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structural credit risk models such as the first - passage - time models proposed by or are widely used in the analysis of defaultable corporate securities . in these models , a | 0 |
soft x - ray transients ( sxts ) are compact binary systems in which a low - mass secondary ( either a main - sequence star or a subgiant ) transfers mass | 0 |
_ chandra _ and _ xmm - newton _ observations now routinely allow us to measure both the inverse - compton emission from the lobes of radio galaxies and the thermal bremsstrahlung | 0 |
the lupus star forming region , recently reviewed by @xcite , lies about 150 pc from the earth @xcite , in the gould belt . it is immediately visible by inspection of | 0 |
the composition of relativistic jets or outflows in different astrophysical sources , and in particular their degree of magnetization , is highly uncertain and of great interest . pulsar winds are almost | 0 |
both the origin and nature of dark matter and the production mechanism of the baryon ( matter antimatter ) asymmetry in the present universe are among the most fundamental puzzles in cosmology | 0 |
a subset @xmath3 of the plane @xmath4 is said to _ inscribe a square _ if it contains the four vertices of a square of positive sidelength . note that despite the | 0 |
type ia supernovae ( sne ) have recently been used extensively for the measurement of relative distances to galaxies ( , hamuy 1996 ; filippenko & riess 1999 ; branch 1998 ; | 0 |
the absence of diffusion of waves in disordered media was predicted by anderson 50 years ago @xcite . originally proposed in the context of electronic transport in disordered crystals , it has | 0 |
at its most abstract level , the sp theory @xcite is intended to model _ any _ kind of system for processing information , either natural or artificial . the theory is | 0 |
an _ orbitope _ is the convex hull of an orbit of a compact algebraic group @xmath2 acting linearly on a real vector space . the orbit has the structure of a | 0 |
graph models have been used in image analysis for a long time . the edited book @xcite gives an overview of methods in this field . however , approaches from quantitative graph | 0 |
in synchronous distributed models of computation , the number of rounds ( also called the round complexity ) is one of the most important complexity measures , especially when we want to | 0 |
the emergence of quantum information protocols ( to perform logic gates and for the transport and the teleportation of information ) and the nanosciences have given an interest in dynamics and in | 0 |
luminous compact blue galaxies ( lcbgs ) are a morphologically heterogeneous class of star - forming galaxies that are defined by their blue colors , high blue luminosities , compact sizes , | 0 |
in the following we want to give a new explanation of the area law of black hole ( bh ) entropy and the more general and stronger holographic principle . furthermore , | 0 |
pulsar timing is used for a variety of unique applications in astrophysics and fundamental physics . these include mass determinations of neutron stars ( nss ) and their binary companions to contrain | 0 |
the many types of spectroscopy that have been developed over the years ( some of which are still under development ) serve as an indispensable tool to gain fundamental understanding of the | 0 |
photoionization models for chemically homogeneous gaseous nebulae of constant density predict an almost constant temperature ; consequently , observers often assume a constant temperature to determine chemical abundances . the spatial temperature | 0 |
the complexity of quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) inhibits the computation of hadronic properties and reactions from first principles . as a consequence models that potentially imitate the essentials of the qcd | 0 |
with the exception of mergers and interactions between galaxies , star formation is the most transformative process that a galaxy can undergo . star formation in large gas - rich spiral galaxies | 0 |
the fast solar wind has velocities in the range 500 to 800 @xmath2 , and originates in coronal holes , which are low - density , open magnetic field structures in the | 0 |
since eliashberg s formative paper @xcite classifying overtwisted contact structures on 3manifolds , the study of and interest in such structures has been minimal . however , in recent years they have | 0 |
the statistical mechanics of two polymers with constraints on their winding angle has been extensively studied in order to understand the behavior of physical polymer systems , like for instance biological macromolecules | 0 |
the theory of quantum measurement has been mired in controversy for the majority of its history . in a large part this is due to the philosophical difficulties , usually referred to | 0 |
