review_id stringlengths 8 8 | pmid list | title list | abstract list | target stringlengths 56 2.23k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CD004945 | [
"1584259",
"8598837",
"48000",
"2698591",
"8760703",
"10554936",
"8827572",
"8238131",
"15925045"
] | [
"Induction of labor as compared with serial antenatal monitoring in post-term pregnancy. A randomized controlled trial. The Canadian Multicenter Post-term Pregnancy Trial Group.",
"Induction of labor compared with expectant management for prelabor rupture of the membranes at term. TERMPROM Study Group.",
"Elect... | [
"The rates of perinatal mortality and neonatal morbidity are higher for post-term pregnancies than for term pregnancies. It is not known, however, whether the induction of labor results in better outcomes than does serial fetal monitoring while awaiting spontaneous labor.\n We studied 3407 women with... | A policy of labour induction compared with expectant management is associated with fewer perinatal deaths and fewer caesarean sections. Some infant morbidities such as meconium aspiration syndrome were also reduced with a policy of post-term labour induction although no significant differences in the rate of NICU admis... |
CD000284 | [
"9659857",
"10074877",
"7035441",
"7046898",
"3323261",
"9248867",
"7417923",
"1097221",
"382750"
] | [
"Olanzapine compared with chlorpromazine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.",
"The efficacy and safety of clozapine versus chlorpromazine in geriatric schizophrenia.",
"Pimozide versus chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenia: a 52 week double-blind study of maintenance therapy.",
"Comparison of pimozide an... | [
"The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of olanzapine with that of chlorpromazine plus benztropine in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.\n One hundred three previously treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia diagnosed according to the DSM-III-R criteria were given... | The results of this review confirm much that clinicians and recipients of care already know but aim to provide quantification to support clinical impression. Chlorpromazine's global position as a 'benchmark' treatment for psychoses is not threatened by the findings of this review. Chlorpromazine, in common use for half... |
CD003681 | [
"10755175",
"19176275",
"17610057",
"8792266",
"20806998",
"19606510",
"15482502",
"20804366",
"20626310"
] | [
"Auditory integration training for children with autism: no behavioral benefits detected.",
"A randomized controlled trial of group cognitive-behavioral therapy vs. enhanced supportive therapy for auditory hallucinations.",
"Brief report: the effects of Tomatis sound therapy on language in children with autism.... | [
"Auditory integration training and a control treatment were provided for 16 children with autism in a crossover experimental design. Measures, blind to treatment order, included parent and teacher ratings of behavior, direct observational recordings, IQ, language, and social/adaptive tests. Significant differences ... | There is no evidence that auditory integration therapy or other sound therapies are effective as treatments for autism spectrum disorders. As synthesis of existing data has been limited by the disparate outcome measures used between studies, there is not sufficient evidence to prove that this treatment is not effective... |
CD004726 | [
"6680604",
"3089942",
"10834894",
"16923370",
"1513728",
"9338837",
"21464382",
"2817165",
"11860044"
] | [
"Dog bites in children: epidemiology, microbiology, and penicillin prophylactic therapy.",
"Wound infection following dog bite despite prophylactic penicillin.",
"Preventing dog bites in children: randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention.",
"[Interventions to prevent accidental injuries in c... | [
"Fifty-five children with nonfacial dog bites were prospectively studied. Patients were assigned to an experimental group receiving oral penicillin or a control group receiving local wound care only. Wounds were cultured for anaerobic and aerobic flora prior to cleansing. Results showed that most children were bitt... | There is no direct evidence that educational programmes can reduce dog bite rates in children and adolescents. Educating children who are less than 10 years old in school settings could improve their knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards dogs. Educating children and adolescents in settings other than schools should... |
CD006066 | [
"12583945",
"10841126",
"11408301",
"11520523",
"16553653",
"3904818",
"20502287",
"9141579",
"3893132"
] | [
"Admission cardiotocography: a randomised controlled trial.",
"Cardiotocography only versus cardiotocography plus PR-interval analysis in intrapartum surveillance: a randomised, multicentre trial. FECG Study Group.",
"Randomised controlled trial of cardiotocography versus Doppler auscultation of fetal heart at ... | [
"Admission cardiotocography is widely used to identify pregnancies that might benefit from continuous electronic fetal monitoring in labour. We aimed to compare the effect on neonatal outcome of admission cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart rate.\n 8580 women admitted... | Continuous cardiotocography during labour is associated with a reduction in neonatal seizures, but no significant differences in cerebral palsy, infant mortality or other standard measures of neonatal well-being. However, continuous cardiotocography was associated with an increase in caesarean sections and instrumental... |
CD002885 | [
"16387583",
"15502112",
"12969999",
"17075269",
"12392384",
"14586050",
"16868976",
"14512127",
"19141327"
] | [
"Response profiles to fluticasone and montelukast in mild-to-moderate persistent childhood asthma.",
"Budesonide/formoterol combination therapy as both maintenance and reliever medication in asthma.",
"A randomized controlled trial of inhaled flunisolide in the management of acute asthma in children.",
"A ran... | [
"Outcome data are needed to base recommendations for controller asthma medication use in school-aged children.\n We sought to determine intraindividual and interindividual response profiles and predictors of response to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA).\n ... | Xanthines as first-line preventer alleviate symptoms and reduce requirement for rescue medication in children with mild to moderate asthma. When compared with ICS they were less effective in preventing exacerbations. Xanthines had similar efficacy as single preventative agent compared with regular SABA and SCG. Evidenc... |
CD001989 | [
"15300074",
"11865833",
"14709300",
"9052620",
"17398320",
"16114784",
"9818597",
"7046409",
"2688972"
] | [
"Accelerated reperfusion of poorly perfused retinal areas in central retinal artery occlusion and branch retinal artery occlusion after a short treatment with enhanced external counterpulsation.",
"Treatment of vascular retinal disease with pentoxifylline: a controlled, randomized trial.",
"Treatment of acute p... | [
"To date, no satisfactory therapy has become available for patients with acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) or branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO). Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a new noninvasive procedure that increases perfusion of inner organs. In the current study, the authors measu... | The included studies in this review were small and from single centres. Neither study was completely clear about it's method of treatment allocation. One study described the use of pentoxifylline tablets (three 600 mg tablets daily) and the other the use of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) combined with haemod... |
CD007503 | [
"17846259",
"9283926",
"7592505",
"3881418",
"1102877",
"2941771",
"21196929",
"2963054",
"2858187"
] | [
"Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder.",
"Placebo-controlled treatment trial of depression in elderly physically ill patients.",
"A double-blind comparison of Org 3770, amitriptyline, and placebo in major depression.",
"Trimipramine in physical illness with depression.",
... | [
"To assess whether patients receiving aerobic exercise training performed either at home or in a supervised group setting achieve reductions in depression comparable to standard antidepressant medication (sertraline) and greater reductions in depression compared to placebo controls.\n Between October... | This review provides evidence that antidepressants are superior to placebo in treating depression in physical illness. However, it is likely that publication and reporting biases exaggerated the effect sizes obtained. Further research is required to determine the comparative efficacy and acceptability of particular ant... |
CD003460 | [
"16401691",
"17503182",
"3055943",
"7016973",
"16093252",
"2697693",
"14572570",
"12851867",
"2405806"
] | [
"A controlled crossover study of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in irritable bowel syndrome.",
"Antidepressant therapy (imipramine and citalopram) for irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.",
"Oral cimetropium bromide, a new antimuscarinic drug, fo... | [
"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are frequently used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) although evidence of their efficacy is scarce.\n Twenty three non-depressed IBS patients were recruited from a tertiary care centre and included in a crossover trial comparing six w... | There is no evidence that bulking agents are effective for treating IBS. There is evidence that antispasmodics are effective for the treatment of IBS. The individual subgroups which are effective include: cimetropium/dicyclomine, peppermint oil, pinaverium and trimebutine. There is good evidence that antidepressants a... |
CD004183 | [
"20104528",
"1702663",
"8971064",
"8360931",
"16896051",
"11860943",
"15557412",
"8360932",
"18444146"
] | [
"Incidence of cancers, ischemic cardiovascular diseases and mortality during 5-year follow-up after stopping antioxidant vitamins and minerals supplements: a postintervention follow-up in the SU.VI.MAX Study.",
"Intervention trial with selenium for the prevention of lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan, China. ... | [
"The Supplementation in Vitamins and Mineral Antioxidants Study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, in which 12,741 French adults (7,713 women aged 35-60 years and 5,028 men aged 45-60 years) received a combination of ascorbic acid (120 mg), vitamin E (30 mg), beta-carotene (6 mg), selenium (1... | We could not find convincing evidence that antioxidant supplements prevent gastrointestinal cancers. On the contrary, antioxidant supplements seem to increase overall mortality. The potential cancer preventive effect of selenium should be tested in adequately conducted randomised trials. |
CD006777 | [
"11461207",
"11906585",
"15099176",
"10709794",
"12244644",
"12558203",
"20840929",
"11515737",
"15576501"
] | [
"Attribute Framing and Goal Framing Effects in Health Decisions.",
"Framing of nutrition education messages in persuading consumers of the advantages of a healthy diet.",
"Dispositional motivations and message framing: a test of the congruency hypothesis in college students.",
"Positive versus negative framin... | [
"Levin, Schneider, and Gaeth (LSG, 1998) have distinguished among three types of framing-risky choice, attribute, and goal framing-to reconcile conflicting findings in the literature. In the research reported here, we focus on attribute and goal framing. LSG propose that positive frames should be more effective tha... | Contrary to commonly held beliefs, the available low to moderate quality evidence suggests that both attribute and goal framing may have little if any consistent effect on health consumers' behaviour. The unexplained heterogeneity between studies suggests the possibility of a framing effect under specific conditions. F... |
CD007506 | [
"20148739",
"18728175",
"15576394",
"16199429",
"12734787",
"16382002",
"15302293",
"12093831",
"1328367"
] | [
"Clinical, metabolic, and endocrine parameters in response to metformin and lifestyle intervention in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo control trial.",
"The impact of metformin, oral contraceptives, and lifestyle modification on polycystic ovary syndrome in obese adole... | [
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of metformin in addition to diet and exercise on endocrine and metabolic disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo (PBO) control trial. Thirty women with insulin resistance and PCOS received life... | Lifestyle intervention improves body composition, hyperandrogenism (high male hormones and clinical effects) and insulin resistance in women with PCOS. There was no evidence of effect for lifestyle intervention on improving glucose tolerance or lipid profiles and no literature assessing clinical reproductive outcomes, ... |
CD006727 | [
"11231831",
"8435687",
"12091260",
"11282864",
"10591288",
"12777339",
"9592630",
"7897786",
"17928573"
] | [
"A randomized trial of relapse prevention of depression in primary care.",
"How long should the elderly take antidepressants? A double-blind placebo-controlled study of continuation/prophylaxis therapy with dothiepin. Old Age Depression Interest Group.",
"Efficacy of citalopram in the prevention of recurrent de... | [
