id int64 | site string | title string | question_body string | question_body_md string | question_score int32 | question_view_count int32 | question_answer_count int32 | question_comment_count int32 | question_favorite_count int32 | question_tags list | question_creation_date string | question_last_edit_date string | question_user_id int64 | accepted_answer_id int64 | answers list | best_answer string | text string | char_length int32 | tokens_estimate int32 | meta dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,381 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are general ideas behind OpenCog? | <p><a href="http://opencog.org" rel="nofollow noreferrer">OpenCog</a> is an open source AGI-project co-founded by the mercurial AI researcher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Goertzel" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Ben Goertzel</a>. Ben Goertzel writes a lot of stuff, some of it <a href="http://multiverseaccordin... | OpenCog (http://opencog.org) is an open source AGI-project co-founded by the mercurial AI researcher Ben Goertzel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Goertzel). Ben Goertzel writes a lot of stuff, some of it really (http://multiverseaccordingtoben.blogspot.de/2010/11/psi-debate-continues-goertzel-on.html) whacky (http:/... | 9 | 1,326 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<ai-design><agi><open-cog>"
] | 2016-11-25T10:03:29.947 | 2019-04-29T16:48:00.293 | 2,227 | 5,301 | [
{
"id": 5301,
"body": "<h2>What is OpenCog?</h2>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://opencog.org/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">OpenCog</a> is a project with the vision of creating a thinking machine with human-level intelligence and beyond. </p>\n\n<p>In OpenCog's introduction, Goertzel categorically states that the O... | ## What is OpenCog? OpenCog (https://opencog.org/) is a project with the vision of creating a thinking machine with human-level intelligence and beyond. In OpenCog's introduction, Goertzel categorically states that the OpenCog project is not concerned with building more accurate classification algorithms, computer visi... | # What are general ideas behind OpenCog?
**Tags:** <ai-design><agi><open-cog>
**Question (score 9):**
OpenCog (http://opencog.org) is an open source AGI-project co-founded by the mercurial AI researcher Ben Goertzel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Goertzel). Ben Goertzel writes a lot of stuff, some of it really (... | 5,098 | 1,274 | {
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2,404 | ai.stackexchange.com | How many nodes/hidden layers are required to solve a classification problem where the boundary is a sinusoidal function? | <p>A single neuron is capable of forming a decision boundary between linearly seperable data. Is there any intuition as to how many, and in what configuration, would be necessary to correctly approximate a sinusoidal decision boundary?</p>
<p>Thanks</p>
| A single neuron is capable of forming a decision boundary between linearly seperable data. Is there any intuition as to how many, and in what configuration, would be necessary to correctly approximate a sinusoidal decision boundary? Thanks | 6 | 339 | 1 | 3 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><hidden-layers><neurons><artificial-neuron>"
] | 2016-11-28T15:18:10.110 | 2017-01-30T16:08:39.257 | 3,908 | null | [
{
"id": 2541,
"body": "<p>It depends on the accuracy you want. If you had 1 neuron, it could discern things across a line, if you have 2, you could solve things across 2 lines, etc. As you increase the number of neurons, you are increasing the number of discernible areas. As you increase the number of lines... | It depends on the accuracy you want. If you had 1 neuron, it could discern things across a line, if you have 2, you could solve things across 2 lines, etc. As you increase the number of neurons, you are increasing the number of discernible areas. As you increase the number of lines you can use to break up the input spa... | # How many nodes/hidden layers are required to solve a classification problem where the boundary is a sinusoidal function?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><hidden-layers><neurons><artificial-neuron>
**Question (score 6):**
A single neuron is capable of forming a decision boundary between linearly seperable data. Is there... | 1,093 | 273 | {
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2,405 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do I handle negative rewards in policy gradients with the cross-entropy loss function? | <p>I am using policy gradients in my reinforcement learning algorithm, and occasionally my environment provides a severe penalty (i.e. negative reward) when a wrong move is made. I'm using a neural network with stochastic gradient descent to learn the policy. To do this, my loss is essentially the cross-entropy loss of... | I am using policy gradients in my reinforcement learning algorithm, and occasionally my environment provides a severe penalty (i.e. negative reward) when a wrong move is made. I'm using a neural network with stochastic gradient descent to learn the policy. To do this, my loss is essentially the cross-entropy loss of th... | 9 | 9,422 | 2 | 2 | 0 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><policy-gradients><rewards><cross-entropy><stochastic-gradient-descent>"
] | 2016-11-29T06:10:54.993 | 2020-11-01T22:38:50.010 | 3,920 | null | [
{
"id": 6084,
"body": "<p>It depends on your loss function, but you probably need to tweak it. </p>\n\n<p>If you are using an update rule like <code>loss = -log(probabilities) * reward</code>, then your loss is high when you unexpectedly got a large reward—the policy will update to make that action more lik... | It depends on your loss function, but you probably need to tweak it. If you are using an update rule like `loss = -log(probabilities) * reward`, then your loss is high when you unexpectedly got a large reward—the policy will update to make that action more likely to realize that gain. Conversely, if you get a negative ... | # How do I handle negative rewards in policy gradients with the cross-entropy loss function?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><policy-gradients><rewards><cross-entropy><stochastic-gradient-descent>
**Question (score 9):**
I am using policy gradients in my reinforcement learning algorithm, and occasionally my enviro... | 2,462 | 615 | {
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2,409 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can we connect artificial intelligence with cognitive psychology? | <p>On page 62 of <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d16d/2c064e6be92bfde86ff56fb57f32172673be.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Psychology Applications, Models</a> (2010), Gabriella Daróczy writes</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Psychology is one of the basic sciences of artificial intelli... | On page 62 of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Psychology Applications, Models (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d16d/2c064e6be92bfde86ff56fb57f32172673be.pdf) (2010), Gabriella Daróczy writes Psychology is one of the basic sciences of artificial intelligence (AI). The founder of the psychology is Wilhelm Wundt (1... | 6 | 1,272 | 1 | 0 | 3 | [
"<comparison><philosophy><cognitive-science>"
] | 2016-11-30T11:10:32.697 | 2020-06-17T09:57:20.710 | 1,581 | null | [
{
"id": 2414,
"body": "<p>AI is already connected with cognitive psychology - there are dozens of AIs right this minute attempting to predict things like which Facebook posts you will like, and which ads you are most likely to click on. In other words, they are trying to predict how you think.</p>\n\n<p>For... | AI is already connected with cognitive psychology - there are dozens of AIs right this minute attempting to predict things like which Facebook posts you will like, and which ads you are most likely to click on. In other words, they are trying to predict how you think. For more detailed info on this AI/cognitive science... | # How can we connect artificial intelligence with cognitive psychology?
**Tags:** <comparison><philosophy><cognitive-science>
**Question (score 6):**
On page 62 of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Psychology Applications, Models (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d16d/2c064e6be92bfde86ff56fb57f32172673be.pdf) (2... | 1,878 | 469 | {
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2,419 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is meant by "reproduction" in the description of this exercise? | <p>In the following exercise, the word reproduction is mentioned.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Your task is to design a simple genetic algorithm, with binary-coded chromosomes, in order to solve a pattern-finding problem in 16-bit strings.</p>
<p>...</p>
<p>You may use the following operators:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Reproduction<... | In the following exercise, the word reproduction is mentioned. Your task is to design a simple genetic algorithm, with binary-coded chromosomes, in order to solve a pattern-finding problem in 16-bit strings. ... You may use the following operators: - Reproduction: You can use either one of the following reproduction ty... | 2 | 2,749 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<comparison><genetic-algorithms><crossover-operators><genetic-operators>"
] | 2016-12-02T07:43:37.083 | 2020-12-07T14:32:11.953 | null | 2,423 | [
{
"id": 2423,
"body": "<p>The terminology of this exercise is not standard. What is referred to as \"reproduction\" in the exercise is usually referred to as \"selection\".</p>\n\n<p>The term \"reproduction\" does indeed seem conceptually closer to the notion of crossover or recombination (these two are the... | The terminology of this exercise is not standard. What is referred to as "reproduction" in the exercise is usually referred to as "selection". The term "reproduction" does indeed seem conceptually closer to the notion of crossover or recombination (these two are the same thing), which is probably where your confusion h... | # What is meant by "reproduction" in the description of this exercise?
**Tags:** <comparison><genetic-algorithms><crossover-operators><genetic-operators>
**Question (score 2):**
In the following exercise, the word reproduction is mentioned. Your task is to design a simple genetic algorithm, with binary-coded chromos... | 1,586 | 396 | {
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2,422 | ai.stackexchange.com | What techniques can be used to predict future attendance of students for a particular subject lecture session? | <p>I have data of 30 students attendance for a particular subject class for a week. I have quantified the absence and presence with boolean logic 0 and 1. Also, the reason for absence are provided and I tried to generalise these reason into 3 categories say A, B and C. Now I want to use these data to make future predic... | I have data of 30 students attendance for a particular subject class for a week. I have quantified the absence and presence with boolean logic 0 and 1. Also, the reason for absence are provided and I tried to generalise these reason into 3 categories say A, B and C. Now I want to use these data to make future predictio... | 5 | 473 | 2 | 2 | 0 | [
"<structured-data>"
] | 2016-12-03T02:24:06.267 | 2016-12-03T12:43:43.803 | 2,888 | null | [
{
"id": 2424,
"body": "<p>I suggest you should use AI Regression Model for future predictions for an attendance of students. Because of this technique or model design for future predictions. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/08/comprehensive-guide-regression/\" rel=\"nofollow no... | I suggest you should use AI Regression Model for future predictions for an attendance of students. Because of this technique or model design for future predictions. Follow this to get more information about regression type and methodology (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/08/comprehensive-guide-regression/) | # What techniques can be used to predict future attendance of students for a particular subject lecture session?
**Tags:** <structured-data>
**Question (score 5):**
I have data of 30 students attendance for a particular subject class for a week. I have quantified the absence and presence with boolean logic 0 and 1. ... | 929 | 232 | {
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2,427 | ai.stackexchange.com | How close have we come to passing the Turing Test? | <p>The Turing Test has been the classic test of artificial intelligence for a while now. The concept is deceptively simple - to trick a human into thinking it is another human on the other end of a conversation line, not a computer - but from what I've read, it has turned out to be very difficult in practice.</p>
<p>H... | The Turing Test has been the classic test of artificial intelligence for a while now. The concept is deceptively simple - to trick a human into thinking it is another human on the other end of a conversation line, not a computer - but from what I've read, it has turned out to be very difficult in practice. How close ha... | 5 | 696 | 3 | 0 | 2 | [
"<turing-test>"
] | 2016-12-03T15:52:23.620 | 2016-12-12T21:29:50.483 | 4,011 | 2,440 | [
{
"id": 2440,
"body": "<p>No one has attempted to make a system that could pass a serious Turing test. All the systems that are claimed to have \"passed\" Turing tests have done so with low success rates simulating \"special\" people. Even relatively sophisticated systems like Siri and learning systems lik... | No one has attempted to make a system that could pass a serious Turing test. All the systems that are claimed to have "passed" Turing tests have done so with low success rates simulating "special" people. Even relatively sophisticated systems like Siri and learning systems like Cleverbot (http://www.cleverbot.com) are ... | # How close have we come to passing the Turing Test?
**Tags:** <turing-test>
**Question (score 5):**
The Turing Test has been the classic test of artificial intelligence for a while now. The concept is deceptively simple - to trick a human into thinking it is another human on the other end of a conversation line, no... | 1,553 | 388 | {
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2,429 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why is Sanskrit the best language for AI? | <p>According to NASA scientist Rick Briggs, Sanskrit is the best language for AI. I want to know how Sanskrit is useful. What's the problem with other languages? Are they really using Sanskrit in AI programming or going to do so? What part of an AI program requires such language?</p>
| According to NASA scientist Rick Briggs, Sanskrit is the best language for AI. I want to know how Sanskrit is useful. What's the problem with other languages? Are they really using Sanskrit in AI programming or going to do so? What part of an AI program requires such language? | 15 | 16,418 | 2 | 0 | 8 | [
"<comparison><programming-languages><nasa>"
] | 2016-12-04T09:48:57.170 | 2019-09-02T14:19:17.497 | 4,027 | null | [
{
"id": 2432,
"body": "<p>Rick Briggs refers to the difficulty an artificial intelligence would have in detecting the true meaning of words spoken or written in one of our natural languages. Take for example an artificial intelligence attempting to determine the meaning of a sarcastic sentence. </p>\n\n<p>N... | Rick Briggs refers to the difficulty an artificial intelligence would have in detecting the true meaning of words spoken or written in one of our natural languages. Take for example an artificial intelligence attempting to determine the meaning of a sarcastic sentence. Naturally spoken, the sentence "That's just what I... | # Why is Sanskrit the best language for AI?
**Tags:** <comparison><programming-languages><nasa>
**Question (score 15):**
According to NASA scientist Rick Briggs, Sanskrit is the best language for AI. I want to know how Sanskrit is useful. What's the problem with other languages? Are they really using Sanskrit in AI ... | 3,295 | 823 | {
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2,436 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can I categorise the user input which I get as free text? | <p>I am working on a project, wherein I take input from the user as free text and try to relate the text to what the user might mean. I have tried <strong>Stanford NLP</strong> which tokenizes the text into tokens, but I am not able to categorize the input. For example, the user might be greeting someone or sharing som... | I am working on a project, wherein I take input from the user as free text and try to relate the text to what the user might mean. I have tried Stanford NLP which tokenizes the text into tokens, but I am not able to categorize the input. For example, the user might be greeting someone or sharing some problem he is faci... | 4 | 135 | 1 | 1 | 0 | [
"<natural-language-processing>"
] | 2016-12-07T04:47:00.043 | 2016-12-07T17:23:07.330 | 4,088 | null | [
{
"id": 2584,
"body": "<p>Have you tried <a href=\"http://www.nltk.org/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NLTK</a>, what you are looking for is in <a href=\"http://www.nltk.org/book/ch06.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Chapter 6</a> of the book. Basically what you need to do is:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Tokenize the... | Have you tried NLTK (http://www.nltk.org/), what you are looking for is in Chapter 6 (http://www.nltk.org/book/ch06.html) of the book. Basically what you need to do is: - Tokenize the user input. - Extract vector set from the tokenized words. - Train your model with some given texts, and same vector sets. And you can u... | # Can I categorise the user input which I get as free text?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing>
**Question (score 4):**
I am working on a project, wherein I take input from the user as free text and try to relate the text to what the user might mean. I have tried Stanford NLP which tokenizes the text into tokens... | 1,280 | 320 | {
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2,439 | ai.stackexchange.com | Which methods or algorithms to develop a learning application? | <p>I am creating a game application that will generate a new level based on the performance of the user in the previous level.<br>
The application is regarding language improvement, to be precise. Suppose the user performed well in grammar-related questions and weak on vocabulary in a particular level. Then the new lev... | I am creating a game application that will generate a new level based on the performance of the user in the previous level. The application is regarding language improvement, to be precise. Suppose the user performed well in grammar-related questions and weak on vocabulary in a particular level. Then the new level gene... | 4 | 382 | 4 | 5 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><deep-learning><algorithm><ai-design><path-planning>"
] | 2016-12-07T17:10:41.857 | 2017-09-15T23:44:56.533 | 4,111 | null | [
{
"id": 2479,
"body": "<p>even though that's not really AI, the easiest way to do that would probably be to put coefficients on each question</p>\n\n<p>e.g. your question would have something like</p>\n\n<pre><code>grammar=0.55\nvocabulary=0.45\nif(won){\n success=-1\n}else{\n success=1\n}\n</code></pre>\... | even though that's not really AI, the easiest way to do that would probably be to put coefficients on each question e.g. your question would have something like ``` grammar=0.55 vocabulary=0.45 if(won){ success=-1 }else{ success=1 } ``` the lower the level, the less questions of this type will appear at the end of the ... | # Which methods or algorithms to develop a learning application?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><deep-learning><algorithm><ai-design><path-planning>
**Question (score 4):**
I am creating a game application that will generate a new level based on the performance of the user in the previous level. The application is rega... | 4,470 | 1,117 | {
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2,441 | ai.stackexchange.com | Should intelligent AI be granted the same rights as humans? | <p>One of the most crucial questions we as a species and as intelligent beings will have to address lies with the rights we plan to grant to AI.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>This question is intended to see if a compromise can be found between <strong>conservative anthropocentrism</strong> and <strong>post-human fundamentali... | One of the most crucial questions we as a species and as intelligent beings will have to address lies with the rights we plan to grant to AI. This question is intended to see if a compromise can be found between conservative anthropocentrism and post-human fundamentalism: a response should take into account principles ... | 8 | 413 | 4 | 0 | 5 | [
"<agi><legal>"
] | 2016-12-07T17:59:58.367 | 2017-04-13T12:53:10.013 | 3,427 | null | [
{
"id": 2500,
"body": "<p>I'll attempt to analyze a couple of different perspectives.</p>\n<h3>1. It is artificial</h3>\n<p>Synonyms: insincere, feigned, false.</p>\n<p>There is the idea that any "intelligence" created by humanity is not actually intelligent and, by definition, it is not possible.... | I'll attempt to analyze a couple of different perspectives. ### 1. It is artificial Synonyms: insincere, feigned, false. There is the idea that any "intelligence" created by humanity is not actually intelligent and, by definition, it is not possible. If you look at the structure of the human brain and compare it to any... | # Should intelligent AI be granted the same rights as humans?
