review_id stringlengths 8 8 | pmid list | title list | abstract list | target stringlengths 56 2.23k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CD004003 | [
"15064026",
"16905024",
"10227221",
"9291741",
"7823670",
"17255240",
"9735932",
"21785663",
"11847921"
] | [
"Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomised controlled trial.",
"Intensive insecticide spraying for fly control after mass antibiotic treatment for trachoma in a hyperendemic setting: a randomised trial.",
"Effect of fly control on trachoma and diarrhoea.",
"Health educati... | [
"Eye-seeking flies have received much attention as possible trachoma vectors, but this remains unproved. We aimed to assess the role of eye-seeking flies as vectors of trachoma and to test provision of simple pit latrines, without additional health education, as a sustainable method of fly control.\n ... | There is some evidence from two trials that insecticides are effective in reducing trachoma, however, this effect was not demonstrated in another trial that used insecticides. Two trials on latrine provision as a fly control measure have not demonstrated significant trachoma reduction. Health education had shown signif... |
CD007897 | [
"10842461",
"11128878",
"15068207",
"17035145",
"17699530",
"22054336",
"3654234",
"17892588",
"11114752"
] | [
"Improved health after intervention in a school with moisture problems.",
"Respiratory morbidity among children following renovation of a water-damaged school.",
"The remediation of mold damaged school--a three-year follow-up study on teachers' health.",
"Reduction in asthma morbidity in children as a result ... | [
"In a school with floor moisture problems, the personnel had complaints consistent with the sick-building syndrome (SBS). Interventive measures including the laying of a ventilated floor were undertaken to eliminate the emissions. To examine if the intervention resulted in positive health effects, 34 personnel and ... | We found moderate to very low-quality evidence that repairing mould-damaged houses and offices decreases asthma-related symptoms and respiratory infections compared to no intervention in adults. There is very low-quality evidence that although repairing schools did not significantly change respiratory symptoms in staff... |
CD004968 | [
"1634627",
"15089956",
"18227107",
"12677565",
"12694632",
"2746403",
"9576319",
"19574328",
"15066200"
] | [
"A randomized trial of occlusal adjustment in the treatment of periodontitis patients.",
"Evidence-based postoperative pain management in nursing: is a randomized-controlled trial the most appropriate design?",
"Gynaecologic surgery from uncertainty to science: evolution of randomized control trials.",
"Rando... | [
"The purpose of the randomized clinical trial was to test; (1) the influence of occlusal adjustment (OA) in association with periodontal therapy on attachment levels, pocket depth, and tooth mobility, (2) whether OA was of greater significance in non-surgically treated periodontal defects, and (3) whether initial t... | There is only one randomised trial that has addressed this question. The data from this study are inconclusive. We therefore conclude there is no evidence for or against the use of occlusal interventions in clinical practice. This question can only be addressed by adequately powered bias-protected randomised controlled... |
CD009508 | [
"21820536",
"12576255",
"7345161",
"21425721",
"18094892",
"17245777",
"9849757",
"20179901",
"17763226"
] | [
"Is pelvic floor muscle training effective when taught in a general fitness class in pregnancy? A randomised controlled trial.",
"Pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy to prevent urinary incontinence: a single-blind randomized controlled trial.",
"Do pelvic floor exercises really improve orgasmic potent... | [
"Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) following vaginal assessment of correct contraction can prevent and treat urinary incontinence in the peripartum period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of PFMT instructed in a general fitness class for pregnant women.\n Single-blind random... | This review found that the existing evidence was insufficient to make any strong recommendations about the best approach to pelvic floor muscle training. We suggest that women are offered reasonably frequent appointments during the training period, because the few data consistently showed that women receiving regular (... |
CD007748 | [
"6708033",
"4073155",
"3533134",
"8238130",
"8238157",
"12745558",
"9578274",
"10580682",
"9387512"
] | [
"Comparison of magnesium sulfate, terbutaline and a placebo for inhibition of preterm labor. A randomized study.",
"A comparison of ritodrine, terbutaline, and magnesium sulfate for the suppression of preterm labor.",
"The use of a calcium antagonist (nifedipine) to suppress preterm labour.",
"Antibiotic trea... | [
"Magnesium sulfate has been recommended as a safe and effective agent for inhibiting preterm labor. Its reported adequacy as a tocolytic agent, however, has not been substantiated by randomized, controlled trials. To assess the efficacy of magnesium sulfate, we initiated a prospective, randomized study comparing th... | There was very little evidence about using COX inhibitors for preventing preterm labour. There are inadequate data to make any recommendation about using COX inhibitor in practice to prevent preterm labour. Future research should include follow-up of the babies to examine the short-term and long-term effects of COX inh... |
CD007525 | [
"1546834",
"1615177",
"11217907",
"15741443",
"9364183",
"2403903",
"10556133",
"10934074",
"9730996"
] | [
"Effect of indomethacin on bronchorrhea in patients with chronic bronchitis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, or bronchiectasis.",
"Inhaled steroids in patients with bronchiectasis.",
"In patients with chronic bronchitis a four week trial with inhaled steroids does not attenuate airway inflammation.",
"Inhaled fluti... | [
"Excessive production of sputum is one of the major symptoms in patients with chronic airway diseases. Because endogenous prostaglandins may play a role in the regulation of airway secretions, blockade of cyclooxygenase pathway with indomethacin could decrease respiratory tract fluid and mucus by inhibiting Cl secr... | There is currently insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of inhaled NSAIDs in the management of bronchiectasis in adults or children. One small trial reported a reduction in sputum production and improved dyspnoea in adults with chronic lung disease who were treated with inhaled indomethacin, indicating th... |
CD000940 | [
"4073155",
"6708033",
"9790362",
"8238157",
"1892185",
"6145635",
"9387512",
"2276652",
"8885732"
] | [
"A comparison of ritodrine, terbutaline, and magnesium sulfate for the suppression of preterm labor.",
"Comparison of magnesium sulfate, terbutaline and a placebo for inhibition of preterm labor. A randomized study.",
"Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy for prevention of preterm delivery: a double-blind trial... | [
"Ritodrine, terbutaline, and magnesium sulfate have all been used in the United States as tocolytic drugs. Studies have shown each of these drugs to be effective in suppressing preterm labor. The current study was undertaken in order to compare their relative safety and efficacy and to evaluate the effectiveness of... | There is not enough evidence to show any difference between magnesium maintenance therapy compared with either placebo or no treatment, or alternative therapies (ritodrine or terbutaline) in preventing preterm birth after an episode of threatened preterm labour. |
CD007429 | [
"2684990",
"19501292",
"19181969",
"1123385",
"10424554",
"11988719",
"19169102",
"12130413",
"18657736"
] | [
"The management of acute acromioclavicular dislocation. A randomised prospective controlled trial.",
"Conservative versus surgical treatment for repair of the medial patellofemoral ligament in acute dislocations of the patella.",
"Treatment with and without initial stabilizing surgery for primary traumatic pate... | [
"In a prospective study, 60 patients with acute acromioclavicular dislocation were randomly allocated to treatment with a broad arm sling or to reduction and fixation with a coracoclavicular screw. Of these 54 were followed for four years. Conservatively-treated patients regained movement significantly more quickly... | There is insufficient evidence from randomised controlled trials to determine when surgical treatment is indicated for acromioclavicular dislocation in adults in current practice. Sufficiently powered, good quality, well-reported randomised trials of currently-used surgical interventions versus conservative treatment f... |
CD000319 | [
"9589535",
"10685817",
"1985618",
"2278545",
"16750294",
"9168289",
"16052120",
"18048857",
"16864815"
] | [
"High-dose methylprednisolone prevents extensive sick leave after whiplash injury. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study.",
"Treatment of whiplash associated neck pain [corrected] with botulinum toxin-A: a pilot study.",
"Corticosteroid injections in adhesive capsulitis: investigation of their value and... | [
"A prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing high-dose methylprednisolone with placebo.\n To evaluate the efficacy of high-dose methylprednisolone when administered within 8 hours after whiplash injury.\n Whiplash injury often results in chronic symptoms. The management of ... | The major limitations are the lack of replication of the findings and sufficiently large trials. There is moderate evidence for the benefit of intravenous methylprednisolone given within eight hours of acute whiplash, from a single trial. Lidocaine injection into myofascial trigger points appears effective in two trial... |
CD001690 | [
"9800931",
"6268783",
"16936304",
"17011666",
"12592250",
"8860884",
"15229064",
"16143225",
"19523680"
] | [
"A double-blind randomised placebo controlled trial of postnatal norethisterone enanthate: the effect on postnatal depression and serum hormones.",
"Is oestrogen therapy effective in the treatment of menopausal depression?",
"Effects of oral contraceptive, synthetic progestogen or natural estrogen pre-treatment... | [
"To determine the effect of postnatal administration of the long-acting progestogen contraceptive, norethisterone enanthate, on postnatal depression and on serum hormone concentrations, and their association with depression.\n Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial.\n A terti... | Synthetic progestogens should be used with significant caution in the postpartum period. The role of natural progesterone in the prevention and treatment of postpartum depression has yet to be evaluated in a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Oestrogen therapy may be of modest value for the treatment of severe postp... |
CD007358 | [
"8988832",
"2657675",
"6348714",
"2813153",
"2938471",
"1930699",
"7541355",
"11119198",
"9602959"
] | [
"Dose-response of flurbiprofen on postoperative pain and emesis after paediatric strabismus surgery.",
"An evaluation of flurbiprofen, aspirin, and placebo in postoperative oral surgery pain.",
"Analgesic effect of graded doses of flurbiprofen in post-episiotomy pain.",
"Evaluation of flurbiprofen, acetaminop... | [
"Intravenous flurbiprofen, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), has been used recently for postoperative pain relief in adults. The drug is also likely to have antiemetic property. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of flurbiprofen on postoperative pain and emesis in children under... | Flurbiprofen at doses of 50 mg and 100 mg is an effective analgesic in moderate to severe acute postoperative pain. The NNT for at least 50% pain relief is similar to that of commonly used NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen at usual doses. Use of rescue medication indicates a duration of action exceeding 6 hours. |
CD009052 | [
"12547542",
"16442954",
"19546387",
"17692642",
"16035095",
"15681939",
"17382476",
"16096533",
"17906567"
] | [
"Effect of recombinant activated factor VII on perioperative blood loss in patients undergoing retropubic prostatectomy: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised trial.",
"Safety and hemostatic effect of recombinant activated factor VII in cirrhotic patients undergoing partial hepatectomy: a multicenter, rand... | [
"Recombinant activated factor VII (factor VIIa) has prohaemostatic effects in bleeding patients with coagulation abnormalities. We aimed to test the hypothesis that recombinant factor VIIa could reduce perioperative blood loss in patients with normal coagulation systems. Therefore, we assessed safety and efficacy o... | Aprotinin, recombinant factor VIIa, and thromboelastography groups may potentially reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements. However, risks of systematic errors (bias) and risks of random errors (play of chance) hamper the confidence in this conclusion. We need further well-designed randomised trials with low ris... |