"Despite high rates of relapse and recurrence, few primary care patients with recurrent or chronic depression are receiving continuation and maintenance-phase treatment. We hypothesized that a relapse prevention intervention would improve adherence to antidepressant medication and improve depression outcomes in hig... | The long-term benefits of continuing antidepressant medication in the prevention of recurrence of depression in older people are not clear and no firm treatment recommendations can be made on the basis of this review. Continuing antidepressant medication for 12 months appears to be helpful but this is based on only thr... |
CD006202 | [
"10371880",
"15794456",
"15218710",
"15061232",
"14520776",
"12789994",
"12793220",
"11908406",
"15646216"
] | [
"Clinical evaluation of a new 10% carbamide peroxide tooth-whitening agent.",
"Clinical response of three whitening products having different peroxide delivery: comparison of tray, paint-on gel, and dentifrice.",
"Comparative tooth whitening efficacy of 18% carbamide peroxide liquid whitening gel using three di... | [
"NUPRO Gold Tooth Whitening System was evaluated for efficacy according to the proposed ADA guidelines for acceptance. Sixty participants with discolored anterior teeth participated in a 14-day, double-blind, clinical trial. The participants were matched for age, gender, and oral health status and were given either... | There is evidence that whitening products work when compared with placebo/no treatment. There are differences in efficacy between the products, mainly due to the levels of active ingredients, hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide. All trials were however short term and the majority of the studies were judged to be a... |
CD004863 | [
"19057854",
"11581447",
"12200985",
"19635302",
"11227239",
"7636658",
"7869205",
"9797624",
"9403642"
] | [
"Effects of early human recombinant erythropoietin therapy on the transfusion in healthy preterm infants.",
"Effects of early erythropoietin therapy on the transfusion requirements of preterm infants below 1250 grams birth weight: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial.",
"A comparison of high versus low d... | [
"Early recombinant erythropoietin therapy and iron therapy would decrease the need for red blood cells transfusions and prevents anemia of prematurity.\n Fifty-eight preterm infants in newborn services at Ghaem Medical Center randomly were assigned, among them 18 patients were excluded. A total of 40... | Early administration of EPO reduces the use of RBC transfusions and the volume of RBCs transfused. These small reductions are of limited clinical importance. Donor exposure is probably not avoided since most studies included infants who had received RBC transfusions prior to trial entry. There was a significant increas... |
CD003584 | [
"12000378",
"11251566",
"9892912",
"11737692",
"10607324",
"2689014",
"2229529",
"8002149",
"10561963"
] | [
"A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, duration-finding study of oral terbinafine and open-label, high-dose griseofulvin in children with tinea capitis due to Microsporum species.",
"A randomized comparison of 4 weeks of terbinafine vs. 8 weeks of griseofulvin for the treatment of tinea capitis.",
"A doub... | [
"Tinea capitis, a common clinical pattern of dermatophyte infection in children is becoming a public health hazard in some countries. Several studies have reported terbinafine to be a safe and well-tolerated fungicidal drug for the treatment of this infection. However, the optimal treatment duration for its use in ... | The evidence suggests that terbinafine is more effective than griseofulvin, and terbinafine and itraconazole are more effective than no treatment. In order to produce more reliable data, a rigorous evaluation of different drug therapies needs to be undertaken with larger sample sizes to ensure they are large enough to ... |
CD005489 | [
"15625442",
"12432317",
"2112634",
"9036884",
"10579275",
"11549952",
"8083910",
"9328501",
"9037790"
] | [
"Early enteral nutrition does not decrease hypermetabolism associated with burn injury.",
"The 2002 Clinical Research Award. An evaluation of the safety of early vs delayed enteral support and effects on clinical, nutritional, and endocrine outcomes after severe burns.",
"Differential effects of three enteral d... | [
"A prospective, randomized study was performed to compare the effects of early versus late enteral feeding on postburn metabolism.\n Burn patients were randomized to receive enteral feedings either within 24 hours (early) or 7 days (late) of injury. Basal energy expenditure (BEE) was calculated from ... | This systematic review has not found sufficient evidence to support or refute the effectiveness of early versus late enteral nutrition support in adults with burn injury. The trials showed some promising results that would suggest early enteral nutrition support may blunt the hypermetabolic response to thermal injury, ... |
CD008943 | [
"19013718",
"19208440",
"15800228",
"1350803",
"17662571",
"2454440",
"9501815",
"2239134",
"1484191"
] | [
"Efficient assessment of neuropathic pain drugs in patients with small fiber sensory neuropathies.",
"Management of diabetic neuropathy by sodium valproate and glyceryl trinitrate spray: a prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study.",
"Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic... | [
"We sought to develop an enrichment crossover study design that would allow us to efficiently evaluate and compare promising candidate neuropathic pain drugs. We evaluated the efficacy of gabapentin or tramadol vs. active placebo (diphenhydramine) in subjects with biopsy-proven painful idiopathic small fiber neurop... | Multiple, good-quality studies demonstrate superior efficacy of two-drug combinations. However, the number of available studies for any one specific combination, as well as other study factors (e.g. limited trial size and duration), preclude the recommendation of any one specific drug combination for neuropathic pain. ... |
CD002985 | [
"3106448",
"1609377",
"9771245",
"7713201",
"3365858",
"8049820",
"8323451",
"1361594",
"12532097"
] | [
"Chrysotherapy in the treatment of corticosteroid-dependent asthma.",
"Auranofin in the treatment of steroid dependent asthma: a double blind study.",
"Treatment of acute asthmatic exacerbations with an increased dose of inhaled steroid.",
"High-dose inhaled steroids in asthmatics: moderate efficacy gain and ... | [
"The efficacy of parenteral gold therapy was evaluated in patients with steroid-dependent asthma. Five of eight patients improved in terms of reduced steroid requirement while they were maintaining or improving lung function. Two patients developed significant proteinuria that resolved with cessation of gold. Chrys... | The changes seen in these trials are small and probably of limited clinical significance. Given the side effects of gold and necessity for monitoring the use of gold as a steroid sparing agent in asthma cannot be recommended. |
CD000161 | [
"4011073",
"3735627",
"7377243",
"8518240",
"2673337",
"10775722",
"19016569",
"8179545",
"16700378"
] | [
"Prospective randomized study of x-ray pelvimetry in the primigravida.",
"A randomized trial of medical quality assurance. Improving physicians' use of pelvimetry.",
"The randomized management of term frank breech presentation: a study of 208 cases.",
"Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section: is X-r... | [
"A prospective randomized study was performed to determine the usefulness of x-ray pelvimetry before oxytocin induction or augmentation. Two hundred primiparous women were entered into this study. Agreement on pelvic size by the clinical and radiologic assessment occurred in 76.5% of the cases. When the total group... | There is not enough evidence to support the use of x-ray pelvimetry in women whose fetuses have a cephalic presentation. |
CD002823 | [
"19247545",
"12544752",
"17397702",
"2783493",
"7562226",
"3266072",
"17271198",
"3912961",
"9353612"
] | [
"Pain reduction using transcranial electrostimulation: a double blind \"active placebo\" controlled trial.",
"Immediate influence of transcranial electrostimulation on pain and beta-endorphin blood levels: an active placebo-controlled study.",
"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation vs. transcutaneous spin... | [
"To examine the efficacy of transcranial electrical stimulation a non-invasive method of reducing pain.\n A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.\n A total of 119 patients with chronic pain.\n Patients were treated with either transcranial electrical stimul... | In this update, we could not confirm that transcutaneous electrostimulation is effective for pain relief. The current systematic review is inconclusive, hampered by the inclusion of only small trials of questionable quality. Appropriately designed trials of adequate power are warranted. |
CD004941 | [
"10635188",
"11168210",
"16202046",
"2083012",
"17340895",
"12939002",
"9237141",
"16996783",
"15101598"
] | [
"Tooth-implant and implant supported fixed partial dentures: a 10-year report.",
"Effectiveness of three treatment modalities for the edentulous mandible. A five-year randomized clinical trial.",
"An evaluation of the effects of two distal extension removable partial denture designs on tooth stabilization and p... | [
"The use of implants for prosthetic rehabilitation of partially edentulous patients is increasing. However, the possibilities of placing implants in the posterior part of the mandible are often limited. The purpose of this longitudinal study with 10 years of follow-up was to evaluate the use of short implants suppo... | There is weak evidence that it may be advantageous, for dentists providing a complete denture service, to prescribe prosthetic posterior teeth with cusps to improve patient satisfaction compared to providing cuspless teeth. However, this conclusion may only be made tentatively until further well conducted trials compar... |
CD001738 | [
"1513728",
"3089942",
"2052637",
"3970747",
"7073046",
"6680604",
"6696302",
"3324594",
"8051377"
] | [
"Prophylactic oral antibiotics for low-risk dog bite wounds.",
"Wound infection following dog bite despite prophylactic penicillin.",
"Management of early human bites of the hand: a prospective randomized study.",
"The use of antibiotics in the initial management of recent dog-bite wounds.",
"Prophylactic o... | [
"The use of prophylactic antibiotics in the initial treatment of noninfected dog bite wounds is controversial. All patients with noninfected dog bite wounds who presented to our emergency department (ED) over a two-year period were considered for entry into a randomized prospective study. Patients were excluded fro... | There is evidence from one trial that prophylactic antibiotics reduces the risk of infection after human bites but confirmatory research is required. There is no evidence that the use of prophylactic antibiotics is effective for cat or dog bites. There is evidence that the use of antibiotic prophylactic after bites of ... |
CD004161 | [
"15641867",
"12633121",
"12153826",
"12766921",
"16513860",
"12490768",
"12777271",
"9672054",
"12218423"
] | [
"Efficacy and tolerability of ziprasidone versus risperidone in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: an 8-week, double-blind, multicenter trial.",
"A randomized placebo-controlled trial of risperidone for the treatment of aggression, agitation, and psychosis of dementia."... | [
"More head-to-head comparisons of antipsychotics are needed to discern the relative efficacy and safety profiles of these compounds. Thus, we compared ziprasidone and risperidone in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.\n Patients with DSM-III-R acute exacerba... | For reasonably well, stable people it may mean that the need for regular oral doses can be avoided, but adverse affects are not well reported. For more severely ill people, few benefits are evident although it may increase compliance with injections in comparison with placebo. Use of depot risperidone, especially at th... |
CD000545 | [
"8549944",
"6102739",
"18671816",
"20393175",
"16357613",
"11040176",
"1098449",
"9399753",
"8147352"
] | [
"A controlled double blind study of azathioprine in the management of Crohn's disease.",
"Treatment of Crohn's disease with 6-mercaptopurine. A long-term, randomized, double-blind study.",
"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial of everolimus versus azathioprine and placebo to maintain steroid-induced re... | [
"While immunosuppressive agents are used widely in the management of Crohn's disease, their efficacy has not been well established in randomised controlled trials. This study was designed to examine whether azathioprine increases remission rate when used in conjunction with a diminishing dose regimen of prednisolon... | Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine offer no advantage over placebo for induction of remission or clinical improvement in active Crohn's disease. Antimetaboilte therapy may allow patients to reduce steroid consumption. Adverse events were more common in patients receiving antimetabolites although differences with placebo... |
CD006008 | [
"16892928",
"7636093",
"11581479",
"8066320",
"1514886",
"8430260",
"12576829",
"19155827",
"9352691"
] | [
"Intermittent catheterization in the rehabilitation setting: a comparison of clean and sterile technique.",
"Clean intermittent catheterization: safe, cost-effective bladder management for male residents of VA nursing homes.",
"Effect of a single-use sterile catheter for each void on the frequency of bacteriuri... | [