**Tags:** <agi><legal>
**Question (score 8):**
One of the most crucial questions we as a species and as intelligent beings will have to address lies with the rights we plan to grant to AI. This question is intended to see if a compromise can be found betw... | 6,737 | 1,684 | {
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2,443 | ai.stackexchange.com | What could possibly replace artificial intelligence? | <p>There is no doubt as to the fact that AI would be replacing a lot of existing technologies, but is AI the ultimate technology which humankind can develop or is their something else which has the potential to replace artificial intelligence?</p>
| There is no doubt as to the fact that AI would be replacing a lot of existing technologies, but is AI the ultimate technology which humankind can develop or is their something else which has the potential to replace artificial intelligence? | 3 | 398 | 3 | 1 | 1 | [
"<agi><prediction>"
] | 2016-12-08T20:01:33.240 | 2016-12-09T15:19:42.263 | null | 2,445 | [
{
"id": 2445,
"body": "<p>By definition, artificial intelligence includes all forms of computer systems capable of completing tasks that would ordinarily warrant human intelligence.</p>\n\n<p>A superintelligent AI would have intelligence far superior to that of any human and therefore would be capable of cr... | By definition, artificial intelligence includes all forms of computer systems capable of completing tasks that would ordinarily warrant human intelligence. A superintelligent AI would have intelligence far superior to that of any human and therefore would be capable of creating systems beyond our capabilities. As a con... | # What could possibly replace artificial intelligence?
**Tags:** <agi><prediction>
**Question (score 3):**
There is no doubt as to the fact that AI would be replacing a lot of existing technologies, but is AI the ultimate technology which humankind can develop or is their something else which has the potential to re... | 1,542 | 385 | {
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2,449 | ai.stackexchange.com | What do the different actions of the OpenAI gym's environment of 'Pong-v0' represent? | <p>Printing <code>action_space</code> for Pong-v0 gives <code>Discrete(6)</code> as output, i.e. <span class="math-container">$0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5$</span> are actions defined in the environment as per the documentation. However, the game needs only 2 controls. Why do we have this discrepancy? Further, is that necessary to... | Printing `action_space` for Pong-v0 gives `Discrete(6)` as output, i.e. $0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5$ are actions defined in the environment as per the documentation. However, the game needs only 2 controls. Why do we have this discrepancy? Further, is that necessary to identify which number from 0 to 5 corresponds to which actio... | 10 | 15,561 | 3 | 1 | 4 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><environment><gym><action-spaces>"
] | 2016-12-10T13:44:06.017 | 2020-11-25T10:57:28.393 | 4,163 | null | [
{
"id": 3557,
"body": "<p>You can try the actions yourselves, but if you want another reference, <a href=\"https://github.com/openai/atari-py/blob/master/doc/manual/manual.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">check out the documentation for ALE at GitHub</a>.</p>\n\n<p>In particular, 0 means no action, 1 means fire, wh... | You can try the actions yourselves, but if you want another reference, check out the documentation for ALE at GitHub (https://github.com/openai/atari-py/blob/master/doc/manual/manual.pdf). In particular, 0 means no action, 1 means fire, which is why they don't have an effect on the racket. Here's a better way: ``` env.... | # What do the different actions of the OpenAI gym's environment of 'Pong-v0' represent?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><environment><gym><action-spaces>
**Question (score 10):**
Printing `action_space` for Pong-v0 gives `Discrete(6)` as output, i.e. $0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5$ are actions defined in the environment as per... | 2,109 | 527 | {
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2,452 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are CRUD webapps today the modern version of the "expert system"? | <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system" rel="nofollow noreferrer">From Wikipedia</a>, citations omitted:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex proble... | From Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system), citations omitted: In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, represented mainly as if–the... | 4 | 311 | 4 | 0 | 0 | [
"<definitions><expert-system>"
] | 2016-12-11T03:25:30.900 | 2020-06-17T09:57:20.710 | 181 | 2,453 | [
{
"id": 2453,
"body": "<p>The key feature of an expert system is that the knowledge base is structured to be traversed by the inference engine. Web sites like Stack Exchange don't really use an inference engine; they do full-text searches on minimally-structured data. A real inference engine would be able... | The key feature of an expert system is that the knowledge base is structured to be traversed by the inference engine. Web sites like Stack Exchange don't really use an inference engine; they do full-text searches on minimally-structured data. A real inference engine would be able to answer novel queries by putting toge... | # Are CRUD webapps today the modern version of the "expert system"?
**Tags:** <definitions><expert-system>
**Question (score 4):**
From Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system), citations omitted: In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making abili... | 3,814 | 953 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
2,472 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are probabilistic models dead ends in AI? | <p>I am a strong believer of Marvin Minsky's idea about Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and one of his thoughts was that probabilistic models are dead ends in the field of AGI. </p>
<p>I would really like to know the thoughts and ideas of people who believe otherwise.</p>
| I am a strong believer of Marvin Minsky's idea about Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and one of his thoughts was that probabilistic models are dead ends in the field of AGI. I would really like to know the thoughts and ideas of people who believe otherwise. | 7 | 310 | 2 | 1 | 2 | [
"<agi><probability>"
] | 2016-12-14T05:17:44.203 | 2019-06-29T20:31:09.480 | 4,244 | null | [
{
"id": 3244,
"body": "<p>When considering effective approaches to AGI, one must extrapolate outwards to the types of modelling (and therefore inputs) that would be necessary to achieve any general utility. One consideration might be the fundamental \"building blocks\" of our physical world, and understandi... | When considering effective approaches to AGI, one must extrapolate outwards to the types of modelling (and therefore inputs) that would be necessary to achieve any general utility. One consideration might be the fundamental "building blocks" of our physical world, and understanding the movements of these, can lead to a... | # Are probabilistic models dead ends in AI?
**Tags:** <agi><probability>
**Question (score 7):**
I am a strong believer of Marvin Minsky's idea about Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and one of his thoughts was that probabilistic models are dead ends in the field of AGI. I would really like to know the thoughts... | 3,958 | 989 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
2,473 | ai.stackexchange.com | Perceptron learning | <p>There is an example related to perceptron learning, but I couldn't get it, I don't exactly know how to solve it.</p>
<p>There is a snippet from <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/2vGtu.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer">lecture notes</a>.</p>
<p>What is the transformation between epochs?</p>
| There is an example related to perceptron learning, but I couldn't get it, I don't exactly know how to solve it. There is a snippet from lecture notes (https://i.stack.imgur.com/2vGtu.jpg). What is the transformation between epochs? | 2 | 359 | 1 | 3 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><algorithm><learning-algorithms>"
] | 2016-12-14T05:21:39.570 | 2016-12-15T15:35:08.473 | 4,245 | null | [
{
"id": 2480,
"body": "<p>There is no transformation between epochs. One full iteration over the training set is considered an epoch.</p>\n\n<p>Lets assume:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>We're considering a gradient descent in a space without local optima. This means that if you'd plot the errors we calculate below, thi... | There is no transformation between epochs. One full iteration over the training set is considered an epoch. Lets assume: - We're considering a gradient descent in a space without local optima. This means that if you'd plot the errors we calculate below, this plot has but one lowest point. - The perceptron is intended t... | # Perceptron learning
**Tags:** <machine-learning><algorithm><learning-algorithms>
**Question (score 2):**
There is an example related to perceptron learning, but I couldn't get it, I don't exactly know how to solve it. There is a snippet from lecture notes (https://i.stack.imgur.com/2vGtu.jpg). What is the transfor... | 1,968 | 492 | {
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"extraction_date": "2026-07-02T12:57:40Z",
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
2,475 | ai.stackexchange.com | Which approaches could I use to create a simple chatbot using a neural network? | <p>I wanted to start experimenting with neural networks, so I decided to make a chatbot (like Cleverbot, which is not that clever anyway) using them.</p>
<p>I looked around for some documentation and I found many tutorials on general tasks, but few on this specific topic. The one I found just exposed the results withou... | I wanted to start experimenting with neural networks, so I decided to make a chatbot (like Cleverbot, which is not that clever anyway) using them. I looked around for some documentation and I found many tutorials on general tasks, but few on this specific topic. The one I found just exposed the results without giving i... | 12 | 4,581 | 1 | 0 | 7 | [
"<neural-networks><recurrent-neural-networks><reference-request><long-short-term-memory><chat-bots>"
] | 2016-12-14T21:56:01.237 | 2021-01-29T02:22:36.077 | 4,259 | 2,506 | [
{
"id": 2506,
"body": "<p>I would recommend to start by reading <a href=\"http://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">this blogpost</a>.\nYou can probably cannibalise the code to create a RNN that takes in one statement of a dialogue and then proceeds to output the answer to... | I would recommend to start by reading this blogpost (http://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/). You can probably cannibalise the code to create a RNN that takes in one statement of a dialogue and then proceeds to output the answer to that statement. That would be the easy version of your project, all wit... | # Which approaches could I use to create a simple chatbot using a neural network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><recurrent-neural-networks><reference-request><long-short-term-memory><chat-bots>
**Question (score 12):**
I wanted to start experimenting with neural networks, so I decided to make a chatbot (like Cleverbot,... | 3,374 | 843 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
"license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
2,477 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could there be existential threats to humanity due to AI? | <p>We are doing research, spending hours figuring out how we can make real AI software (intelligent agents) to work better. We are also trying to implement some applications e.g. in business, health and education, using the AI technology.</p>
<p>Nonetheless, so far, most of us have ignored the "dark" side of artificia... | We are doing research, spending hours figuring out how we can make real AI software (intelligent agents) to work better. We are also trying to implement some applications e.g. in business, health and education, using the AI technology. Nonetheless, so far, most of us have ignored the "dark" side of artificial intellige... | 9 | 695 | 2 | 1 | 2 | [
"<human-like><applications><cyberterrorism>"
] | 2016-12-15T07:00:16.043 | 2019-02-11T21:23:25.303 | 1,581 | 2,478 | [
{
"id": 2484,
"body": "<p><em>There is no doubt that AI has the potential to pose an existential threat to humanity.</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The greatest threat to mankind lies with superintelligent AI.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>An artificial intelligence that surpasses human intelligence will be capa... | There is no doubt that AI has the potential to pose an existential threat to humanity. The greatest threat to mankind lies with superintelligent AI. An artificial intelligence that surpasses human intelligence will be capable of exponentially increasing its own intelligence, resulting in an AI system that, to humans, w... | # Could there be existential threats to humanity due to AI?
**Tags:** <human-like><applications><cyberterrorism>
**Question (score 9):**
We are doing research, spending hours figuring out how we can make real AI software (intelligent agents) to work better. We are also trying to implement some applications e.g. in b... | 4,256 | 1,064 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
2,481 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to make a bot to learn from previous games | <p>How to train a bot, given a series of games in which he did (initially random) actions, to improve its behavior based on previous experiences?</p>
<p>The bot has some actions: e.g. shoot, wait, move, etc. It's a turn based "game" in which, for know, I'm running the bots with some objectives (e.g. kill some other bo... | How to train a bot, given a series of games in which he did (initially random) actions, to improve its behavior based on previous experiences? The bot has some actions: e.g. shoot, wait, move, etc. It's a turn based "game" in which, for know, I'm running the bots with some objectives (e.g. kill some other bot) and rand... | 3 | 161 | 2 | 1 | 0 | [
"<ai-design>"
] | 2016-12-16T00:53:20.137 | 2016-12-19T01:55:56.100 | 2,352 | 2,501 | [
{
"id": 2501,
"body": "<h2>Reinforcement learning</h2>\n\n<p>The problem that you describe, namely, choosing a good sequence of actions based on a reward/score received based on the whole sequence (and possibly significantly delayed), is pretty much the textbook definition of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.... | ## Reinforcement learning The problem that you describe, namely, choosing a good sequence of actions based on a reward/score received based on the whole sequence (and possibly significantly delayed), is pretty much the textbook definition of Reinforcement learning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning).... | # How to make a bot to learn from previous games
**Tags:** <ai-design>
**Question (score 3):**
How to train a bot, given a series of games in which he did (initially random) actions, to improve its behavior based on previous experiences? The bot has some actions: e.g. shoot, wait, move, etc. It's a turn based "game"... | 2,202 | 550 | {
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
2,482 | ai.stackexchange.com | Neural Networks unmatched on MNIST? | <p>I remember reading or hearing a claim that at any point in time since the publication of the MNIST dataset, it has never happened that a method not based on neural networks was the best given the state of science of that point in time.</p>
<p>Is this claim true?</p>
| I remember reading or hearing a claim that at any point in time since the publication of the MNIST dataset, it has never happened that a method not based on neural networks was the best given the state of science of that point in time. Is this claim true? | 3 | 145 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><history>"
] | 2016-12-16T01:01:33.070 | 2016-12-17T08:05:30.397 | 1,670 | 2,486 | [
{
"id": 2486,
"body": "<p>To quote the relevant <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNIST_database\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Wikipedia article</a>: \"The original creators of the database keep a list of some of the methods tested on it.[5] In their original paper, they use a support vector machine t... | To quote the relevant Wikipedia article (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNIST_database): "The original creators of the database keep a list of some of the methods tested on it.[5] In their original paper, they use a support vector machine to get an error rate of 0.8 percent" Feel free to look up that original paper, but... | # Neural Networks unmatched on MNIST?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><history>
**Question (score 3):**
I remember reading or hearing a claim that at any point in time since the publication of the MNIST dataset, it has never happened that a method not based on neural networks was the best given the state of science of th... | 1,200 | 300 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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2,498 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are AI researchers more likely to follow "conservative anthropocentrism" or "post-human fundamentalism" in deciding whether AI has moral standing? | <p>"Conservative anthropocentrism": AI are to be judged only in relation to how to they resemble humanity in terms of behavior and ideas, and they gain moral worth based on their resemblance to humanity (the "Turing Test" is a good example of this - one could use the "Turing Test" to decide whether AI is deserving of p... | "Conservative anthropocentrism": AI are to be judged only in relation to how to they resemble humanity in terms of behavior and ideas, and they gain moral worth based on their resemblance to humanity (the "Turing Test" is a good example of this - one could use the "Turing Test" to decide whether AI is deserving of pers... | 3 | 247 | 3 | 2 | 0 | [
"<ethics>"
] | 2016-12-18T18:58:50.807 | 2016-12-18T19:12:23.327 | 181 | 2,525 | [
{
"id": 2525,
"body": "<p>Many large deployments of AI have carefully engineered solutions to problems (ie self driving cars). In these systems, it is important to have discussions about how these systems should react in morally ambiguous situations. Having an agent react \"appropriately\" sounds similar to... | Many large deployments of AI have carefully engineered solutions to problems (ie self driving cars). In these systems, it is important to have discussions about how these systems should react in morally ambiguous situations. Having an agent react "appropriately" sounds similar to the Turing test in that there is a "pas... | # Are AI researchers more likely to follow "conservative anthropocentrism" or "post-human fundamentalism" in deciding whether AI has moral standing?
