to infinite computing power. Do we have designs for any brute-force algorithms that can find an AI capable of passing traditional tests (e.g. Turing, Chinese Room, MIST, etc.)? | 5 | 269 | 3 | 3 | 2 | [
"<turing-test><agi><ai-design>"
] | 2016-08-15T11:36:37.463 | 2016-12-18T18:40:48.327 | 1,467 | 1,631 | [
{
"id": 1631,
"body": "<p>What 'infinite' means here could possibly be debated at some length, but that notwithstanding, here are two conflicting answers:</p>\n\n<p>'Yes': Simulate all possible universes. Stop when you get to one containing a flavor of intelligence that passes whatever test you have in mind... | What 'infinite' means here could possibly be debated at some length, but that notwithstanding, here are two conflicting answers: 'Yes': Simulate all possible universes. Stop when you get to one containing a flavor of intelligence that passes whatever test you have in mind. Steven Wolfram has suggested something broadly... | # Given enough computational resources, do we currently have any algorithms which could achieve AI?
**Tags:** <turing-test><agi><ai-design>
**Question (score 5):**
Hypothetically, assume that you have access to infinite computing power. Do we have designs for any brute-force algorithms that can find an AI capable of... | 7,729 | 1,932 | {
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1,635 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it possible to implement Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics? | <p>Would it be possible to put <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Asimov's three Laws of Robotics</a> into an AI?</p>
<p>The three laws are:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>A robot (or, more accurately, an AI) cannot harm a human being, or through inaction allow a human being to be... | Would it be possible to put Asimov's three Laws of Robotics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics) into an AI? The three laws are: - A robot (or, more accurately, an AI) cannot harm a human being, or through inaction allow a human being to be harmed1 - A robot must listen to instructions given to it by ... | 7 | 582 | 4 | 0 | 0 | [
"<implementation><robotics><asimovs-laws>"
] | 2016-08-15T14:59:47.477 | 2020-11-17T13:58:05.500 | 145 | null | [
{
"id": 1638,
"body": "<p>The most challenging part is this section of the first law:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>or through inaction allow a human being to be harmed</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Humans manage to injure themselves unintentionally in all kinds of ways all the time. A robot strictly following that ... | The most challenging part is this section of the first law: or through inaction allow a human being to be harmed Humans manage to injure themselves unintentionally in all kinds of ways all the time. A robot strictly following that law would have to spend all its time saving people from their own clumsiness and would pr... | # Is it possible to implement Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics?
**Tags:** <implementation><robotics><asimovs-laws>
**Question (score 7):**
Would it be possible to put Asimov's three Laws of Robotics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics) into an AI? The three laws are: - A robot (or, more accurately, ... | 2,887 | 721 | {
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1,644 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to achieve recognition of postures and gestures? | <p>I'd like to investigate the possibility of achieving similar recognition as it's in <a href="http://asimo.honda.com/downloads/pdf/asimo-technical-information.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Honda's ASIMO robot</a><sup>p.22</sup> which can interpret the positioning and movement of a hand, including postures and gestur... | I'd like to investigate the possibility of achieving similar recognition as it's in Honda's ASIMO robot (http://asimo.honda.com/downloads/pdf/asimo-technical-information.pdf)p.22 which can interpret the positioning and movement of a hand, including postures and gestures based on visual information. Here is the example ... | 3 | 360 | 3 | 0 | 4 | [
"<image-recognition><pattern-recognition><robotics><robots><human-computer-interaction>"
] | 2016-08-16T01:48:02.907 | 2019-11-06T23:19:53.647 | 8 | 1,912 | [
{
"id": 1912,
"body": "<p>Just to add some discourse; this is actually an incredibly complex task, as gestures (aka kinematics) function as an auxiliary language that can completely change the meaning of a sentence or even a single word. I recently did a dissertation on the converse (generating the correct ... | Just to add some discourse; this is actually an incredibly complex task, as gestures (aka kinematics) function as an auxiliary language that can completely change the meaning of a sentence or even a single word. I recently did a dissertation on the converse (generating the correct gesture from a specific social context... | # How to achieve recognition of postures and gestures?
**Tags:** <image-recognition><pattern-recognition><robotics><robots><human-computer-interaction>
**Question (score 3):**
I'd like to investigate the possibility of achieving similar recognition as it's in Honda's ASIMO robot (http://asimo.honda.com/downloads/pdf... | 4,238 | 1,059 | {
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1,648 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the criteria for a system to be considered intelligent? | <p>For example, could you provide reasons why a sundial is <em>not</em> "intelligent"?
A sundial senses its environment and acts rationally. It outputs the time. It also stores percepts. (The numbers the engineer wrote on it.)</p>
<p>What properties of a self driving car would make it "intelligent"? </p>
<p>Where is... | For example, could you provide reasons why a sundial is not "intelligent"? A sundial senses its environment and acts rationally. It outputs the time. It also stores percepts. (The numbers the engineer wrote on it.) What properties of a self driving car would make it "intelligent"? Where is the line between non intellig... | 9 | 2,179 | 3 | 1 | 3 | [
"<definitions><intelligence-testing>"
] | 2016-08-16T12:06:21.700 | 2019-02-21T22:19:34.193 | 157 | 1,649 | [
{
"id": 1649,
"body": "<p>Typically, I think of intelligence in terms of the <em>control</em> of <em>perception</em>. [1] A related, but different, definition of intelligence is the (at least partial) restriction of possible future states. For example, an intelligent Chess player is one whose future rarely ... | Typically, I think of intelligence in terms of the control of perception. [1] A related, but different, definition of intelligence is the (at least partial) restriction of possible future states. For example, an intelligent Chess player is one whose future rarely includes 'lost at chess to a weaker opponent' states; th... | # What are the criteria for a system to be considered intelligent?