"To compare the onset of symptomatic urinary tract infection in individuals with spinal cord injury in a rehabilitation setting who are randomized to clean or sterile intermittent catheterization technique.\n Randomized controlled design.\n Spinal cord rehabilitation units in western C... | Intermittent catheterisation is a critical aspect of healthcare for individuals with incomplete emptying who are otherwise unable to void adequately to protect bladder and renal health. There is a lack of evidence to state that incidence of UTI is affected by use of sterile or clean technique, coated or uncoated cathet... |
CD003525 | [
"15089956",
"12429759",
"15274267",
"18559469",
"3571318",
"15930540",
"12931804",
"10514160",
"9161352"
] | [
"Evidence-based postoperative pain management in nursing: is a randomized-controlled trial the most appropriate design?",
"Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis : a randomized multicenter trial.",
"A comparison of open and percutaneous techniques in the surgical treatment o... | [
"There is an increasing drive to make nursing care evidence-based. High quality evidence from systematic reviews relevant to postoperative pain relief exists, yet pain after surgery remains poorly controlled for many patients. This study aimed to assess whether implementing evidence-based pain management improved p... | Due to a small number of studies, large heterogeneity in interventions across trials, small sample sizes and poor reporting of outcomes, there was insufficient evidence to support or refute the effectiveness of surgery for lateral elbow pain. Further well-designed randomised controlled trials and development of standar... |
CD004623 | [
"11763866",
"20836956",
"10599912",
"15910477",
"16202046",
"12426500",
"15877748",
"16878679",
"19341577"
] | [
"Clinical evaluation of fiber-reinforced epoxy resin posts and cast post and cores.",
"Pulp exposure occurrence and outcomes after 1- or 2-visit indirect pulp therapy vs complete caries removal in primary and permanent molars.",
"The use of barrier membranes and enamel matrix proteins in the treatment of angula... | [
"This retrospective study evaluated treatment outcome of cast post and core and Composipost systems after 4 yrs of clinical service.\n 200 patients were included in the study. They were divided in two groups of 100 endodontically treated teeth restored with a post. Group 1: Composipost systems were l... | Our systematic review could not specify which type of post and core system should be used when two or three dentine walls remain. More RCTs are needed to confirm whether fibre-reinforced post and core systems are superior and to clarify the influence of the remaining tooth structure on the treatment outcome of the diff... |
CD003145 | [
"11116420",
"17634484",
"15791369",
"11501505",
"9660024",
"15141043",
"9189099",
"12103285",
"15069719"
] | [
"Laparoscopically assisted colon resection for colon carcinoma: perioperative results and long-term outcome.",
"Randomized trial of laparoscopic-assisted resection of colorectal carcinoma: 3-year results of the UK MRC CLASICC Trial Group.",
"Laparoscopic-assisted approach in rectal cancer patients: lessons lear... | [
"The role of laparoscopic colon resection in the management of colon cancer is unclear. The aims of this study were to compare perioperative results and long-term outcomes in patients randomized to either open (O) or laparoscopically assisted (LA) colon resection for colon cancer.\n A prospective ran... | Under traditional perioperative treatment, lapararoscopic colonic resections show clinically relevant advantages in selected patients. If the long-term oncological results of laparoscopic and conventional resection of colonic carcinoma show equivalent results, the laparoscopic approach should be preferred in patients s... |
CD003485 | [
"830880",
"9532991",
"3902388",
"16188812",
"10093144",
"20947097",
"9722255",
"7713201",
"20037682"
] | [
"Hydrocortisone therapy in meconium aspiration syndrome: a controlled study.",
"The Collaborative Randomised Amnioinfusion for Meconium Project (CRAMP): 1. South Africa.",
"Effect of steroid therapy on exercise performance in patients with irreversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.",
"Treatment of se... | [
"To evaluate the efficacy of glucocorticoids in the treatment of infants with meconium aspiration syndrome, a double-blind study using hydrocortisone or a lactose placebo was undertaken. Thirty-five infants were included in the study. No significant differences in arterial Po2, Pco2, pH, A-aDo2 gradients, in requir... | At present, there is insufficient evidence to assess the effects of steroid therapy in the management of meconium aspiration syndrome. A further large randomised controlled trial assessing potential benefits and harm would be required to determine its role. |
CD003007 | [
"10767815",
"8434331",
"10851101",
"9820916",
"15704503",
"7895394",
"10332798",
"7552649",
"15661440"
] | [
"Early aggressive exercise for postoperative rehabilitation after discectomy.",
"Clinical trial of postoperative dynamic back exercises after first lumbar discectomy.",
"Can exercise therapy improve the outcome of microdiscectomy?",
"Early active training after lumbar discectomy. A prospective, randomized, an... | [
"A randomized clinical trial of postoperative medical exercise therapy in patients after operation for lumbar disc herniation with blind assessment of clinical outcomes.\n To assess the effect of an early regimen of vigorous medical exercise compared with an ordinary care program.\n \n... | Exercise programs starting four to six weeks post-surgery seem to lead to a faster decrease in pain and disability than no treatment. High intensity exercise programs seem to lead to a faster decrease in pain and disability than low intensity programs. There were no significant differences between supervised and home e... |
CD007923 | [
"22093120",
"9516090",
"11743506",
"8874241",
"2809781",
"15833887",
"8969391",
"1403397",
"10212082"
] | [
"Timing of dornase alpha inhalation does not affect the efficacy of an airway clearance regimen in adults with cystic fibrosis: a randomised crossover trial.",
"Effect of smaller droplet size of dornase alfa on lung function in mild cystic fibrosis. Dornase Alfa Nebulizer Group.",
"A two-year randomized, placeb... | [
"Does the timing of inhalation of dornase alpha in relation to physical airway clearance techniques influence the effect of the entire airway clearance regimen?.\n A randomised crossover trial with concealed allocation, intention-to-treat analysis and blinding of patients, therapists, and assessors.\... | The current evidence derived from a small number of participants does not indicate that inhalation of dornase alfa after airway clearance techniques is more or less effective than the traditional recommendation to inhale nebulised dornase alfa 30 minutes prior to airway clearance techniques, for most outcomes. For chil... |
CD004492 | [
"11162323",
"10048112",
"19357315",
"1873454",
"17995993",
"12603234",
"21924563",
"12780372",
"7740017"
] | [
"Counselor and stimulus control enhancements of a stage-matched expert system intervention for smokers in a managed care setting.",
"Targeting smokers with low readiness to change with tailored and nontailored self-help materials.",
"Feasibility of a telephone-based intervention for support persons to help smok... | [
"Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of an interactive expert system intervention for smoking cessation for a general population. The intervention provides individualized feedback that guides participants through the stages of change for cessation. Enhancing the expert system by adding proactive telepho... | Based on four trials using direct comparisons, stage-based self-help interventions (expert systems and/or tailored materials) and individual counselling were neither more nor less effective than their non-stage-based equivalents. Thirty-one trials of stage-based self help or counselling interventions versus any control... |
CD004496 | [
"6102677",
"9307346",
"9580172",
"2206065",
"8238160",
"12379544",
"8238130",
"3174314",
"16602839"
] | [
"Intraventricular gentamicin therapy in gram-negative bacillary meningitis of infancy. Report of the Second Neonatal Meningitis Cooperative Study Group.",
"Antibiotic therapy for reduction of infant morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. A randomized controlled trial. National Institute of Ch... | [
"In a multicentre controlled trial in the U.S.A. and Latin America 52 infants with meningitis and ventriculitis were randomly assigned to receive either systemic ampicillin and gentamicin or intraventricular gentamicin plus systemic antimicrobial agents. The aetiological agents most often encountered were Escherich... | In one trial that enrolled infants with gram-negative meningitis and ventriculitis, the use of intraventricular antibiotics in addition to intravenous antibiotics resulted in a three-fold increased RR for mortality compared to standard treatment with intravenous antibiotics alone. Based on this result, intraventricular... |
CD007130 | [
"17767899",
"17196274",
"1588521",
"2011669",
"1349062",
"17880478",
"16924183",
"15718182",
"15923147"
] | [
"The Birmingham Rehabilitation Uptake Maximisation Study (BRUM). Home-based compared with hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation in a multi-ethnic population: cost-effectiveness and patient adherence.",
"Home-based versus hospital-based rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: A randomized trial with preference... | [
"To evaluate the relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a home-based programme of cardiac rehabilitation using the Heart Manual, with centre-based programmes. It also sought to explore the reasons for non-adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programmes.\n An individually randomised trial, wi... | Home- and centre-based cardiac rehabilitation appear to be equally effective in improving the clinical and health-related quality of life outcomes in acute MI and revascularisation patients. This finding, together with an absence of evidence of difference in healthcare costs between the two approaches, would support th... |
CD008811 | [
"15364188",
"17954538",
"21419411",
"16546538",
"16389536",
"17010115",
"20207411",
"12164983",
"19843492"
] | [
"Effect of a participatory intervention with women's groups on birth outcomes in Nepal: cluster-randomised controlled trial.",
"Informing resource-poor populations and the delivery of entitled health and social services in rural India: a cluster randomized controlled trial.",
"Fewer adverse events as a result o... | [
"Neonatal deaths in developing countries make the largest contribution to global mortality in children younger than 5 years. 90% of deliveries in the poorest quintile of households happen at home. We postulated that a community-based participatory intervention could significantly reduce neonatal mortality rates.\n ... | There are no other studies from other countries other than India and Nepal and there are insufficient data on cost-effectiveness of each procedure. Better evidence is needed before any change may be implemented. Future studies need to have longer-term follow-up and be conducted to minimize biases revealed in this revie... |
CD006788 | [
"7501140",
"16648508",
"19896571",
"11176767",
"14759641",
"17972110",
"8912507",
"7611638",
"2730380"
] | [
"Fatigue therapy in multiple sclerosis: results of a double-blind, randomized, parallel trial of amantadine, pemoline, and placebo.",
"Patient-controlled methylphenidate for cancer fatigue: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.",
"Efficacy of dexmethylphenidate for the treatment of fatigue after... | [
"To determine the relative efficacy of amantadine, pemoline, and placebo in treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS)-related fatigue.\n Fatigue is a complication of MS. Both pemoline and amantadine have been used to treat MS fatigue, but their relative efficacy is not known.\n Amantadine, ... | Based on limited evidence, we cannot recommend a specific drug for treatment of fatigue in palliative care patients. Surprisingly, corticosteroids have not been a research focus for fatigue treatment, although these drugs are frequently used. Recent fatigue research seems to focus on modafinil, which may be beneficial ... |
CD005312 | [
"11807965",
"23195811",
"8375791",
"15517622",
"10936472",
"8974970",
"8334339",
"11933130",
"14659974"
] | [
"Promising hypotensive effect of hawthorn extract: a randomized double-blind pilot study of mild, essential hypertension.",
"Efficacy of the Hawthorn (Crataegus) preparation LI 132 in 78 patients with chronic congestive heart failure defined as NYHA functional class II.",
"[Crataegus Special Extract WS 1442 in ... | [
"This pilot study was aimed at investigating the hypotensive potential of hawthorn extract and magnesium dietary supplements individually and in combination, compared with a placebo. Thirty-six mildly hypertensive subjects completed the study. At baseline, anthropometric and dietary assessment, as well as blood pre... | These results suggest that there is a significant benefit in symptom control and physiologic outcomes from hawthorn extract as an adjunctive treatment for chronic heart failure. |
CD002251 | [
"8644400",
"2265052",
"9349079",
"15636811",
"15636905",
"8494130",
"15321623",
"15321345",
"11914565"
] | [
"[Compression stockings as prevention of hypotension in Cesarean section during spinal anesthesia].",
"Prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section by wrapping of the legs.",
"Prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: ephedrine infusion v... | [
"Inflatable splints and wrapping of the legs have been shown to be effective against hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. The aim of this study was to investigate if compression stockings could have a similar effect. Thirty healthy mothers scheduled for elective Caesarean section were random... | While interventions such as colloids, ephedrine, phenylephrine or lower leg compression can reduce the incidence of hypotension, none have been shown to eliminate the need to treat maternal hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. No conclusions can be drawn regarding rare adverse effects due to the... |
CD004921 | [
"8673548",
"10534147",
"15015612",
"16965740",
"16696907",
"9570235",
"1825515",
"19135415",
"14558957"
] | [
"Pilot randomized controlled trial of Chinese herbal treatment for HIV-associated symptoms.",
"Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Chinese herb therapy for HIV-1-infected individuals.",
"Impact of complementary mistletoe extract treatment on quality of life in breast, ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer ... | [
"We wished to determine the short-term safety and efficacy of a Chinese medicinal herb preparation in treating symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in a University-affiliated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) clinic... | This review provides limited evidence about the effectiveness and safety of Chinese medicinal herbs in alleviating chemotherapy induced short term side effects. Chinese medicinal herbs, when used together with chemotherapy, may offer some benefit to breast cancer patients in terms of bone marrow improvement and quality... |
CD005233 | [
"17662757",
"10753339",
"8215728",
"20424590",
"10753321",
"19045972",
"7841897",
"10219721",
"19176275"
] | [
"Use of a self-help book with weekly therapist contact to reduce tinnitus distress: a randomized controlled trial.",
"The Psychological Management of Tinnitus: Comparison of a Combined Cognitive Educational Program, Education Alone and a Waiting-List Control.",
"A randomized trial of nortriptyline for severe ch... | [
"Tinnitus distress can be reduced by means of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). To compensate for the shortage of CBT therapists, we aimed, in this study, to investigate the effects of a CBT-based self-help book guided by brief telephone support.\n Seventy-two patients were randomized either to a sel... | In six studies we found no evidence of a significant difference in the subjective loudness of tinnitus.
However, we found a significant improvement in depression score (in six studies) and quality of life (decrease of global tinnitus severity) in another five studies, suggesting that CBT has a positive effect on the ma... |
CD006320 | [
"8858747",
"16437657",
"18398081",
"11871742",
"10961730",
"1634054",
"1969678",
"7797827",
"7876505"
] | [
"Omega-3 fatty acids and low carbohydrate diet for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Study Group Members (German Crohn's Disease Study Group).",
"Usefulness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in addition to mesalazine in maintaining remission in pediatric C... | [
"There is no established therapy for maintaining remission in patients with Crohn's disease. Following different suggestions from the literature, two potential interventions for maintaining remission were tested against placebo, using either 5 g/day of a highly concentrated omega-3 fatty acid compound or a carbohyd... | Omega 3 fatty acids are safe but probably ineffective for maintenance of remission in CD. The existing data do not support routine maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease with omega 3 fatty acids. |
CD002211 | [
"17071297",
"10888995",
"12049562",
"9419092",
"15126747",
"15839866",
"15502894",
"16399189",
"15195050"
] | [
"Coblation vs electrocautery tonsillectomy: postoperative recovery in adults.",
"Postoperative tonsillectomy pain in pediatric patients: electrocautery (hot) vs cold dissection and snare tonsillectomy--a randomized trial.",
"Tonsillectomy by means of plasma-mediated ablation: prospective, randomized, blinded co... | [
"Comparison of coblation and monopolar electrocautery tonsillectomy in terms of postoperative pain and recovery.\n Prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial.\n Patients with recurrent tonsillitis requiring tonsillectomy were randomized to 2 groups: coblation or monopolar ele... | There are insufficient data to show that one method of tonsillectomy is superior. There is evidence that pain may be greater after monopolar dissection. Large, well designed randomised controlled trials are necessary to determine the optimum method for tonsillectomy. |
CD001279 | [
"1513726",
"1386071",
"3092689",
"9063425",
"9671161",
"6129609",
"8789772",
"3535686",
"3530643"
] | [
"The use of nebulized albuterol in wheezing infants.",
"Treatment of acute wheezing and dyspnea attacks in children under 2 years old: inhalation of fenoterol plus ipratropium bromide versus fenoterol.",
"Nebulised sodium cromoglycate in the treatment of wheezy bronchitis. A multicentre double-blind placebo con... | [
"Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled protocol, we evaluated the efficacy of nebulized albuterol in the treatment of infants aged 0 to 24 months who presented to the emergency department with wheezing. Twenty-five infants were randomly assigned to receive two identical treatments of either nebulized albuterol (... | There is not enough evidence to support the uncritical use of anti-cholinergic therapy for wheezing infants, although parents using it at home were able to identify benefits. |
CD003227 | [
"10235419",
"6996933",
"7589022",
"12424485",
"8080670",
"2268862",
"9537209",
"15476903",
"9620101"
] | [
"Analgesic efficacy of liquid ketoprofen compared to liquid dipyrone and placebo administered orally as drops in postepisiotomy pain.",
"A double-blind comparison of parenteral dipyrone and pethidine in the treatment of post-operative pain.",
"Comparison of the onset and duration of the analgesic effect of dipy... | [
"The objective of this single-center, single-dose, double-blind randomized parallel group study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of a new liquid formulation of ketoprofen at two dose levels (25 mg or 50 mg) compared to a commercially available liquid form of dipyrone 500 mg and placebo with all treatments adm... | Based on very limited information, single dose dipyrone 500 mg provides good pain relief to 70% of patients. For every five individuals given dipyrone 500 mg, two would experience this level of pain relief who would not have done with placebo, and fewer would need rescue medication, over 4 to 6 hours. |
CD005162 | [
"17939047",
"18471513",
"18471512",
"12542598",
"9824265",
"7564670",
"8898643",
"18092150",
"10827226"
] | [
"Terlipressin and albumin in patients with cirrhosis and type I hepatorenal syndrome.",
"A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome.",
"Terlipressin and albumin vs albumin in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized stu... | [
"Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a pre-renal-like dysfunction that generally onsets in cirrhotic patients presenting ascites. We investigated the improvement of renal function in subjects with hepatorenal syndrome after terlipressin administration and the survival times after this treatment. Fifty-two patients affect... | Terlipressin may reduce mortality and improve renal function in patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Whether the evidence is strong enough to support the intervention for clinical practice could be debated due to the results of the trial sequential analyses. However, the outcome measures assessed are objective, w... |
CD002276 | [
"15326246",
"17361345",
"1300186",
"11673585",
"3520308",
"21172842",
"14623733",
"1907056",
"7633189"
] | [
"Strength training and albuterol in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.",
"Effects of training and albuterol on pain and fatigue in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.",
"A randomized controlled trial of early surgery in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.",
"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled tria... | [
"In animals and healthy volunteers beta2-adrenergic agonists increase muscle strength and mass, in particular when combined with strength training. In patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) albuterol may exert anabolic effects. The authors evaluated the effect of strength training and albuterol... | There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials to support any drug treatment for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy but only two randomised controlled trials have been published. |
CD005491 | [
"14750576",
"14750575",
"10593672",
"16715687",
"8553306",
"17710485",
"11486442",
"15224704",
"6383740"
] | [
"Treatment with corticosteroids of long-standing nerve function impairment in leprosy: a randomized controlled trial (TRIPOD 3).",
"The prognostic importance of detecting mild sensory impairment in leprosy: a randomized controlled trial (TRIPOD 2).",
"Corticosteroid treatment of childhood Bell's palsy.",
"Mul... | [
"Some leprosy patients with long-standing nerve function impairment (NFI) appear to have responded favourably to treatment with corticosteroids. This study investigated whether patients with untreated NFI between 6 and 24 months duration and who are given standard regimen corticosteroid therapy, will have a better ... | Corticosteroids are used for treating acute nerve damage in leprosy, but evidence from two randomised controlled trials, treating either long-standing or mild nerve function impairment, did not show a significant long-term effect. A third trial showed significant benefit of a five-month steroid regimen over a three-mon... |
CD008270 | [
"11504984",
"20515418",
"15115831",
"18580610",
"15980691",
"15909273",
"16527165",
"19036752",
"9683207"
] | [
"Simplification with abacavir-based triple nucleoside therapy versus continued protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients with undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA.",
"Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine maintenance after standard induction in antiretroviral therapy-naïve patient... | [
"To assess the antiviral efficacy, safety and adherence in patients switched to an abacavir-containing nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) regimen after long-term HIV-1 RNA suppression with a dual NRTI/protease inhibitor (PI) combination.\n In an open-label, multicentre study, patients ... | The strategy of switching to triple nucleoside regimens shows weak evidence of lower incidence of side effects and a higher incidence of virologic failure in the 3NRTI group compared to controls. Simplification with 3NRTI holds the advantages of preserving other classes of antiretroviral drugs, to lower blood lipids, a... |
CD006356 | [
"11777359",
"16645968",
"15188323",
"6440982",
"11096165",
"7920500",
"15140776",
"7788149",
"10364900"
] | [
"Low-dose prednisone therapy for patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis: clinical efficacy, disease-modifying properties, and side effects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.",
"Preliminary evidence for a structural benefit of the new bisphosphonate zoledronic acid in early rh... | [
"Oral glucocorticoids combined with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are beneficial and retard radiologic joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis.\n To investigate the clinical efficacy, disease-modifying properties, and side effects of low-dose glucocorticoids as monotherapy for previously untreat... | Even in the most conservative estimate, the evidence that glucocorticoids given in addition to standard therapy can substantially reduce the rate of erosion progression in rheumatoid arthritis is convincing. There remains concern about potential long-term adverse reactions to glucocorticoid therapy, such as increased c... |
CD004788 | [
"9448615",
"8606612",
"7489170",
"9649045",
"11729380",
"1461854",
"1534528",
"7953415",
"7974754"
] | [
"Randomized clinical trial of conventional cholecystectomy versus minicholecystectomy.",
"Randomised, prospective, single-blind comparison of laparoscopic versus small-incision cholecystectomy.",
"Randomized trial of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and mini-cholecystectomy.",
"Laparoscopic vs. open cholecystecto... | [
"The main argument for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in preference to open cholecystectomy appears to be based on less traumatic incisions inflicted on the abdominal wall. To investigate the effects of different incision lengths on patients following elective open cholecystectomy, a randomized clinical study was con... | Small-incision and open cholecystectomy seem to be equivalent regarding risks of complications, but the latter method is associated with a significantly longer hospital stay. The quicker recovery of small-incision cholecystectomy compared with open cholecystectomy confirms the existing preference of this technique over... |
CD007834 | [
"18280205",
"19489063",
"15042543",
"19230757",
"15064942",
"12725261",
"9108851",
"10368042",
"9266623"
] | [
"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron sucrose in restless legs syndrome.",