**Tags:** <ethics>
**Question (score 3):**
"Conservative anthropocentrism": AI are to be judged only in relation to how to they resemble humanity in terms of behavior a... | 3,426 | 856 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
"license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
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2,514 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why teaching only search algorithms in a short introductory AI course? | <p>I understood that the concept of <em>search</em> is important in AI. There's a <a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1877/why-is-searching-important-in-ais">question</a> on this website regarding this topic, but one could also intuitively understand why. I've had an introductory course on AI, which lasted ... | I understood that the concept of search is important in AI. There's a question (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1877/why-is-searching-important-in-ais) on this website regarding this topic, but one could also intuitively understand why. I've had an introductory course on AI, which lasted half of a semester, so o... | 12 | 719 | 3 | 2 | 5 | [
"<philosophy><search><education>"
] | 2016-12-20T15:44:15.303 | 2019-06-25T16:30:50.177 | 2,444 | null | [
{
"id": 2571,
"body": "<p>There is lots of misconceptions about AI, specifically the idea that it is about making computers \"think\" like humans, simulating brain, the sci-fi robots taking over the world, all the philosophical discussions around brain as machine etc. The practice/reality of AI is about \"u... | There is lots of misconceptions about AI, specifically the idea that it is about making computers "think" like humans, simulating brain, the sci-fi robots taking over the world, all the philosophical discussions around brain as machine etc. The practice/reality of AI is about "using computing to solve problems" which b... | # Why teaching only search algorithms in a short introductory AI course?
**Tags:** <philosophy><search><education>
**Question (score 12):**
I understood that the concept of search is important in AI. There's a question (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1877/why-is-searching-important-in-ais) on this website re... | 7,554 | 1,888 | {
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2,515 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are we supposed to "decide" ethics for intelligent systems? | <p>Ethics is defined to be the set of moral principles that governs a person's or group's behavior. </p>
<p>Innately, shouldn't any system devise ethics for itself? Most of our articulations, in either direct or indirect manner, talk about intelligent systems in context of human presence. So, why, in first place, are ... | Ethics is defined to be the set of moral principles that governs a person's or group's behavior. Innately, shouldn't any system devise ethics for itself? Most of our articulations, in either direct or indirect manner, talk about intelligent systems in context of human presence. So, why, in first place, are we studying ... | 3 | 99 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><agi><ethics>"
] | 2016-12-20T21:59:24.357 | 2019-06-15T18:20:29.797 | 4,244 | null | [
{
"id": 2529,
"body": "<h2>Nonhuman ethics can be totally arbitrary</h2>\n\n<p>Regarding your citation, perhaps it's useful to consider why should anything that philosophers have said about human ethics apply for arbitrary nonhuman systems? We all share a common biological background, our behavior, emotions... | ## Nonhuman ethics can be totally arbitrary Regarding your citation, perhaps it's useful to consider why should anything that philosophers have said about human ethics apply for arbitrary nonhuman systems? We all share a common biological background, our behavior, emotions and especially positive/negative feelings aris... | # Are we supposed to "decide" ethics for intelligent systems?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><ethics>
**Question (score 3):**
Ethics is defined to be the set of moral principles that governs a person's or group's behavior. Innately, shouldn't any system devise ethics for itself? Most of our articulations, in either dire... | 3,983 | 995 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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"dump_version": "2021-12-07",
"extraction_date": "2026-07-02T12:57:40Z",
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
2,516 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could an AI be killed in an infinite loop? | <p>Currently, we use control flow statements (such as loops) to program the artificially intelligent systems. Could an AI be killed in an infinite loop (created by itself, for example, while manipulating its source code)?</p>
<p>The question isn't baseless, it really questions the kind of computational infrastructure ... | Currently, we use control flow statements (such as loops) to program the artificially intelligent systems. Could an AI be killed in an infinite loop (created by itself, for example, while manipulating its source code)? The question isn't baseless, it really questions the kind of computational infrastructure a modern AG... | 7 | 642 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<philosophy><agi><implementation>"
] | 2016-12-21T02:35:03.877 | 2019-11-22T23:40:56.367 | 4,244 | 2,522 | [
{
"id": 2522,
"body": "<p>This is a hard to answer question because a truly correct answer would involve static analysis of a given Intelligence to determine whether it has the computational capability to generate a looping state (e.g. some state which reproduces itself in the next instance), and in fact wh... | This is a hard to answer question because a truly correct answer would involve static analysis of a given Intelligence to determine whether it has the computational capability to generate a looping state (e.g. some state which reproduces itself in the next instance), and in fact whether these looping states can even ex... | # Could an AI be killed in an infinite loop?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><implementation>
**Question (score 7):**
Currently, we use control flow statements (such as loops) to program the artificially intelligent systems. Could an AI be killed in an infinite loop (created by itself, for example, while manipulating its... | 1,769 | 442 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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"extraction_date": "2026-07-02T12:57:40Z",
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2,520 | ai.stackexchange.com | What kind of algorithm is the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm? | <p>Is a Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm a type of back-propagation algorithm or is it a different category of algorithm?</p>
<p>Wikipedia says that it is a curve fitting algorithm. How is a curve fitting algorithm relevant to a neural net?</p>
| Is a Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm a type of back-propagation algorithm or is it a different category of algorithm? Wikipedia says that it is a curve fitting algorithm. How is a curve fitting algorithm relevant to a neural net? | 6 | 321 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<algorithm><backpropagation>"
] | 2016-12-21T09:53:06.757 | 2016-12-24T16:56:13.190 | null | null | [
{
"id": 2523,
"body": "<p>In the context of Neural Networks, Backpropagation (with Gradient Descent, to use its full name) and Levengerg Marquardt are both members of the broader family of gradient descent algorithms. Backpropagation itself is not gradient descent, but it does the gradient climbing portion ... | In the context of Neural Networks, Backpropagation (with Gradient Descent, to use its full name) and Levengerg Marquardt are both members of the broader family of gradient descent algorithms. Backpropagation itself is not gradient descent, but it does the gradient climbing portion of a broader gradient descent algorith... | # What kind of algorithm is the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm?
**Tags:** <algorithm><backpropagation>
**Question (score 6):**
Is a Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm a type of back-propagation algorithm or is it a different category of algorithm? Wikipedia says that it is a curve fitting algorithm. How is a curve fitting... | 1,502 | 375 | {
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2,524 | ai.stackexchange.com | What makes neural networks so good at predictions? | <p>I am new to neural-network and I am trying to understand mathematically what makes neural networks so good at classification problems. </p>
<p>By taking the example of a small neural network (for example, one with 2 inputs, 2 nodes in a hidden layer and 2 nodes for the output), all you have is a complex function at... | I am new to neural-network and I am trying to understand mathematically what makes neural networks so good at classification problems. By taking the example of a small neural network (for example, one with 2 inputs, 2 nodes in a hidden layer and 2 nodes for the output), all you have is a complex function at the output ... | 15 | 2,068 | 4 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><classification><prediction>"
] | 2016-12-21T20:47:37.700 | 2019-10-24T02:00:37.083 | 4,394 | null | [
{
"id": 2572,
"body": "<p>Neural networks are good at classifying. In some situations that comes down to prediction, but not necessarily. </p>\n\n<p>The mathematical reason for the neural networks prowess at classifying is the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_approximation_theorem\" rel=\"n... | Neural networks are good at classifying. In some situations that comes down to prediction, but not necessarily. The mathematical reason for the neural networks prowess at classifying is the universal approximation theorem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_approximation_theorem). Which states that a neural networ... | # What makes neural networks so good at predictions?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><classification><prediction>
**Question (score 15):**
I am new to neural-network and I am trying to understand mathematically what makes neural networks so good at classification problems. By taking the example of a small neural network ... | 1,505 | 376 | {
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2,526 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why do activation functions need to be differentiable in the context of neural networks? | <p>Why should an activation function of a neural network be differentiable? Is it strictly necessary or is it just advantageous?</p>
| Why should an activation function of a neural network be differentiable? Is it strictly necessary or is it just advantageous? | 11 | 5,729 | 5 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><math><activation-function>"
] | 2016-12-21T23:26:55.103 | 2019-02-14T03:02:51.763 | null | null | [
{
"id": 2539,
"body": "<p>It is almost mandatory to have a differentiable activation function unless, of course, you have an alternative to <em>training the network by back-propagating the error</em>.</p>\n",
"body_md": "It is almost mandatory to have a differentiable activation function unless, of cour... | It is almost mandatory to have a differentiable activation function unless, of course, you have an alternative to training the network by back-propagating the error. | # Why do activation functions need to be differentiable in the context of neural networks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><math><activation-function>
**Question (score 11):**
Why should an activation function of a neural network be differentiable? Is it strictly necessary or is it just advantageous?
### Answer (score 4... | 5,712 | 1,428 | {
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2,530 | ai.stackexchange.com | What techniques are used to make MDP discrete state space manageable? | <p>Generating a discretized state space for an MDP (Markov Decision Process) model seems to suffer from the curse of dimensionality.</p>
<p>Supposed my state has a few simple features:</p>
<ul>
<li>Feeling: Happy/Neutral/Sad</li>
<li>Feeling: Hungry/Neither/Full</li>
<li>Food left: Lots/Some/Low/Empty</li>
<li>Time o... | Generating a discretized state space for an MDP (Markov Decision Process) model seems to suffer from the curse of dimensionality. Supposed my state has a few simple features: - Feeling: Happy/Neutral/Sad - Feeling: Hungry/Neither/Full - Food left: Lots/Some/Low/Empty - Time of day: Morning/Afternoon/Evening/Night - Loc... | 6 | 339 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><markov-decision-process><state-spaces><continuous-action-spaces><discrete-action-spaces>"
] | 2016-12-22T01:35:50.973 | 2020-11-30T01:52:39.617 | 4,402 | 2,537 | [
{
"id": 2537,
"body": "<p><strong>tl:dr</strong>\nRead chapter 9 of an <a href=\"http://incompleteideas.net/book/the-book-2nd.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Introduction of Reinforcement Learning</a></p>\n\n<p>There is definitely a problem (a curse if you will) when the dimensionality of a task (MDP) gr... | tl:dr Read chapter 9 of an Introduction of Reinforcement Learning (http://incompleteideas.net/book/the-book-2nd.html) There is definitely a problem (a curse if you will) when the dimensionality of a task (MDP) grows. For fun, lets extend your problem to a much harder case, continuous variables, and see how we deal with... | # What techniques are used to make MDP discrete state space manageable?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><markov-decision-process><state-spaces><continuous-action-spaces><discrete-action-spaces>
**Question (score 6):**
Generating a discretized state space for an MDP (Markov Decision Process) model seems to suffer f... | 4,917 | 1,229 | {
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2,535 | ai.stackexchange.com | Which rules should I define for the predicate "not_to_far" of the exercise 1.1 of the book "Simply Logical: Intelligent Reasoning by Example"? | <p>I've just started reading a book about AI. The book is <a href="https://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/%7Eflach/SL/SL.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Simply Logical: Intelligent Reasoning by Example</a>. There is a very basic exercise (<a href="https://people.cs.bris.ac.uk/%7Eflach/SL/SL.pdf#page=19" rel="nofollow noreferrer">on ... | I've just started reading a book about AI. The book is Simply Logical: Intelligent Reasoning by Example (https://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/%7Eflach/SL/SL.pdf). There is a very basic exercise (on page 19 of the pdf (https://people.cs.bris.ac.uk/%7Eflach/SL/SL.pdf#page=19), page 5 of the book), but I can't figure it out. The exe... | 7 | 109 | 1 | 2 | 0 | [
"<books><symbolic-ai><prolog>"
] | 2016-12-23T16:20:30.830 | 2021-10-27T22:07:58.010 | 4,421 | 2,543 | [
{
"id": 2543,
"body": "<p>Your intuition is good. Because \"nearby\" is only defined with \"connected\", there could only be 1 station between them. However, it says that the stations are \"not_too_far\" if at most one station is between them. What about if no stations are between them? If 2 stations are \"... | Your intuition is good. Because "nearby" is only defined with "connected", there could only be 1 station between them. However, it says that the stations are "not_too_far" if at most one station is between them. What about if no stations are between them? If 2 stations are "connected" they should be "not_too_far" as we... | # Which rules should I define for the predicate "not_to_far" of the exercise 1.1 of the book "Simply Logical: Intelligent Reasoning by Example"?
**Tags:** <books><symbolic-ai><prolog>
**Question (score 7):**
I've just started reading a book about AI. The book is Simply Logical: Intelligent Reasoning by Example (http... | 1,307 | 326 | {
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2,545 | ai.stackexchange.com | Understanding the perceptron algorithm in the book "A Course in Machine Learning" | <p>The following text is from Hal Daumé III's <a href="http://ciml.info/dl/v0_9/ciml-v0_9-ch03.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"<em>A Course in Machine Learning</em>"</a> online text book (Page-41).</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SCfew.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SCfew.... | The following text is from Hal Daumé III's "A Course in Machine Learning" (http://ciml.info/dl/v0_9/ciml-v0_9-ch03.pdf) online text book (Page-41). (https://i.stack.imgur.com/SCfew.png) I understand that $D$ is the size of the input vector $x$. - What is $y$? Why is it introduced in the algorithm? How/where/when is the... | 3 | 294 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><perceptron>"
] | 2016-12-26T04:24:08.937 | 2019-04-19T14:13:42.580 | null | 2,546 | [
{
"id": 2546,
"body": "<p>Y is the desired output of the perceptron (often referred to as target) , for the given set of input vectors.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Rationale behind Y.a<=0</strong> :</p>\n\n<p>Prerequisite knowledge :</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><strong>A</strong>=<strong>A</strong>-<strong>B</strong> : Mo... | Y is the desired output of the perceptron (often referred to as target) , for the given set of input vectors. Rationale behind Y.a<=0 : Prerequisite knowledge : - A=A-B : Moves vector A away from direction of vector B - A=A+B : Moves A in the direction of B - A (.) B >0 ; A vector is directed acutely (<90 deg.) towards... | # Understanding the perceptron algorithm in the book "A Course in Machine Learning"
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><perceptron>
**Question (score 3):**
The following text is from Hal Daumé III's "A Course in Machine Learning" (http://ciml.info/dl/v0_9/ciml-v0_9-ch03.pdf) online text book (Page-41). (ht... | 2,317 | 579 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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"dump_version": "2021-12-07",
"extraction_date": "2026-07-02T12:57:40Z",
"parser_version": "stackexchange-streaming-v1.0",
"site_name": "ai.stackexchange.com",
"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
2,547 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there anything novel about Zuckerberg's Jarvis? | <p>Recently Mark got some attention from the media by stating that he had created Jarvis. Not that I'm against him or anything, but this Jarvis seems to have been done a hundred times before. He's done something which most developers would classify as a home automation system. To me it's more like he did it for the att... | Recently Mark got some attention from the media by stating that he had created Jarvis. Not that I'm against him or anything, but this Jarvis seems to have been done a hundred times before. He's done something which most developers would classify as a home automation system. To me it's more like he did it for the attent... | 4 | 246 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<ai-design><intelligent-agent>"
] | 2016-12-26T10:59:27.333 | 2016-12-26T20:14:54.763 | 4,444 | null | [
{
"id": 2554,
"body": "<p>No, there is nothing novel about this system. The main hurdle he had to pass was problems that you will face when your system has a lot of integration points across various APIs provided by different vendors with messy and often outdated documentation. </p>\n\n<p>As far as attentio... | No, there is nothing novel about this system. The main hurdle he had to pass was problems that you will face when your system has a lot of integration points across various APIs provided by different vendors with messy and often outdated documentation. As far as attention is concerned we live in a world where so called... | # Is there anything novel about Zuckerberg's Jarvis?