**Tags:** <definitions><intelligence-testing>
**Question (score 9):**
For example, could you provide reasons why a sundial is not "intelligent"? A sundial senses its environment and acts rationally. It outputs the time. It also stores percepts. (The ... | 4,086 | 1,021 | {
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1,655 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does using ASIC for the acceleration of AI work? | <p>We can read on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow#Tensor_processing_unit_.28TPU.29" rel="noreferrer">Wikipedia page</a> that Google built a custom ASIC chip for machine learning and tailored for TensorFlow which helps to accelerate AI.</p>
<p>Since ASIC chips are specially customized for one particul... | We can read on Wikipedia page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow#Tensor_processing_unit_.28TPU.29) that Google built a custom ASIC chip for machine learning and tailored for TensorFlow which helps to accelerate AI. Since ASIC chips are specially customized for one particular use without the ability to change its... | 10 | 3,460 | 4 | 3 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><hardware><neuromorphic-engineering>"
] | 2016-08-17T02:02:41.510 | 2018-08-27T15:52:18.557 | 8 | 1,734 | [
{
"id": 1734,
"body": "<h2>Tensor operations</h2>\n\n<p>The major work in most ML applications is simply a set of (very large) tensor operations e.g. matrix multiplication. You can do <em>that</em> easily in an ASIC, and all the other algorithms can just run on top of that.</p>\n",
"body_md": "## Tensor... | ## Tensor operations The major work in most ML applications is simply a set of (very large) tensor operations e.g. matrix multiplication. You can do that easily in an ASIC, and all the other algorithms can just run on top of that. | # How does using ASIC for the acceleration of AI work?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><hardware><neuromorphic-engineering>
**Question (score 10):**
We can read on Wikipedia page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow#Tensor_processing_unit_.28TPU.29) that Google built a custom ASIC chip for machine ... | 4,456 | 1,114 | {
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
1,662 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do Artificial Neural Networks store data compared to Biological Neural Networks? | <p>Do scientists know by what mechanism biological brains/biological neural networks store data?</p>
<p>I was thinking about @kenorbs <a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1656/how-can-nanobot-implants-in-our-brains-connect-to-the-internet">question</a> about implanting nanobots to build an AGI on top of hum... | Do scientists know by what mechanism biological brains/biological neural networks store data? I was thinking about @kenorbs question (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1656/how-can-nanobot-implants-in-our-brains-connect-to-the-internet) about implanting nanobots to build an AGI on top of human wetware. I only have... | 6 | 206 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><neuromorphic-engineering>"
] | 2016-08-17T11:57:42.683 | 2017-04-13T12:53:10.013 | 157 | null | [
{
"id": 1663,
"body": "<p>Second question first: Data is stored in an ANN in the form of weights in the adjacency matrix between neurons. During training, these weights are updated by a learning algorithm (such as <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation\" rel=\"noreferrer\">backpropagation</... | Second question first: Data is stored in an ANN in the form of weights in the adjacency matrix between neurons. During training, these weights are updated by a learning algorithm (such as backpropagation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation)). First question: according to award-winning neuroscientist Tim Blis... | # How do Artificial Neural Networks store data compared to Biological Neural Networks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><neuromorphic-engineering>
**Question (score 6):**
Do scientists know by what mechanism biological brains/biological neural networks store data? I was thinking about @kenorbs question (https://ai.stackex... | 1,605 | 401 | {
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1,665 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any DeepQA-based computers other than Watson? | <p>My understanding is that <em>Watson</em> is the name of the computer, and <em>DeepQA</em> is the name of the software or technology. They are both correlated.</p>
<p>Are there any computers/technologies other than <em>Watson</em> which <strong>are using <em>DeepQA</em></strong>? Or is <em>Watson</em> the only compu... | My understanding is that Watson is the name of the computer, and DeepQA is the name of the software or technology. They are both correlated. Are there any computers/technologies other than Watson which are using DeepQA? Or is Watson the only computer which implements that software/technology? | 3 | 108 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<terminology><watson>"
] | 2016-08-17T14:52:05.960 | 2019-06-29T23:14:16.380 | 8 | 1,666 | [
{
"id": 1666,
"body": "<p>I cannot say for certain, but I know of no such other uses (I work at the building where Watson is developing but do not directly work with it).</p>\n\n<p>The DeepQA team's page (<a href=\"https://www.research.ibm.com/deepqa/deepqa.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.research.ibm.... | I cannot say for certain, but I know of no such other uses (I work at the building where Watson is developing but do not directly work with it). The DeepQA team's page (https://www.research.ibm.com/deepqa/deepqa.shtml (https://www.research.ibm.com/deepqa/deepqa.shtml)) only ever references Watson as the implementation,... | # Are there any DeepQA-based computers other than Watson?
**Tags:** <terminology><watson>
**Question (score 3):**
My understanding is that Watson is the name of the computer, and DeepQA is the name of the software or technology. They are both correlated. Are there any computers/technologies other than Watson which a... | 1,208 | 302 | {
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1,678 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is predicate argument recognition? | <p>There is a study about <a href="http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P02/P02-1031.pdf" rel="noreferrer">The Necessity of Parsing for Predicate Argument Recognition</a>, however I couldn't find much information about 'Predicate Argument Recognition' which could explain it.</p>
<p>What is it exactly and how does it work... | There is a study about The Necessity of Parsing for Predicate Argument Recognition (http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P02/P02-1031.pdf), however I couldn't find much information about 'Predicate Argument Recognition' which could explain it. What is it exactly and how does it work, briefly? | 7 | 259 | 1 | 3 | 2 | [
"<definitions><natural-language-processing><computational-linguistics>"
] | 2016-08-18T14:00:52.177 | 2016-08-18T14:13:25.083 | 8 | 5,284 | [
{
"id": 5284,
"body": "<p>In grammar, a predicate-argument relationship is one which is implied from text but not expressed in the syntactic structure. (Asher S)</p>\n\n<p>Predicate logic or first order logic is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics and computer science... | In grammar, a predicate-argument relationship is one which is implied from text but not expressed in the syntactic structure. (Asher S) Predicate logic or first order logic is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics and computer science. The NLP community is interested in recognizing... | # What is predicate argument recognition?