"A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multi-center study of intravenous iron sucrose and placebo in the treatment of restless legs syndrome.",
"A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of in... | [
"The aim of this study was to ascertain whether high-dose intravenous (IV) iron sucrose could improve symptoms and change brain iron concentrations in idiopathic RLS.\n The study was a randomized, parallel-group double-blind study of 1000mg iron sucrose given IV versus placebo. Primary measures of th... | There is insufficient evidence to determine whether iron therapy is beneficial for the treatment of RLS. Further research to determine whether some or all types of RLS patients may benefit from iron therapy, as well as the best route of iron administration, is needed. |
CD002986 | [
"6364442",
"7992443",
"8511730",
"2191991",
"10697255",
"19253130",
"10707475",
"6351332",
"12890374"
] | [
"Ionisers in the management of bronchial asthma.",
"[Ion generators and bronchial asthma. A double-blind placebo controlled study].",
"Double blind trial of ionisers in children with asthma sensitive to the house dust mite.",
"A double-blind study of the effectiveness of a high-efficiency particulate air (HEP... | [
"Because of recent interest in the possible benefits to asthmatic patients of negative ion generators and the largely uncontrolled and inconclusive nature of earlier studies a double blind crossover study of this treatment was carried out in 20 subjects with stable asthma over six months. After an initial two week ... | Based on the evidence currently available from randomised controlled trials, a recommendation cannot be given for the use of room air ionisers to reduce symptoms in patients with chronic asthma. |
CD000496 | [
"9521971",
"10323627",
"9417009",
"9527938",
"11353359",
"8340985",
"6354552",
"6848976",
"3339788"
] | [
"Analgesia for neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial of EMLA cream versus dorsal penile nerve block.",
"Dorsal penile nerve block vs topical placebo for circumcision in low-birth-weight neonates.",
"Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcis... | [
"To compare the efficacy of the dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) with a less invasive form of local anesthesia, eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) cream, for reduction of pain during neonatal circumcision.\n Prospective, blinded, randomized, controlled trial.\n Tertiary referr... | EMLA reduces pain response during circumcision in newborn male infants. Other potentially more effective forms of analgesia for circumcision (such as dorsal penile nerve block, ring block) should be subjected to systematic reviews. |
CD005149 | [
"9207726",
"19839251",
"1411095",
"9463979",
"21997904",
"11200381",
"18056902",
"12877377",
"11486442"
] | [
"Intranasal budesonide spray as an adjunct to oral antibiotic therapy for acute sinusitis in children.",
"Effect of corticosteroids on wound healing after endoscopic sinus surgery.",
"Influence of topical steroid treatment on maxillary sinusitis.",
"The end of antibiotic treatment in adults with acute sinusit... | [
"The role of topical corticosteroids in the treatment of acute sinusitis has not been established in children.\n An attempt was made to determine the impact of topical corticosteroids as an adjunct to antibiotic treatment in the management of childhood sinusitis.\n In a double-blind, p... | Current evidence is limited for acute sinusitis confirmed by radiology or nasal endoscopy, but supports the use of INCS as a monotherapy or as an adjuvant therapy to antibiotics. Clinicians should weigh the modest but clinically important benefits against possible minor adverse events when prescribing therapy. |
CD007286 | [
"1402964",
"2711309",
"19864187",
"2360466",
"10698324",
"9521264",
"10486394",
"11426094",
"12657991"
] | [
"Do prophylactic anticonvulsant drugs alter the pattern of seizures after craniotomy?",
"Prophylactic anticonvulsants for prevention of immediate and early postcraniotomy seizures.",
"Enhancing antiepileptic drug adherence: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Influence of surgery and antiepileptic drugs on seiz... | [
"A total of 276 patients with a high risk of developing postoperative seizures were randomised to treatment with carbamazepine or phenytoin for six or 24 months, or to no treatment. No significant differences were found (though the confidence limits were fairly wide) between the regimes in respect of the incidence ... | There is little evidence to suggest that AED treatment administered prophylactically is effective or not effective in preventing post-craniotomy seizures. The current evidence base is limited due to the differing methodologies employed in the trials and inconsistencies in reporting of outcomes. Further evidence from go... |
CD008373 | [
"1592254",
"11282864",
"9649975",
"11116769",
"6342564",
"16203961",
"6342563",
"16042640",
"9477929"
] | [
"A randomized trial of psychiatric consultation with distressed high utilizers.",
"Antidepressant drugs and generic counselling for treatment of major depression in primary care: randomised trial with patient preference arms.",
"Fluoxetine treatment of depressive disorders in methadone-maintained opioid addicts... | [
"This study reports the results of a randomized trial of a psychiatric consultation intervention with distressed, high utilizing patients of 18 physicians in two primary care clinics. Psychiatric consultation was associated with a significant increase in the use of antidepressants in intervention patients compared ... | There is low evidence, at the present, supporting the clinical use of antidepressants for the treatment of depressed opioid addicts in treatment with opioid agonists. There is a need of larger randomised studies investigating relevant outcomes, safety issues and reporting data to allow comparison of results. |
CD004676 | [
"9771865",
"6654697",
"1245713",
"7722692",
"19296055",
"15320919",
"19668906",
"2767740",
"11691758"
] | [
"Nutrition and education: a randomized trial of the effects of breakfast in rural primary school children.",
"An evaluation of giving the Jamaican government school meal to a class of children.",
"Evaluation of a ghetto school breakfast program.",
"School breakfast improves verbal fluency in undernourished Ja... | [
"Hunger during school may prevent children in developing countries from benefiting from education. Although many countries have implemented school feeding programs, few programs have been rigorously evaluated. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of giving breakfast to undernourished and adequately nourished... | School meals may have some small benefits for disadvantaged children. We recommend further well-designed studies on the effectiveness of school meals be undertaken, that results should be reported according to socio-economic status, and that researchers gather robust data on both processes and carefully chosen outcomes... |
CD001093 | [
"20629771",
"16651286",
"15056235",
"15995046",
"12449696",
"11320385",
"1320740",
"2862316",
"11319482"
] | [
"Protective effect of single-dose adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine in children.",
"The safety of trivalent influenza vaccine among healthy children 6 to 24 months of age.",
"Failure of inactivated influenza A vaccine to protect healthy children aged 6-24 months.",
"Effectiveness of the 2003-2004 influenz... | [
"During the first wave of A/California/7/2009(H1N1) influenza, high rates of hospitalization in children under 5 years were seen in many countries. Subsequent policies for vaccinating children varied in both type of vaccine and number of doses. In Canada, children 36 months to <10 years received a single dose of 0.... | The vaccine was strongly protective for the first year in children over five and adults, but its efficacy beyond the first year could not be determined with precision. Children aged one to five years in low-income countries were also protected but the efficacy in this age group could not be determined. While the vacci... |
CD001791 | [
"15564951",
"2693404",
"16265829",
"12850603",
"14768081",
"2718002",
"16249679",
"17635971",
"2913847"
] | [
"Efficacy of a prophylactic epidural blood patch in preventing post dural puncture headache in parturients after inadvertent dural puncture.",
"Epidural blood patch in the treatment of post dural puncture headache: a double blind study.",
"Conventional treatment or epidural blood patch for the treatment of diff... | [
"Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) occurs in up to 80% of parturients who experience inadvertent dural puncture during epidural catheter placement. The authors performed a randomized double blind study to assess the effect of prophylactic epidural blood patch on the incidence of PDPH and the need for therapeutic e... | The review authors do not recommend prophylactic epidural blood patch over other treatments because there are too few trial participants to allow reliable conclusions to be drawn. However, therapeutic epidural blood patch showed a benefit over conservative treatment, based on the limited available evidence. |
CD004095 | [
"3071485",
"12941710",
"18227359",
"9540015",
"14633807",
"3612778",
"7942937",
"16507343",
"3302144"
] | [
"Exercise in a behavioural weight control programme for obese patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes.",
"One-year outcome of a combination of weight loss therapies for subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.",
"Clinic-based support to help overweight patients with type 2 diabetes incre... | [
"Two studies were conducted to determine whether adding exercise to a diet programme promotes weight loss or glycaemic control in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects. In Study 1, 25 subjects were randomly assigned to diet plus moderate exercise or diet plus placebo exercise. All subjects exercised twic... | Weight loss strategies using dietary, physical activity, or behavioral interventions produced small between-group improvements in weight. These results were minimized by weight loss in the comparison group, however, and examination of individual study arms revealed that multicomponent interventions including very low c... |
CD005228 | [
"16450089",
"12177109",
"20108160",
"16622646",
"12610195",
"14514973",
"12853351",
"7799029",
"19287306"
] | [
"N-acetylcysteine has neuroprotective effects against oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in colon cancer patients: preliminary data.",
"Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.",
"Eff... | [
"Although adding oxaliplatin to fluorouracil and leucovorin in adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer may improve disease-free survival, grade 3-4 sensory neuropathy also increases. To determine whether oral N-acetylcysteine is neuroprotective against oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy, we did a pilot study. Fourteen s... | At present, the data are insufficient to conclude that any of the purported chemoprotective agents (acetylcysteine, amifostine, calcium and magnesium, diethyldithiocarbamate, glutathione, Org 2766, oxycarbazepine, or Vitamin E) prevent or limit the neurotoxicity of platin drugs among human patients. |
CD000396 | [
"10851109",
"8976475",
"12607659",
"11752510",
"10979111",
"14705234",
"14506910",
"15327804",
"12103366"
] | [
"Treatment of acute low back pain with the COX-2-selective anti-inflammatory drug nimesulide: results of a randomized, double-blind comparative trial versus ibuprofen.",
"Trunk exercise combined with spinal manipulative or NSAID therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized, observer-blinded clinical trial.",
... | [
"A prospective, randomized double-blind comparative trial.\n To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of nimesulide, a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective anti-inflammatory agent versus ibuprofen in patients with acute lumbosacral back pain.\n Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs... | The evidence from the 65 trials included in this review suggests that NSAIDs are effective for short-term symptomatic relief in patients with acute and chronic low-back pain without sciatica. However, effect sizes are small. Furthermore, there does not seem to be a specific type of NSAID which is clearly more effective... |
CD005124 | [
"16076821",
"11097068",
"16877662",
"8595286",
"1303639",
"21318932",
"10404442",
"7573265",
"17490753"
] | [
"Effectiveness of the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) form in detecting psychosocial concerns: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Pragmatic randomized trial of antenatal intervention to prevent post-natal depression by reducing psychosocial risk factors.",
"A preventive intervention for pregnant... | [
"A pregnant woman's psychological health is a significant predictor of postpartum outcomes. The Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) form incorporates 15 risk factors associated with poor postpartum outcomes of woman abuse, child abuse, postpartum depression and couple dysfunction. We sought to determin... | While the use of an antenatal psychosocial assessment may increase the clinician's awareness of psychosocial risk, neither of these small studies provides sufficient evidence that routine antenatal psychosocial assessment by itself leads to improved perinatal mental health outcomes. Further studies with better sample s... |
CD006145 | [
"15338385",
"10326708",