CD007722 | [
"2223679",
"17601892",
"16394045",
"19089438",
"12625668",
"17666597",
"16115831",
"2196355",
"12628531"
] | [
"Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy: a randomized trial on the effect of antenatal low dose corticosteroids on neonatal platelet count.",
"Antenatal betamethasone compared with dexamethasone (betacode trial): a randomized controlled trial.",
"Parallel randomized trials of risk-based therapy for fe... | [
"To determine the efficacy of antenatal low dose oral betamethasone in preventing neonatal thrombocytopenia and/or bleeding in infants of mothers with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).\n Hospital department of obstetrics and gynaecology, referral centre.\n 41 pregnancies in 38... | Current evidence indicates that compared to no medication, betamethasone did not reduce the risk of neonatal thrombocytopenia and neonatal bleeding in ITP during pregnancy. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of betamethasone for treating ITP. This Cohrane review does not provide evidence about other medi... |
CD006491 | [
"11528574",
"10348224",
"14604928",
"12235450",
"12471569",
"11493411",
"11130385",
"8684102",
"15227617"
] | [
"Atovaquone-proguanil versus mefloquine for malaria prophylaxis in nonimmune travelers: results from a randomized, double-blind study.",
"Efficacy and safety of atovaquone/proguanil compared with mefloquine for treatment of acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand.",
"Tolerability of malaria chemoprophyl... | [
"Concerns about the tolerability of mefloquine highlight the need for new drugs to prevent malaria. Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone; GlaxoSmithKline) was safe and effective for prevention of falciparum malaria in lifelong residents of malaria-endemic countries, but experience in nonimmune people is limited. In a ran... | Atovaquone-proguanil and doxycycline are the best tolerated regimens, and mefloquine is associated with adverse neuropsychiatric outcomes. |
CD003091 | [
"14718419",
"15656462",
"8245265",
"8141537",
"14534844",
"6096982",
"17667837",
"7567488",
"21712704"
] | [
"Effect of three wound dressings on infection, healing comfort, and cost in patients with sternotomy wounds: a randomized trial.",
"Choice of dressing has a major impact on blistering and healing outcomes in orthopaedic patients.",
"Randomized trial comparing cryopreserved cultured epidermal allografts with hyd... | [
"To compare three dressing types in terms of their ability to protect against infection and promote healing, patient comfort, and cost-effectiveness.\n Prospective, randomized controlled trial.\n Major metropolitan, academically affiliated, tertiary referral center.\n Se... | At present, there is no evidence to suggest that covering surgical wounds healing by primary intention with wound dressings reduces the risk of SSI or that any particular wound dressing is more effective than others in reducing the rates of SSI, improving scarring, pain control, patient acceptability or ease of dressin... |
CD009290 | [
"9443139",
"11895532",
"15605131",
"18304848",
"20426604",
"15715034",
"9236642",
"11246096",
"10229249"
] | [
"Labor pain is reduced by massage therapy.",
"Effects of massage on pain and anxiety during labour: a randomized controlled trial in Taiwan.",
"The effect of breathing and skin stimulation techniques on labour pain perception of Turkish women.",
"Massage or music for pain relief in labour: a pilot randomised ... | [
"Twenty-eight women were recruited from prenatal classes and randomly assigned to receive massage in addition to coaching in breathing from their partners during labor, or to receive coaching in breathing alone (a technique learned during prenatal classes). The massaged mothers reported a decrease in depressed mood... | Massage may have a role in reducing pain, and improving women's emotional experience of labour. However, there is a need for further research. |
CD000039 | [
"16682611",
"17903919",
"11306778",
"7477798",
"15731556",
"10528604",
"14980943",
"15636811",
"8352673"
] | [
"Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate lowers blood pressure and maintains cerebral blood flow in recent stroke.",
"The effects of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate, a nitric oxide donor, on blood pressure, cerebral and cardiac hemodynamics, and plasma nitric oxide levels in acute stroke.",
"The effect of transdermal g... | [
"High blood pressure (BP) is common in acute stroke and is independently associated with a poor outcome. Lowering BP might improve outcome if it did not adversely affect cerebral blood flow (CBF) or cerebral perfusion pressure. We investigated the effect of glyceryl trinitrate ([GTN] an NO donor) on quantitative CB... | There is insufficient evidence to evaluate the effect of altering blood pressure on outcome during the acute phase of stroke. In patients with acute stroke, CCBs, ACEI, ARA and GTN each lower blood pressure while phenylephrine probably increases blood pressure. |
CD004549 | [
"12365120",
"3056499",
"3074776",
"11420821",
"12066083",
"10804490",
"11961377",
"15863532",
"3595364"
] | [
"Drainage at caesarean section--a randomised prospective study.",
"Closed suction wound drainage and lower-segment caesarean section.",
"A controlled trial on wound drainage in caesarean section.",
"No benefit from post-caesarean wound drainage.",
"Subcutaneous stitch closure versus subcutaneous drain to pr... | [
"To determine the efficacy of wound drainage at caesarean section with a view to reducing postoperative wound morbidity.\n King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa.\n Four hundred and forty women undergoing emergency caesarean section using the transverse suprapubic incision wer... | At present there is no evidence that the routine use of wound drains at caesarean section confers any benefit to the women involved. However, neither moderate benefit nor harm are excluded. These trials do not answer the question of whether wound drainage is of benefit when haemostasis is not felt to be adequate. Furth... |
CD001516 | [
"17404192",
"8726542",
"9781529",
"10816186",
"15262734",
"11248591",
"11706112",
"8558148",
"16211594"
] | [
"Ropinirole 24-hour prolonged release: randomized, controlled study in advanced Parkinson disease.",
"Ropinirole in the treatment of levodopa-induced motor fluctuations in patients with Parkinson's disease.",
"A multicenter trial of ropinirole as adjunct treatment for Parkinson's disease. Ropinirole Study Group... | [
"To evaluate the efficacy of ropinirole 24-hour prolonged release (ropinirole 24-hour) as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and motor fluctuations.\n In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week study, 393 subjects with PD were randomized to ropinirole 24-hour (n = 202)... | Ropinirole therapy can reduce levodopa dose but at the expense of increased dyskinetic adverse events. No clear effect on off time reduction was found but this may have been due to the under-powering of the single evaluable trial. Inadequate data on motor impairments and disability was collected to assess these outcome... |
CD000190 | [
"3201506",
"2696648",
"20189239",
"17681825",
"9719328",
"9576071",
"8418401",
"19570388",
"17027729"
] | [
"Carotid endarterectomy: to shunt or not to shunt.",
"Local versus general anaesthesia in carotid surgery. A prospective, randomised study.",
"Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a rando... | [
"Because of controversies in the cerebrovascular literature regarding the use of an intraluminal shunt in carotid endarterectomy, we report a randomized prospective study of 118 consecutive symptomatic patients receiving surgery within a single neurosurgical practice. Over 4 years, 138 carotid endarterectomies were... | This review concluded that the data available were too limited to either support or refute the use of routine or selective shunting in carotid endarterectomy. It was suggested that large scale randomised trials between routine shunting versus selective shunting were required. No one method of monitoring in selective sh... |
CD001406 | [
"18547500",
"12955343",
"11704169",
"10221739",
"15661416",
"2667629",
"15374046",
"12014939",
"12392866"
] | [
"Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs.",
"A randomized controlled trial of the NEAT expandable tip continence device.",
"Laparoscopic Burch colposuspension: a randomized controlled trial comparing two transperitoneal surgical techniques.",
"Cost e... | [
"To compare the performance and cost-effectiveness of the key absorbent product designs to provide a more solid basis for guiding selection and purchase. Also to carry out the first stage in the development of a quality of life (QoL) instrument for measuring the impact of absorbent product use on users' lives.\n ... | Although data were available from only one eligible trial the data were sufficiently robust to make recommendations for practice. Disposable insert pads are typically more effective than the other designs considered. However, because they are the most expensive, providing choice of designs (or combinations of designs f... |
CD006276 | [
"19853518",
"9014639",
"8455969",
"2785684",
"15082950",
"10458255",
"8880846",
"6166512",
"18955452"
] | [
"Feasibility study of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for cancer bone pain.",
"Randomization is important in studies with pain outcomes: systematic review of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in acute postoperative pain.",
"TENS for children's procedural pain.",
"Use of transcutan... | [
"This multicenter study assessed the feasibility of conducting a phase III trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in patients with cancer bone pain recruited from palliative care services. Eligible patients received active and placebo TENS for 1 hour at site of pain in a randomized crossover de... | Despite the one additional RCT, the results of this updated systematic review remain inconclusive due to a lack of suitable RCTs. Large multi-centre RCTs are required to assess the value of TENS in the management of cancer-related pain in adults. |
CD004052 | [
"1728157",
"1984763",
"11779284",
"10770458",
"12832240",
"10986547",
"15056579",
"12042191",
"10327902"
] | [
"A double-blind comparison of valproate and lithium in the treatment of acute mania.",
"Valproate in the treatment of acute mania. A placebo-controlled study.",
"Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium ... | [
"This study was carried out to compare the efficacy of lithium carbonate with that of valproate in acute mania and to determine whether pretreatment clinical characteristics, such as the presence of a mixed affective state, might predict a differential response to the two drugs.\n Twenty-seven patien... | There is consistent, if limited, evidence that valproate is an efficacious treatment for acute mania. Valproate may be less efficacious than olanzapine. More, rigorously designed, trials over the full range of acute affective episodes are required. |
CD007338 | [
"16432349",
"12039820",
"16035095",
"16793612",
"18791356",
"12357142",
"17457160",
"8938179",
"11896097"
] | [
"Perioperative parenteral tranexamic acid in liver tumor resection: a prospective randomized trial toward a \"blood transfusion\"-free hepatectomy.",
"Mechanical methods of reducing blood transfusion in cardiac surgery: randomised controlled trial.",
"Efficacy and safety of repeated perioperative doses of recom... | [
"To examine the feasibility of a real \"blood transfusion\"-free hepatectomy in a large group of patients with liver tumors.\n Bleeding control and blood transfusion remains problematic in liver resection. A real \"blood transfusion\"-free hepatectomy in a large group of patients has rarely been repo... | None of the interventions seemed to decrease peri-operative morbidity or offer any long-term survival benefit. Haemodilution shows promise in the reduction of blood transfusion requirements in liver resection surgery. However, there is a high risk of type I (erroneously concluding that an intervention is beneficial whe... |
CD005564 | [
"16179089",
"11463111",
"10403324",
"18346028",
"17336652",
"17292769",
"18981499",
"17570848",
"18545692"
] | [
"A randomized trial of artemether-lumefantrine versus mefloquine-artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum on the western border of Thailand.",
"A clinical and pharmacokinetic trial of six doses of artemether-lumefantrine for multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum... | [