in the first part @xcite of our study electric double layers have been discussed in detail on mesoscopic scales within the poisson - boltzmann ( pb ) theory , which was pioneered | 0 |
this paper concerns the explicit construction of extremal khler metrics on compact @xmath0-orbifolds , including khler metrics which are conformally einstein ( either globally or on the complement of real hypersurface ) | 0 |
over the past few years rapid progress has been made in the field of symbolic summation . the beginning was made by gosper s telescoping algorithm @xcite for hypergeometric terms and zeilberger | 0 |
in 1969 , garside solved the conjugacy problem in the braid group by investigating the monoid of positive braids @xcite . at the end of the 90 s , dehornoy and paris | 0 |
the behavior of scattering in the limit of high energy and fixed momentum transfer is described in qcd , at least for situations in which perturbation theory applies , by the balitskii | 0 |
the two - channel kondo effect @xcite is a prototype for non - fermi - liquid behavior in correlated electron systems . it occurs when a spin-@xmath1 local moment is coupled antiferromagnetically | 0 |
differential algebraic and ( co)homological methods have rapidly sprung up in theoretical physics in connection with the development of gauge theories . their interventions occur at two levels , firstly at a | 0 |
an abelian cover is a finite morphism @xmath0 of varieties which is the quotient map for a generically faithful action of a finite abelian group @xmath1 . this means that for every | 0 |
the goal of this paper is to introduce a mathematically transparent treatment of spatial infinity for open universes in the chern - simons formulation of ( 2 + 1)-dimensional gravity @xcite with | 0 |
the hot gas in clusters of galaxies seems like it should be easy to understand . because of the relatively low ratio of baryons to dark matter , the potential well of | 0 |
studying the properties of resolved stellar populations through color - magnitude diagrams ( cmds ) can provide important constraints on stellar evolution and on the formation and evolution of stellar systems . | 0 |
we derive a network of neurons with standard spike - generating currents and synapses with realistic timescales that computes based upon the principle that the precise timing of each spike is important | 0 |
the basics of the density matrix renormalization group were developed by s. white in 1992@xcite and since then dmrg has proved to be a very powerful method for low dimensional interacting systems | 0 |
in this paper we report on a new kind of combinatorial phenomenon in knot theory . our research was motivated by a desire to understand what the @xmath2 polynomial of an oriented | 0 |
local quantum field theories are automatically invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation , parity , and time reversal : cpt @xcite . however , generalizations of quantum mechanics which include | 0 |
mri plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of acute ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury . a rigorous understanding of mri begins with the elementary particles which give rise | 0 |
an exponential variety is a real algebraic variety in an affine or projective space that has a distinguished set of positive points . this positive part maps bijectively to a convex body | 0 |
topological insulators ( tis ) are amongst the most actively investigated systems in condensed matter physics @xcite . in reality , there is evidence for their existence in two @xcite and three | 0 |
it is generally assumed that diffusion in macroscopic systems is a result of chaos on a microscopic scale , following einstein s 1905 explanation for brownian motion , that is , the | 0 |
holographic dualities purport to map field theories to gravitational systems in higher dimensions . the first examples of holographic duality mapped conformal ( relativistic ) field theories in @xmath0 spacetime dimensions to | 0 |
based on the low level of infrared emission from dust in the solar system , the discovery with iras of infrared emission from debris disks around other main sequence stars was very | 0 |
in search for unusual magnetic ground states and spin dynamics , frustrated systems have been the main focus of both theoretical and experimental investigations in recent years.@xcite in frustrated magnetic systems,@xcite the | 0 |
in the core of globular clusters , it is thought that star - star interactions play an important role because of very high stellar density and of relatively low velocity @xcite . | 0 |
sn 1995n in mcg02 - 38 - 017 ( also known as arp 261 ) was discovered by pollas ( 1995 ) on 5 may 1995 ( ut dates are used throughout | 0 |
magnetic fields are ubiquitous in diverse astrophysical settings on various scales ranging from proto - stellar discs , young stellar objects ( ysos ) , microquasars , quasars , galaxies and grandiose | 0 |