**Tags:** <definitions><natural-language-processing><computational-linguistics>
**Question (score 7):**
There is a study about The Necessity of Parsing for Predicate Argument Recognition (http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P02/P02-1031.pdf), however I couldn't find much infor... | 1,733 | 433 | {
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1,685 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does Wit.ai convert sentences into structured data? | <p>The Wit.ai is a Siri-like voice interface which can can parse messages and predict the actions to perform.</p>
<p>Here is the <a href="https://labs.wit.ai/demo/index.html" rel="nofollow">demo site powered by Wit.ai</a>.</p>
<p>How does it understand the spoken sentences and convert them into structured actionable ... | The Wit.ai is a Siri-like voice interface which can can parse messages and predict the actions to perform. Here is the demo site powered by Wit.ai (https://labs.wit.ai/demo/index.html). How does it understand the spoken sentences and convert them into structured actionable data? Basically, how does it know what to do? | 5 | 477 | 1 | 0 | 3 | [
"<natural-language-processing><voice-recognition><structured-data>"
] | 2016-08-18T14:30:05.433 | 2018-10-08T12:53:11.510 | 8 | null | [
{
"id": 1697,
"body": "<p>I can't speak to wit.ai specifically, but I can tell you a little bit about how similar applications work. Specifically, I can talk a bit about <a href=\"http://stanbol.apache.org\" rel=\"nofollow\">Apache Stanbol</a> which also converts free text into structured data. That said,... | I can't speak to wit.ai specifically, but I can tell you a little bit about how similar applications work. Specifically, I can talk a bit about Apache Stanbol (http://stanbol.apache.org) which also converts free text into structured data. That said, I should prefix this by saying there isn't just one way to "get there ... | # How does Wit.ai convert sentences into structured data?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><voice-recognition><structured-data>
**Question (score 5):**
The Wit.ai is a Siri-like voice interface which can can parse messages and predict the actions to perform. Here is the demo site powered by Wit.ai (https://lab... | 2,142 | 535 | {
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1,691 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to make convnets aware what the image actually is, not what is depicted on it? | <p>I've <a href="https://www.imageidentify.com/result/0lkzuttdxipub" rel="nofollow noreferrer">uploaded a picture</a> to Wolfram's ImageIdentify of graffiti on the wall, but it recognized it as 'monocle'. Secondary guesses were 'primate', 'hominid', and 'person', so not even close to 'graffiti' or 'painting'.</p>
<p>I... | I've uploaded a picture (https://www.imageidentify.com/result/0lkzuttdxipub) to Wolfram's ImageIdentify of graffiti on the wall, but it recognized it as 'monocle'. Secondary guesses were 'primate', 'hominid', and 'person', so not even close to 'graffiti' or 'painting'. Is it by design, or there are some methods to teac... | 5 | 213 | 3 | 4 | 0 | [
"<image-recognition><classification><convolutional-neural-networks>"
] | 2016-08-18T17:42:58.053 | 2017-04-13T12:53:10.013 | 8 | 1,704 | [
{
"id": 1696,
"body": "<p>You seem to be wanting some description of the 'style' of an image. </p>\n\n<p>To make that work in general, I'd guess that would actually require quite a lot of pre-processing to present 'texture elements' (rather than pixels) as the basic features. </p>\n\n<p>This is quite specul... | You seem to be wanting some description of the 'style' of an image. To make that work in general, I'd guess that would actually require quite a lot of pre-processing to present 'texture elements' (rather than pixels) as the basic features. This is quite speculative, but one approach might be to use Iterated Function Sy... | # How to make convnets aware what the image actually is, not what is depicted on it?
**Tags:** <image-recognition><classification><convolutional-neural-networks>
**Question (score 5):**
I've uploaded a picture (https://www.imageidentify.com/result/0lkzuttdxipub) to Wolfram's ImageIdentify of graffiti on the wall, bu... | 2,617 | 654 | {
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1,694 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the necessary components to make an AI agent capable of self-programming? | <p>An AI agent is often thought of having "sensors", "a memory", "machine learning processors" and "reaction" components. However, a machine with these does not necessarily become a self-programming AI agent. Beyond the parts mentioned above, is there any other elements or details necessary to make a machine capable of... | An AI agent is often thought of having "sensors", "a memory", "machine learning processors" and "reaction" components. However, a machine with these does not necessarily become a self-programming AI agent. Beyond the parts mentioned above, is there any other elements or details necessary to make a machine capable of be... | 9 | 474 | 1 | 1 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><intelligent-agent><computer-programming>"
] | 2016-08-18T19:16:29.577 | 2021-08-27T13:53:48.637 | 145 | 1,695 | [
{
"id": 1695,
"body": "<p>At the highest level, all it needs is for the various systems already discussed to incorporate code objects. If it can interpret its source code / model architecture from the formatted text objects underpinning them, can 'understand' them in terms of having a useful ML model, and a... | At the highest level, all it needs is for the various systems already discussed to incorporate code objects. If it can interpret its source code / model architecture from the formatted text objects underpinning them, can 'understand' them in terms of having a useful ML model, and alter the code with its reaction, then ... | # What are the necessary components to make an AI agent capable of self-programming?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><intelligent-agent><computer-programming>
**Question (score 9):**
An AI agent is often thought of having "sensors", "a memory", "machine learning processors" and "reaction" components. However, a machine ... | 2,341 | 585 | {
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1,700 | ai.stackexchange.com | What purpose would be served by developing AI's that experience human-like emotions? | <p>In a <a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/whats-next-for-artificial-intelligence-1465827619">recent Wall Street Journal article</a>, Yann LeCunn makes the following statement:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The next step in achieving human-level ai is creating intelligent—but not autonomous—machines. The AI system in your c... | In a recent Wall Street Journal article (http://www.wsj.com/articles/whats-next-for-artificial-intelligence-1465827619), Yann LeCunn makes the following statement: The next step in achieving human-level ai is creating intelligent—but not autonomous—machines. The AI system in your car will get you safely home, but won’t... | 19 | 831 | 11 | 2 | 3 | [
"<philosophy><emotional-intelligence>"
] | 2016-08-19T18:08:52.937 | 2016-09-10T19:05:28.870 | 33 | null | [
{
"id": 1703,
"body": "<p>The answer to this question, unlike many on this board, I think is definitive. No. We don't <em>need</em> AI's to have emotion to be useful, as we can see by the numerous amount of AI's we already have that are useful.</p>\n\n<p>But to further address the question, we can't <em>rea... | The answer to this question, unlike many on this board, I think is definitive. No. We don't need AI's to have emotion to be useful, as we can see by the numerous amount of AI's we already have that are useful. But to further address the question, we can't really give AI's emotions. I think the closest we can get would ... | # What purpose would be served by developing AI's that experience human-like emotions?