"The use of antimalarial drug combinations with artemisinin derivatives is recommended to overcome drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. The fixed combination of oral artemether-lumefantrine, an artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is highly effective and well tolerated. It is the only registered fixed combina... | The six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine appears more effective than antimalarial regimens not containing artemisinin derivatives. |
CD006371 | [
"10753339",
"12670617",
"17496674",
"15625793",
"6435067",
"10219721",
"10753321",
"7841897",
"9726671"
] | [
"The Psychological Management of Tinnitus: Comparison of a Combined Cognitive Educational Program, Education Alone and a Waiting-List Control.",
"The management of chronic tinnitus: comparison of an outpatient cognitive-behavioral group training to minimal-contact interventions.",
"Neuromonics Tinnitus Treatmen... | [
"Sixty subjects with chronic tinnitus were randomly allocated to one of three experimental conditions: (1) cognitive coping skills training (attention diversion, imagery training and thought management skills) combined with education. (2) education-only, or (3) waiting-list control. The two treatment groups improve... | The limited data from the included studies failed to show strong evidence of the efficacy of sound therapy in tinnitus management. The absence of conclusive evidence should not be interpreted as evidence of lack of effectiveness. The lack of quality research in this area, in addition to the common use of combined appro... |
CD001114 | [
"3902388",
"6758833",
"7032378",
"15184205",
"20037682",
"9364183",
"12746252",
"12115946",
"10095821"
] | [
"Effect of steroid therapy on exercise performance in patients with irreversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.",
"The use of the 12 minute walking test in assessing the effect of oral steroid therapy in patients with chronic airways obstruction.",
"Steroid response in stable chronic obstructive pulmona... | [
"Many patients with irreversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) claim symptomatic improvement with steroid therapy, despite a lack of objective improvement in their spirometric data. To determine if steroids actually increase the exercise capacity of these individuals, 13 clinically stable patients (m... | Oral steroids improved the chest X-ray and a global score of CXR, symptoms and spirometry over 3-24 months. However, there is little evidence of an improvement in lung function. There are limited data beyond two years to indicate whether oral steroids have any modifying effect on long-term disease progression. Oral ste... |
CD006923 | [
"12197575",
"14730657",
"10373134",
"12200524",
"11206232",
"16424410",
"15871441",
"9358137",
"16925692"
] | [
"One-year efficacy and safety of inhaled formoterol dry powder in children with persistent asthma.",
"Efficacy and safety of formoterol Turbuhaler when added to inhaled corticosteroid treatment in children with asthma.",
"Effect of formoterol on clinical parameters and lung functions in patients with bronchial ... | [
"The long-term efficacy and safety of formoterol dry powder capsules for inhalation in pediatric asthma have not previously been evaluated.\n We examined the effectiveness of inhaled formoterol over a period of 12 months in asthmatic children who were still symptomatic despite anti-inflammatory treat... | In comparison with placebo, we have found an increased risk of serious adverse events with regular formoterol, and this does not appear to be abolished in patients taking inhaled corticosteroids. The effect on serious adverse events of regular formoterol in children was greater than the effect in adults, but the differ... |
CD001060 | [
"17169012",
"12057549",
"14645308",
"1319808",
"2206069",
"6708033",
"12066082",
"10580682",
"18753646"
] | [
"Magnesium sulphate given before very-preterm birth to protect infant brain: the randomised controlled PREMAG trial*.",
"Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.",
"Effect of magnesium sulfate given for neuroprotecti... | [
"To evaluate whether magnesium sulphate (MgSO(4)) given to women at risk of very-preterm birth would be neuroprotective in preterm newborns and would prevent neonatal mortality and severe white-matter injury (WMI).\n A randomised study.\n Eighteen French tertiary hospitals. Population ... | Magnesium sulphate is ineffective at delaying birth or preventing preterm birth, and its use is associated with an increased mortality for the infant. Any further trials should be of high quality, large enough to assess serious morbidity and mortality, compare different dose regimens, and provide neurodevelopmental sta... |
CD005941 | [
"15815217",
"18472878",
"2240110",
"8238130",
"9422018",
"10684911",
"8059811",
"9642605",
"20128938"
] | [
"Probiotics affects vaginal flora in pregnant women, suggesting the possibility of preventing preterm labor.",
"Randomized trial of antibiotics in addition to tocolytic therapy to treat preterm labor.",
"Cervicovaginal microflora and pregnancy outcome: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of eryt... | [
"nan",
"The objective of this study was to assess whether antibiotic therapy plus tocolysis given to women in preterm labor would prolong pregnancy compared with tocolysis alone.\n A randomized, double-blind trial of intravenous mezlocillin and oral erythromycin therapy vs. placebo was used in addi... | Although the use of probiotics appears to treat vaginal infections in pregnancy, there are currently insufficient data from trials to demonstrate any impact on preterm birth and its complications. |
CD003769 | [
"20538079",
"16930145",
"15570201",
"14505238",
"15737849",
"1448739",
"11141221",
"18453491",
"21259031"
] | [
"Prophylactic antibiotics in open mesh repair of inguinal hernia - a randomized controlled trial.",
"The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in elective tension-free mesh inguinal hernia repair: results of a single-centre prospective randomised trial.",
"The role of antibiotic prophylaxis in prevention of wound infe... | [
"The role of prophylactic antibiotics in mesh repair of inguinal hernia is unclear. A Cochrane meta-analysis in 2005 concluded that \"antibiotic prophylaxis for elective inguinal hernia repair cannot be firmly recommended or discarded\" and \"further studies are needed, particularly on the use for mesh repair.\" So... | Based on the results of this systematic review the administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for elective inguinal hernia repair cannot be universally recommended. Neither can the administration be recommended against when high rates of wound infection are observed. |
CD004733 | [
"2223677",
"20233384",
"8238130",
"10428520",
"3046651",
"12745558",
"19523680",
"6957127",
"18472878"
] | [
"Failure to prevent preterm labour and delivery in twin pregnancy using prophylactic oral salbutamol.",
"Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (3 of 7): evidence for effectiveness of interventions.",
"Antibiotic treatment of preterm labor with intact membranes: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded,... | [
"A double blind, controlled study was performed to see whether the use of prophylactic oral salbutamol would reduce the incidence of preterm labour in twin pregnancy. Of the 144 women studied, 74 took salbutamol and 70 placebo. No difference was found in the length of gestation, birthweight or fetal outcome, althou... | There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of prophylactic oral betamimetics for preventing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy. |
CD006176 | [
"8775240",
"3555083",
"3300348",
"9501783",
"7657008",
"9737127",
"1709781",
"7540566",
"9659650"
] | [
"The effect of intraumbilical oxytocin on the third stage of labour.",
"The effect of oxytocin injection into the umbilical vein for the management of the retained placenta.",
"Influence of umbilical vein administration of oxytocin on the third stage of labor: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled stud... | [
"The umbilical vein administration of oxytocin in saline was compared with umbilical vein saline alone and the traditional management of the third stage of labour. Seventy-two women were randomized to 3 groups. Group 1 received intraumbilical 20 IU of oxytocin diluted to 40 mL with saline. Group 2 received intraumb... | Routine use of oxytocin or any other uterotonics with normal saline via umbilical vein injection is not recommended until new evidence is available. Further research should be conducted to show effectiveness of oxytocin with normal saline via umbilical vein injection. |
CD003516 | [
"1867580",
"1789830",
"12070950",
"12817353",
"20063224",
"15687435",
"7702152",
"9774287",
"12876092"
] | [
"Immediate postoperative oral hydration after caesarean section.",
"Randomised controlled trial comparing oral and intravenous rehydration therapy in children with diarrhoea.",
"Management of meningitis in children with oral fluid restriction or intravenous fluid at maintenance volumes: a randomised trial.",
... | [
"A study was carried out to assess the effects of immediate postoperative oral rehydration in 51 unpremedicated women undergoing caesarean section under epidural anesthesia. The patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups: group 1 (n = 22)--fasting at least until 24 hours after the end of the operation, and group 2... | There was no evidence from the limited randomised trials reviewed, to justify a policy of withholding oral fluids after uncomplicatedcaesarean section. Further research is justified. |
CD008019 | [
"20677024",
"9158305",
"19566557",
"16318613",
"3524550",
"8694040",
"12521450",
"15288222",
"11209625"
] | [
"A randomized controlled study investigating the necessity of routine cervical dilatation during elective cesarean section.",
"Preinduction cervical ripening: prostaglandin E2 gel vs hygroscopic mechanical dilator.",
"Is routine cervical dilatation necessary during elective caesarean section? A randomised contr... | [
"To investigate if it was necessary to dilate the cervix routinely during elective cesarean section and to determine the effects of this traditional maneuver on maternal morbidity.\n A total of 150 patients meeting eligibility criteria were enrolled in this prospective, randomized controlled study. P... | There was insufficient evidence of mechanical dilatation of the cervix at non-labour caesarean section for reducing postoperative morbidity. Further randomised controlled trials with adequate methodological quality comparing intraoperative cervical dilatation using a finger, sponge forceps or other instrument during no... |
CD006019 | [
"3133327",
"11483335",
"8632574",
"9123738",
"11111188",
"15084760",
"16257791",
"10791373",
"14767287"
] | [
"Adjuvant estrogen following radiation therapy for stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate: long-term results of a prospective randomized study.",
"Phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 86-10 of androgen deprivation adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate... | [
"Seventy-eight patients with clinical Stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate were prospectively randomized to receive either radiation alone or radiation and adjuvant estrogen (diethylstilbestrol). No patient had received any prior definitive treatment for cancer. Forty patients were randomized to receive radiother... | Hormone therapy combined with either prostatectomy or radiotherapy is associated with significant clinical benefits in patients with local or locally advanced prostate cancer. Significant local control may be achieved when given prior to prostatectomy or radiotherapy, which may improve patient's quality of life. When g... |
CD005275 | [
"15668775",
"2965809",
"3628103",
"2521930",
"2961394",
"12045509",
"12381971",
"2140432",
"15682005"
] | [
"The effect of insoles on the incidence and severity of low back pain among workers whose job involves long-distance walking.",
"Shoe insoles in the workplace.",
"Effect of viscoelastic insoles on pain.",
"The secondary prevention of low back pain: a controlled study with follow-up.",
"Back pain and sciatic... | [
"The prevalence and incidence of low back pain in general society is high. Workers whose job involves walking long distances have an even higher tendency to suffer from low back pain. A positive effect of insoles in reducing low back pain was found in professional sports players. This was not examined on people who... | There is strong evidence that insoles are not effective for the prevention of back pain. The current evidence on insoles as treatment for low-back pain does not allow any conclusions.