the current successes of cold dark matter cosmologies , and in particular the @xmath1cdm models , are well known . these hierarchical models begin with the microwave background fluctuations and proceed forward | 0 |
in a recent paper @xcite , the author introduced information systems with witnesses as a logic - style representation of l - domains . l - domains have independently been introduced by | 0 |
carbon - enhanced metal - poor ( cemp ) stars have received increased attention in the recent literature due to their clear importance as probes of a number of astrophysical phenomena , | 0 |
the modern effective field theory ( eft ) analysis of the nn interaction using chiral symmetry as a constraint has a recent but prolific history @xcite ( for comprehensive reviews see e.g. | 0 |
the last decade and a half have seen enormous progress in the description of light nuclei as collections of interacting nucleons with the same properties as in vacuum @xcite . after the | 0 |
the behavior of spacetime near a big crunch singularity has been a topic of research for many decades . the classic studies of belinskii , khalatnikov , and lifshitz ( bkl ) | 0 |
the nasa _ kepler mission _ has presented a catalog of over 2300 stars with planet - like transit signatures @xcite . here we report a detailed study of kepler-68 , a | 0 |
the _ kepler _ spacecraft s primary mission is to determine the frequency of earth - sized exoplanets orbiting in the habitable zone of their parent stars @xcite , with a second | 0 |
high - energy astrophysical phenomena stem from the generation of powerful flows emanating from supernova explosions , gamma - ray bursts ( grb ) , from ejections in the environment of black | 0 |
an accurate description of electron correlation is one of the central issues in modern electronic structure theory . in principle , this involves solving the many - electron schrdinger equation , which | 0 |
within the standard cosmological cold dark matter ( cdm ) paradigm , structures form hierarchically via gravitational collapse of primordial density fluctuations . this framework has been successful at providing physical interpretations | 0 |
the aim of the present work is twofold . firstly , we study here the effect of introducing small pressure perturbations in an otherwise pressure - free gravitational collapse which was to | 0 |
a hundred years and more of fundamental research in atomic and nuclear physics has shown that all matter is corpuscular , with the atoms that comprise us , themselves containing a dense | 0 |
fair allocation of goods or resources among various agents is a central task in multiagent systems and other fields . the specific setting where just one divisible resource is to be divided | 0 |
one of the fundamental problems in the foundations of statistical mechanics is to give an explanation as to why ` equilibrium ' statistical mechanics is so successful . that is to say | 0 |
in the standard picture of elementary particle physics , the electroweak gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken by introducing an iso - doublet scalar field , the higgs field . its neutral component | 0 |
the importance of neutrinos in the explosions of massive stars has long been recognized . this significance is coupled with their ability to carry information to us about the processes and conditions | 0 |
band structures are of fundamental interest to the solid - state physicist as they reveal important properties of crystals . @xcite the determination of band structures on _ ab initio _ level | 0 |
during the last twenty years the wilson approach@xcite to the renormalization group ( rg ) has been the subject of a revival in both statistical physics and field theory . two main | 0 |
atom interferometry has opened new frontiers in precision metrology . highly sensitive gravimeters , gravity gradiometers , and gyroscopes have been constructed , and promising work has been done to integrate these | 0 |
the drell - yan process @xcite , the production of a lepton pair in hadron - hadron collisions , has played an important role in establishing the parton picture underlying the description | 0 |
in our research , we kept running across claims that the number one `` used to be prime . '' for example , at the time we wrote this article , the | 0 |
the single - impurity kondo model @xcite is unquestionably one of the most important models studied in condensed matter physics over the past decades . the investigation of its equilibrium properties has | 0 |
we consider stochastic billiards ( knudsen random walk ) in two - dimensional infinite domains ( ` tubes ' ) of the form @xmath0 where @xmath1 and @xmath2 is a monotone smooth | 0 |
it has recently been observed that large samples from well - behaved probability distributions on metric spaces that are not smooth riemannian manifolds are sometimes constrained to lie in subsets of low | 0 |