**Tags:** <philosophy><emotional-intelligence>
**Question (score 19):**
In a recent Wall Street Journal article (http://www.wsj.com/articles/whats-next-for-artificial-intelligence-1465827619), Yann LeCunn makes the following state... | 10,601 | 2,650 | {
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1,701 | ai.stackexchange.com | Applications of CNN for detecting crime from video surveillance cameras | <p>Inspired by <a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/1481/8">this discussion</a> about recognizing human actions, I have found the <a href="https://github.com/harishrithish7/Fall-Detection" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Fall-Detection</a> project which detects humans falling on the ground from a CCTV camera feed, and whi... | Inspired by this discussion (https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/1481/8) about recognizing human actions, I have found the Fall-Detection (https://github.com/harishrithish7/Fall-Detection) project which detects humans falling on the ground from a CCTV camera feed, and which can consider alerting the hospital authorities. My... | 4 | 937 | 1 | 1 | 0 | [
"<convolutional-neural-networks><computer-vision><action-recognition>"
] | 2016-08-19T18:40:46.010 | 2017-04-13T12:53:10.013 | 8 | 1,702 | [
{
"id": 1702,
"body": "<p>After a bit of research I found something kind of close:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.techinsider.io/security-cameras-use-artificial-intelligence-to-detect-crime-2015-8\" rel=\"nofollow\">Artificially intelligent security cameras are spotting crimes before they happen</a><... | After a bit of research I found something kind of close: - Artificially intelligent security cameras are spotting crimes before they happen (http://www.techinsider.io/security-cameras-use-artificial-intelligence-to-detect-crime-2015-8) - New surveillance cameras will use computer eyes to find 'pre crimes' by detecting ... | # Applications of CNN for detecting crime from video surveillance cameras
**Tags:** <convolutional-neural-networks><computer-vision><action-recognition>
**Question (score 4):**
Inspired by this discussion (https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/1481/8) about recognizing human actions, I have found the Fall-Detection (https:... | 3,109 | 777 | {
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1,705 | ai.stackexchange.com | Selecting the right technique to predict disease from symptoms | <p>I'm trying to come up with the right algorithm for a system in which the user enters a few symptoms and the system has to predict or determine the likelihood that a few selected symptoms are associated with those existing in the system. Then after associating them, the result or output should be a specific disease f... | I'm trying to come up with the right algorithm for a system in which the user enters a few symptoms and the system has to predict or determine the likelihood that a few selected symptoms are associated with those existing in the system. Then after associating them, the result or output should be a specific disease for ... | 9 | 1,997 | 1 | 0 | 3 | [
"<algorithm><machine-learning><prediction>"
] | 2016-08-21T20:03:02.017 | 2016-08-23T07:05:32.247 | 1,581 | null | [
{
"id": 1709,
"body": "<p>I think you're coming at your problem slightly wrong... what you're essentially talking about is a belief network.</p>\n<p>You may want to look into existing Bayesian Learning techniques to get your head around this, but belief networks commonly use the exact scenario you're talkin... | I think you're coming at your problem slightly wrong... what you're essentially talking about is a belief network. You may want to look into existing Bayesian Learning techniques to get your head around this, but belief networks commonly use the exact scenario you're talking about; using a set of known (or uncertain fa... | # Selecting the right technique to predict disease from symptoms
**Tags:** <algorithm><machine-learning><prediction>
**Question (score 9):**
I'm trying to come up with the right algorithm for a system in which the user enters a few symptoms and the system has to predict or determine the likelihood that a few selecte... | 2,573 | 643 | {
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1,706 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is Statistical relational learning? | <p>I have gone through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_relational_learning">wikipedia explanation of SRL</a>. But, it only confused me more:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Statistical relational learning (SRL) is a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence and machine learning that is concerned with domai... | I have gone through the wikipedia explanation of SRL (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_relational_learning). But, it only confused me more: Statistical relational learning (SRL) is a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence and machine learning that is concerned with domain models that exhibit both uncertainty... | 5 | 205 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<definitions><statistical-ai>"
] | 2016-08-22T05:47:31.883 | 2016-08-22T09:36:04.963 | 101 | 1,708 | [
{
"id": 1708,
"body": "<p>The University of Maryland <a href=\"https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2008/cmsc828g/Slides/SRL-Tutorial-05-08.pdf\">published some slides</a> (PDF) from an introductory presentation on this topic.</p>\n\n<p>The fourth page explains why SRL is interesting. \"Traditional statistica... | The University of Maryland published some slides (https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2008/cmsc828g/Slides/SRL-Tutorial-05-08.pdf) (PDF) from an introductory presentation on this topic. The fourth page explains why SRL is interesting. "Traditional statistical machine learning approaches" process one sort of thing in whi... | # What is Statistical relational learning?