High quality trials are required for stronger conclusions. |
CD009351 | [
"12411035",
"8001404",
"8291726",
"7926530",
"4895338",
"12663340",
"19943458",
"16443353",
"11686419"
] | [
"Clinical study on labor pain relief using the combined spinal-epidural analgesia and inhaling nitrous oxide.",
"[Application of nitrous oxide in labor analgesia].",
"Nitrous oxide in early labor. Safety and analgesic efficacy assessed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.",
"Patient-administered nitro... | [
"To study the pain relief effectiveness of the combined spinal-epidural analgesia (CSEA) and the inhalation of nitrous oxide, and the influences on the mothers and infants.\n The 300 cases of pregnant women were randomly divided into 3 groups: CSEA group, nitrous oxide group and control group. The ni... | Inhaled analgesia appears to be effective in reducing pain intensity and in giving pain relief in labour. However, substantial heterogeneity was detected for pain intensity. Furthermore, nitrous oxide appears to result in more side effects compared with flurane derivatives. Flurane derivatives result in more drowsiness... |
CD005037 | [
"1702663",
"8971064",
"19036851",
"18444146",
"16141467",
"11860943",
"1726411",
"16896051",
"8360931"
] | [
"Intervention trial with selenium for the prevention of lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan, China. A pilot study.",
"Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group.",
"Selenium supp... | [
"This pilot study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of conducting a double-blind clinical trial for the prevention of lung cancer with selenium (Se) in Yunnan Tin Corporation, the People's Republic of China, where the incidence rates of lung cancer are extraordinarily high among the miners. Forty healthy ... | There is insufficient evidence at present that selenium supplementation alleviates the side effects of tumour specific chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatments or that it improves the after-effects of surgery, or improves quality-of-life in cancer patients or reduces secondary lymphoedema. To date, research findings do ... |
CD002121 | [
"15588465",
"10783345",
"14619648",
"15493565",
"3069269",
"16835006",
"19572228",
"12519847",
"2113488"
] | [
"Ovulation induction with urinary FSH or recombinant FSH in polycystic ovary syndrome patients: a prospective randomized analysis of cost-effectiveness.",
"Induction of ovulation in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques: recombinant human FSH (follitropin alpha) versus highly purified urinary FSH (uro... | [
"The aim of this prospective, randomized trial was to compare the clinical results and the cost-effectiveness of urinary FSH (uFSH) and recombinant FSH (rFSH) in ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. One-hundred and seventy PCOS infertile patien... | At this moment there are not sufficient data to determine which of rFSH or uFSH is preferable for ovulation induction in women with PCOS. |
CD002278 | [
"7005653",
"2691402",
"6365424",
"2403486",
"284065",
"1890532",
"6989549",
"6754242",
"6572128"
] | [
"[Cariostatic effect of Fluocaril; controlled clinical research].",
"Clinical trial of a low-fluoride toothpaste for young children.",
"Caries prevention using a 1.2% sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice in an aluminium oxide trihydrate base.",
"Caries-preventive effect of fluoride dentifrices with and witho... | [
"A controlled, double-blind trial on 42 children showed that a dentrifrice containing 0,25% fluorine clearly prevented caries when used continuously for 2 years. This effects was greater than that of a similar toothpaste containing fluorine. Tolerance was excellent.",
"In this double-blind trial, the anticaries e... | Supported by more than half a century of research, the benefits of fluoride toothpastes are firmly established. Taken together, the trials are of relatively high quality, and provide clear evidence that fluoride toothpastes are efficacious in preventing caries. |
CD001869 | [
"18439948",
"8651631",
"17202945",
"17414047",
"17942873",
"10593672",
"12391494",
"1605959",
"781439"
] | [
"Acyclovir plus steroid vs steroid alone in the treatment of Bell's palsy.",
"Bell's palsy treatment with acyclovir and prednisone compared with prednisone alone: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.",
"Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus and therapeutic effects of co... | [
"The pathogenetic mechanism of Bell's palsy is thought to involve herpes simplex virus reactivation within the geniculate ganglion, followed by inflammation and entrapment of the nerve at the meatal foramen. We therefore compared the therapeutic effect of acyclovir plus steroid vs steroid alone, in combination with... | High quality evidence showed no significant benefit from anti-herpes simplex antivirals compared with placebo in producing complete recovery from Bell's palsy. Moderate quality evidence showed that antivirals were significantly less likely than corticosteroids to produce complete recovery. |
CD005983 | [
"17200252",
"12578294",
"14657819",
"10990114",
"9329410",
"7472106",
"16317012",
"3183852",
"17624052"
] | [
"A randomized, controlled trial of heparin versus placebo infusion to prolong the usability of peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters (PCVCs) in neonates: the HIP (Heparin Infusion for PCVC) study.",
"Randomized controlled trial of heparin for prevention of blockage of peripherally inserted cen... | [
"Mechanical and infectious complications shorten the effective duration of peripherally inserted central venous catheters. Heparin use to prevent such complications and prolong the usability of peripherally inserted central venous catheters is inconclusive.\n Our goal was to evaluate the effectivenes... | Two eligible studies on the use of heparin-bonded catheters versus placebo in children were identified. The use of heparin-bonded catheters is a promising therapy but warrants further studies. |
CD007913 | [
"15235901",
"1381626",
"10735900",
"8695241",
"7492381",
"16148021",
"8605328",
"7532056",
"7540696"
] | [
"A prospective randomised evaluation of G-CSF or G-CSF plus oral antibiotics in chemotherapy-treated patients at high risk of developing febrile neutropenia.",
"Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to prevent dose-limiting neutropenia in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Use of recombin... | [
"Febrile neutropenia (FN) remains a major dose-limiting complication among patients treated with chemotherapy. Haematopoietic colony stimulating factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF) made possible a significant improvement in the management of FN, both in the therapeutic and in the prophylactic approach. The use of antibiotic... | In patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy, CSFs have shown evidence of benefit in the prevention of FN. There is evidence, though less reliable, of a decrease of all-cause mortality during chemotherapy and a reduced need for hospital care. No reliable evidence was found for a reduction of infection-related m... |
CD003534 | [
"10325895",
"10678614",
"12532097",
"12765916",
"11555383",
"8959118",
"16882819",
"14512127",
"11559968"
] | [
"Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of fluticasone propionate in patients with mild to moderate asthma.",
"Low- and high-dose fluticasone propionate in asthma; effects during and after treatment.",
"Steroid-sparing effects of fluticasone propionate 100 microg and salmeterol 50 microg administered t... | [
"The objective of this multicentre, randomised, double blind, parallel group study was to compare the efficacy and safety of the addition of salmeterol with that of doubling the dose of fluticasone propionate in asthmatic patients not controlled by a low or intermediate dose of inhaled corticosteroids.\n ... | We have not found evidence of a pronounced dose response in FEV1 with increasing doses of fluticasone. The number of studies contributing to our primary outcomes was low. At dose ratios of 1:2, there are statistically significant differences in favour of the higher dose in morning peak flow across the low dose range. T... |
CD005122 | [
"12583945",
"7052117",
"11408301",
"12946338",
"11520523",
"7044407",
"15294364",
"16553653",
"10841126"
] | [
"Admission cardiotocography: a randomised controlled trial.",
"The value of antenatal cardiotocography in the management of high-risk pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Randomised controlled trial of cardiotocography versus Doppler auscultation of fetal heart at admission in labour in low risk obstetr... | [
"Admission cardiotocography is widely used to identify pregnancies that might benefit from continuous electronic fetal monitoring in labour. We aimed to compare the effect on neonatal outcome of admission cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart rate.\n 8580 women admitted... | Contrary to continued use in some clinical areas, we found no evidence of benefit for the use of the admission cardiotocograph (CTG) for low-risk women on admission in labour.
We found no evidence of benefit for the use of the admission CTG for low-risk women on admission in labour. Furthermore, the probability is that... |
CD003936 | [
"1320133",
"9709043",
"2842403",
"1350804",
"9147157",
"20643915",
"20851460",
"19023429",
"21330907"
] | [
"Efficacy of nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes.",
"A controlled trial of nonoxynol 9 film to reduce male-to-female transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.",
"A clinical trial of nonoxynol-9 for preventing gonococcal and chlamydial in... | [
"To determine the efficacy of the nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge in preventing sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).\n Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial.\n Research clinic for prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya.\n One hundred thirty-ei... | There is no evidence that nonoxynol-9 protects against vaginal acquisition of HIV infection by women from men. There is evidence that it may do harm by increasing the frequency of genital lesions. |
CD000947 | [
"16962532",
"19187377",
"20680312",
"2558705",
"18271883",
"12103284",
"18506347",
"3011061",
"2030849"
] | [
"A randomized comparison of suturing techniques for episiotomy and laceration repair after spontaneous vaginal birth.",
"Continuous versus interrupted sutures for repair of episiotomy or second-degree perineal tears: a randomised controlled trial.",
"Continuous versus interrupted episiotomy repair with monofila... | [
"To compare the continuous knotless technique of perineal repair with the interrupted method after spontaneous vaginal birth\n A randomized controlled trial.\n Canadian Task Force Classification I.\n This study was undertaken in a university hospital with more than 2200 ... | The continuous suturing techniques for perineal closure, compared with interrupted methods, are associated with less short-term pain, need for analgesia and suture removal. Furthermore, there is also some evidence that the continuous techniques used less suture material as compared with the interrupted methods (one pac... |
CD006237 | [
"16675365",
"17549228",
"17492326",
"15550800",
"12906341",
"11556409",
"12096294",
"15121348",
"8857869"
] | [
"Effectiveness of an intervention to reduce sickness absence in patients with emotional distress or minor mental disorders: a randomized controlled effectiveness trial.",
"A cluster-randomised trial evaluating an intervention for patients with stress-related mental disorders and sick leave in primary care.",
"A... | [