"17785708",
"15774341",
"17848814",
"15274068",
"19064985",
"17470863",
"14710804"
] | [
"Effect of aerobic exercise and relaxation training on fatigue and physical performance of cancer patients after surgery. A randomised controlled trial.",
"Effects of physical activity on the fatigue and psychologic status of cancer patients during chemotherapy.",
"Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise in ... | [
"Fatigue is a frequent problem after surgical treatment of solid tumours. Aerobic exercise and psychosocial interventions have been shown to reduce the severity of this symptom in cancer patients. Therefore, we compared the effect of the two therapies on fatigue in a randomised controlled study. Seventy-two patient... | The findings of the updated review have enabled a more precise conclusion to be made in that aerobic exercise can be regarded as beneficial for individuals with cancer-related fatigue during and post-cancer therapy, specifically those with solid tumours. Further research is required to determine the optimal type, inten... |
CD004977 | [
"19483514",
"12352800",
"15844075",
"12544402",
"16227328",
"1613673",
"16941367",
"9462490",
"20723631"
] | [
"Efficacy of an 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against radiologically confirmed pneumonia among children less than 2 years of age in the Philippines: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.",
"Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than five years o... | [
"Pneumococcus is a leading cause of childhood pneumonia worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) have demonstrated efficacy against childhood invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneumonia in the United States and Africa. No information is available from Asia on the impact of PCV on childhood pneumonia.\... | PCV is effective in preventing IPD, X-ray defined pneumonia, and clinical pneumonia among HIV-1 negative and HIV-1 positive children under two years. The impact was greater for VT-IPD than for all serotypes-IPD, and for X-ray defined pneumonia than for clinical pneumonia. An 11% reduction with a 95% CI of -1% to 21% an... |
CD000959 | [
"1747702",
"8239224",
"7880187",
"8609945",
"7973475",
"2980288",
"8791866",
"11950006",
"11493411"
] | [
"Should disease-modifying agents be used in mild rheumatoid arthritis?",
"Hydroxychloroquine compared with placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized controlled trial.",
"Prednisone treatment of elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Disease activity and bone mass in comparison with chloroquine treatment.",
"... | [
"A 12-month double-blind controlled study comparing hydroxychloroquine 400 mg daily with placebo in 104 patients with mild RA was conducted to see whether patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis (RA) benefit from treatment with disease-modifying agents. Mild RA was defined as synovitis limited to the hands and feet... | Hydroxychloroquine appears to be efficacious for the treatment of RA. Its overall effect appears to be moderate, but its low toxicity profile should be considered when treating patients with RA. |
CD003108 | [
"11242179",
"6375370",
"15488218",
"15931449",
"15555666",
"10232312",
"10232311",
"1637878",
"11569654"
] | [
"Primary prevention with cotrimoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults: results of the pilot study in Dakar, Senegal.",
"Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in patients with leukemia and prolonged granulocytopenia.",
"Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection ... | [
"To assess the efficacy and tolerance of chemoprophylaxis with cotrimoxazole compared with placebo among HIV-1-infected adults.\n Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in the urban community of Dakar, Senegal.\n Eligibility criteria were age greater than 15 years,... | In the trials included in the review, cotrimoxazole prophylaxis had a beneficial effect in preventing death and illness episodes in adults with both early and advanced HIV disease. However, the wider applicability of these findings is unclear, in particular to areas with higher background bacterial resistance to cotrim... |
CD005584 | [
"8224679",
"2209496",
"16650535",
"16542286",
"19523014",
"8406150",
"8200551",
"20380111",
"9869717"
] | [
"Adding a sclerosant to endoscopic epinephrine injection in actively bleeding ulcers: a randomized trial.",
"Injection therapy of bleeding peptic ulcer. A prospective, randomized trial using epinephrine and thrombin.",
"Comparison of hemostatic efficacy for epinephrine injection alone and injection combined wit... | [
"We compared the efficacy of epinephrine injection and epinephrine injection followed by sodium tetradecyl sulfate in controlling active ulcer bleeding. Out of 2814 patients who underwent endoscopy for gastrointestinal bleeding, 200 patients with actively bleeding ulcers seen at the time of endoscopy were randomize... | Additional endoscopic treatment after epinephrine injection reduces further bleeding and the need for surgery in patients with high bleeding peptic ulcer. |
CD005535 | [
"20197425",
"12969999",
"16556691",
"21917440",
"10325895",
"16799799",
"17075269",
"17634183",
"17166990"
] | [
"Step-up therapy for children with uncontrolled asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids.",
"A randomized controlled trial of inhaled flunisolide in the management of acute asthma in children.",
"Multicenter randomized controlled trial of withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in cystic fibrosis.",
"Effect of ... | [
"For children who have uncontrolled asthma despite the use of low-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), evidence to guide step-up therapy is lacking.\n We randomly assigned 182 children (6 to 17 years of age), who had uncontrolled asthma while receiving 100 microg of fluticasone twice daily, to receive... | In adults who are symptomatic on low to high doses of ICS monotherapy, the addition of a LABA at licensed doses reduces the rate of exacerbations requiring oral steroids, improves lung function and symptoms and modestly decreases use of rescue short-acting ß2-agonists. In children, the effects of this treatment option ... |
CD008536 | [
"17995496",
"19167925",
"15214586",
"17006377",
"9932566",
"12197367",
"9746385",
"18703472",
"17587516"
] | [
"Tibolone and low-dose continuous combined hormone treatment: vaginal bleeding pattern, efficacy and tolerability.",
"Safety and efficacy of tibolone in breast-cancer patients with vasomotor symptoms: a double-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial.",
"Efficacy and safety of oral tibolone 1.25 or 2.5 mg/day v... | [
"The primary objective was to compare the vaginal bleeding pattern during administration of tibolone and low-dose continuous combined estradiol plus norethisterone acetate (E2/NETA). The secondary objectives were efficacy on vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy.\n A randomised, double-blind, double... | Tibolone, used at the daily dose of 2.5 mg, may be less effective than combined HT in alleviating menopausal symptoms although it reduced the incidence of vaginal bleeding. There was evidence that treatment with combined HT was more effective in managing menopausal symptoms than was tibolone. Available data on the long... |
CD000223 | [
"8977608",
"3708186",
"9512207",
"1403397",
"8214921",
"10607087",
"7519567",
"10213716",
"3881220"
] | [
"Comparison of the acute effects on gas exchange of nasal ventilation and doxapram in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.",
"Effect of doxapram on obstructive sleep apnea.",
"Randomized, controlled, blinded trial of doxapram for extubation of the very low birthweight infant.",
"Effectivene... | [
"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is useful in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) complicated by ventilatory failure. The effects of NIPPV were compared with those of the respiratory stimulant doxapram on gas exchange in patients with COPD and acute ventilatory fai... | Doxapram can improve blood gas exchange over the first few hours of treatment. Newer techniques such as non-invasive ventilation may prove to be more effective, although there is no randomised trial evidence to this effect. |
CD005324 | [
"16355282",
"15824848",
"11014345",
"17389291",
"9552083",
"17356969",
"15121405",
"12410192",
"17915345"
] | [
"Two-year clinical trial of oral alendronate versus intravenous pamidronate in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.",
"Intravenous neridronate in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: a randomized controlled study.",
"Efficacy and safety of alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis in diffuse connective ... | [
"A 2-year prospective, partially randomized open-label trial comparing oral alendronate with intravenous pamidronate therapy in children with OI showed equivalence in increasing total body BMD, spine BMD, and linear growth, and decreasing bone turnover and fracture incidence. Children with mild OI had greater respo... | The results justify further evaluation of bisphosphonates among children with secondary osteoporosis. However, the evidence does not support bisphosphonates as standard therapy. Short-term (3 years or less) bisphosphonate use appears to be well-tolerated. An accepted criterion for osteoporosis in children, a standardiz... |
CD006017 | [
"1406835",
"9230826",
"8232429",
"9440721",
"9562581",
"9021962",
"21256809",
"3579357",
"1390305"
] | [
"Interferon alfa combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.",
"Interferon alfa-2a is ineffective for patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Results of a prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pharmacological ... | [
"Interferon alfa has been found to be effective as an antitumor agent (with a response rate of 30 percent) in patients with low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but its effectiveness in those with intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been less adequately tested. In a prospective randomized study we evaluated ... | Several agents with specified molecular targets have demonstrated clinically useful benefits over interferon-alfa, and also after either prior cytokine or initial anti-angiogenesis therapy. More research is required to fully establish the role of targeted agents in this condition. |
CD007085 | [
"17166990",
"17362472",
"9358137",
"12200524",
"15502112",
"12740264",
"17697902",
"16935685",
"11704584"
] | [
"Budesonide/formoterol maintenance plus reliever therapy: a new strategy in pediatric asthma.",
"Effect of budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy on asthma exacerbations.",
"Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. Formoterol and Corticosteroids Establishing Therap... | [
"A fixed combination of long-acting beta(2)-agonists (LABA) plus inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) has never been proven to reduce asthma exacerbations vs ICS alone in children. This 12-month, double-blind, randomized study in 341 children (age range, 4 to 11 years) with asthma uncontrolled on ICS investigated whether ... | In mild asthma it is not yet known whether patients who use a budesonide/formoterol inhaler for relief of asthma symptoms derive any clinically important benefits. In more severe asthma, two studies enrolled patients who were not controlled on inhaled corticosteroids, and had suffered an exacerbation in the previous ye... |
CD009029 | [
"1682684",
"9815355",
"15982790",
"9498468",
"17448578",
"3042876",
"5302329",
"19819004",
"11895960"
] | [
"Prevention of travellers' diarrhoea by oral B-subunit/whole-cell cholera vaccine.",
"Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protective Efficacy of the Whole-Cell/Recombinant B Subunit (WC/rBS) Oral Cholera Vaccine Against Travelers' Diarrhea.",
"Analysis of efficacy of CVD 103-HgR live oral cholera vaccine against all-ca... | [
"B-subunit/whole-cell cholera vaccine (BS-WC) has been shown to give Bangladeshi mothers and children only 3 months' protection against severe diarrhoea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Since a long-lasting effect is not necessary for protection against travellers' diarrhoea, a prospective double-bli... | There is currently insufficient evidence from RCTs to support the use of the oral cholera vaccine Dukoral® for protecting travellers against ETEC diarrhoea. Further research is needed to develop safe and effective vaccines to provide both short and long-term protection against ETEC diarrhoea. |
CD008559 | [
"12218423",
"12153826",
"12151468",
"11379837",
"16513860",
"11322745",
"16190799",
"17450046",
"10761354"
] | [
"Effects of risperidone on conduct and disruptive behavior disorders in children with subaverage IQs.",
"Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone for the treatment of disruptive behaviors in children with subaverage intelligence.",
"Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problem... | [
"To determine whether risperidone is effective in reducing symptoms of disruptive behaviors (such as aggression, impulsivity, defiance of authority figures, and property destruction) associated with conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and disruptive behavior disorder-not otherwise specified in children... | There is some limited evidence of efficacy of risperidone reducing aggression and conduct problems in children aged 5 to 18 with disruptive behaviour disorders in the short term.