**Tags:** <ai-design><intelligent-agent>
**Question (score 4):**
Recently Mark got some attention from the media by stating that he had created Jarvis. Not that I'm against him or anything, but this Jarvis seems to have been done a hundred times before. He's done ... | 1,245 | 311 | {
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2,555 | ai.stackexchange.com | How close are we to having an AI that can play Magic: The Gathering objectively well? | <p>With tools like open AI will we be able to teach an AI to build its own decks? build a deck from a limited pool? or draft? evaluate the power level of a card? </p>
| With tools like open AI will we be able to teach an AI to build its own decks? build a deck from a limited pool? or draft? evaluate the power level of a card? | 3 | 268 | 1 | 3 | 0 | [
"<gaming><training>"
] | 2016-12-27T14:47:59.430 | 2016-12-28T00:21:53.347 | 4,466 | 2,556 | [
{
"id": 2556,
"body": "<p>This is a very specific task, with clearly defined parameters, so it would already theoretically be within the scope of current AI technology to do this.</p>\n\n<p>The AI would need to learn how to make decisions, and the best way to do this is the approach taken to <a href=\"https... | This is a very specific task, with clearly defined parameters, so it would already theoretically be within the scope of current AI technology to do this. The AI would need to learn how to make decisions, and the best way to do this is the approach taken to teaching an AI to play Go (https://www.scientificamerican.com/a... | # How close are we to having an AI that can play Magic: The Gathering objectively well?
**Tags:** <gaming><training>
**Question (score 3):**
With tools like open AI will we be able to teach an AI to build its own decks? build a deck from a limited pool? or draft? evaluate the power level of a card?
### Answer (scor... | 1,482 | 370 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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2,564 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can games be solved without an evaluation function? | <p>Fundamentally, a game-playing AI must solve the problem of choosing the best action from a set of possible actions.</p>
<p>Most existing game AI's, such as AlphaGo, do this by using an <strong>evaluation function</strong>, which maps game states to real numbers. The real number typically can be interpreted as a mono... | Fundamentally, a game-playing AI must solve the problem of choosing the best action from a set of possible actions. Most existing game AI's, such as AlphaGo, do this by using an evaluation function, which maps game states to real numbers. The real number typically can be interpreted as a monotonic function of a winning... | 5 | 572 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<reference-request><game-ai><chess><go><evaluation-functions>"
] | 2016-12-30T02:24:39.467 | 2021-02-06T20:03:36.810 | 4,522 | null | [
{
"id": 2574,
"body": "<p>Human chess and go experts clearly use evaluation functions. They do come up with moves that look sensible without evaluating the board position, but to validate these candidate moves they evaluate board positions that occur at the end of the variations they calculate. Pretty simil... | Human chess and go experts clearly use evaluation functions. They do come up with moves that look sensible without evaluating the board position, but to validate these candidate moves they evaluate board positions that occur at the end of the variations they calculate. Pretty similar to AlphaGo. Inputting two board sta... | # Can games be solved without an evaluation function?
**Tags:** <reference-request><game-ai><chess><go><evaluation-functions>
**Question (score 5):**
Fundamentally, a game-playing AI must solve the problem of choosing the best action from a set of possible actions. Most existing game AI's, such as AlphaGo, do this b... | 3,624 | 906 | {
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2,577 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it possible to design a neural network from the plot of data points? | <p>Suppose I have been given the following diagram</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SbXDo.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/SbXDo.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
<p>I need to design a neural network to separate the points or classes. How can I do that?</p>
| Suppose I have been given the following diagram (https://i.stack.imgur.com/SbXDo.png) I need to design a neural network to separate the points or classes. How can I do that? | 2 | 160 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><ai-design>"
] | 2016-12-30T15:09:53.240 | 2019-06-20T22:04:24.253 | null | 2,587 | [
{
"id": 2587,
"body": "<p>From the diagram you have given, it's quite clear that you have to design a <strong>supervised</strong> network. Also, it's clear that you are dealing with a problem that's not <em>linearly separable</em> i.e. you can't separate two classes using a single line. Particularly, it wil... | From the diagram you have given, it's quite clear that you have to design a supervised network. Also, it's clear that you are dealing with a problem that's not linearly separable i.e. you can't separate two classes using a single line. Particularly, it will require three lines to separate these two classes. From the ab... | # Is it possible to design a neural network from the plot of data points?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><ai-design>
**Question (score 2):**
Suppose I have been given the following diagram (https://i.stack.imgur.com/SbXDo.png) I need to design a neural network to separate the points or classes. How can I do that?
### A... | 2,223 | 555 | {
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2,580 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can a system like Jarvis understand the commands and take actions? | <p>I am looking to make an AI like <a href="https://github.com/sukeesh/Jarvis" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Jarvis</a>. A perfect real-life example of this type of system is the simple AI that Mark Zuckerberg has recently built. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-jarvis/10154361492931634" rel... | I am looking to make an AI like Jarvis (https://github.com/sukeesh/Jarvis). A perfect real-life example of this type of system is the simple AI that Mark Zuckerberg has recently built. Here (https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-jarvis/10154361492931634) is a description of how his AI works. From what... | 2 | 1,425 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><natural-language-processing><natural-language-understanding><natural-language-generation><intelligent-personal-assistants>"
] | 2016-12-30T18:02:31.660 | 2020-12-17T01:55:22.453 | 4,532 | 2,585 | [
{
"id": 2585,
"body": "<p>Jarvis was built using the suite of tools that facebook developers are constantly updating. The answer to this question is that there's no simple answer; it has a lot of moving parts.</p>\n<p>Take for example natural language processing. There are a number of sub-topics that are ea... | Jarvis was built using the suite of tools that facebook developers are constantly updating. The answer to this question is that there's no simple answer; it has a lot of moving parts. Take for example natural language processing. There are a number of sub-topics that are each considered "big" problems, such as part-of-... | # How can a system like Jarvis understand the commands and take actions?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><natural-language-processing><natural-language-understanding><natural-language-generation><intelligent-personal-assistants>
**Question (score 2):**
I am looking to make an AI like Jarvis (https://github.com/sukeesh/J... | 2,309 | 577 | {
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2,590 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to decide Linear Separability in my Neural Net work? | <p>I am going to design a Neural Net which will be able to break a 5 letter (characters) word into its corresponding syllables (hybrid syllables, I mean it will not strictly adhere to grammatical Syllable rules but will be based on some training sets I provide).</p>
<p>Example :
Train -> tra-in</p>
... | I am going to design a Neural Net which will be able to break a 5 letter (characters) word into its corresponding syllables (hybrid syllables, I mean it will not strictly adhere to grammatical Syllable rules but will be based on some training sets I provide). Example : Train -> tra-in I think of implementing it in term... | 5 | 291 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks>"
] | 2016-12-31T15:57:03.323 | 2017-01-02T13:31:52.200 | 4,424 | 2,596 | [
{
"id": 2596,
"body": "<p>I would highly recommend modeling things differently with regard to how letters are presented to the model. While the problem is more natural, perhaps, for a Convolutional or Recurrent Neural Network, there's no problem to try and run this on a feed forward network. However, the wa... | I would highly recommend modeling things differently with regard to how letters are presented to the model. While the problem is more natural, perhaps, for a Convolutional or Recurrent Neural Network, there's no problem to try and run this on a feed forward network. However, the way you give letters as input will be ve... | # How to decide Linear Separability in my Neural Net work?
**Tags:** <neural-networks>
**Question (score 5):**
I am going to design a Neural Net which will be able to break a 5 letter (characters) word into its corresponding syllables (hybrid syllables, I mean it will not strictly adhere to grammatical Syllable rule... | 2,764 | 691 | {
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2,598 | ai.stackexchange.com | Feasibility of generating large images with a convnet | <p>I've spent the past couple of months learning about neural networks, and am thinking of projects that would be fun to work on to cement my understanding of this tech.</p>
<p>One thing that came to mind last night is a system that takes an image of a movie poster and predicts the genre of the movie. I think I have a... | I've spent the past couple of months learning about neural networks, and am thinking of projects that would be fun to work on to cement my understanding of this tech. One thing that came to mind last night is a system that takes an image of a movie poster and predicts the genre of the movie. I think I have a good under... | 5 | 368 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks>"
] | 2017-01-02T16:15:19.750 | 2019-03-01T11:42:58.187 | 4,579 | 2,601 | [
{
"id": 2601,
"body": "<p>The way you would recognize images (image -> genre) would be very different from the other way around (genre -> image). For the former you are correct on what would be involved.</p>\n\n<p>For the latter, if you want large images then GANs are indeed the way to go. Currently the lar... | The way you would recognize images (image -> genre) would be very different from the other way around (genre -> image). For the former you are correct on what would be involved. For the latter, if you want large images then GANs are indeed the way to go. Currently the largest images we can generate are on the order of ... | # Feasibility of generating large images with a convnet
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><convolutional-neural-networks>
**Question (score 5):**
I've spent the past couple of months learning about neural networks, and am thinking of projects that would be fun to work on to cement my unders... | 3,628 | 907 | {
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2,599 | ai.stackexchange.com | What kind of algorithm is used by StackGAN to generate realistic images from text? | <p>What kind of algorithm is used by StackGAN to generate realistic images from text? How does StackGAN work?</p>
| What kind of algorithm is used by StackGAN to generate realistic images from text? How does StackGAN work? | 4 | 373 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<computer-vision><reference-request><generative-adversarial-networks><image-generation>"
] | 2017-01-02T19:39:16.703 | 2020-08-18T23:36:20.657 | 4,463 | 2,600 | [
{
"id": 2600,
"body": "<p>The paper <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1612.03242v1.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">StackGAN: Text to Photo-realistic Image Synthesis\nwith Stacked Generative Adversarial Networks</a> should provide the answers to your questions.</p>\n<p>Here's an excerpt from the abstract of ... | The paper StackGAN: Text to Photo-realistic Image Synthesis with Stacked Generative Adversarial Networks (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1612.03242v1.pdf) should provide the answers to your questions. Here's an excerpt from the abstract of the paper. Synthesizing photo-realistic images from text descriptions is a challenging pr... | # What kind of algorithm is used by StackGAN to generate realistic images from text?
**Tags:** <computer-vision><reference-request><generative-adversarial-networks><image-generation>
**Question (score 4):**
What kind of algorithm is used by StackGAN to generate realistic images from text? How does StackGAN work?
##... | 1,449 | 362 | {
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2,604 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do you choose the number of neurons, synapses, and hidden layers of an ANN (in NEAT)? | <p>I want to make a Connect 4 AI using machine learning, but I'm a complete beginner to the topic. From what I've seen, an ANN is a way to go. Some phrases I've heard are "neuroevolution" and the acronym NEAT. I'm very confused. </p>
<p>How do you choose the number of neurons, synapses, and hidden layers of an ANN (in... | I want to make a Connect 4 AI using machine learning, but I'm a complete beginner to the topic. From what I've seen, an ANN is a way to go. Some phrases I've heard are "neuroevolution" and the acronym NEAT. I'm very confused. How do you choose the number of neurons, synapses, and hidden layers of an ANN (in NEAT)? | 2 | 628 | 2 | 0 | 3 | [
"<neural-networks><neat><neuroevolution>"
] | 2017-01-03T22:03:42.403 | 2019-07-07T19:31:27.763 | 4,605 | null | [
{
"id": 2606,
"body": "<p>To find the number of neurons and layers that you will use is not that straightforward. The best way to do this is through experimentation however you will be able to better estimate the number of layers and neurons needed through experience. One of the common rules is that more ne... | To find the number of neurons and layers that you will use is not that straightforward. The best way to do this is through experimentation however you will be able to better estimate the number of layers and neurons needed through experience. One of the common rules is that more neurons are better for more complex data... | # How do you choose the number of neurons, synapses, and hidden layers of an ANN (in NEAT)?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><neat><neuroevolution>
**Question (score 2):**
I want to make a Connect 4 AI using machine learning, but I'm a complete beginner to the topic. From what I've seen, an ANN is a way to go. Some phrase... | 2,484 | 621 | {
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2,612 | ai.stackexchange.com | Use ConvNet to predict bitmap | <p>I want to build a classifier which takes an aerial image and outputs a bitmap. The bitmap is supposed to be 1 at every pixel where the aerial image has water. For this process I want to use a ConvNet but I am unsure about the output layer. I identified two approaches:</p>
<ol>
<li>Have an output layer with exactly ... | I want to build a classifier which takes an aerial image and outputs a bitmap. The bitmap is supposed to be 1 at every pixel where the aerial image has water. For this process I want to use a ConvNet but I am unsure about the output layer. I identified two approaches: - Have an output layer with exactly 2 nodes which s... | 5 | 124 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><convolutional-neural-networks><computer-vision>"
] | 2017-01-06T11:02:47.767 | 2017-01-06T13:08:57.387 | 4,661 | 2,613 | [
{
"id": 2613,
"body": "<p>Your first approach doesn't make any sense to me. After all, you are not just interested in the centre pixel are you? And if you have two nodes for every pixel, what are those two nodes encoding? For the probability of water you just need one. </p>\n\n<p>So clearly approach two. I ... | Your first approach doesn't make any sense to me. After all, you are not just interested in the centre pixel are you? And if you have two nodes for every pixel, what are those two nodes encoding? For the probability of water you just need one. So clearly approach two. I would just use 0.5 as cutoff. Using a higher or l... | # Use ConvNet to predict bitmap
**Tags:** <neural-networks><convolutional-neural-networks><computer-vision>
**Question (score 5):**
I want to build a classifier which takes an aerial image and outputs a bitmap. The bitmap is supposed to be 1 at every pixel where the aerial image has water. For this process I want to... | 1,979 | 494 | {
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2,614 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the state space and the state transition function in AI? | <p>I'm studying for my AI final exam, and I'm stuck in the state space representation. I understand initial and goal states, but what I don't understand is the state space and state transition function. Can someone explain what are they with examples?</p>
<p>For example, one of the questions was this on my previous exa... | I'm studying for my AI final exam, and I'm stuck in the state space representation. I understand initial and goal states, but what I don't understand is the state space and state transition function. Can someone explain what are they with examples? For example, one of the questions was this on my previous exam: Given $... | 6 | 2,702 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<terminology><definitions><search><state-spaces><transition-model>"
] | 2017-01-06T15:24:53.680 | 2020-11-30T01:50:52.520 | 4,664 | 2,615 | [
{
"id": 2615,
"body": "<h3>Initial state</h3>\n<p><em>How things are at first</em>.</p>\n<p>In your particular example, it would be where your <code>k</code> knights are placed on the board initially. Your problem doesn't precisely state this, so you could either place them at the bottom or at random.</p>\n... | ### Initial state How things are at first. In your particular example, it would be where your `k` knights are placed on the board initially. Your problem doesn't precisely state this, so you could either place them at the bottom or at random. ### Goal state The board with the `k` knights placed on the target squares. #... | # What are the state space and the state transition function in AI?