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an activating intervention designed to reduce sick leave duration in patients with emotional distress or minor mental disorders.\n In a 1.5-year randomized controlled trial, 194 patients with minor mental disorders received either an exp... | Based on a heterogeneous sample of studies, there is currently no evidence of an effect of medication alone, enhanced primary care, psychological interventions or the combination of those with medication on sickness absence of depressed workers. In future RCTs, interventions should specifically address work issues, and... |
CD010067 | [
"20599311",
"12188468",
"18237352",
"15527471",
"14695367",
"20801071",
"17277011",
"17699530",
"18926277"
] | [
"Improved health outcomes in urban slums through infrastructure upgrading.",
"Impact of improvement of water supply on household economy in a squatter area of Manila.",
"Strategies for improving the quality of health care in maternal and child health in low- and middle-income countries: an overview of systemati... | [
"The world is rapidly urbanizing with over half the population now living in urban areas. As the urban population grows, so does the proportion of these persons living in slums where conditions are deplorable. These conditions concentrate health hazards leading to higher rates of morbidity and mortality. This growi... | A high risk of bias within the included studies, heterogeneity and evidence gaps prevent firm conclusions on the effect of slum upgrading strategies on health and socio-economic wellbeing. The most common health and socio-economic outcomes reported were communicable diseases and indicators of financial poverty. There w... |
CD009517 | [
"19568761",
"20607003",
"12042269",
"20070722",
"12009350",
"16895645",
"18320439",
"16818032",
"8612863"
] | [
"Local injury to the endometrium on the day of oocyte retrieval has a negative impact on implantation in assisted reproductive cycles: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Does local endometrial injury in the nontransfer cycle improve the IVF-ET outcome in the subsequent cycle in patients with previous unsuccessful ... | [
"To evaluate the effect of local injury to the endometrium on the day of oocyte retrieval on implantation and pregnancy rates in assisted reproductive cycles.\n In a prospective controlled trial, a total of 156 patients, <38 years old, in their first in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle were randomized... | Endometrial injury performed prior to the embryo transfer cycle improves clinical pregnancy and live birth rates in women undergoing ART. It is advisable not to perform endometrial injury on the day of oocyte retrieval because it appears to significantly reduce clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates. There is insufficien... |
CD003987 | [
"18161401",
"8605778",
"16485589",
"15608030",
"11849631",
"16904415",
"19442776",
"7775629",
"15697102"
] | [
"Effects of low-dose oral contraceptives on body weight: results of a randomized study of up to 13 cycles of use.",
"A comparative study of one-year weight gain among users of medroxyprogesterone acetate, levonorgestrel implants, and oral contraceptives.",
"Weight changes in clients on hormonal contraceptives i... | [
"To compare the effect of 2 oral contraceptives (OCs) on body weight.\n A randomized, parallel-group, multicenter study of 1,723 women taking an OC with norgestimate (NGM) 180/215/250 microg/ethinyl estradiol (EE) 25 microg vs. 1,171 women taking on OC with norethindrone acetate 1 mg/EE 20 microg for... | Available evidence was insufficient to determine the effect of combination contraceptives on weight, but no large effect was evident. Trials to evaluate the link between combination contraceptives and weight change require a placebo or non-hormonal group to control for other factors, including changes in weight over ti... |
CD008589 | [
"7033847",
"7553254",
"1673628",
"341635",
"788774",
"3172062",
"2378830",
"15279347",
"6411113"
] | [
"Lactation suppression with bromocriptine.",
"[Puerperal inhibition of lactation with metergoline or bromocriptine].",
"Lactation inhibition by the dopamine agonist CV 205-502.",
"Inhibition of puerperal lactation. A double blind study of bromocriptine and placebo.",
"Serum prolactin and the suppression of ... | [
"The efficacy and acceptability of bromocriptine in suppressing postpartum lactation was determined in a double blind study in which bromocriptine 2.5 mg twice daily for 14 days was compared with a placebo. Forty women who decide during the antenatal period not to breast feed entered the study. The bromocriptine tr... | There are insufficient data to draw any firm conclusions. Treatment with bromocriptine appears promising, although women would be unable to breastfeed due to suppression of lactation. |
CD000102 | [
"16816557",
"10485720",
"10199349",
"12599045",
"15247338",
"16425125",
"17143826",
"11529355",
"16103773"
] | [
"Maternal single-dose nevirapine versus placebo as part of an antiretroviral strategy to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in Botswana.",
"Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomis... | [
"Single-dose nevirapine given to women and infants reduces mother-to-child HIV transmission, but nevirapine resistance develops in a large percentage of women.\n To determine whether the maternal nevirapine dose could be eliminated in the setting of zidovudine prophylaxis.\n A 2 x 2 fa... | Zidovudine, nevirapine and delivery by elective caesarean section appear to be very effective in decreasing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. |
CD005089 | [
"4000778",
"1552399",
"7798839",
"10103305",
"15123865",
"3904456",
"15629973",
"18829790",
"16061595"
] | [
"Neonatal hyperviscosity: randomized study of effect of partial plasma exchange transfusion on long-term outcome.",
"Asymptomatic syndrome of polycythemic hyperviscosity: effect of partial plasma exchange transfusion.",
"Developmental outcome of infants with neonatal polycythemia.",
"A randomized, controlled ... | [
"The use of partial plasma exchange transfusion in newborns with polycythemia and hyperviscosity was evaluated. Ninety-three infants with polycythemia and hyperviscosity were randomly assigned to receive either partial plasma exchange transfusion or symptomatic treatment; the infants were matched with control infan... | There are no proven clinically significant short or long-term benefits of PET in polycythemic newborn infants who are clinically well or who have minor symptoms related to hyperviscosity. PET may lead to an increase in the risk of NEC. The data regarding developmental follow-up are extremely imprecise due to the large ... |
CD007459 | [
"21252632",
"18984496",
"16241873",
"16859871",
"18398528",
"21371991",
"16281998",
"18778967",
"21071074"
] | [
"Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting: a randomized controlled trial of text message reminders.",
"Use of text messaging for monitoring sugar-sweetened beverages, physical activity, and screen time in children: a pilot study.",
"A randomized, cont... | [
"There is limited evidence on whether growing mobile phone availability in sub-Saharan Africa can be used to promote high adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study tested the efficacy of short message service (SMS) reminders on adherence to ART among patients attending a rural clinic in Kenya.\n ... | We found some, albeit very limited, indications that in certain cases mobile phone messaging interventions may provide benefit in supporting the self-management of long-term illnesses. However, there are significant information gaps regarding the long-term effects, acceptability, costs, and risks of such interventions.... |
CD005321 | [
"15088306",
"10509850",
"8689457",
"9663358",
"14760806",
"12127830",
"16206349",
"7794044",
"15045624"
] | [
"A double blind, randomized, multicenter, parallel group study of the effectiveness and tolerance of intraarticular hyaluronan in osteoarthritis of the knee.",
"The role of elastoviscosity in the efficacy of viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of the knee: a comparison of hylan G-F 20 and a lower-molecular-we... | [
"To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of a course of 5 injections of hyaluronan (HA) given at intervals of one week in patients with symptomatic, mild to moderate osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.\n A double blind, randomized, parallel group, multicenter (17 centers), saline vehicle-controlled... | Based on the aforementioned analyses, viscosupplementation is an effective treatment for OA of the knee with beneficial effects: on pain, function and patient global assessment; and at different post injection periods but especially at the 5 to 13 week post injection period. It is of note that the magnitude of the clin... |
CD007275 | [
"18420756",
"17539899",
"18261131",
"15216550",
"17100502",
"9426791",
"14551306",
"15203777",
"21667366"
] | [
"Psychological and behavioural impact of genetic testing smokers for lung cancer risk: a phase II exploratory trial.",
"Genetic testing for heart disease susceptibility: potential impact on motivation to quit smoking.",
"The impact of genetic testing for Crohn's disease, risk magnitude and graphical format on m... | [
"The behavioural and psychological impact of genetic testing for lung cancer susceptibility was examined among smokers (N = 61) who were randomly allocated to a GSTM1 genetic testing group (with GSTM1-missing or GSTM1-present result) or no-test control group. The GSTM1-missing (higher risk) group reported greater m... | Mindful of the weak evidence based on a small number of studies of limited quality, the results of this review suggest that communicating DNA-based disease risk estimates has little or no effect on smoking and physical activity. It may have a small effect on self-reported diet and on intentions to change behaviour. Cla... |
CD005342 | [
"20619634",
"16983741",
"9234921",
"21172164",
"12529345",
"10885603",
"8938220",
"16226397",
"16868539"
] | [
"Sequential adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in endometrial cancer--results from two randomised studies.",
"Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer.",
"A randomized trial of conc... | [
"Endometrial cancer patients with high grade tumours, deep myometrial invasion or advanced stage disease have a poor prognosis. Randomised studies have demonstrated the prevention of loco-regional relapses with radiotherapy (RT) with no effect on overall survival (OS). The possible additive effect of chemotherapy (... | The addition of platinum-based chemotherapy to adjuvant radiotherapy (chemoradiation) may improve survival in women with early stage cervical cancer (IA2-IIA) and risk factors for recurrence. Adjuvant chemoradiation is associated with an increased risk of severe acute toxicity, although it is not clear whether this tox... |
CD007372 | [
"12548322",
"48000",
"8610775",
"8598837",
"9621474",
"2698591",
"16880306",
"10410476",
"8781697"
] | [
"A randomized controlled trial of outpatient versus inpatient labour induction with vaginal controlled-release prostaglandin-E2: effectiveness and satisfaction.",
"Elective induction of labour. A randomised prospective trial.",
"Efficacy of outpatient induction with low-dose intravaginal prostaglandin E2: a ran... | [
"Outpatient management in obstetrics is expanding, but evidence to support outpatient labour induction is needed.\n To compare the effectiveness, acceptability, duration of hospitalization, and safety of outpatient and inpatient induction of labour with intravaginal controlled-release prosta-glandin-... | The data available to evaluate the efficacy or potential hazards of outpatient induction are limited. It is, therefore, not yet possible to determine whether induction of labour is effective and safe in outpatient settings.