For aggression, the difference in scores of 6.49 points on the ABC Irritability subscale (range 0 to 45) may be clinically significant. For c... |
CD001000 | [
"1993963",
"1403397",
"8874303",
"10212082",
"2809781",
"8905428",
"16396863",
"11158452",
"9104623"
] | [
"Dexamethasone in the prevention of postextubation stridor in children.",
"Effectiveness of dexamethasone in preventing extubation failure in preterm infants at increased risk for airway edema.",
"Dexamethasone for the prevention of postextubation airway obstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, pla... | [
"To assess whether there is any advantage in the use of corticosteroid to prevent postextubation stridor in children, we conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial of dexamethasone versus saline solution. The patients were evaluated and then randomly selected to receive either dexamethasone or saline s... | Using corticosteroids to prevent (or treat) stridor after extubation has not proven effective for neonates or children. However, given the consistent trends towards benefit, this intervention does merit further study, particularly for high risk children or neonates. In adults, multiple doses of corticosteroids begun 12... |
CD001219 | [
"12760978",
"17305661",
"9661546",
"12419717",
"10621863",
"6384785",
"11133606",
"16396863",
"9447858"
] | [
"The effect of dexamethasone on side effects after coronary revascularization procedures.",
"Comparison between single-dose oral prednisolone and oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup: a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial.",
"The effect of preoperative dexamethasone on the immediate and delayed po... | [
"Corticosteroids decrease side effects after noncardiac elective surgery. We designed this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to test the hypothesis that standard doses of dexamethasone (4 mg x2) would reduce postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain, decrease the incidence of atrial fibrillation (... | There is a trend for evidence that corticosteroids of dose range six to 16 mg dexamethasone given intravenously may bring about the resolution of bowel obstruction. Equally, the incidence of side effects in all the included studies is extremely low. Corticosteroids do not seem to affect the length of survival of these ... |
CD002118 | [
"16055454",
"9886530",
"10966992",
"22050864",
"14507836",
"12930586",
"12093851",
"11779600",
"16540614"
] | [
"Live birth rate is significantly higher after blastocyst transfer than after cleavage-stage embryo transfer when at least four embryos are available on day 3 of embryo culture. A randomized prospective study.",
"A prospective randomized trial of blastocyst culture and transfer in in-vitro fertilization.",
"Day... | [
"In a randomized controlled trial, we assessed whether pregnancy outcome would be improved by extending embryo culture to day 5 and transferring a blastocyst in patients with at least four good-quality embryos on day 3.\n Multifollicular ovarian stimulation was performed with a GnRH agonist in 44% of... | This review provides evidence that there is a small significant difference in live birth rates in favour of blastocyst transfer (Day 5 to 6) compared to cleavage stage transfer (Day 2 to 3). However, cumulative clinical pregnancy rates from cleavage stage (derived from fresh and thaw cycles) resulted in higher clinical... |
CD007244 | [
"19745648",
"15863547",
"19609225",
"11352967",
"17565936",
"16039414",
"16782922",
"16645532",
"17587516"
] | [
"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) in women with anxiety disorder due to menopause.",
"Efficacy and safety of isopropanolic black cohosh extract for climacteric symptoms.",
"Safety and efficacy of black cohosh and red clover for the management of vasomotor ... | [
"We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial of the efficacy and tolerability of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) extract for the treatment of anxiety disorder due to menopause. We hypothesized that black cohosh would be superior to placebo in reducing anxiety symptoms of men... | There is currently insufficient evidence to support the use of black cohosh for menopausal symptoms. However, there is adequate justification for conducting further studies in this area. The uncertain quality of identified trials highlights the need for improved reporting of study methods, particularly with regards to ... |
CD006453 | [
"17382827",
"16109591",
"17511748",
"17574448",
"1524606",
"19324530",
"16911345",
"16816222",
"16674606"
] | [
"The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial.",
"Oxcarbazepine versus carbamazepine in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal.",
"Oxcarbazepine--efficacy and tolerability during ... | [
"Carbamazepine is widely accepted as a drug of first choice for patients with partial onset seizures. Several newer drugs possess efficacy against these seizure types but previous randomised controlled trials have failed to inform a choice between these drugs. We aimed to assess efficacy with regards to longer-term... | Oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine appear to be similarly effective and well tolerated. However, the possibility of important differences existing between these drugs cannot be ruled out. |
CD009665 | [
"1851894",
"8389026",
"8392150",
"7954759",
"8879897",
"1333181",
"7710149",
"1326404",
"16750463"
] | [
"Treatment of acute migraine with subcutaneous sumatriptan.",
"Subcutaneous sumatriptan in acute treatment of migraine: a multicentre New Zealand trial.",
"Efficacy of subcutaneous sumatriptan in repeated episodes of migraine.",
"A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of subcutaneous sum... | [
"Sumatriptan succinate, a 5-HT1D receptor agonist, constricts human cranial arteries. Two parallel-group trials for treatment of acute migraines were conducted in the United States. Adult patients were randomized and given either 6 mg of sumatriptan succinate subcutaneously (n = 734) or placebo (n = 370). At 1 hour... | Subcutaneous sumatriptan is effective as an abortive treatment for acute migraine attacks, quickly relieving pain, nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability, but is associated with increased adverse events. |
CD004223 | [
"3552455",
"9669077",
"11264625",
"15102427",
"17499653",
"9647153",
"10826586",
"21429079",
"12066096"
] | [
"Evaluation of two local anaesthetic sprays for the relief of post-episiotomy pain.",
"Is local anaesthesia actually beneficial in flexible fibreoptic nasendoscopy?",
"Reducing postnatal pain from perineal tears by using lignocaine gel: a double-blind randomized trial.",
"Comparison of topical anaesthesia met... | [
"Aerosol formulations of lignocaine (5%) and cinchocaine (2%) were compared with a water-only placebo spray in a single-dose study in 76 primiparous patients complaining of moderate or severe post-episiotomy pain. In comparison with a water-only placebo, both local anaesthetic formulations gave significant relief w... | Evidence for the effectiveness of topically applied local anaesthetics for treating perineal pain is not compelling. There has been no evaluation for the long-term effects of topically applied local anaesthetics. |
CD003595 | [
"3276865",
"20943711",
"11309826",
"9066350",
"6372729",
"9052464",
"11028492",
"8813270",
"9568857"
] | [
"Plasma infusion for hemolytic-uremic syndrome in children: results of a multicenter controlled trial.",
"Comparison of different treatment protocols in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor overactivity: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Cryoprecipitate poor plasma does not improve early response in primary adu... | [
"The results of a controlled trial to ascertain the usefulness of plasma infusion for the treatment of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) are reported. Criteria for admission were (1) observation within 8 days from first symptoms, (2) dialysis treatment required, and (3) no special treatments and no more than 25 ml bl... | PE with FFP is still the most effective treatment available for TTP. For patients with HUS, supportive therapy including dialysis is still the most effective treatment. All studies in HUS have been conducted in the diarrhoeal form of the disease. There were no RCTs evaluating the effectiveness of any interventions on p... |
CD008654 | [
"18451014",
"6406886",
"11242426",
"12187178",
"19843492",
"8676607",
"10298890",
"15531015",
"8356485"
] | [
"Effect of prior authorization of second-generation antipsychotic agents on pharmacy utilization and reimbursements.",
"Improving drug-therapy decisions through educational outreach. A randomized controlled trial of academically based \"detailing\".",
"Adverse events associated with prescription drug cost-shari... | [
"Medicaid expenditures for antipsychotic medications have risen rapidly, from under $1.0 billion in 1995 to over $5.5 billion in 2005. In response, at least ten states have implemented prior-authorization programs that restrict access to particular second-generation antipsychotic agents (aripiprazole and olanzapine... | Implementing restrictions to coverage and reimbursement of selected medications can decrease third-party drug spending without increasing the use of other health services (6 studies). Relaxing reimbursement rules for drugs used for secondary prevention can also remove barriers to access. Policy design, however, needs t... |
CD002124 | [
"8935744",
"2675496",
"2349410",
"75392",
"15161117",
"162675",
"387065",
"18373490",
"2486951"
] | [
"Curative treatment of primary (spasmodic) dysmenorrhoea.",
"[Magnesium--a new therapeutic alternative in primary dysmenorrhea].",
"[Therapeutic effects of magnesium in dysmenorrhea].",
"Flufenamic acid in treatment of primary spasmodic dysmenorrhoea. A double-blind crossover study.",
"Efficacy and tolerabi... | [
"To prove the efficacy of oral vitamin B1 administration for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out on 556 girls aged 12-21 yr, having moderate to very severe spasmodic dysmenorrhoea. Thiamine hydrochloride (vitamin B1) was given in a dose of 100... | Vitamin B1 is shown to be an effective treatment for dysmenorrhoea taken at 100 mg daily, although this conclusion is tempered slightly by its basis on only one large RCT. Results suggest that magnesium is a promising treatment for dysmenorrhoea. It is unclear what dose or regime of treatment should be used for magnesi... |
CD003129 | [
"15290737",
"10943876",
"8242109",
"19234513",
"9921849",
"17414533",
"16629429",
"7788170",
"21286740"
] | [
"Efficacy of methotrexate in ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial.",
"Randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of low-dose oral methotrexate in children with extended oligoarticular or systemic arthritis.",
"[A short-term randomized controlled study with methotrexa... | [
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of methotrexate (MTX) compared with placebo in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (AS).\n This 24 week, double bind, randomized, placebo controlled trial compared the response between MTX 7.5 mg/week or placebo in patients with active AS. The primary outc... | Current evidence suggests that MTX does have minimal clinically significant effects (>20%) on patient centered disability measures in JIA patients. |
CD005525 | [
"17028377",
"8632217",
"9651405",
"16310552",
"16168782",
"9894821",
"11498488",
"12648318",
"19068562"
] | [
"Effect of zinc supplementation on serum leptin levels and insulin resistance of obese women.",
"Zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of persistent diarrhea and dysentery among low socioeconomic children in India.",
"Zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of acute lower respiratory infections in infan... | [