**Tags:** <terminology><definitions><search><state-spaces><transition-model>
**Question (score 6):**
I'm studying for my AI final exam, and I'm stuck in the state space representation. I understand initial and goal states, but what I don't understan... | 2,087 | 521 | {
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2,618 | ai.stackexchange.com | Bag-of-Words (BoW) model in image detection | <p>Any good example for Bag-of-Words (BoW) model in image retrieving?
I want a simple example to understand the whole process of BoW.</p>
| Any good example for Bag-of-Words (BoW) model in image retrieving? I want a simple example to understand the whole process of BoW. | 2 | 526 | 1 | 2 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><classification>"
] | 2017-01-07T04:13:06.473 | 2018-05-18T06:14:46.483 | 4,684 | null | [
{
"id": 2635,
"body": "<p>Here is an illustration of the entire process without any equation so you can get the big picture.</p>\n\n<p>Features are extracted from the image. Let's take the example of very common features like SIFT. For many key points (or even each pixel) of the image, a 128-dimensional SIF... | Here is an illustration of the entire process without any equation so you can get the big picture. Features are extracted from the image. Let's take the example of very common features like SIFT. For many key points (or even each pixel) of the image, a 128-dimensional SIFT feature is computed. If processing numerous im... | # Bag-of-Words (BoW) model in image detection
**Tags:** <machine-learning><classification>
**Question (score 2):**
Any good example for Bag-of-Words (BoW) model in image retrieving? I want a simple example to understand the whole process of BoW.
### Answer (score 2)
Here is an illustration of the entire process wit... | 1,444 | 361 | {
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2,619 | ai.stackexchange.com | When do mutations in NEAT occur? | <p>I read through the <a href="http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Evolving Neural Networks through Augmenting Topologies (NEAT)</a> paper. I understand the algorithm now, but one thing is still unclear to me. </p>
<p>When does the mutation occur and how does it take pl... | I read through the Evolving Neural Networks through Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) (http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf) paper. I understand the algorithm now, but one thing is still unclear to me. When does the mutation occur and how does it take place? How is it chosen whether to add a node or to ... | 5 | 850 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neat><neuroevolution>"
] | 2017-01-07T12:39:02.010 | 2019-07-07T19:12:09.203 | 4,550 | null | [
{
"id": 2640,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>When does the mutation occur and how does it take place? </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Finding a solution in NEAT algorithm is based on evolution strategy. It means that you have Neural Networks which are yours individuals, so mutations and crossing occurs in loop after... | When does the mutation occur and how does it take place? Finding a solution in NEAT algorithm is based on evolution strategy. It means that you have Neural Networks which are yours individuals, so mutations and crossing occurs in loop after phase of "fitnessing" (calculation fitness for every individual and removing ba... | # When do mutations in NEAT occur?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neat><neuroevolution>
**Question (score 5):**
I read through the Evolving Neural Networks through Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) (http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf) paper. I understand th... | 1,493 | 373 | {
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2,623 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can Bayesian inference be combined with knowledge-based systems? | <p>I've been struggling with the connection between knowledge-based AI systems and Bayesian inference for a while now. While I continue to sweep through the literature, I would be happy if someone can answer these more specific questions directly</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Are Bayesian inference based methods used in reasoning or... | I've been struggling with the connection between knowledge-based AI systems and Bayesian inference for a while now. While I continue to sweep through the literature, I would be happy if someone can answer these more specific questions directly - Are Bayesian inference based methods used in reasoning or Q/A systems -- t... | 9 | 320 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<reference-request><question-answering><reasoning><bayesian-inference><knowledge-based-systems>"
] | 2017-01-08T08:48:44.837 | 2021-01-28T00:39:39.953 | 4,707 | 2,630 | [
{
"id": 2630,
"body": "<p>Yes, it is possible to combine probabilistic / bayesian reasoning and a traditional \"knowledgebase\". And some work along those lines has been done. See, for example, <a href=\"https://dtai.cs.kuleuven.be/problog/\">ProbLog</a> (\"Probabilistic Prolog\") which combines logic pro... | Yes, it is possible to combine probabilistic / bayesian reasoning and a traditional "knowledgebase". And some work along those lines has been done. See, for example, ProbLog (https://dtai.cs.kuleuven.be/problog/) ("Probabilistic Prolog") which combines logic programming and probabilistic elements. See: https://dtai.cs.... | # Can Bayesian inference be combined with knowledge-based systems?
**Tags:** <reference-request><question-answering><reasoning><bayesian-inference><knowledge-based-systems>
**Question (score 9):**
I've been struggling with the connection between knowledge-based AI systems and Bayesian inference for a while now. Whil... | 1,733 | 433 | {
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2,632 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are the shortcomings of neural networks diminishing? | <p>Having worked with neural networks for about half a year, I have experienced first-hand what are often claimed as their main disadvantages, i.e. overfitting and getting stuck in local minima. However, through hyperparameter optimization and some newly invented approaches, these have been overcome for my scenarios. F... | Having worked with neural networks for about half a year, I have experienced first-hand what are often claimed as their main disadvantages, i.e. overfitting and getting stuck in local minima. However, through hyperparameter optimization and some newly invented approaches, these have been overcome for my scenarios. From... | 11 | 695 | 2 | 1 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><overfitting><support-vector-machine><no-free-lunch-theorems>"
] | 2017-01-10T08:38:16.777 | 2021-01-18T12:02:31.063 | 4,747 | 2,633 | [
{
"id": 2633,
"body": "<p>Neural Networks have other short comings as well. </p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>It takes much longer and far more resources to train a neural network than something like a random forest. So if you need speed of training or are resource constrained in anyway, you probably should not look at Neu... | Neural Networks have other short comings as well. - It takes much longer and far more resources to train a neural network than something like a random forest. So if you need speed of training or are resource constrained in anyway, you probably should not look at Neural Networks first. Evaluation of a trained deep NN ca... | # Are the shortcomings of neural networks diminishing?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><overfitting><support-vector-machine><no-free-lunch-theorems>
**Question (score 11):**
Having worked with neural networks for about half a year, I have experienced first-hand what are often claimed as their main disad... | 5,128 | 1,282 | {
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2,637 | ai.stackexchange.com | What should we do when the selection step selects a terminal state? | <p>In Monte Carlo tree search, what should we do when the selection step selects a terminal state (i.e. a won or lost state), which is, by definition, a leaf node? Expansion and simulation is not in order, as it's game over, but does the tree (score/visits) need to be updated (backpropagation)? Won't this particular no... | In Monte Carlo tree search, what should we do when the selection step selects a terminal state (i.e. a won or lost state), which is, by definition, a leaf node? Expansion and simulation is not in order, as it's game over, but does the tree (score/visits) need to be updated (backpropagation)? Won't this particular node ... | 6 | 1,046 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<monte-carlo-tree-search>"
] | 2017-01-11T09:44:04.700 | 2019-11-18T21:46:50.700 | 4,773 | 6,993 | [
{
"id": 6993,
"body": "<p>In the basic form, if you encounter a terminal leaf, you add visits and score depending on whether it is a win or loss, and backpropagate accordingly. The same as if you made a simulation step, but in this case the \"simulation\" is instant.</p>\n\n<p>But you can improve that: If t... | In the basic form, if you encounter a terminal leaf, you add visits and score depending on whether it is a win or loss, and backpropagate accordingly. The same as if you made a simulation step, but in this case the "simulation" is instant. But you can improve that: If the leaf is losing, you can give it a very large ne... | # What should we do when the selection step selects a terminal state?
**Tags:** <monte-carlo-tree-search>
**Question (score 6):**
In Monte Carlo tree search, what should we do when the selection step selects a terminal state (i.e. a won or lost state), which is, by definition, a leaf node? Expansion and simulation i... | 1,945 | 486 | {
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2,638 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can I generate "what", "why" and "who" types of questions from question templates? | <p>I was wondering if in any way it is possible to generate <span class="math-container">$n$</span> questions based on gap-fill-in type questions.</p>
<p>For example, the following template</p>
<blockquote>
<p>______ is a process in which plants generate energy.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>could lead to the generation of the ... | I was wondering if in any way it is possible to generate $n$ questions based on gap-fill-in type questions. For example, the following template ______ is a process in which plants generate energy. could lead to the generation of the following specific question What is the process in which plants generate energy called?... | 4 | 113 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><natural-language-processing>"
] | 2017-01-11T13:02:37.290 | 2021-09-20T13:56:55.693 | 4,034 | 2,641 | [
{
"id": 2641,
"body": "<p>This seems tricky. It seems that any \"surface level\" transformation wouldn't give adequate results and any working solution would need to properly capture the sentence structure, and generate a gramatically correct transformed sentence.</p>\n\n<p>One possible option is to use a \... | This seems tricky. It seems that any "surface level" transformation wouldn't give adequate results and any working solution would need to properly capture the sentence structure, and generate a gramatically correct transformed sentence. One possible option is to use a "traditional pipeline" - e.g. you run a NLP pipelin... | # How can I generate "what", "why" and "who" types of questions from question templates?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><natural-language-processing>
**Question (score 4):**
I was wondering if in any way it is possible to generate $n$ questions based on gap-fill-in type questions. For example, the following template __... | 2,141 | 535 | {
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2,639 | ai.stackexchange.com | What happens if 2 genes have the same connection but a different innovation number? | <p>I have read the <a href="http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Evolving Neural Networks through Augmenting Topologies (NEAT)</a> paper, but some doubts are still bugging me, so I have two questions.</p>
<ol>
<li><p>When do mutations occur? Between which nodes?</p></li>... | I have read the Evolving Neural Networks through Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) (http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf) paper, but some doubts are still bugging me, so I have two questions. - When do mutations occur? Between which nodes? - When mating, what happens if 2 genes have the same connection ... | 5 | 544 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neat><neuroevolution>"
] | 2017-01-11T14:19:57.573 | 2019-07-07T19:12:37.313 | 4,550 | null | [
{
"id": 2650,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>When do mutations occur and between which nodes?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>There are two types of mutations in the <em>NEAT</em> model, each of them appears randomly during one epoch on different individuals; the number of structures affected by mutations may vary de... | When do mutations occur and between which nodes? There are two types of mutations in the NEAT model, each of them appears randomly during one epoch on different individuals; the number of structures affected by mutations may vary depending upon the nature of the problem. - A new gene/node is added to the structure and ... | # What happens if 2 genes have the same connection but a different innovation number?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neat><neuroevolution>
**Question (score 5):**
I have read the Evolving Neural Networks through Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) (http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads... | 1,470 | 367 | {
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2,642 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can one distinguish between an AI and a "sufficiently advanced algorithm"? | <blockquote>
<p>Any sufficiently advanced algorithm is indistinguishable from AI.---<a href="https://twitter.com/othermichael?lang=en" rel="noreferrer">Michael Paulukonis</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>According to <a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1507/what-are-the-minimum-requirements-to-call-something-ai"... | Any sufficiently advanced algorithm is indistinguishable from AI.---Michael Paulukonis (https://twitter.com/othermichael?lang=en) According to What are the minimum requirements to call something AI? (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1507/what-are-the-minimum-requirements-to-call-something-ai), there are certain r... | 4 | 326 | 4 | 0 | 2 | [
"<definitions>"
] | 2017-01-12T15:31:01.383 | 2017-04-13T12:53:10.013 | 181 | 2,643 | [
{
"id": 2643,
"body": "<p>As you correctly pointed out, people tend to misinterpret the expression <em>AI</em> since they do not know what's behind an <em>AI</em>; it is pretty clear that in <em>AI</em> there is no more than just a bunch of algorithms and flowing bits. Talking about the nature of an <em>AI<... | As you correctly pointed out, people tend to misinterpret the expression AI since they do not know what's behind an AI; it is pretty clear that in AI there is no more than just a bunch of algorithms and flowing bits. Talking about the nature of an AI without talking about the algorithmic paradigm of that AI is pointles... | # How can one distinguish between an AI and a "sufficiently advanced algorithm"?
**Tags:** <definitions>
**Question (score 4):**
Any sufficiently advanced algorithm is indistinguishable from AI.---Michael Paulukonis (https://twitter.com/othermichael?lang=en) According to What are the minimum requirements to call som... | 3,958 | 989 | {
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2,644 | ai.stackexchange.com | How would AI be able to self-examine? | <p>As I see some cases of machine-learning based artificial intelligence, I often see they make critical mistakes when they face inexperienced situations.</p>
<p>In our case, when we encounter totally new problems, we acknowledge ourselves that we are not skilled enough to do the task and hand it to someone who is cap... | As I see some cases of machine-learning based artificial intelligence, I often see they make critical mistakes when they face inexperienced situations. In our case, when we encounter totally new problems, we acknowledge ourselves that we are not skilled enough to do the task and hand it to someone who is capable of doi... | 5 | 370 | 5 | 0 | 2 | [
"<machine-learning><deep-learning>"
] | 2017-01-13T01:15:49.743 | 2017-01-28T14:07:19.367 | 4,802 | 2,657 | [
{
"id": 2657,
"body": "<p>Several AI systems will come up with a level of confidence to the solution found. For example, neural networks can indicate how relatable is the input problem to the ones it was trained with. Similarly, genetic algorithms work with evaluation functions, that are used to select best... | Several AI systems will come up with a level of confidence to the solution found. For example, neural networks can indicate how relatable is the input problem to the ones it was trained with. Similarly, genetic algorithms work with evaluation functions, that are used to select best results, but depending on how they're... | # How would AI be able to self-examine?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><deep-learning>
**Question (score 5):**
As I see some cases of machine-learning based artificial intelligence, I often see they make critical mistakes when they face inexperienced situations. In our case, when we encounter totally new problems, we a... | 1,475 | 368 | {
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2,645 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do we know that now artificial intelligence will really take off? | <p>A lot of people are claiming that we are at an inflection point, and machine learning/artificial intelligence will take off. This is in spite of the fact that for a long machine learning has stagnated. </p>
<p>What are the signals that indicate that machine learning is going to take off?</p>
<p>In general, how do ... | A lot of people are claiming that we are at an inflection point, and machine learning/artificial intelligence will take off. This is in spite of the fact that for a long machine learning has stagnated. What are the signals that indicate that machine learning is going to take off? In general, how do you know that we are... | 4 | 519 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><agi><history><ai-winter>"
] | 2017-01-13T04:56:26.740 | 2020-04-01T15:38:23.810 | 4,807 | null | [
{
"id": 2654,
"body": "<p>This has happened in the past where people were really excited and saying things like we will have AI in decade or so. This is happening again. Not sure why people don't learn from history of AI. In both the cases what's happening is this - You develop a technique to solve a partic... | This has happened in the past where people were really excited and saying things like we will have AI in decade or so. This is happening again. Not sure why people don't learn from history of AI. In both the cases what's happening is this - You develop a technique to solve a particular problem, you apply that technique... | # How do we know that now artificial intelligence will really take off?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><agi><history><ai-winter>
**Question (score 4):**
A lot of people are claiming that we are at an inflection point, and machine learning/artificial intelligence will take off. This is in spite of the fact that for a lo... | 1,158 | 289 | {
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2,646 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could humans hurt a conscious or sentient AI? | <p>If a conscious AI is possible, would it also be possible for someone who knows what they are doing to torture (or hurt) the AI? Could this be avoided? How?</p>
<p>This question deals with computer based AI, not robots, which are as conscious as people (this is an assumption of the question). The question wonders ho... | If a conscious AI is possible, would it also be possible for someone who knows what they are doing to torture (or hurt) the AI? Could this be avoided? How? This question deals with computer based AI, not robots, which are as conscious as people (this is an assumption of the question). The question wonders how a crime a... | 9 | 1,116 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<philosophy><ethics>"
] | 2017-01-13T08:06:53.853 | 2019-06-15T18:37:02.237 | 4,809 | null | [
{
"id": 2653,
"body": "<p>The article <a href=\"http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/artificial-intelligence/children-beating-up-robot\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Children Beating Up Robot Inspires New Escape Maneuver System</a> is based on two research papers about an experiment in a Japanese mall... | The article Children Beating Up Robot Inspires New Escape Maneuver System (http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/artificial-intelligence/children-beating-up-robot) is based on two research papers about an experiment in a Japanese mall that led to unsupervised children attacking robots. The research paper you're i... | # Could humans hurt a conscious or sentient AI?