[Note: The four citations in the awaiting classification section of the review may alter the con... |
CD007062 | [
"8245589",
"14526317",
"18472878",
"2206065",
"8885732",
"9307346",
"7294077",
"16602839",
"11293640"
] | [
"[The efficacy of prophylactic antibiotic and tocolytic therapy for premature rupture of the membranes--a prospective randomized study].",
"Duration of antibiotic therapy after preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes.",
"Randomized trial of antibiotics in addition to tocolytic therapy to treat preterm labo... | [
"A comparative study in patients with premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) from 25 to 34 weeks of gestation was carried out, prospectively. Group 1 (34 patients) was given aggressively intrauterine therapy including the administration of tocolytic agents (ritodrine and/or magnesium sulfate) and prophylactic an... | Our review suggests there is insufficient evidence to support tocolytic therapy for women with PPROM, as there was an increase in maternal chorioamnionitis without significant benefits to the infant. However, studies did not consistently administer latency antibiotics and corticosteroids, both of which are now consider... |
CD001255 | [
"15374046",
"12697798",
"12521969",
"12810740",
"12851191",
"17652295",
"19137351",
"11605747",
"15381506"
] | [
"Effectiveness and acceptability of a newly designed hip protector: a pilot study.",
"Prevention of hip fractures by external hip protectors: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Effect on hip fractures of increased use of hip protectors in nursing homes: cluster randomised controlled trial.",
"A randomised tria... | [
"Hip fracture has a significant economic and personal cost, involving hospital admission and functional impairment for elderly people. To assess the benefit of using a newly designed hip protector (new material and new design) to prevent fracture in a realistic setting, a randomised intervention-control design was ... | The effectiveness of the provision of hip protectors in reducing the incidence of hip fracture in older people is still not clearly established, although they may reduce the rate of hip fractures if made available to frail older people in nursing care. It remains unknown from studies identified to date if these finding... |
CD004517 | [
"19628939",
"17037953",
"1478135",
"17077429",
"18525288",
"14669295",
"17645384",
"16618375",
"19713801"
] | [
"Effect of music therapy on anxiety and depression in patients with Alzheimer's type dementia: randomised, controlled study.",
"Use of preferred music to reduce emotional distress and symptom activity during radiation therapy.",
"[Active music therapy for senile depression].",
"Music therapy for in-patients w... | [
"Numerous studies have indicated the value of music therapy in the management of patients with Alzheimer's disease. A recent pilot study demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of a new music therapy technique. The aim of this controlled, randomised study was to assess the effects of this new music therapy tech... | Findings from individual randomised trials suggest that music therapy is accepted by people with depression and is associated with improvements in mood. However, the small number and low methodological quality of studies mean that it is not possible to be confident about its effectiveness. High quality trials evaluatin... |
CD001495 | [
"9033441",
"11908511",
"11956046",
"8103655",
"8610716",
"10095821",
"19383058",
"12564609",
"9227720"
] | [
"Short-term regular beta 2-adrenergic agonists treatment is safe in mild asthmatics taking low doses of inhaled steroids.",
"Is the increase in bronchial responsiveness or FEV1 shortly after cessation of beta2-agonists reflecting a real deterioration of the disease in allergic asthmatic patients? A comparison bet... | [
"Regular treatment with beta 2-adrenergic agonists is controversial in bronchial asthma. To investigate whether beta 2-adrenergic agonists can be used safely if associated with low doses of inhaled steroids, for a short period, without a deterioration of asthma control, we have examined 24 mild asthmatics. In a par... | Use of short-acting beta-2 agonists on a regular basis for at least seven days in stable COPD is associated with improvements in post bronchodilator lung function and a decrease in breathlessness. Patients are far more likely to prefer treatment with beta-2 agonists than placebo, and less likely to drop out from such t... |
CD001825 | [
"15022802",
"8938608",
"15131430",
"9671187",
"9086543",
"2527316",
"7065351",
"7081917",
"14657746"
] | [
"No need for routine closed suction drainage in elective arthroplasty of the hip: a prospective randomized trial in 104 operations.",
"Efficacy of closed wound suction drainage after single-level lumbar laminectomy.",
"A randomized study of closed wound suction drainage for extensive lumbar spine surgery.",
"... | [
"The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of closed suction drainage (CSD) in elective total hip arthroplasty (THA).\n We randomized 104 elective, consecutive THAs to receive drainage (53) or no drainage (51). 60 arthroplasties were cemented and 44 hybrid.\n In the draina... | There is insufficient evidence from randomised trials to support the routine use of closed suction drainage in orthopaedic surgery. Further randomised trials with larger patient numbers are required for different operations before definite conclusions can be made for all types of orthopaedic operations. |
CD001544 | [
"20433721",
"12616120",
"18156032",
"15981065",
"17394048",
"11433088",
"8044619",
"15781794",
"21037443"
] | [
"Colon and rectal surgery for cancer without mechanical bowel preparation: one-center randomized prospective trial.",
"Colon and rectal surgery without mechanical bowel preparation: a randomized prospective trial.",
"Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery: a multicentre randomised trial.",... | [
"Mechanical bowel preparation is routinely done before colon and rectal surgery, aimed at reducing the risk of postoperative infectious complications. The aim of the study was to assess whether elective colon and rectal surgery can be safely performed without preoperative mechanical bowel preparation.\n ... | Despite the inclusion of more studies with a total of 5805 participants, there is no statistically significant evidence that patients benefit from mechanical bowel preparation, nor the use of rectal enemas. In colonic surgery the bowel cleansing can be safely omitted and induces no lower complication rate. The few stud... |
CD004299 | [
"15604157",
"7041654",
"15302637",
"16490980",
"3063043",
"12637979",
"2810183",
"20526718",
"12015689"
] | [
"Randomised controlled trial of intravenous antibiotic treatment for cellulitis at home compared with hospital.",
"A comparative study of two antibiotic regimens for the treatment of operative site infections.",
"Comparison of short-course (5 days) and standard (10 days) treatment for uncomplicated cellulitis."... | [
"To compare the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of treatment with intravenous antibiotics for cellulitis at home and in hospital.\n Prospective randomised controlled trial.\n Christchurch, New Zealand.\n 200 patients presenting or referred to the only emergency depar... | We cannot define the best treatment for cellulitis and most recommendations are made on single trials. There is a need for trials to evaluate the efficacy of oral antibiotics against intravenous antibiotics in the community setting as there are service implications for cost and comfort. |
CD004825 | [
"16020142",
"16490019",
"15834030",
"16513872",
"12547849",
"12503977",
"16797395",
"16970163",
"12851127"
] | [
"Psychogenic erectile dysfunction: comparative study of three therapeutic approaches.",
"Sexual counseling improved erectile rehabilitation after non-nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy or cystectomy--results of a randomized prospective study.",
"A double blind, randomised study of sildenafil citrate... | [
"We administered the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF; Rosen et al., 1997) questionnaire to 30 patients with psychogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) at baseline, immediately after treatment, and 3 months after treatment. We randomized patients into three groups: group I, who had weekly sessions of time-... | There was evidence that group psychotherapy may improve erectile function. Treatment response varied between patient subgroups, but focused sex-group therapy showed greater efficacy than control group (no treatment). In a meta-analysis that compared group therapy plus sildenafil citrate versus sildenafil, men randomise... |
CD003281 | [
"11226090",
"10081532",
"18043058",
"12151925",
"15385352",
"11818760",
"12067865",
"16428565",
"10764175"
] | [
"The use of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation for preventing nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic surgery.",
"Effect and placebo effect of acupressure (P6) on nausea and vomiting after outpatient gynaecological surgery.",
"Monitoring of neuromuscular blockade at the P6 acupuncture point reduces t... | [
"Nonpharmacologic techniques may be effective in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). This sham-controlled, double-blinded study was designed to examine the antiemetic efficacy of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) in a surgical population at high risk of developing PONV. We studi... | P6 acupoint stimulation prevented PONV. There was no reliable evidence for differences in risks of postoperative nausea or vomiting after P6 acupoint stimulation compared to antiemetic drugs. |
CD002106 | [
"1418507",
"16679897",
"2381003",
"16881426",
"20528992",
"10748957",
"3301861",
"9625243",
"9882058"
] | [
"DuoDERM hydroactive dressing versus silver sulphadiazine/Bactigras in the emergency treatment of partial skin thickness burns.",
"Randomized clinical study of Hydrofiber dressing with silver or silver sulfadiazine in the management of partial-thickness burns.",
"Comparison of a hydrocolloid dressing and silver... | [
"The study compared DuoDERM Burn Pack Hydroactive Dressings (DHD) with silver sulphadiazine/Bactigras dressings (SSD/Bactigras) in the outpatient management of small partial skin thickness burns. Forty-eight patients were entered into the study, and randomly allocated into either the DHD or SSD/Bactigras group. Bur... | There is a paucity of high-quality evidence regarding the effect of different dressings on the healing of superficial and partial thickness burn injuries. The studies summarised in this review evaluated a variety of interventions, comparators and clinical endpoints and all were at risk of bias. It is impossible to draw... |
CD006146 | [
"8537695",
"9754420",
"9854758",
"1573287",
"2454440",
"14996778",
"11166969",
"14622686",
"10735802"
] | [
"Long-term intraspinal infusions of opioids in the treatment of neuropathic pain.",
"[Intrathecal opioids in chronic non-malignant pain: relief and life quality].",
"Opioid therapy for chronic noncancer back pain. A randomized prospective study.",
"Long-term oral opioid therapy in patients with chronic nonmal... | [
"Long-term intraspinal infusions of opioid drugs are being increasingly utilized in patients with noncancer pain. Despite this, there is a lack of long-term information, including success and failure rates for pain relief and technical problems. During a 5-year period, 18 noncancer patients underwent implantation o... | Short-term studies provide only equivocal evidence regarding the efficacy of opioids in reducing the intensity of neuropathic pain, whereas intermediate-term studies demonstrate significant efficacy of opioids over placebo, which is likely to be clinically important. Reported adverse events of opioids are common but no... |
CD008873 | [
"3755517",
"3488384",
"11086300",
"20412605",
"19117833",
"10624454",
"3623260",
"3285637",
"15956998"
] | [
"Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a controlled trial of two methods.",
"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: effect on neonatal calcium homeostasis.",
"Vitamin a status of pregnant women and effect of post partum vitamin a supplementation.",
"Effect of multiple-micronutrient supplementation on m... | [
"A randomized study was conducted to evaluate the effects of single-dose and daily vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women during the last trimester of a winter pregnancy in the Northwest of France. The women were divided into three randomized groups: one (N = 21) was given a vitamin D2 supplement of 1000 IU/da... | Vitamin D supplementation in a single or continued dose during pregnancy increases serum vitamin D concentrations as measured by 25-hydroxyvitamin D at term. The clinical significance of this finding and the potential use of this intervention as a part of routine antenatal care are yet to be determined as the number of... |
CD001509 | [
"2643038",
"10601063",
"11600473",
"20860238",
"3655512",
"15325604",
"16398803",
"10950002",
"15520997"
] | [
"The efficacy of endoscopic sphincterotomy after cholecystectomy in patients with sphincter-of-Oddi dysfunction.",
"Manometry based randomised trial of endoscopic sphincterotomy for sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.",
"Can endoscopic papillary balloon dilation really preserve sphincter of Oddi function?",
"Unila... | [
"Forty-seven patients thought to have dysfunction of the sphincter of Oddi were randomly assigned to undergo endoscopic sphincterotomy or sham sphincterotomy in a prospective double-blind study. All the patients had pain resembling biliary pain, had previously undergone a cholecystectomy, and had clinical character... | These results suggest that sphincterotomy for biliary sphincter of Oddi dysfunction appears effective in those patients with an elevated sphincter of Oddi basal pressure (>40 mmHg), but is no better than placebo in those patients with a normal basal pressure. The results reported in this review must be interpreted with... |
CD006431 | [
"20599196",
"9236641",
"12179676",
"9659650",
"8306013",
"19229549",
"18803892",
"9737127",
"8775240"
] | [