the computational effort needed to deal with large combinatorial structures considerably varies with the task to be performed and the resolution procedure used@xcite . the worst case complexity of a task , | 0 |
configuration interaction ( ci ) approaches play an important role for the description of quantum many - body systems in many different areas of modern physics , ranging from atomic and molecular | 0 |
the post - agb phase is a short period in the evolution of low- and intermediate - mass stars ( @xmath4 ) between the asymptotic giant branch ( agb ) and the | 0 |
the theory of gravitational lensing has by now reached a considerable degree of sophistication @xcite . theorems have been found predicting ( or bounding ) the number of images in very general | 0 |
this article is dedicated to the construction and the fundamental properties of a model of dissipative transport , describing the electron or hole transport in semiconductors at very low temperature . by | 0 |
linear regression is one of the most common statistical techniques used in astronomical data analysis . in general , linear regression in astronomy is characterized by intrinsic scatter about the regression line | 0 |
[ [ general - context . ] ] general context . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + linear boundary problems are a | 0 |
according to roger myerson @xcite , the 1950 publication of nash s paper on equilibria was a watershed event not just for game theory , but for economics in general . the | 0 |
since the appearance of the first high - energy colliders in the 1980 s , the study of `` jets '' of particles produced in the final state has proved to be | 0 |
symmetry principles are of fundamental importance in physics . for instance the standard model of elementary particle physics rests on the principle of local gauge symmetries . these symmetries do not only | 0 |
wireless access networks are the typical last - mile networks connecting multiple users to a high speed backbone . in these networks , a base station ( bs ) serves a large | 0 |
since the discovery of the first known pulsating x - ray sources her x-1 and cen x-3 more than three decades ago ( giacconi et al . 1971 ; tananbaum et al | 0 |
the techniques and technology related to fabricating large single crystals of elemental materials like silicon ( si ) or compounds like gallium arsenide ( gaas ) has been perfected for decades now | 0 |
experiments on strongly correlated quantum many - body systems out of equilibrium have reached a high level of precision and control . one can excite complex materials with femtosecond laser pulses and | 0 |
we define a _ sociotechnical system _ as one involving interactions between _ autonomous _ social entities such as people and organizations mediated by technical components . by emphasizing the autonomous nature | 0 |
let @xmath0 be a coxeter system . there is a canonical real representation of @xmath1 which is called the _ geometric representation _ of @xmath0 and which is known to be faithful | 0 |
since its discovery in 1974 , the @xmath0 meson has provided a useful laboratory for quantitative tests of quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) and , in particular , of the interplay of | 0 |
since their introduction by fomin and zelevinsky @xcite , cluster algebras have been related to diverse areas of mathematics such as total positivity , quiver representations , tropical geometry , lie theory | 0 |
the term `` electron temperature '' in an hii region usually refers to the apparent [ o iii ] electron temperature , t@xmath1 , derived from the [ o iii ] optical | 0 |
astrophysical systems described by radiation hydrodynamics span a tremendous range of scales and parameter regimes , from the interiors of stars ( e.g. * ? ? ? * ) to accretion disks | 0 |
it has been gradually recognized that certain classes of non - closed symplectic manifolds admit symmetries of a new kind . these symmetries are not given by groups acting on the manifold | 0 |
this paper is about an application of logic to the methodology of science in the spirit of van benthem s @xcite . there are several axiomatizations of special relativity theory available in | 0 |
over the last half - a - dozen years , it has been increasingly realized that the detection of non - gaussianities in the primordial perturbations can considerably help in constraining the | 0 |
nanoparticle arrays@xcite are a perfect system to analyze correlated electronic transport and have received a lot of experimental and theoretical attention during the last decade@xcite . in spite of this , their | 0 |
over the past several years , strongly correlated electron systems with quasi - one - dimensional ( 1d ) ladder structures have received much attention theoretically and experimentally . experimental studies have | 0 |
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