**Tags:** <philosophy><ethics>
**Question (score 9):**
If a conscious AI is possible, would it also be possible for someone who knows what they are doing to torture (or hurt) the AI? Could this be avoided? How? This question deals with computer based AI, not robots, wh... | 6,634 | 1,658 | {
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2,655 | ai.stackexchange.com | Which is the most successful AI project so far? | <p>I'm looking for good examples of successful AI projects and theories that had a relatively good impact on society, economics and military field.</p>
<p>So many years have passed after the first AI researches; hence I'm wondering if it has really increased the quality of our lives.</p>
| I'm looking for good examples of successful AI projects and theories that had a relatively good impact on society, economics and military field. So many years have passed after the first AI researches; hence I'm wondering if it has really increased the quality of our lives. | 3 | 757 | 3 | 6 | 2 | [
"<social>"
] | 2017-01-14T15:18:02.407 | 2018-12-28T21:43:17.777 | 4,801 | 2,678 | [
{
"id": 2678,
"body": "<p>I'd say the most successful are the ones so commonly used that we don't even notice them: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>The <em>mail systems</em> that automatically decipher handwritten addresses on your packages, they use machine vision and have probably been doing it since mid-90s.</p></l... | I'd say the most successful are the ones so commonly used that we don't even notice them: - The mail systems that automatically decipher handwritten addresses on your packages, they use machine vision and have probably been doing it since mid-90s. - Algorithmic trading bots on stock markets - they handle something like... | # Which is the most successful AI project so far?
**Tags:** <social>
**Question (score 3):**
I'm looking for good examples of successful AI projects and theories that had a relatively good impact on society, economics and military field. So many years have passed after the first AI researches; hence I'm wondering if... | 3,334 | 833 | {
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2,658 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is the 'direction' considered, when determining the branching factor in bidirectional search? | <p>If I am correct, the branching factor is the maximum number of successors of any node.</p>
<p>When I am applying bidirectional search to a transition graph like this one below</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZmUoK.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZmUoK.jpg" alt="enter imag... | If I am correct, the branching factor is the maximum number of successors of any node. When I am applying bidirectional search to a transition graph like this one below (https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZmUoK.jpg) If 11 is the goal state and I start going backwards, is 10 considered as a successor of 5? Even if it does not le... | 5 | 1,158 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<search><branching-factors><bidirectional-search>"
] | 2017-01-14T19:58:36.810 | 2020-11-08T12:23:18.010 | 4,824 | 2,660 | [
{
"id": 2660,
"body": "<blockquote>\n<p>If I am correct, the branching factor is the maximum number of successors of any node</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>You are correct, they should also be the immediate ones:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/pdkaG.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https:/... | If I am correct, the branching factor is the maximum number of successors of any node You are correct, they should also be the immediate ones: (https://i.stack.imgur.com/pdkaG.jpg) If 11 is the goal state and I start going backwards, is 10 considered as successor of 5? Even if it do not leads me further to my start sta... | # Is the 'direction' considered, when determining the branching factor in bidirectional search?
**Tags:** <search><branching-factors><bidirectional-search>
**Question (score 5):**
If I am correct, the branching factor is the maximum number of successors of any node. When I am applying bidirectional search to a trans... | 1,494 | 373 | {
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2,663 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does a google choose it's autocomplete solution | <p>While writing a paper yesterday this strange thing happened to me. I was wrtiting it in Word, and wasn't satisfied with the repeated usage of word "relesase" in last few senteces. So I've decided to open up Google and started to enter the search phrase "synonyms for release". Haven't even finished the word synonym, ... | While writing a paper yesterday this strange thing happened to me. I was wrtiting it in Word, and wasn't satisfied with the repeated usage of word "relesase" in last few senteces. So I've decided to open up Google and started to enter the search phrase "synonyms for release". Haven't even finished the word synonym, goo... | 3 | 313 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<search>"
] | 2017-01-15T14:03:44.797 | 2017-01-15T20:51:48.947 | 4,834 | 2,667 | [
{
"id": 2667,
"body": "<p>In general, Google autocompletes (and produces search results) based on wide variety of factors, including (but not limited to) your location, your search history, your other Google accounts, your site visit history, your language settings, etc.</p>\n\n<p>For the specific question,... | In general, Google autocompletes (and produces search results) based on wide variety of factors, including (but not limited to) your location, your search history, your other Google accounts, your site visit history, your language settings, etc. For the specific question, I see a few ways in which Google might have acc... | # How does a google choose it's autocomplete solution
**Tags:** <search>
**Question (score 3):**
While writing a paper yesterday this strange thing happened to me. I was wrtiting it in Word, and wasn't satisfied with the repeated usage of word "relesase" in last few senteces. So I've decided to open up Google and st... | 1,878 | 469 | {
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2,668 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can I design an AI that knows when its being spoken to? | <p>I am trying to make an intelligent agent similar to Jarvis from Iron Man, but much less complex. However, I want my AI to be able to determine if I am talking to it or not. So, I plan on having it always listen to my voice and convert that to text. However, I am not sure how I can train the AI to recognize if it is ... | I am trying to make an intelligent agent similar to Jarvis from Iron Man, but much less complex. However, I want my AI to be able to determine if I am talking to it or not. So, I plan on having it always listen to my voice and convert that to text. However, I am not sure how I can train the AI to recognize if it is bei... | 4 | 82 | 2 | 1 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><ai-design><intelligent-agent>"
] | 2017-01-15T21:21:02.107 | 2020-05-18T23:14:31.153 | 4,841 | null | [
{
"id": 2673,
"body": "<h2>Phrase detection instead of text-to-speech</h2>\n\n<p>It's worth noting that detection of particular phrases or commands is considered a distinct problem, different from text to speech / text transcription.</p>\n\n<p>While you <em>can</em> simply convert <em>everything</em> it hea... | ## Phrase detection instead of text-to-speech It's worth noting that detection of particular phrases or commands is considered a distinct problem, different from text to speech / text transcription. While you can simply convert everything it hears to text and then look up keywords there, a specialized detector that dir... | # How can I design an AI that knows when its being spoken to?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><ai-design><intelligent-agent>
**Question (score 4):**
I am trying to make an intelligent agent similar to Jarvis from Iron Man, but much less complex. However, I want my AI to be able to determi... | 2,878 | 719 | {
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2,669 | ai.stackexchange.com | How could an AI interpret the requests of a human without the human needing to specify every detail? | <p>Let the <em>request</em> be the thing that we asked the AI to do, not necessarily using <em><a href="https://www.cnet.com/how-to/the-complete-list-of-siri-commands/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">commands</a></em>.</p>
<p>Nowadays, we have our personal AI in our devices: Siri by Apple, Cortana by Microsoft, and so on. ... | Let the request be the thing that we asked the AI to do, not necessarily using commands (https://www.cnet.com/how-to/the-complete-list-of-siri-commands/). Nowadays, we have our personal AI in our devices: Siri by Apple, Cortana by Microsoft, and so on. Most times, when we ask them to do certain tasks, they do the tasks... | 4 | 65 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<natural-language-processing><agi><computational-linguistics><ai-completeness>"
] | 2017-01-16T02:55:42.147 | 2020-04-01T15:35:52.023 | 4,802 | 2,671 | [
{
"id": 2671,
"body": "<p>This is basically the problem of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonsense_knowledge_(artificial_intelligence)\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">commonsense knowledge</a>. It is <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-complete\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">AI-complete</a>.... | This is basically the problem of commonsense knowledge (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonsense_knowledge_(artificial_intelligence)). It is AI-complete (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-complete). If we knew how to solve it, Siri and Cortana wouldn't be as limited as they are. | # How could an AI interpret the requests of a human without the human needing to specify every detail?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><agi><computational-linguistics><ai-completeness>
**Question (score 4):**
Let the request be the thing that we asked the AI to do, not necessarily using commands (https://www.... | 2,200 | 550 | {
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2,672 | ai.stackexchange.com | Using crowdsourcing for deep learning | <p>Most companies dealing with deep learning (automotive - Comma.ai, Mobileye, various automakers etc.) do collect large amounts of data to learn from and then use lots of computational power to train a neural network (NN) from such big data. I guess this model is mainly used because both the big data and the training ... | Most companies dealing with deep learning (automotive - Comma.ai, Mobileye, various automakers etc.) do collect large amounts of data to learn from and then use lots of computational power to train a neural network (NN) from such big data. I guess this model is mainly used because both the big data and the training alg... | 5 | 678 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><deep-neural-networks>"
] | 2017-01-16T12:17:41.363 | 2017-09-27T05:43:55.527 | 113 | null | [
{
"id": 4124,
"body": "<p>First thing, you need to give more credit to more reliable users. You can establish the credit from amount of data they send, and a feature, where other users can review other's feed and classify it. From there, you will have a measure of certainty to what data is good and what is ... | First thing, you need to give more credit to more reliable users. You can establish the credit from amount of data they send, and a feature, where other users can review other's feed and classify it. From there, you will have a measure of certainty to what data is good and what is not. You will need to implement a cent... | # Using crowdsourcing for deep learning
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><deep-neural-networks>
**Question (score 5):**
Most companies dealing with deep learning (automotive - Comma.ai, Mobileye, various automakers etc.) do collect large amounts of data to learn from and then use lots of c... | 2,628 | 657 | {
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2,681 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there an AI model for generating sarcastic sentences? | <p>I am currently working on an Android AI app. </p>
<p>I am aware of AI models to generate random sentences. However, is there an AI model for generating sarcastic sentences?</p>
| I am currently working on an Android AI app. I am aware of AI models to generate random sentences. However, is there an AI model for generating sarcastic sentences? | 10 | 543 | 3 | 5 | 2 | [
"<machine-learning><natural-language-processing><reference-request>"
] | 2017-01-17T04:11:20.930 | 2020-03-09T16:44:37.963 | 4,869 | 2,691 | [
{
"id": 2690,
"body": "<p>A simple form of sarcasm involves a direct reversal of the literal meaning of the statement, eg \"Great weather we're having\" (during a thunderstorm), \"just what I needed\" (when something goes wrong).</p>\n\n<p>The problem with doing this in random sentences is that you may have... | A simple form of sarcasm involves a direct reversal of the literal meaning of the statement, eg "Great weather we're having" (during a thunderstorm), "just what I needed" (when something goes wrong). The problem with doing this in random sentences is that you may have no context to establish the reversal of the literal... | # Is there an AI model for generating sarcastic sentences?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><natural-language-processing><reference-request>
**Question (score 10):**
I am currently working on an Android AI app. I am aware of AI models to generate random sentences. However, is there an AI model for generating sarcastic se... | 2,610 | 652 | {
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2,689 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does mating take place in NEAT? | <p>In the <a href="http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Evolving Neural Networks through Augmenting Topologies (NEAT)</a> paper it says (p. 110): </p>
<blockquote>
<p>The entire population is then replaced by the offspring of the remaining organisms in each species.</p... | In the Evolving Neural Networks through Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) (http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf) paper it says (p. 110): The entire population is then replaced by the offspring of the remaining organisms in each species. But how does it take place? Are they paired and then mated? Could t... | 6 | 404 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neat><neuroevolution>"
] | 2017-01-18T17:38:31.650 | 2019-07-07T19:11:04.113 | 4,550 | null | [
{
"id": 2751,
"body": "<p>NEAT has a constant number of organisms in its population, which prevents overpopulation from happening.</p>\n\n<p>The process of mating includes the following steps. </p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>The worst networks from every species are removed. </li>\n<li>All species receive a number of off... | NEAT has a constant number of organisms in its population, which prevents overpopulation from happening. The process of mating includes the following steps. - The worst networks from every species are removed. - All species receive a number of offsprings that they can have. This is calculated by an adjusted neural netw... | # How does mating take place in NEAT?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neat><neuroevolution>
**Question (score 6):**
In the Evolving Neural Networks through Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) (http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf) paper it says (p. 110): The ent... | 1,214 | 303 | {
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2,692 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it a good idea to pay for an deep learning course? | <p>I'm an artificial intelligence enthusiastic and I want to learn about it.</p>
<p>I want to ask you what do you think about the Udacity nanodegree <a href="https://www.udacity.com/course/deep-learning-nanodegree-foundation--nd101" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Deep Learning Nanodegree Foundation</a>. </p>
<p>I don't kn... | I'm an artificial intelligence enthusiastic and I want to learn about it. I want to ask you what do you think about the Udacity nanodegree Deep Learning Nanodegree Foundation (https://www.udacity.com/course/deep-learning-nanodegree-foundation--nd101). I don't know if it is a good idea to pay for that course or maybe, t... | 2 | 2,435 | 5 | 0 | 4 | [
"<deep-learning><getting-started>"
] | 2017-01-19T14:57:05.603 | 2019-06-20T22:13:38.227 | 4,920 | 2,696 | [
{
"id": 2696,
"body": "<p>It doesn't seem expensive at $399* <em>(although the asterix needs to be taken into consideration.)</em></p>\n\n<p>If you're interested in this subject, this may be a decent course, however it is certainly not an accredited institution, thus <strong>any \"degree\" you get from this... | It doesn't seem expensive at $399* (although the asterix needs to be taken into consideration.) If you're interested in this subject, this may be a decent course, however it is certainly not an accredited institution, thus any "degree" you get from this course will be meaningless in an academic sense. On the other hand... | # Is it a good idea to pay for an deep learning course?
**Tags:** <deep-learning><getting-started>
**Question (score 2):**
I'm an artificial intelligence enthusiastic and I want to learn about it. I want to ask you what do you think about the Udacity nanodegree Deep Learning Nanodegree Foundation (https://www.udacit... | 3,831 | 957 | {
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2,693 | ai.stackexchange.com | If we achieve sentience using mutable hardware, will it be possible to make a copy of that "brain" and its active state? | <p>Hardware comes in two forms, basically: immutable, such as RAM, and mutable, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" rel="nofollow noreferrer">FPGA</a>s.</p>
<p>In animals, neurological connections gain in strength by changing the physical structure of the brain. This is analog... | Hardware comes in two forms, basically: immutable, such as RAM, and mutable, such as FPGA (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array)s. In animals, neurological connections gain in strength by changing the physical structure of the brain. This is analogous to FPGAs whereby signal strength is increased... | 2 | 57 | 1 | 3 | 0 | [
"<agi><hardware><artificial-consciousness><brain><sentience>"
] | 2017-01-19T16:37:45.173 | 2020-05-13T21:26:59.923 | 4,922 | 2,697 | [
{
"id": 2697,
"body": "<p>Theoretically, there shouldn't be a problem copying either of the artificial brains in any state. </p>\n\n<p>Difficulty in measuring a state doesn't seem to really be a problem until you get down to the quantum level, where the means of measurement affect the state.</p>\n\n<p>The c... | Theoretically, there shouldn't be a problem copying either of the artificial brains in any state. Difficulty in measuring a state doesn't seem to really be a problem until you get down to the quantum level, where the means of measurement affect the state. The configuration of the artificial brains, including pathway st... | # If we achieve sentience using mutable hardware, will it be possible to make a copy of that "brain" and its active state?