**Tags:** <definitions><statistical-ai>
**Question (score 5):**
I have gone through the wikipedia explanation of SRL (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_relational_learning). But, it only confused me more: Statistical relational learning (SRL) is a subdiscipline of a... | 3,040 | 760 | {
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1,710 | ai.stackexchange.com | What can be done to correct for sampling bias introduced from (noisy) training data while training a DNN? | <p>The obvious solution is to ensure that the training data is balanced - but in my particular case that is impossible. What corrections can one perform in such a scenario?</p>
<p>I know that my training data is heavily biased towards a particular class, say, and I cannot change that. Moreover, the labels are very noi... | The obvious solution is to ensure that the training data is balanced - but in my particular case that is impossible. What corrections can one perform in such a scenario? I know that my training data is heavily biased towards a particular class, say, and I cannot change that. Moreover, the labels are very noisy. Conditi... | 4 | 202 | 1 | 9 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><research><deep-neural-networks><training>"
] | 2016-08-22T19:28:42.590 | 2017-01-12T12:23:33.290 | 1,267 | null | [
{
"id": 1711,
"body": "<p>I feel like from the information your giving (<em>some</em> sort of biased data) you can't get an answer as robust as you'd like (what <em>algorithmic</em> changes can be made).</p>\n<p>In general, the reason these methods like DNN's work is that they learn from the data. What you ... | I feel like from the information your giving (some sort of biased data) you can't get an answer as robust as you'd like (what algorithmic changes can be made). In general, the reason these methods like DNN's work is that they learn from the data. What you train it to do is what it is capable of, and there's little one ... | # What can be done to correct for sampling bias introduced from (noisy) training data while training a DNN?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><research><deep-neural-networks><training>
**Question (score 4):**
The obvious solution is to ensure that the training data is balanced - but in my particular case that is impossible... | 2,088 | 522 | {
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1,716 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why was ELIZA able to induce "delusional thinking"? | <p><a href="http://www.alicebot.org/articles/wallace/eliza.html" rel="noreferrer">From Eliza to A.L.I.C.E.</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Weizenbaum tells us that he was shocked by the experience of releasing ELIZA (also known as "Doctor") to the nontechnical staff at the MIT AI Lab. Secretaries and nontechnical administr... | From Eliza to A.L.I.C.E. (http://www.alicebot.org/articles/wallace/eliza.html): Weizenbaum tells us that he was shocked by the experience of releasing ELIZA (also known as "Doctor") to the nontechnical staff at the MIT AI Lab. Secretaries and nontechnical administrative staff thought the machine was a "real" therapist,... | 5 | 401 | 1 | 3 | 0 | [
"<history><turing-test><emotional-intelligence><chat-bots>"
] | 2016-08-23T01:25:17.747 | 2016-08-23T10:05:40.200 | 181 | 1,717 | [
{
"id": 1717,
"body": "<p>I like your choice of \"induce\" instead of \"produce,\" because the delusions came from the users. This means the answer has to do mostly with human psychology; people come equipped with lots of mental machinery specialized for dealing with other humans and not very much mental ma... | I like your choice of "induce" instead of "produce," because the delusions came from the users. This means the answer has to do mostly with human psychology; people come equipped with lots of mental machinery specialized for dealing with other humans and not very much mental machinery specialized for dealing with softw... | # Why was ELIZA able to induce "delusional thinking"?
**Tags:** <history><turing-test><emotional-intelligence><chat-bots>
**Question (score 5):**
From Eliza to A.L.I.C.E. (http://www.alicebot.org/articles/wallace/eliza.html): Weizenbaum tells us that he was shocked by the experience of releasing ELIZA (also known as... | 3,161 | 790 | {
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
1,731 | ai.stackexchange.com | What regulations are already in place regarding artificial general intelligences? | <p>What regulations are already in place regarding artificial general intelligences? What reports or recommendations prepared by official government authorities were already published?</p>
<p>So far, I know of <a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/5ae9b434-8f8e-11db-9ba3-0000779e2340.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Sir D... | What regulations are already in place regarding artificial general intelligences? What reports or recommendations prepared by official government authorities were already published? So far, I know of Sir David King's report done for UK government (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/5ae9b434-8f8e-11db-9ba3-0000779e2340.html). | 11 | 199 | 1 | 1 | 2 | [
"<agi><legal>"
] | 2016-08-23T22:03:45.793 | 2020-05-23T22:47:33.500 | 1,670 | null | [
{
"id": 1747,
"body": "<p>I don't know that it has yielded any actual reports or regulations yet, but in the USA, the White House has been running a series of interagency workshops / working groups dedicated to <a href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/05/03/preparing-future-artificial-intelligence\" r... | I don't know that it has yielded any actual reports or regulations yet, but in the USA, the White House has been running a series of interagency workshops / working groups dedicated to Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/05/03/preparing-future-artificial-intelligenc... | # What regulations are already in place regarding artificial general intelligences?
**Tags:** <agi><legal>
**Question (score 11):**
What regulations are already in place regarding artificial general intelligences? What reports or recommendations prepared by official government authorities were already published? So ... | 871 | 217 | {
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1,733 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are some resources on continuous state and action spaces MDPs for reinforcement learning? | <p>Most introductions to the field of MDPs and Reinforcement learning focus exclusively on domains where space and action variables are integers (and finite). This way we are introduced quickly to Value Iteration, Q-Learning, and the like.</p>
<p>However, the most interesting applications (say, <a href="http://citesee... | Most introductions to the field of MDPs and Reinforcement learning focus exclusively on domains where space and action variables are integers (and finite). This way we are introduced quickly to Value Iteration, Q-Learning, and the like. However, the most interesting applications (say, flying helicopters (http://citesee... | 8 | 388 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><reference-request><research><markov-decision-process>"
] | 2016-08-24T10:00:44.473 | 2020-06-05T21:02:54.443 | 15 | 1,735 | [
{
"id": 1735,
"body": "<p>There is a small survey of continuous states, actions and time in reinforcement learning in my <a href=\"https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/157591\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">thesis proposal</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Regarding books, <a href=\"https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Reinfor... | There is a small survey of continuous states, actions and time in reinforcement learning in my thesis proposal (https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/157591). Regarding books, Reinforcement Learning: State-of-the-Art (https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Reinforcement_Learning.html?id=YPjNuvrJR0MC&redir_esc=y) seems to... | # What are some resources on continuous state and action spaces MDPs for reinforcement learning?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><reference-request><research><markov-decision-process>
**Question (score 8):**
Most introductions to the field of MDPs and Reinforcement learning focus exclusively on domains where space... | 1,348 | 337 | {
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1,742 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the difference between machine learning and deep learning? | <p>Can someone explain to me the difference between machine learning and deep learning? Is it possible to learn deep learning without knowing machine learning?</p>
| Can someone explain to me the difference between machine learning and deep learning? Is it possible to learn deep learning without knowing machine learning? | 18 | 2,622 | 5 | 1 | 5 | [
"<machine-learning><deep-learning><comparison>"
] | 2016-08-25T22:19:10.773 | 2019-06-24T13:28:51.677 | 1,727 | 1,743 | [
{
"id": 1743,
"body": "<p>Deep learning is a specific variety of a specific type of machine learning. So it's possible to learn about deep learning without learning all of machine learning, but it requires learning <em>some</em> machine learning (because it is some machine learning).</p>\n\n<p>Machine learn... | Deep learning is a specific variety of a specific type of machine learning. So it's possible to learn about deep learning without learning all of machine learning, but it requires learning some machine learning (because it is some machine learning). Machine learning refers to any technique that focuses on teaching the ... | # What is the difference between machine learning and deep learning?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><deep-learning><comparison>
**Question (score 18):**
Can someone explain to me the difference between machine learning and deep learning? Is it possible to learn deep learning without knowing machine learning?