"Uterine massage to reduce postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery.",
"Routine oxytocin in the third stage of labour: a placebo controlled randomised trial.",
"A randomized controlled trial of oxytocin administered at the end of the second stage of labor versus oxytocin administered at the end of the third... | [
"To determine the effectiveness of sustained uterine massage started before delivery of the placenta in reducing postpartum hemorrhage.\n A randomized controlled trial conducted in Egypt and South Africa between September 2006 and February 2009. A total of 1964 pregnant women were randomly allocated ... | The results of this review are inconclusive, and should not be interpreted as a reason to change current practice. Due to the limitations of the included trials, more trials with sufficient numbers of women are needed in order to estimate the effects of sustained uterine massage. All the women compared in this review r... |
CD006233 | [
"16401473",
"12241833",
"2197836",
"12145577",
"776322",
"7048589",
"2039294",
"16910066",
"8535807"
] | [
"Cholecystectomy or gallbladder in situ after endoscopic sphincterotomy and bile duct stone removal in Chinese patients.",
"Wait-and-see policy or laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile-duct stones: a randomised trial.",
"Elective cholecystectomy without drainage and without proph... | [
"In patients with stones in their bile ducts and gallbladders, cholecystectomy is generally recommended after endoscopic sphincterotomy and clearance of bile duct stones. However, only approximately 10% of patients with gallbladders left in situ will return with further biliary complications. Expectant management i... | Prophylactic cholecystectomy should be offered to patients whose gallbladders remain in-situ after endoscopic sphincterotomy and common bile duct clearance. |
CD005257 | [
"2266671",
"15523183",
"9487416",
"1986079",
"1325010",
"18971490",
"18466210",
"9126802",
"9742976"
] | [
"Albuterol and insulin for treatment of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients.",
"Special management of insulin lispro in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in young diabetic children: a randomized cross-over study.",
"Treatment of hyperkalaemia by altering the transcellular gradient in patients with rena... | [
"We evaluated in maintenance hemodialysis patients the potassium lowering effects of intravenous insulin with glucose, nebulized albuterol, and a regimen combining both modalities. There was a similar decrease in plasma potassium following either insulin with glucose (0.65 +/- 0.09 mmol/liter) or albuterol (0.66 +/... | In view of the limited information from small studies of uncertain quality, no firm recommendations for clinical practice can be made. It appears that the combination of insulin and glucose is preferred over treatment with rectal cation-resin for hyperkalaemia in preterm infants. Both the combination of insulin and glu... |
CD004028 | [
"16190799",
"17148938",
"16754835",
"786416",
"17625502",
"10486394",
"14643092",
"9754845",
"15727506"
] | [
"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of valproate for aggression in youth with pervasive developmental disorders.",
"A placebo-controlled trial of valproate for agitation and aggression in Alzheimer's disease.",
"Atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of violent patients with schizophrenia and schi... | [
"The aim of this study was to study valproate efficacy and safety for aggression in children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).\n In this prospective double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 30 subjects (20 boys, 10 girls) 6-20 years of age with PDD and significant aggressio... | Based on currently available randomised trial-derived evidence, there are no data to support or to refute valproate as a sole agent for schizophrenia. There is some evidence for positive effects on aggression and tardive dyskinesia, but given that these results were based on only a single small study they cannot be con... |
CD001835 | [
"16130206",
"14560224",
"19118733",
"11022066",
"17038946",
"9882786",
"14512004",
"11062788",
"12414200"
] | [
"Comparison of surveillance vs Aortic Endografting for Small Aneurysm Repair (CAESAR) trial: study design and progress.",
"Quality of life, impotence, and activity level in a randomized trial of immediate repair versus surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysm.",
"Fit patients with small abdominal aortic ... | [
"The CAESAR Trial aims to assess the outcome of endovascular repair (EVAR) vs surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) with maximum diameter of 4.1-5.4 cm on computerised tomography (CT) scan.\n Patients between 50 and 80 years of age, with small AAA, anatomically suitable for EVAR, are... | The results from the four trials to date demonstrate no advantage to early repair (via open or endovascular surgery) for small AAA (4.0 to 5.5 cm) and suggest that 'best care' for these patients favours surveillance. Furthermore, the more recent trials focused on the efficacy of endovascular aneurysm repair and still f... |
CD000068 | [
"395519",
"2529770",
"1386029",
"1442992",
"2972167",
"2522062",
"7781864",
"8336864",
"8065590"
] | [
"Medical treatment of endometriosis: a comparative trial.",
"Buserelin versus danazol in the treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility.",
"An open randomized comparative study of the effect of goserelin depot and danazol in the treatment of endometriosis. Zoladex Endometriosis Study Team.",
"Depot leu... | [
"In a comparison of danazol, and mestranol with norethynodrel (Enavid, Searle) in the treatment of endometriosis danazol was shown to be superior. Danazol is however relatively ineffective when large tumours or extensive adhesions are present and such patients will usually need a surgical operation. Women who have ... | Danazol is effective in treating the symptoms and signs of endometriosis. However, its use is limited by the occurrence of androgenic side effects. |
CD002314 | [
"14682413",
"18430318",
"11799368",
"10398629",
"8636828",
"17140647",
"16387583",
"8703248",
"20001651"
] | [
"Comparative efficacy of once-daily therapy with inhaled corticosteroid, leukotriene antagonist or sustained-release theophylline in patients with mild persistent asthma.",
"Role of regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroid or leukotriene receptor antagonist in mild intermittent asthma.",
"Comparative effic... | [
"The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of the inhaled budesonide, sustained-release theophylline and montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, in patients with mild persistent asthma. In this single-center, randomized, parallel-group study that not designed blindly and placebo-contr... | As monotherapy, inhaled corticosteroids display superior efficacy to anti-leukotrienes in adults and children with persistent asthma; the superiority is particularly marked in patients with moderate airway obstruction. On the basis of efficacy, the results support the current guidelines' recommendation that inhaled cor... |
CD001233 | [
"3475231",
"11883349",
"7800329",
"2690305",
"3514368",
"7052115",
"850563",
"3504454",
"2242793"
] | [
"[Comparison between prostaglandin E2 gel and oxytocin in medically indicated labor induction].",
"A randomized trial of vaginal prostaglandin E2 for induction of labor. Insert vs. tablet.",
"A randomized trial of management of pre-labor rupture of membranes at term in multiparous women using vaginal prostaglan... | [
"The use of prostaglandins (PG) increasingly replaces the \"classical\" method of induction of labour by means of oxytocin and amniotomy, the last-named method being associated, especially in women with an unripe cervix, with side effects like prolonged labour and a higher rate of obstetric surgery. In this study t... | Induction of labour using mechanical methods results in similar caesarean section rates as prostaglandins, for a lower risk of hyperstimulation. Mechanical methods do not increase the overall number of women not delivered within 24 hours, however the proportion of multiparous women who did not achieve vaginal delivery ... |
CD004401 | [
"8436464",
"16968847",
"15930204",
"9109139",
"6816006",
"9821420",
"17353072",
"19434268",
"8258205"
] | [
"Prophylaxis for recurrent acute otitis media: a Brazilian study.",
"Wait-and-see prescription for the treatment of acute otitis media: a randomized controlled trial.",
"Nonsevere acute otitis media: a clinical trial comparing outcomes of watchful waiting versus immediate antibiotic treatment.",
"Continuous t... | [
"We enrolled 60 children with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) in a study of the effectiveness of antimicrobial prophylaxis. All children were entered into the study following an acute episode of infection treated with amoxicillin (AMX) for 10 days. Following therapy, the children were re-examined, and then rando... | For children at risk, antibiotics given once or twice daily will reduce the probability of AOM while the child is on treatment. In similar populations, antibiotics will reduce the number of episodes of AOM per year from around three to around 1.5. We believe that larger absolute benefits are likely in high-risk childre... |
CD000451 | [
"9442160",
"12118640",
"8217970",
"1637758",
"9442159",
"10828706",
"10410476",
"8649700",
"9790365"
] | [
"Sweeping of the membranes at 39 weeks in nulliparous women: a randomised controlled trial.",
"Does sweeping of membranes beyond 40 weeks reduce the need for formal induction of labour?",
"Sweeping the membranes: a valid procedure in stimulating the onset of labour?",
"Sweeping of the membranes is an effectiv... | [
"To determine whether weekly sweeping of the membranes from 39 weeks of gestation results in a reduction in the number of women reaching 41 completed weeks and subsequently in a reduction of the number of women who will need induction of labour.\n Randomised controlled trial.\n Two hun... | Routine use of sweeping of membranes from 38 weeks of pregnancy onwards does not seem to produce clinically important benefits. When used as a means for induction of labour, the reduction in the use of more formal methods of induction needs to be balanced against women's discomfort and other adverse effects.
[Note: Th... |
CD006623 | [
"20096223",
"12645704",
"11446941",
"11973192",
"17591126",
"11465585",
"11771598",
"11995347",
"12595838"
] | [
"Optimizing the surgical field in pediatric functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a new evidence-based approach.",
"Comparative effects of propofol versus fentanyl on cerebral oxygenation state during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and postoperative cognitive dysfunction.",
"[The effect of encephalogram bis... | [
"To conduct the first prospective randomized controlled study 1) evaluating the possibility of improving the quality of the operative field and to provide a bloodless functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in children through total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) using remifentanil combined with propofol, and 2) ... | Using propofol to achieve deliberate hypotension may improve the surgical field, but the effect is small. Deliberate hypotension with propofol did not decrease TBL and operation time. RCTs with good quality methodology and large sample size are required to investigate the effectiveness of deliberate hypotension with pr... |
CD000400 | [
"2904006",
"2522062",
"2972171",
"2646087",
"2972167",
"12338165",
"16038370",
"2974428",
"12586320"
] | [
"Prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcer with misoprostol: multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.",
"A randomized, prospective comparison of endocrine changes induced with intranasal leuprolide or danazol for treatment of endometriosis.",
"Placebo-controlled comparison of danazol and high-dose m... | [
"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out to see whether the synthetic E prostaglandin, misoprostol, would prevent gastric ulcer induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 420 patients with osteoarthritis and NSAID-associated abdominal pain were studied; they were receiving ibuprofen... | NSAIDs reduce HMB when compared with placebo but are less effective than tranexamic acid, danazol or LNG IUS. However, adverse events are more severe with danazol therapy. In the limited number of small studies suitable for evaluation, no significant difference in efficacy was demonstrated between NSAIDs and other medi... |
CD000004 | [
"4586680",
"3102211",
"8179545",
"11380379",
"2658880",
"11530870",
"12625668",
"8238131",
"9070140"
] | [
"A randomised double blind clinical trial of abdominal decompression for the prevention of pre-eclampsia.",
"Randomized controlled trial of very early continuous distending pressure in the management of preterm infants.",
"A randomized controlled trial in a hospital population of ultrasound measurement screenin... | [
"nan",
"Application of continuous distending pressure at birth (very early CDP) should stabilize the immature airways and reduce the severity of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. Eighty-two preterm infants of less than 32 weeks gestation were randomly assigned at birth to early treatment gro... | Due to the methodological limitations of the studies, the effects of therapeutic abdominal decompression are not clear. The apparent improvements in birthweight and perinatal mortality warrant further evaluation of abdominal decompression where there is impaired fetal growth and possibly for women with pre-eclampsia. |
CD000247 | [
"18209140",
"15689289",
"11340701",
"11978254",
"9463979",
"380773",
"1670783",
"9063425",
"10151073"
] | [
"Efficacy of isotonic nasal wash (seawater) in the treatment and prevention of rhinitis in children.",
"Are antibiotics beneficial for patients with sinusitis complaints? A randomized double-blind clinical trial.",
"Intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of common cold.",
"Do delayed prescrip... | [