**Tags:** <agi><hardware><artificial-consciousness><brain><sentience>
**Question (score 2):**
Hardware comes in two forms, basically: immutable, such as RAM, and mutable, such as FPGA (https://e... | 1,747 | 436 | {
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2,701 | ai.stackexchange.com | Artificial life simulator | <p>I want to develop an artificial life simulator to simulate cells living in water.</p>
<p>I want to see how they search for food, how they life and die and how they reproduce and evolve.</p>
<p>My problem is that I don't know where to start, I have no idea about if there are books or tutorial about how to program t... | I want to develop an artificial life simulator to simulate cells living in water. I want to see how they search for food, how they life and die and how they reproduce and evolve. My problem is that I don't know where to start, I have no idea about if there are books or tutorial about how to program this kind of simulat... | 2 | 795 | 1 | 7 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><genetic-algorithms>"
] | 2017-01-20T08:49:40.527 | 2017-01-20T10:41:00.307 | 4,920 | 2,702 | [
{
"id": 2702,
"body": "<p>The best approach would be starting with smaller projects involving <em>neural networks</em> and <em>genetic algorithms</em> to gain experience in order to speedup the coding of the project you have proposed; playing around with <a href=\"https://www.tensorflow.org/\" rel=\"nofollo... | The best approach would be starting with smaller projects involving neural networks and genetic algorithms to gain experience in order to speedup the coding of the project you have proposed; playing around with TensorFlow (https://www.tensorflow.org/) and Unreal Engine (https://www.unrealengine.com) it is not a bad ide... | # Artificial life simulator
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><genetic-algorithms>
**Question (score 2):**
I want to develop an artificial life simulator to simulate cells living in water. I want to see how they search for food, how they life and die and how they reproduce and evolve. My problem is that I... | 2,316 | 579 | {
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2,703 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could AI be used to generate questions from a database input? | <p>I confront to the next scenario:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Let's say I have stored data about football matches between different teams: lineups, scorers, yellow cards, and many other events.</p>
<p>I need to generate everyday some questions about the matches that will be played on that day. So, if I give an input of two t... | I confront to the next scenario: Let's say I have stored data about football matches between different teams: lineups, scorers, yellow cards, and many other events. I need to generate everyday some questions about the matches that will be played on that day. So, if I give an input of two teams, I would like a related q... | 4 | 250 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><gaming><natural-language-processing>"
] | 2017-01-21T11:42:10.403 | 2020-06-17T09:57:20.710 | 4,950 | null | [
{
"id": 2704,
"body": "<p>One simple approach to consider would be storing each statement as a template made in advance.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Will there be <code>less/more</code> than <code>x</code> goals scored in the match?</p></li>\n<li><p>Will <code>player</code> score a goal during the match?</p></li>\n... | One simple approach to consider would be storing each statement as a template made in advance. - Will there be `less/more` than `x` goals scored in the match? - Will `player` score a goal during the match? - ... The system will pick a random statement and will fill the variable fields with some statistically generated ... | # Could AI be used to generate questions from a database input?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><gaming><natural-language-processing>
**Question (score 4):**
I confront to the next scenario: Let's say I have stored data about football matches between different teams: lineups, scorers, yellow cards, and many other events... | 1,761 | 440 | {
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2,706 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why is the Turing test so popular? | <p>I know there are different AI tests but I'm wondering why other tests are little-known. Is the Turing test hyped? Are there any scientific reasons to prefer one test to the other?</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Why is the Turing test so popular?</p>
</blockquote>
| I know there are different AI tests but I'm wondering why other tests are little-known. Is the Turing test hyped? Are there any scientific reasons to prefer one test to the other? Why is the Turing test so popular? | 6 | 469 | 5 | 3 | 0 | [
"<turing-test>"
] | 2017-01-21T21:02:30.960 | 2020-05-18T23:58:38.073 | 4,801 | null | [
{
"id": 3201,
"body": "<p>Because it is:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Easy to explain. (Its essentially a game, the \"imitation game\")</li>\n<li>Intuitively plausible as a metric.</li>\n<li>The idea of \"people v.s. AI\" is very marketable.</li>\n<li>At the time we thought that we can analyze cognition strictly in ter... | Because it is: - Easy to explain. (Its essentially a game, the "imitation game") - Intuitively plausible as a metric. - The idea of "people v.s. AI" is very marketable. - At the time we thought that we can analyze cognition strictly in terms of input/output (per behaviorism). Cognitivism, embodied cognition, developmen... | # Why is the Turing test so popular?
**Tags:** <turing-test>
**Question (score 6):**
I know there are different AI tests but I'm wondering why other tests are little-known. Is the Turing test hyped? Are there any scientific reasons to prefer one test to the other? Why is the Turing test so popular?
### Answer (scor... | 3,768 | 942 | {
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2,709 | ai.stackexchange.com | Berkeley AI Course Question on Nearly Zero Sum Games | <p>I am drawing this question from Berkeley's AI course (also not sure if it is the correct place to ask, so I apologize ahead of time)
<a href="https://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs188/pacman/course_schedule.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs188/pacman/course_schedule.html</a></p>
<p>Curr... | I am drawing this question from Berkeley's AI course (also not sure if it is the correct place to ask, so I apologize ahead of time) https://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs188/pacman/course_schedule.html (https://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs188/pacman/course_schedule.html) Currently, I am working on section 3's Homework. My q... | 4 | 230 | 1 | 2 | 0 | [
"<research>"
] | 2017-01-22T23:50:27.090 | 2017-07-22T19:40:52.877 | 4,974 | null | [
{
"id": 2711,
"body": "<p>(using X for epsilon because keyboard)</p>\n\n<p>This is just a hypothesis, but if you have a maximising agent and a minimising agent, then the optimal outcome for A (maximising) is to sweep the board (X,0), while the optimal outcome for B (minimising) is (-X,0) because B is minimi... | (using X for epsilon because keyboard) This is just a hypothesis, but if you have a maximising agent and a minimising agent, then the optimal outcome for A (maximising) is to sweep the board (X,0), while the optimal outcome for B (minimising) is (-X,0) because B is minimising A's score, not their own. A's optimal outco... | # Berkeley AI Course Question on Nearly Zero Sum Games
**Tags:** <research>
**Question (score 4):**
I am drawing this question from Berkeley's AI course (also not sure if it is the correct place to ask, so I apologize ahead of time) https://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs188/pacman/course_schedule.html (https://inst.eecs... | 1,370 | 342 | {
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2,713 | ai.stackexchange.com | What will happen when you place a fake speedsign on a highway? | <p>I was wondering what will happen when somebody places a fake speedsign, of 10 miles per hour on a high way. Will a autonomous car slow down? Is this a current issue of autonomous cars? </p>
| I was wondering what will happen when somebody places a fake speedsign, of 10 miles per hour on a high way. Will a autonomous car slow down? Is this a current issue of autonomous cars? | 6 | 267 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<object-recognition><autonomous-vehicles><ai-security><ai-safety>"
] | 2017-01-23T11:43:25.453 | 2019-06-20T15:27:34.323 | 4,984 | 2,714 | [
{
"id": 2714,
"body": "<p><a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/530276/hidden-obstacles-for-googles-self-driving-cars/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.technologyreview.com/s/530276/hidden-obstacles-for-googles-self-driving-cars/</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Google’s cars can detect and res... | https://www.technologyreview.com/s/530276/hidden-obstacles-for-googles-self-driving-cars/ (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/530276/hidden-obstacles-for-googles-self-driving-cars/) Google’s cars can detect and respond to stop signs that aren't on its map, a feature that was introduced to deal with temporary signs used... | # What will happen when you place a fake speedsign on a highway?
**Tags:** <object-recognition><autonomous-vehicles><ai-security><ai-safety>
**Question (score 6):**
I was wondering what will happen when somebody places a fake speedsign, of 10 miles per hour on a high way. Will a autonomous car slow down? Is this a c... | 1,294 | 323 | {
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2,723 | ai.stackexchange.com | Apart from Reinforcement Learning, are there any other machine learning approaches to play video games? | <p>OpenAI's Universe utilizes RL algorithms. I also know that Q-learning has been used to solve some games.</p>
<p>Are there any other ML approaches to solve games? For example, could we use genetic algorithms to develop agents that solve games?</p>
| OpenAI's Universe utilizes RL algorithms. I also know that Q-learning has been used to solve some games. Are there any other ML approaches to solve games? For example, could we use genetic algorithms to develop agents that solve games? | 8 | 284 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><reinforcement-learning><genetic-algorithms><algorithm-request><model-request>"
] | 2017-01-25T18:12:43.350 | 2021-11-09T20:52:58.123 | 2,887 | 2,724 | [
{
"id": 2724,
"body": "<p>As I see it, it all comes down to game theory, which can be said to form the foundation of successful decision making, and is particularly useful in a context, such as computing, where all parameters can be defined. (Where it runs into trouble is with the aggregate complexity of t... | As I see it, it all comes down to game theory, which can be said to form the foundation of successful decision making, and is particularly useful in a context, such as computing, where all parameters can be defined. (Where it runs into trouble is with the aggregate complexity of the parameters per the combinatorial exp... | # Apart from Reinforcement Learning, are there any other machine learning approaches to play video games?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><reinforcement-learning><genetic-algorithms><algorithm-request><model-request>
**Question (score 8):**
OpenAI's Universe utilizes RL algorithms. I also know that Q-learning has been u... | 1,257 | 314 | {
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2,727 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to test if my implementation of back propagation neural Network is correct | <p>I am working on an implementation of the back propagation algorithm. What I have implemented so far seems working but I can't be sure that the algorithm is well implemented, here is what I have noticed during training test of my network:</p>
<p>Specification of the implementation:</p>
<ul>
<li>A data set containin... | I am working on an implementation of the back propagation algorithm. What I have implemented so far seems working but I can't be sure that the algorithm is well implemented, here is what I have noticed during training test of my network: Specification of the implementation: - A data set containing almost 100000 raw con... | 4 | 2,520 | 3 | 2 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><backpropagation>"
] | 2017-01-26T10:51:55.857 | 2017-10-03T08:57:04.377 | 5,054 | 2,732 | [
{
"id": 2732,
"body": "<p>Actually the implementation was correct, </p>\n\n<p>The source of the problem that causes a big error and really slow learning was the architecture of the neural network it self, the ANN has 7 hidden layers which causes the vanishing gradient problem.</p>\n\n<p>When I have decrease... | Actually the implementation was correct, The source of the problem that causes a big error and really slow learning was the architecture of the neural network it self, the ANN has 7 hidden layers which causes the vanishing gradient problem. When I have decreased the ANN layers to 3 the cost of error was widely reduced ... | # How to test if my implementation of back propagation neural Network is correct
**Tags:** <neural-networks><backpropagation>
**Question (score 4):**
I am working on an implementation of the back propagation algorithm. What I have implemented so far seems working but I can't be sure that the algorithm is well implem... | 3,006 | 751 | {
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2,729 | ai.stackexchange.com | Given statements $A$ and $B$, are the formulae $(\lnot A) \land (\lnot B)$ and $(\lnot A) \lor (\lnot B)$ equivalent? | <p>If I have 2 statements, say <span class="math-container">$A$</span> and <span class="math-container">$B$</span>, from which I formed 2 formulae:</p>
<ol>
<li><p><span class="math-container">$f_1: (\lnot A) \land (\lnot B)$</span></p>
</li>
<li><p><span class="math-container">$f_2: (\lnot A) \lor (\lnot B)$</span></p... | If I have 2 statements, say $A$ and $B$, from which I formed 2 formulae: - $f_1: (\lnot A) \land (\lnot B)$ - $f_2: (\lnot A) \lor (\lnot B)$ Are $f_1$ and $f_2$ equivalent? | 4 | 179 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<logic><knowledge-representation>"
] | 2017-01-27T14:20:54.040 | 2021-01-21T19:19:21.170 | 3,742 | 2,739 | [
{
"id": 25906,
"body": "<p>One way of verifying whether two boolean expressions are equivalent is to assign all possibilities to all variables, and comparing all results.</p>\n<div class=\"s-table-container\">\n<table class=\"s-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>A</th>\n<th>B</th>\n<th>f1</th>\n<th>f2</th>\n</tr>... | One way of verifying whether two boolean expressions are equivalent is to assign all possibilities to all variables, and comparing all results. A B f1 f2 T T F F T F F T F T F T F F T T We can see `(F, F, F, T)` does not equal `(F, T, T, T)`, for example for the assignment `(A, B) = (T, F)` we get result `(f1, f2) = (F... | # Given statements $A$ and $B$, are the formulae $(\lnot A) \land (\lnot B)$ and $(\lnot A) \lor (\lnot B)$ equivalent?