"Leptin is thought to be a lipostatic signal that contributes to body weight regulation. Zinc might play an important role in appetite regulation and its administration stimulates leptin production. However, there are few reports in the literature on its role on leptin levels in the obese population. The present wo... | There is currently no evidence to suggest the use of zinc supplementation in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Future trials will have to standardise outcomes measures such as incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, decrease of the insulin resistance, quality of life, diabetic complications, all-cause mortalit... |
CD001132 | [
"19453040",
"8113849",
"8008342",
"7917733",
"12827681",
"15708255",
"10660736",
"11789238",
"9052620"
] | [
"Randomized, controlled study of continuous 5-FU infusion starting immediately after curative surgery for advanced colorectal cancer.",
"Controlled evaluation of three drug combination regimens versus fluorouracil alone for the therapy of advanced gastric cancer. North Central Cancer Treatment Group.",
"5-Fluor... | [
"The usefulness of adjuvant chemotherapy started immediately following surgery was evaluated.\n A randomized clinical trial was performed on 133 patients with advanced colorectal cancer using oral anticancer agents with one-week continuous 5-FU infusion starting immediately after curative surgery. In... | Postoperative injections of 5-FU are now rarely used as a planned series but are increasingly used on an ad hoc basis. This presumably reflects an aspect of the treatment that is unacceptable to both patients and doctors. None of the trials reported on the participants' perspective of care which constitutes a serious o... |
CD007530 | [
"17071204",
"12470103",
"15798459",
"17122617",
"8757378",
"7954233",
"18424367",
"1788755",
"16427543"
] | [
"Ischemic preconditioning versus intermittent vascular occlusion in liver resections performed under selective vascular exclusion: a prospective randomized study.",
"Occlusion of hepatic blood inflow for complex central liver resections in cirrhotic patients: a randomized comparison of hemihepatic and total hepat... | [
"The aim of this study was to compare ischemic preconditioning with the intermittent vascular occlusion technique in liver resections performed under inflow and outflow occlusion.\n Fifty-four patients with resectable liver tumors assigned were randomly to undergo surgery with either ischemic precond... | Intermittent vascular occlusion seems safe in liver resection. However, it does not seem to decrease morbidity. More randomised trials seem to be needed. |
CD000314 | [
"15911669",
"18260482",
"15590845",
"8168887",
"10748808",
"12954250",
"8245085",
"2179492",
"10366909"
] | [
"Unstable extra-articular fractures of the distal radius: a prospective, randomised study of immobilisation in a cast versus supplementary percutaneous pinning.",
"Conservative management of minimally displaced isolated fractures of the ulnar shaft.",
"Two procedures for Kirschner wire osteosynthesis of distal ... | [
"We performed a prospective, randomised study on 57 patients older than 60 years of age with unstable, extra-articular fractures of the distal radius to compare the outcome of immobilisation in a cast alone with that using supplementary, percutaneous pinning. Patients treated by percutaneous wires had a statistical... | There remains insufficient evidence from randomised controlled trials to determine which methods of conservative treatment are the most appropriate for the more common types of distal radial fractures in adults. Therefore, at present, practitioners applying conservative management should use an accepted technique with ... |
CD006435 | [
"9695300",
"2019938",
"9364884",
"19674354",
"7013150",
"1929514",
"2959900",
"19623149",
"19537014"
] | [
"Salbutamol or mist in acute bronchiolitis.",
"Randomized trial of salbutamol in acute bronchiolitis.",
"Efficacy of bronchodilators in the treatment of bronchiolitis.",
"Nebulized hypertonic saline/salbutamol solution treatment in hospitalized children with mild to moderate bronchiolitis.",
"Domiciliary ne... | [
"The role of bronchodilators in the treatment of bronchiolitis remains controversial.\n A double-blind, placebo controlled trial was performed to evaluate the clinical response to nebulized salbutamol. One hundred and fifty-six infants aged between 7 weeks and 24 months who had had an episode of whee... | Steam inhalation (or cool mist therapy) is commonly used to treat acute bronchiolitis in resource-constrained settings. One study was eligible for inclusion and found that nebulised salbutamol was an effective intervention for young children with bronchiolitis but mist in a tent did not lead to a significant decrease i... |
CD008975 | [
"12902914",
"15357156",
"9607475",
"12468909",
"16084254",
"8790170",
"15226339",
"12244905",
"14999693"
] | [
"Ethanol-lock technique in the treatment of bloodstream infections in pediatric oncology patients with broviac catheter.",
"Routine changing of intravenous administration sets does not reduce colonization or infection in central venous catheters.",
"A prospective randomized trial of urokinase as an adjuvant in ... | [
"To assess the ethanol-lock technique as a means of treating central venous line infections. Bloodstream infections in patients with tunneled central venous catheters can lead to removal of the lines.\n Twenty-eight children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years, with different types of cancer, had Brov... | No significant effect of urokinase or ethanol lock in addition to systemic antibiotics was found. However, this could be due to low power or a too-short follow-up. The cohort studies identified no adverse events; some cohort studies reported CVC malfunctioning. No RCTs or CCTs were published on antibiotic lock treatmen... |
CD008242 | [
"8740607",
"3431880",
"8912507",
"12195763",
"17980550",
"8129762",
"1771090",
"9781549",
"12966259"
] | [
"Amitriptyline effectively relieves neuropathic pain following treatment of breast cancer.",
"The analgesic effect of amitriptyline on chronic facial pain.",
"A randomized, double-blind crossover trial of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia.",
"Amitriptyline in neuropathic cancer pai... | [
"The effectiveness of amitriptyline in relieving neuropathic pain following treatment of breast cancer was studied in 15 patients in a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. The dose was escalated from 25 mg to 100 mg per day in 4 weeks. The placebo and amitriptyline phases were separated by a... | Amitriptyline has been a first-line treatment for neuropathic pain for many years. The fact that there is no supportive unbiased evidence for a beneficial effect is disappointing, but has to be balanced against decades of successful treatment in many patients with neuropathic pain or fibromyalgia. There is no good evid... |
CD003269 | [
"6219156",
"3530643",
"2879458",
"6376144",
"2874047",
"2532229",
"1357553",
"11389575",
"2531051"
] | [
"Anticholinergic and sympathomimetic combination therapy of asthma.",
"Reduction of nocturnal asthma by an inhaled anticholinergic drug.",
"Nebulized anticholinergic and sympathomimetic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease in the emergency room.",
"Treatment of adult asthma: controlled ... | [
"The role of the anticholinergic drug, ipratropium bromide, in maintenance antiasthmatic therapy was evaluated in a double-blind crossover trial of three bronchodilator regimens: (1) inhaled ipratropium, placebo, and oral oxtriphylline; (2) inhaled fenoterol, placebo, and oral oxtriphylline; and (3) both inhaled ip... | Overall this review provides no justification for routinely introducing anticholinergics as part of add-on treatment for patients whose asthma is not well controlled on standard therapies. This does not exclude the possibility that there may be a sub-group of patients who derive some benefit and a trial of treatment in... |
CD007313 | [
"12969999",
"14512127",
"16387583",
"16556691",
"2189367",
"2267922",
"9771245",
"17166990",
"20001651"
] | [
"A randomized controlled trial of inhaled flunisolide in the management of acute asthma in children.",
"A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group, multicenter, dose-reduction trial of the minimal effective doses of budesonide and fluticasone dry-powder inhalers in adults with mild to moderate asthm... | [
"Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) may provide benefit in the therapy of acute asthma. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that ICS are as effective as oral corticosteroids (OCS) in the management of acute childhood asthma.\n A randomized, masked, placebo-controlled study was conducted i... | Single inhaler therapy has now been demonstrated to reduce exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids against current best practice strategies and against a fixed higher dose of inhaled steroids. The strength of evidence that SiT reduces hospitalisation against these same treatments is weak. There were more discontin... |
CD001773 | [
"16169580",
"3139415",
"12243809",
"11483325",
"10791373",
"1997835",
"10212779",
"18805649",
"16921033"
] | [
"A phase II study to evaluate WF10 in patients with late hemorrhagic radiation cystitis and proctitis.",
"Post-irradiation cystitis improved by instillation of early placental extract in saline.",
"Phase III study comparing chemotherapy and radiotherapy with preoperative chemotherapy and surgical resection in p... | [
"To evaluate efficacy and safety of WF10 (TCDO iv solution) therapy in patients with late hemorrhagic radiation cystitis and proctitis in a long-term follow up.\n From February 1999 to July 2001, 30 symptomatic patients with endoscopically confirmed grade 2 and 3 late hemorrhagic cystitis (n = 16) an... | Late radiation cystitis is a relatively uncommon treatment complication and there are obvious difficulties in identifying sufficient patients to participate in a RCT. The number of published reports is a reflection of the degree of medical interest that exists in providing therapeutic solutions for late radiation cysti... |
CD000076 | [
"10492856",
"12744577",
"10665619",
"17685733",
"10924665",
"11291531",
"7912819",
"3318990",
"7850397"
] | [
"Continuation ECT in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a controlled study.",
"A controlled trial of modified electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenia in a Nigerian teaching hospital.",
"A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia resistant to medicat... | [
"In patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), this study compared the efficacy of continuation treatment with flupenthixol alone, continuation electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) alone, and combined continuation ECT and flupenthixol. One hundred fourteen TRS patients received acute treatment (Phase I) with... | The evidence in this review suggests that ECT, combined with treatment with antipsychotic drugs, may be considered an option for people with schizophrenia, particularly when rapid global improvement and reduction of symptoms is desired. This is also the case for those with schizophrenia who show limited response to med... |
CD002024 | [
"9649979",
"4028630",
"7851281",
"9363412",
"9031821",
"1968773",
"3977557",
"1912753",
"9649976"
] | [
"Randomised double-blind comparison of lofexidine and clonidine in the out-patient treatment of opiate withdrawal.",
"Efficacy of clonidine and of methadone in the rapid detoxification of patients dependent on heroin.",
"Opiate detoxification of methadone maintenance patients using lefetamine, clonidine and bup... | [
"This study compares the clinical response to lofexidine and clonidine in the out-patient treatment of opiate withdrawal in 50 opiate addicts, using a randomised double-blind study design. Patients were taking 40 mg or less methadone daily, or equivalent amounts of other opiates. Fifty-eight percent of those starti... | Clonidine and lofexidine are more effective than placebo for the management of withdrawal from heroin or methadone. No significant difference in efficacy was detected for treatment regimes based on clonidine or lofexidine, and those based on reducing doses of methadone over a period of around 10 days but methadone is a... |
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