### Answe... | 5,158 | 1,289 | {
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1,750 | ai.stackexchange.com | How good is AI at generating new, unseen [visual] examples? | <p>By new, unseen examples; I mean like the animals in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Man%27s_Sky" rel="noreferrer">No Man's Sky</a>. </p>
<p>A couple of images of the animals are:
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/zS0rX.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/zS0rX.jpg" alt="enter image ... | By new, unseen examples; I mean like the animals in No Man's Sky (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Man%27s_Sky). A couple of images of the animals are: (https://i.stack.imgur.com/zS0rX.jpg) (https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ir1Qt.jpg) So, upon playing this game, I was curious about how good is AI at generating visual characte... | 7 | 183 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<research><image-recognition>"
] | 2016-08-27T08:29:06.720 | 2016-08-27T16:42:49.737 | 101 | 1,753 | [
{
"id": 1753,
"body": "<p>We are getting pretty good at image generation, some examples:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>Radford, Alec, Luke Metz, and Soumith Chintala. \"Unsupervised representation learning with deep convolutional generative adversarial networks.\" arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.06434 (2015). <a href=\"htt... | We are getting pretty good at image generation, some examples: - Radford, Alec, Luke Metz, and Soumith Chintala. "Unsupervised representation learning with deep convolutional generative adversarial networks." arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.06434 (2015). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.06434.pdf (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.06434.... | # How good is AI at generating new, unseen [visual] examples?
**Tags:** <research><image-recognition>
**Question (score 7):**
By new, unseen examples; I mean like the animals in No Man's Sky (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Man%27s_Sky). A couple of images of the animals are: (https://i.stack.imgur.com/zS0rX.jpg) (... | 1,633 | 408 | {
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1,751 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are hyper-heuristics, and how are they different from meta-heuristics? | <p>I wanted to know what the differences between <em>hyper-heuristics</em> and <em>meta-heuristics</em> are, and what their main applications are. Which problems are suited to be solved by hyper-heuristics?</p>
| I wanted to know what the differences between hyper-heuristics and meta-heuristics are, and what their main applications are. Which problems are suited to be solved by hyper-heuristics? | 12 | 714 | 1 | 1 | 4 | [
"<comparison><definitions><optimization><meta-heuristics><hyper-heuristics>"
] | 2016-08-27T13:15:19.897 | 2021-10-13T01:17:25.030 | 1,760 | 1,755 | [
{
"id": 1755,
"body": "<p><strong>TL:DR</strong>: Hyper-heuristics <em>are</em> metaheuristics, suited for solving the same kind of optimization problems, but (in principle) affording a \"rapid prototyping\" approach for non-expert practitioners. In practice, there are issues with the prevailing approach, m... | TL:DR: Hyper-heuristics are metaheuristics, suited for solving the same kind of optimization problems, but (in principle) affording a "rapid prototyping" approach for non-expert practitioners. In practice, there are issues with the prevailing approach, motivating an emerging perspective on 'whitebox' hyper-heuristics (... | # What are hyper-heuristics, and how are they different from meta-heuristics?
**Tags:** <comparison><definitions><optimization><meta-heuristics><hyper-heuristics>
**Question (score 12):**
I wanted to know what the differences between hyper-heuristics and meta-heuristics are, and what their main applications are. Whi... | 5,871 | 1,467 | {
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1,756 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the difference between an agent function and an agent program? | <p>In section 2.4 (p. 46) of the book <a href="https://cs.calvin.edu/courses/cs/344/kvlinden/resources/AIMA-3rd-edition.pdf#page=65" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Artificial Intelligence: A modern approach</a> (3rd edition), Russell and Norvig write</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The job of AI is to design an agent program that imple... | In section 2.4 (p. 46) of the book Artificial Intelligence: A modern approach (https://cs.calvin.edu/courses/cs/344/kvlinden/resources/AIMA-3rd-edition.pdf#page=65) (3rd edition), Russell and Norvig write The job of AI is to design an agent program that implements the agent function — the mapping from percepts to actio... | 8 | 10,987 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<terminology><comparison><norvig-russell>"
] | 2016-08-28T10:03:06.923 | 2021-01-24T12:44:03.003 | 35 | null | [
{
"id": 1757,
"body": "<p>It looks as if 'function' is being used here in the mathematical (or functional programming) sense of 'pure function', i.e. it is without state or side-effects. Hence the function cannot store previous percepts anywhere, so the entire historical percept sequence is considered to be... | It looks as if 'function' is being used here in the mathematical (or functional programming) sense of 'pure function', i.e. it is without state or side-effects. Hence the function cannot store previous percepts anywhere, so the entire historical percept sequence is considered to be passed to the function each time. In ... | # What is the difference between an agent function and an agent program?