"To evaluate the potential of nasal isotonic saline application to prevent reappearance of cold and flu in children during the winter.\n Prospective, multicenter, parallel-group, open, and randomized comparison.\n Eight pediatric outpatient clinics.\n A total of 401 chil... | There is no evidence of benefit from antibiotics for the common cold or for persisting acute purulent rhinitis in children or adults. There is evidence that antibiotics cause significant adverse effects in adults when given for the common cold and in all ages when given for acute purulent rhinitis. Routine use of antib... |
CD007020 | [
"12499335",
"15693087",
"19960200",
"20639712",
"12492743",
"11120904",
"23056757",
"17953631",
"20104528"
] | [
"Improved antioxidant and fatty acid status of patients with cystic fibrosis after antioxidant supplementation is linked to improved lung function.",
"Effects of vitamins C and E on oxidative stress markers and endothelial function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a double blind, placebo controlled ... | [
"Oxidative stress, as measured by 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2)(alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2)(alpha)), and depleted antioxidant defenses were shown in stable cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The plasma fatty acid status of CF patients was linked to oxidative stress after respiratory exacerbations.\n We examined chan... | There appears to be conflicting evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness of antioxidant supplementation in CF. Based on the evidence, antioxidants appear to decrease quality of life and oxidative stress; however, few trials contributed data towards analysis. Further trials examining clinically important outcomes a... |
CD004503 | [
"8951252",
"20947097",
"8545223",
"9347370",
"10021717",
"10830460",
"12373475",
"3895150",
"8140441"
] | [
"The Provo multicenter early high-frequency oscillatory ventilation trial: improved pulmonary and clinical outcome in respiratory distress syndrome.",
"Randomized controlled trial of lung lavage with dilute surfactant for meconium aspiration syndrome.",
"Surfactant replacement therapy for meconium aspiration sy... | [
"To compare the hospital course and clinical outcome of preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome treated with surfactant and managed with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) or conventional mechanical ventilation (CV) as their primary mode of ventilator support.\n A prospective ra... | Caution should be exercised in applying these results to modern neonatal intensive care, because the studies included in this review were conducted prior to the introduction of antenatal steroids, post natal surfactant and the use of synchronised modes of ventilatory support. Most of the participants had single patholo... |
CD000035 | [
"9085210",
"9692416",
"9386023",
"1536246",
"7352521",
"17272618",
"10376858",
"8030684",
"11084540"
] | [
"Betamimetics in fetal distress: randomised controlled trial.",
"Effect of dexamethasone and betamethasone on fetal heart rate variability in preterm labour: a randomised study.",
"Antenatal corticosteroid therapy and fetal behaviour: a randomised study of the effects of betamethasone and dexamethasone.",
"A ... | [
"The objective of the study was to investigate if a single dose of Hexoprenaline administered to patients diagnosed as having fetal distress improves neonatal outcome and whether there are any side effects and complications related to hexoprenaline injection. Patients with fetal distress diagnosed by electronic fet... | Betamimetic therapy appears to be able to reduce the number of fetal heart rate abnormalities and perhaps reduce uterine activity. However, there is not enough evidence based on clinically important outcomes to evaluate the use of betamimetics for suspected fetal distress. |
CD004208 | [
"8444226",
"1444555",
"1738219",
"2013",
"16998584",
"7636912",
"9059186",
"3893389",
"7556325"
] | [
"Randomised controlled trial of albumin infusion in ill preterm infants.",
"Randomised controlled trial of colloid infusions in hypotensive preterm infants.",
"Concurrent administration of albumin with total parenteral nutrition in sick newborn infants.",
"Rapid infusion of sodium bicarbonate and albumin into... | [
"We assessed the effect of albumin infusion on weight loss and ventilation requirement in sick premature infants. Thirty infants, median gestational age 29 weeks, were entered into a randomised controlled trial, at a median of 2 days of age. The infants, all with an albumin level < or = 30 g/l, received either 5 ml... | There is a lack of evidence from randomised trials to determine whether the routine use of albumin infusion in preterm neonates with low serum albumin reduces mortality or morbidity and no evidence to assess whether albumin infusion is associated with significant side effects. There is a need for good quality, double-b... |
CD008819 | [
"3883876",
"2690721",
"6733063",
"10873185",
"19879713",
"861482",
"22419941",
"6338992",
"7427048"
] | [
"Varicose veins: optimum compression following sclerotherapy.",
"Varicose veins: optimum compression after surgery and sclerotherapy.",
"The efficacy of graduated compression stockings in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after major gynaecological surgery.",
"Randomized trial of graded compression stock... | [
"There is uncertainty regarding the most satisfactory technique of lower limb compression following sclerotherapy for varicose veins. We have compared a standard bandaging technique with a high pressure compression stocking in a randomised trial. Efficacy was judged on the success of injections, complications of th... | There is insufficient, high quality evidence to determine whether or not compression stockings are effective as the sole and initial treatment of varicose veins in people without healed or active venous ulceration, or whether any type of stocking is superior to any other type. Future research should consist of a large ... |
CD002788 | [
"9842809",
"9926179",
"16243994",
"9257203",
"8872689",
"9195356",
"16492856",
"12699517",
"8610912"
] | [
"Rocuronium versus succinylcholine: are they equally effective during rapid-sequence induction of anesthesia?",
"A large simple randomized trial of rocuronium versus succinylcholine in rapid-sequence induction of anaesthesia along with propofol.",
"Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction ... | [
"The purpose of our study was to assess the onset and quality of muscle paralysis and intubation conditions with succinylcholine (Sch) or rocuronium (Roc) during rapid-sequence induction. Patients were randomly assigned to receive thiopental (5 mg/kg) and Sch (1.5 mg/kg) or thiopental (5 mg/kg) and Roc (1.2 mg/kg).... | Succinylcholine created superior intubation conditions to rocuronium when comparing both excellent and clinically acceptable intubating conditions. |
CD003631 | [
"1289173",
"15057739",
"15334379",
"9820260",
"16784743",
"9116877",
"17197959",
"17457158",
"14606111"
] | [
"Treatment of pain with pancreatic extracts in chronic pancreatitis: results of a prospective placebo-controlled multicenter trial.",
"Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.",
"Effect of Pancreas Tonic (an ayurvedic herba... | [
"According to the theory of negative feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion by proteases, treatment with pancreatic extracts has been proposed to lower pain in chronic pancreatitis by decreasing pancreatic duct pressure. We conducted a prospective placebo-controlled double blind multicenter study to inv... | Some Chinese medicinal herbs may work in acute pancreatitis. However, because the trials were of low quality, the evidence is too weak to recommend any single herb. Rigorously designed, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are required. |
CD006873 | [
"20393175",
"9691103",
"16357613",
"15362027",
"15017504",
"7835575",
"7876505",
"11413109",
"10500056"
] | [
"Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn's disease.",
"A comparison of budesonide and mesalamine for active Crohn's disease. International Budesonide-Mesalamine Study Group.",
"Combining infliximab with methotrexate for the induction and maintenance of remission in refractory Crohn's disease:... | [
"The comparative efficacy and safety of infliximab and azathioprine therapy alone or in combination for Crohn's disease are unknown.\n In this randomized, double-blind trial, we evaluated the efficacy of infliximab monotherapy, azathioprine monotherapy, and the two drugs combined in 508 adults with m... | There are insufficient randomised controlled trials of infliximab, budesonide, tenovil and interleukin-10 to draw conclusions. Nitro-imidazole antibiotics, mesalamine and immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine/6-MP or infliximab all appear to be superior to placebo for the prevention of post-operative recurrence o... |
CD009774 | [
"20020319",
"22825926",
"20494434",
"20145986",
"20058059",
"15482502",
"17700083",
"16670650",
"17076751"
] | [
"Randomized controlled trial for early intervention for autism: a pilot study of the Autism 1-2-3 Project.",
"A parent-mediated intervention to increase responsive parental behaviors and child communication in children with ASD: a randomized clinical trial.",
"Parent-mediated communication-focused treatment in ... | [
"We piloted a 2-week \"Autism-1-2-3\" early intervention for children with autism and their parents immediately after diagnosis that targeted at (1) eye contact, (2) gesture and (3) vocalization/words. Seventeen children were randomized into the Intervention (n = 9) and Control (n = 8) groups. Outcome measures incl... | The review finds some evidence for the effectiveness of parent-mediated interventions, most particularly in proximal indicators within parent-child interaction, but also in more distal indicators of child language comprehension and reduction in autism severity. Evidence of whether such interventions may reduce parent s... |
CD000966 | [
"12893670",
"16585434",
"14687871",
"17526456",
"3046553",
"16754835",
"11163780",
"14971863",
"863344"
] | [
"Clozapine v. conventional antipsychotic drugs for treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a re-examination.",
"Effectiveness of clozapine versus olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia who did not respond to prior atypical antipsychotic treatment.",
"Olanzapine versus clozapin... | [
"Although there is a consensus that clozapine is more effective than conventional antipsychotic drugs for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, there is great heterogeneity among results of relevant trials.\n To re-evaluate the evidence comparing clozapine with conventional antipsychotics and to investi... | The equal effectiveness and tolerability of new atypical drugs in comparison with clozapine is not yet demonstrated. Lack of statistical power to determine the comparative efficacy and effectiveness of newer atypical drugs makes it difficult to judge whether newer drugs are more effective, less effective or equivalent.... |
CD000979 | [
"10445363",
"7709907",
"2617141",
"16202046",
"2133940",
"2086265",
"9082855",
"6943157",
"12182290"
] | [
"Long-term follow-up of early treatment of unilateral forced posterior cross-bite. Orofacial status.",
"A clinical investigation of the correction of unilateral first molar crossbite with a transpalatal arch.",
"Longitudinal study on the effect of early interceptive treatment in 4-year-old children with unilate... | [
"Twenty-nine subjects, 20 years old on average and all treated at 4 years of age for unilateral forced posterior dento-alveolar cross-bite by grinding or by expansion of the upper dental arch, were clinically examined to evaluate the long-term effects of their treatment. The frequency of successful treatment-indica... | The evidence from the trials reported by Thilander 1984 and Lindner 1989 suggests that removal of premature contacts of the baby teeth is effective in preventing a posterior crossbite from being perpetuated to the mixed dentition and adult teeth. When grinding alone is not effective, using an upper removable expansion ... |
CD002029 | [
"9492666",
"9885092",
"9373419",
"9300508",
"11086269",
"8297057",
"15939927",
"3828594",
"11037083"
] | [
"Evaluation of adjuvant psychological therapy in patients with testicular cancer: randomised controlled trial.",
"A randomized controlled trial of the effects of group psychological therapy on survival in women with metastatic breast cancer.",
"London-East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavio... | [
"To determine the efficacy of adjuvant psychological therapy in patients with testicular cancer and to compare the characteristics and psychosocial outcomes of men who agreed to participate with those who declined to participate in a randomised trial of psychological intervention.\n Newly diagnosed p... | In view of methodological deficiencies and the limited number of individuals studied, we have found no reliable evidence to support the use of psychological treatments and further trials are needed. Since the last version of this review, none of the new relevant studies have provided additional information to change th... |
CD007339 | [
"11113085",
"20102716",
"10321674",
"7037524",
"19464709",
"2753302",
"7041579",
"3280388",
"20831528"
] | [
"Pentoxifylline improves short-term survival in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.",
"Pentoxifylline does not decrease short-term mortality but does reduce complications in patients with advanced cirrhosis.",
"Effect of the immunomodulating agent, pentoxifylline, in the ... | [
"An earlier pilot study from our liver unit suggested benefit from treatment with pentoxifylline (PTX), an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate this treatment in a larger cohort of patients.\n One hundred one patie... | The current available data may indicate a possible positive intervention effect of pentoxifylline on all-cause mortality and mortality due to hepatorenal syndrome, and conversely, an increase in serious and non-serious adverse events. However, the evidence is not firm; no conclusions can be drawn regarding whether pent... |
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