**Tags:** <terminology><comparison><norvig-russell>
**Question (score 8):**
In section 2.4 (p. 46) of the book Artificial Intelligence: A modern approach (https://cs.calvin.edu/courses/cs/344/kvlinden/resources/AIMA-3rd-edition.pdf#page=65) (3r... | 1,703 | 425 | {
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1,761 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any anthropological studies involving AI right now? | <p>Are there currently any studies to simulate gradual (or sudden) implementation of AIs in the general work force?</p>
| Are there currently any studies to simulate gradual (or sudden) implementation of AIs in the general work force? | 4 | 121 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<research><implementation>"
] | 2016-08-28T22:58:48.853 | 2016-08-29T17:29:34.540 | 1,790 | null | [
{
"id": 1771,
"body": "<p>As far as I can tell (I've been doing searches here and there on and off since I saw this question a few hours ago) the closest we've gotten to 'simulations' on this is video-games, and to a degree movies, interestingly enough. I.e. entertainment media.</p>\n\n<p>Games like Portal,... | As far as I can tell (I've been doing searches here and there on and off since I saw this question a few hours ago) the closest we've gotten to 'simulations' on this is video-games, and to a degree movies, interestingly enough. I.e. entertainment media. Games like Portal, System Shock (with the AI 'Shodan'), and others... | # Are there any anthropological studies involving AI right now?
**Tags:** <research><implementation>
**Question (score 4):**
Are there currently any studies to simulate gradual (or sudden) implementation of AIs in the general work force?
### Answer (score 2)
As far as I can tell (I've been doing searches here and t... | 1,984 | 496 | {
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1,768 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could a paradox kill an AI? | <p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_2" rel="noreferrer">Portal 2</a> we see that AI's can be "<em>killed</em>" by thinking about a paradox.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/wkUSC.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/wkUSC.png" alt="Portal Paradox Poster"></a></p>
<p>I ass... | In Portal 2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_2) we see that AI's can be "killed" by thinking about a paradox. (https://i.stack.imgur.com/wkUSC.png) I assume this works by forcing the AI into an infinite loop which would essentially "freeze" the computer's consciousness. Questions: - Would this confuse the AI techn... | 172 | 48,219 | 12 | 3 | 56 | [
"<philosophy><decision-theory><mythology-of-ai><death>"
] | 2016-08-29T15:49:14.173 | 2020-03-05T22:21:57.943 | 1,812 | 1,769 | [
{
"id": 1769,
"body": "<p>This classic problem exhibits a basic misunderstanding of what an <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence\" rel=\"noreferrer\">artificial general intelligence</a> would likely entail. First, consider this programmer's joke:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The ... | This classic problem exhibits a basic misunderstanding of what an artificial general intelligence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence) would likely entail. First, consider this programmer's joke: The programmer's wife couldn't take it anymore. Every discussion with her husband turned into an ... | # Could a paradox kill an AI?
**Tags:** <philosophy><decision-theory><mythology-of-ai><death>
**Question (score 172):**
In Portal 2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_2) we see that AI's can be "killed" by thinking about a paradox. (https://i.stack.imgur.com/wkUSC.png) I assume this works by forcing the AI into a... | 13,608 | 3,402 | {
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1,775 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can thought vectors be used outside of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) context? | <p>We hear a lot today about how <a href="http://deeplearning4j.org/thoughtvectors" rel="nofollow">thought vectors</a> are the <a href="http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/206521-thought-vectors-could-revolutionize-artificial-intelligence" rel="nofollow">Next Big Thing in AI</a>, and how they serve as the underlying rep... | We hear a lot today about how thought vectors (http://deeplearning4j.org/thoughtvectors) are the Next Big Thing in AI (http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/206521-thought-vectors-could-revolutionize-artificial-intelligence), and how they serve as the underlying representation of thought/knowledge in ANN's. But how can on... | 3 | 175 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><symbolic-ai><logic><thought-vectors>"
] | 2016-08-29T21:00:04.167 | 2016-08-29T21:11:26.600 | 33 | null | [
{
"id": 1814,
"body": "<p>I'll take a shot at answering this, though I'm no expert in Neural Nets or Deep Learning.</p>\n\n<p>Given that practical thought vectors (TVs) don't yet exist, and may be impractical or impossible, I think answering your question will require a lot of conjecture and speculation. S... | I'll take a shot at answering this, though I'm no expert in Neural Nets or Deep Learning. Given that practical thought vectors (TVs) don't yet exist, and may be impractical or impossible, I think answering your question will require a lot of conjecture and speculation. So here goes... For thought vectors to be useful i... | # How can thought vectors be used outside of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) context?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><symbolic-ai><logic><thought-vectors>
**Question (score 3):**
We hear a lot today about how thought vectors (http://deeplearning4j.org/thoughtvectors) are the Next Big Thing in AI (http://www.extremete... | 2,992 | 748 | {
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1,794 | ai.stackexchange.com | What methods could an AI caught in a box use to get out? | <p>An AI box is a (physical) barrier preventing an AI from using too much of his environment to accomplish his final goal. For example, an AI given the task to check, say, 10<sup>50</sup> cases of a mathematical conjecture as fast as possible, might decide that it would be better to also take control over all other com... | An AI box is a (physical) barrier preventing an AI from using too much of his environment to accomplish his final goal. For example, an AI given the task to check, say, 1050 cases of a mathematical conjecture as fast as possible, might decide that it would be better to also take control over all other computers and AI ... | 7 | 1,208 | 4 | 7 | 1 | [
"<ai-box>"
] | 2016-08-30T18:16:42.627 | 2016-09-02T19:08:16.483 | 29 | null | [
{
"id": 1823,
"body": "<p>It could happen like this <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLRLYPiaAoA\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLRLYPiaAoA</a></p>\n\n<p>The thing is, it's not as if it would need to find a technical/mechanical way to get out but rather a psychological one as th... | It could happen like this https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLRLYPiaAoA (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLRLYPiaAoA) The thing is, it's not as if it would need to find a technical/mechanical way to get out but rather a psychological one as that would most likely be the easiest and quickest. 'Even casual conversation wit... | # What methods could an AI caught in a box use to get out?
**Tags:** <ai-box>
**Question (score 7):**
An AI box is a (physical) barrier preventing an AI from using too much of his environment to accomplish his final goal. For example, an AI given the task to check, say, 1050 cases of a mathematical conjecture as fas... | 10,954 | 2,738 | {
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1,806 | ai.stackexchange.com | Have any AI systems yet been developed that can knowingly lie to / deceive a human? | <p>AI systems today are very capable machines, and recently the area of Natural Language Processing and Response has been exploding with innovation, as well as the fundamental algorithmic structure of AI machines.</p>
<p>I am asking if, given these recent breakthroughs, have any AI systems been developed that are able... | AI systems today are very capable machines, and recently the area of Natural Language Processing and Response has been exploding with innovation, as well as the fundamental algorithmic structure of AI machines. I am asking if, given these recent breakthroughs, have any AI systems been developed that are able to (prefer... | 12 | 440 | 5 | 0 | 1 | [
"<natural-language-processing><human-like>"
] | 2016-08-30T20:02:52.677 | 2016-09-07T21:33:23.350 | 1,538 | 1,811 | [
{
"id": 1811,
"body": "<p><a href=\"http://www.gamesbyangelina.org/2015/11/the-saturday-papers-would-ai-lie-to-you/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">The Saturday Papers: Would AI Lie To You?</a> is a blog post summarizing a research paper called <a href=\"http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AIIDE/AIIDE15/paper/view/11667... | The Saturday Papers: Would AI Lie To You? (http://www.gamesbyangelina.org/2015/11/the-saturday-papers-would-ai-lie-to-you/) is a blog post summarizing a research paper called Toward Characters Who Observe, Tell, Misremember, and Lie (http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AIIDE/AIIDE15/paper/view/11667/11394). This research... | # Have any AI systems yet been developed that can knowingly lie to / deceive a human?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><human-like>
**Question (score 12):**
AI systems today are very capable machines, and recently the area of Natural Language Processing and Response has been exploding with innovation, as well ... | 8,989 | 2,247 | {
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1,809 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can an AI make a constructed (natural) language? | <p><em>"An artificial or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language that has been created by a person or small group, instead of being formed naturally as part of a culture."</em> (<a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language" rel="noreferrer">Source: Simply English Wikipedia</a>... | "An artificial or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language that has been created by a person or small group, instead of being formed naturally as part of a culture." (Source: Simply English Wikipedia (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language)) My question is, could an AI make constr... | 11 | 1,060 | 1 | 4 | 5 | [
"<natural-language-processing>"
] | 2016-08-30T21:27:02.360 | 2016-09-02T12:18:43.320 | 1,909 | 1,810 | [
{
"id": 1810,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>could an AI make construct it's own natural language, with words,\n conjugations and grammar rules?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Sure. This might be helpful: <a href=\"http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/5/2/4.html\">Simulated Evolution of Language: a Review of the Field</a>... | could an AI make construct it's own natural language, with words, conjugations and grammar rules? Sure. This might be helpful: Simulated Evolution of Language: a Review of the Field (http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/5/2/4.html) Basically, a language that humans could use to speak to each other. (Preferably to communicate ... | # Can an AI make a constructed (natural) language?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing>
**Question (score 11):**
"An artificial or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language that has been created by a person or small group, instead of being formed naturally as part of a culture." (Source: Sim... | 3,694 | 923 | {
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1,815 | ai.stackexchange.com | Monte Carlo Tree Search: What kind of moves can easily be found and what kinds make trouble? | <p>I want to start with a scenario that got me thinking about how well MCTS can perform:
Let's assume there is a move that is not yet added to the search tree. It is some layers/moves too deep. But if we play this move the game is basically won. However let's also assume that <em>all</em> moves that could be taken inst... | I want to start with a scenario that got me thinking about how well MCTS can perform: Let's assume there is a move that is not yet added to the search tree. It is some layers/moves too deep. But if we play this move the game is basically won. However let's also assume that all moves that could be taken instead at the g... | 10 | 524 | 1 | 1 | 0 | [
"<gaming><monte-carlo-tree-search>"
] | 2016-08-31T14:13:18.663 | 2017-06-04T16:40:40.950 | 1,949 | null | [
{
"id": 3432,
"body": "<p>Whether the move is found and how quick it is found depends on a few things. If I understand correctly, there is a sequence of many \"bad\" moves which lead to the \"big win\" move, and you are afraid that the MCTS algorithm will not get to the \"big win\" move because it will be s... | Whether the move is found and how quick it is found depends on a few things. If I understand correctly, there is a sequence of many "bad" moves which lead to the "big win" move, and you are afraid that the MCTS algorithm will not get to the "big win" move because it will be selecting more promising moves further up the... | # Monte Carlo Tree Search: What kind of moves can easily be found and what kinds make trouble?
**Tags:** <gaming><monte-carlo-tree-search>
**Question (score 10):**
I want to start with a scenario that got me thinking about how well MCTS can perform: Let's assume there is a move that is not yet added to the search tr... | 3,095 | 773 | {
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1,824 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why would an AI need to 'wipe out the human race'? | <p>I'm reading such nonsense about how an AI would turn the world into a supercomputer to solve a problem that it thought it needed to solve. That wouldn't be AI. That's procedural programming stuck in some loop nonsense. An AI would need to evolve and re-organise its neurons. It wouldn't be stuck to hardcode if it bec... | I'm reading such nonsense about how an AI would turn the world into a supercomputer to solve a problem that it thought it needed to solve. That wouldn't be AI. That's procedural programming stuck in some loop nonsense. An AI would need to evolve and re-organise its neurons. It wouldn't be stuck to hardcode if it become... | 11 | 913 | 4 | 1 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><agi><superintelligence><existential-risk>"
] | 2016-09-01T23:58:29.507 | 2021-11-04T14:41:59.780 | 1,982 | 1,829 | [
{
"id": 1829,
"body": "<h2>It's a possible side effect</h2>\n\n<p>Any goal-oriented agent might, well, simply do things that achieve its goals while disregarding side effects that don't matter for these goals.</p>\n\n<p>If my goals include a tidy living space, I may transform my yard to a nice, flat lawn or... | ## It's a possible side effect Any goal-oriented agent might, well, simply do things that achieve its goals while disregarding side effects that don't matter for these goals. If my goals include a tidy living space, I may transform my yard to a nice, flat lawn or pavement while wiping out the complex ecosystem of life ... | # Why would an AI need to 'wipe out the human race'?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><superintelligence><existential-risk>
**Question (score 11):**
I'm reading such nonsense about how an AI would turn the world into a supercomputer to solve a problem that it thought it needed to solve. That wouldn't be AI. That's procedu... | 5,552 | 1,388 | {
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