**Tags:** <logic><knowledge-representation>
**Question (score 4):**
If I have 2 statements, say $A$ and $B$, from which I formed 2 formulae: - $f_1: (\lnot A) \land (\lnot B)$ - $f_2: (\lnot A) \lo... | 739 | 184 | {
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2,731 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do English language robots work? | <p>By English language robots I mean something like this: <a href="http://www.tolearnenglish.com/free/celebs/audreyg.php" rel="nofollow noreferrer">http://www.tolearnenglish.com/free/celebs/audreyg.php</a>
I don't know what they called exactly, but interested to know how they work and how can I build something like the... | By English language robots I mean something like this: http://www.tolearnenglish.com/free/celebs/audreyg.php (http://www.tolearnenglish.com/free/celebs/audreyg.php) I don't know what they called exactly, but interested to know how they work and how can I build something like them? and what subject should I look for it? | 3 | 156 | 1 | 2 | 1 | [
"<natural-language-processing><robots>"
] | 2017-01-27T21:11:45.137 | 2018-10-08T12:30:14.483 | 2,557 | 2,767 | [
{
"id": 2767,
"body": "<p>English language robots which you mentioned, are called \"<strong><em>chatter bots</em></strong>\". Chatter Bots are used to communicate with a human and undergo conversations in such a way that the human which is communicating will think that he/she is talking to another human. </... | English language robots which you mentioned, are called "chatter bots". Chatter Bots are used to communicate with a human and undergo conversations in such a way that the human which is communicating will think that he/she is talking to another human. There are two types of chatter bots: One is which uses certain rules... | # How do English language robots work?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><robots>
**Question (score 3):**
By English language robots I mean something like this: http://www.tolearnenglish.com/free/celebs/audreyg.php (http://www.tolearnenglish.com/free/celebs/audreyg.php) I don't know what they called exactly, bu... | 2,209 | 552 | {
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2,733 | ai.stackexchange.com | Understanding why the expectation is over the new policy $\pi'$ in the proof of the Policy Improvement Theorem | <p>In reinforcement learning, policy improvement is a part of an algorithm called policy iteration, which attempts to find approximate solutions to the Bellman optimality equations.</p>
<p>Pages 84 and 85 in Sutton and Barto's <a href="https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Esutton/book/bookdraft2016sep.pdf" rel="nofollow no... | In reinforcement learning, policy improvement is a part of an algorithm called policy iteration, which attempts to find approximate solutions to the Bellman optimality equations. Pages 84 and 85 in Sutton and Barto's book (https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Esutton/book/bookdraft2016sep.pdf) on RL mentions the following ... | 2 | 1,633 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><proofs>"
] | 2017-01-28T06:46:10.700 | 2020-06-17T09:57:20.710 | 5,082 | null | [
{
"id": 3706,
"body": "<p>The expectation is over the policy <span class=\"math-container\">$\\pi'$</span> because the action at the state <span class=\"math-container\">$S_t = s$</span> is taken according to <span class=\"math-container\">$\\pi'$</span>, <strong>and</strong>, for the proof, the book text (... | The expectation is over the policy $\pi'$ because the action at the state $S_t = s$ is taken according to $\pi'$, and, for the proof, the book text (2nd edition, paragraph below Equation 4.8) defines $\pi'$ to be a policy that is identical to $\pi$ except that $\pi'(s) = a \neq \pi(s)$, where $s$ is one particular stat... | # Understanding why the expectation is over the new policy $\pi'$ in the proof of the Policy Improvement Theorem
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><proofs>
**Question (score 2):**
In reinforcement learning, policy improvement is a part of an algorithm called policy iteration, which attempts to find approximate solut... | 2,736 | 684 | {
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2,738 | ai.stackexchange.com | How is Bayes' Theorem used in artificial intelligence and machine learning? | <p>How is Bayes' Theorem used in artificial intelligence and machine learning?</p>
<p>As a high school student, I will be writing an essay about it, and I want to be able to explain Bayes' Theorem, its general use, and how it is used in AI or ML.</p>
| How is Bayes' Theorem used in artificial intelligence and machine learning? As a high school student, I will be writing an essay about it, and I want to be able to explain Bayes' Theorem, its general use, and how it is used in AI or ML. | 11 | 8,997 | 3 | 1 | 3 | [
"<machine-learning><applications><bayes-theorem>"
] | 2017-01-28T18:27:08.343 | 2021-02-08T23:57:59.800 | 5,088 | null | [
{
"id": 2768,
"body": "<p>Bayes theorem states the probability of some event B occurring provided the prior knowledge of another event(s) A, given that B is dependent on event A (even partially).<br>\nA real-world application example will be weather forecasting. Naive Bayes is a powerful algorithm for predi... | Bayes theorem states the probability of some event B occurring provided the prior knowledge of another event(s) A, given that B is dependent on event A (even partially). A real-world application example will be weather forecasting. Naive Bayes is a powerful algorithm for predictive modelling weather forecast. The tempe... | # How is Bayes' Theorem used in artificial intelligence and machine learning?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><applications><bayes-theorem>
**Question (score 11):**
How is Bayes' Theorem used in artificial intelligence and machine learning? As a high school student, I will be writing an essay about it, and I want to be ... | 2,314 | 578 | {
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2,742 | ai.stackexchange.com | Linear regression: why is distance *squared* used as an error metric? | <p>Usually when performing linear regression predictions and gradient descent, the measure of the level of error for a particular line will be measured by the sum of the squared-distance values.</p>
<p>Why distance <strong><em>squared</em></strong>?</p>
<p>In most of the explanations I heard, they claim that:</p>
<u... | Usually when performing linear regression predictions and gradient descent, the measure of the level of error for a particular line will be measured by the sum of the squared-distance values. Why distance squared? In most of the explanations I heard, they claim that: - the function itself does not matter - the result s... | 8 | 3,056 | 5 | 4 | 0 | [
"<linear-regression>"
] | 2017-01-29T19:12:51.067 | 2017-10-25T21:34:24.573 | 190 | 4,319 | [
{
"id": 4319,
"body": "<p><strong>Brief Background</strong></p>\n\n<p>The error metric (an appropriate term used in the question title) quantifies the fitness of a linear or nonlinear model.</p>\n\n<p>It aggregates individual errors across a set of observations (instances of training data). In typical use,... | Brief Background The error metric (an appropriate term used in the question title) quantifies the fitness of a linear or nonlinear model. It aggregates individual errors across a set of observations (instances of training data). In typical use, an error function is applied to the difference between the dependent variab... | # Linear regression: why is distance *squared* used as an error metric?
**Tags:** <linear-regression>
**Question (score 8):**
Usually when performing linear regression predictions and gradient descent, the measure of the level of error for a particular line will be measured by the sum of the squared-distance values.... | 6,935 | 1,733 | {
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2,760 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the variant of the minimax tree with 3 types of nodes called? | <p>I have a task on my class to find all the nodes, calculate their values and choose the best way for the player on the given game graph:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/m5MRv.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/m5MRv.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
<p>Everyt... | I have a task on my class to find all the nodes, calculate their values and choose the best way for the player on the given game graph: (https://i.stack.imgur.com/m5MRv.png) Everything is fine, but I have no idea what these dots are. Is this a third player, or just a 'split' for player1 move? Some kind of heuristics? | 4 | 174 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<minimax><expectiminimax>"
] | 2017-01-31T16:16:39.473 | 2019-10-15T20:17:54.100 | 3,617 | 2,765 | [
{
"id": 2765,
"body": "<p>The triangles pointing up are Max' nodes. We assume it starts. Then follows a random choice of moves at the circles, for instance, with a die. The triangles pointing down are from Min. This variant is called Expectiminimax, see <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectiminimax... | The triangles pointing up are Max' nodes. We assume it starts. Then follows a random choice of moves at the circles, for instance, with a die. The triangles pointing down are from Min. This variant is called Expectiminimax, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectiminimax_tree (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectimini... | # What is the variant of the minimax tree with 3 types of nodes called?
**Tags:** <minimax><expectiminimax>
**Question (score 4):**
I have a task on my class to find all the nodes, calculate their values and choose the best way for the player on the given game graph: (https://i.stack.imgur.com/m5MRv.png) Everything ... | 998 | 249 | {
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2,762 | ai.stackexchange.com | Fuzzy Logic Controller: Choosing Membership Function | <p>In classical set theory there is two options for an element. It is either a member of a set, or not. But in fuzzy set theory there are <strong>membership functions</strong> to define "rate" of an element being a member of a set. In other words, classical logic says it is all black or white, but fuzzy logic offers th... | In classical set theory there is two options for an element. It is either a member of a set, or not. But in fuzzy set theory there are membership functions to define "rate" of an element being a member of a set. In other words, classical logic says it is all black or white, but fuzzy logic offers that there is also gre... | 7 | 1,695 | 1 | 9 | 3 | [
"<neural-networks><fuzzy-logic>"
] | 2017-01-31T16:38:30.407 | 2017-02-01T00:37:02.437 | 3,358 | null | [
{
"id": 5866,
"body": "<p>First I need to note that there is no prescribed/best way to choose the shape of membership function in fuzzy systems, that's the fuzziness in it. One could argue that the best way is to ask an expert in the field where you are going to apply your fuzzy solution but those are not a... | First I need to note that there is no prescribed/best way to choose the shape of membership function in fuzzy systems, that's the fuzziness in it. One could argue that the best way is to ask an expert in the field where you are going to apply your fuzzy solution but those are not always available. With that said, fuzzy... | # Fuzzy Logic Controller: Choosing Membership Function
**Tags:** <neural-networks><fuzzy-logic>
**Question (score 7):**
In classical set theory there is two options for an element. It is either a member of a set, or not. But in fuzzy set theory there are membership functions to define "rate" of an element being a me... | 3,162 | 790 | {
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2,771 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is artificial life really life or not? | <p>I define Artificial Life as a "simulation" or "copy" of life. However, should it be considered a simulation or copy?</p>
<p>If one had motivation and money, someone could theoretically create evolving computers, with a program that allows mutation OR simply a "simulated" environment wit... | I define Artificial Life as a "simulation" or "copy" of life. However, should it be considered a simulation or copy? If one had motivation and money, someone could theoretically create evolving computers, with a program that allows mutation OR simply a "simulated" environment with "simulated" organisms. The computer (o... | 8 | 570 | 6 | 2 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><genetic-algorithms><biology><artificial-life>"
] | 2017-02-02T06:41:08.190 | 2020-06-25T12:53:20.937 | 5,189 | null | [
{
"id": 2781,
"body": "<p>If you read Steven Levy's book, <em>Artificial Life</em>,you will find, as I did, </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/43k2B.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/43k2B.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>the distinct... | If you read Steven Levy's book, Artificial Life,you will find, as I did, (https://i.stack.imgur.com/43k2B.jpg) the distinction between biological and "artificial" life blurred. If you think about it, what exactly is "life", anyway? A set of complex systems with emergent behavior capable of evolution and adaptation. A p... | # Is artificial life really life or not?
**Tags:** <philosophy><genetic-algorithms><biology><artificial-life>
**Question (score 8):**
I define Artificial Life as a "simulation" or "copy" of life. However, should it be considered a simulation or copy? If one had motivation and money, someone could theoretically creat... | 7,066 | 1,766 | {
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2,772 | ai.stackexchange.com | What programmable devices can be used to teach artificial intelligence? | <p>Could you give examples of affordable programmable devices that could be used in university classes to teach students about A.I. and demonstrate it?</p>
<p>The devices are expected to do some form of self-learning, pattern recognition, or any other features of A.I., and to be programmable or customizable.</p>
| Could you give examples of affordable programmable devices that could be used in university classes to teach students about A.I. and demonstrate it? The devices are expected to do some form of self-learning, pattern recognition, or any other features of A.I., and to be programmable or customizable. | 8 | 230 | 3 | 1 | 3 | [
"<programming-languages><education>"
] | 2017-02-02T10:43:02.673 | 2019-06-25T16:27:20.607 | 5,191 | null | [
{
"id": 2832,
"body": "<p><a href=\"https://www.lego.com/en-us/mindstorms\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">LEGO Mindstorms</a> is widely used to demonstrate AI in schools and universities [<a href=\"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b515/dcdb633e2de2101a1eabfc53ecf84f5fcd39.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">1</... | LEGO Mindstorms (https://www.lego.com/en-us/mindstorms) is widely used to demonstrate AI in schools and universities [1 (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b515/dcdb633e2de2101a1eabfc53ecf84f5fcd39.pdf), 2 (http://www.legoengineering.com/)]. With LEGO as basis, you are very flexible. You can build what you want very easi... | # What programmable devices can be used to teach artificial intelligence?
**Tags:** <programming-languages><education>
**Question (score 8):**
Could you give examples of affordable programmable devices that could be used in university classes to teach students about A.I. and demonstrate it? The devices are expected ... | 1,230 | 307 | {
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2,776 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are neurons instantly feed forward when input arrives? | <p>Let's say I have a neural network with 5 layers, including the input and output layer. Each layer has 5 nodes. Assume the layers are fully connected, but the 3rd node in the 2nd layer is connected to the 5th node in the 4th layer. All these numbers are chosen at random for the example.</p>
<p>When is the 5th node i... | Let's say I have a neural network with 5 layers, including the input and output layer. Each layer has 5 nodes. Assume the layers are fully connected, but the 3rd node in the 2nd layer is connected to the 5th node in the 4th layer. All these numbers are chosen at random for the example. When is the 5th node in the 4th l... | 5 | 109 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><recurrent-neural-networks><residual-networks>"
] | 2017-02-03T10:41:34.517 | 2020-03-07T06:30:30.067 | 4,550 | null | [
{
"id": 2780,
"body": "<p>It is unclear what kind of network your are referring to, there is not a single neural-network model so conceivable both cases could exist and serve some purpose, yet if you are looking for one that emulates nature and real neurons, then you are missing at least 2 ingredients ( tim... | It is unclear what kind of network your are referring to, there is not a single neural-network model so conceivable both cases could exist and serve some purpose, yet if you are looking for one that emulates nature and real neurons, then you are missing at least 2 ingredients ( time and the mechanisms of resting potent... | # Are neurons instantly feed forward when input arrives?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><recurrent-neural-networks><residual-networks>
**Question (score 5):**
Let's say I have a neural network with 5 layers, including the input and output layer. Each layer has 5 nodes. Assume the layers are fully conne... | 3,064 | 766 | {
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2,777 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can I translate a natural language question to an MDX query? | <p>I am researching Natural Language Processing (NLP) to develop an NL Question Answering system. The answering part is already done. So processing the question remains, along with the questions regarding the algorithms.</p>
<p>The final product should allow the user to ask a question in NL. The question then gets tran... | I am researching Natural Language Processing (NLP) to develop an NL Question Answering system. The answering part is already done. So processing the question remains, along with the questions regarding the algorithms. The final product should allow the user to ask a question in NL. The question then gets translated to ... | 8 | 428 | 2 | 2 | 2 | [
"<natural-language-processing><question-answering>"
] | 2017-02-03T16:14:09.547 | 2021-01-26T15:28:18.693 | 5,219 | null | [
{
"id": 2782,
"body": "<p>You can use a component library which can help you to implement Natural language query builder in your application( <em>the question part</em> ) called <a href=\"https://opennlp.apache.org\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Open Natural Language Processing Package</a>\n , so you can de... | You can use a component library which can help you to implement Natural language query builder in your application( the question part ) called Open Natural Language Processing Package (https://opennlp.apache.org) , so you can definitely develop a module, by using existing modules of OpenNLP such as entity extraction, c... | # How can I translate a natural language question to an MDX query?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><question-answering>
**Question (score 8):**
I am researching Natural Language Processing (NLP) to develop an NL Question Answering system. The answering part is already done. So processing the question remains,... | 2,083 | 520 | {
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"extraction_date": "2026-07-02T12:57:40Z",
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2,793 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to transform inputs and extract useful outputs in a Neural Network? | <p>So I've been trying to understand neural networks ever since I came across <a href="https://medium.com/@ageitgey/machine-learning-is-fun-80ea3ec3c471" rel="noreferrer">Adam Geitgey's</a> blog on machine learning. I've read as much as I can on the subject (that I can grasp) and believe I understand all the broad conc... | So I've been trying to understand neural networks ever since I came across Adam Geitgey's (https://medium.com/@ageitgey/machine-learning-is-fun-80ea3ec3c471) blog on machine learning. I've read as much as I can on the subject (that I can grasp) and believe I understand all the broad concepts and some of the workings (d... | 10 | 4,815 | 1 | 0 | 8 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning>"
] | 2017-02-07T15:59:42.137 | 2017-02-13T11:22:06.993 | 5,312 | 2,797 | [
{
"id": 2797,
"body": "<p>This is a good question which I wrestled with myself when first trying to code an ANN. </p>\n\n<p>Below is a good general-purpose solution, and it's the one I implemented in my code for trying to predict well-behaved numerical data. If your data is not well-behaved (i.e. fraught wi... | This is a good question which I wrestled with myself when first trying to code an ANN. Below is a good general-purpose solution, and it's the one I implemented in my code for trying to predict well-behaved numerical data. If your data is not well-behaved (i.e. fraught with outliers) then you may need to do more work no... | # How to transform inputs and extract useful outputs in a Neural Network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning>
**Question (score 10):**
So I've been trying to understand neural networks ever since I came across Adam Geitgey's (https://medium.com/@ageitgey/machine-learning-is-fun-80ea3ec3c471) blog on machin... | 8,626 | 2,156 | {
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2,803 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why do action recognition algorithms perform better on ucf101dataset than HMDB51 dataset? | <p>If we look at state of the art accuracy on the UCF101 data set, it is around 93% whereas for the HMDB51 data set it is around 66%. I looked at both the data sets and both contain videos of similar lengths. I was wondering if anyone could give an intuition as to why HMDB51 data set has been harder.</p>
| If we look at state of the art accuracy on the UCF101 data set, it is around 93% whereas for the HMDB51 data set it is around 66%. I looked at both the data sets and both contain videos of similar lengths. I was wondering if anyone could give an intuition as to why HMDB51 data set has been harder. | 2 | 613 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning><classification><computer-vision><action-recognition>"
] | 2017-02-09T20:27:23.960 | 2017-02-09T20:34:19.227 | 4,700 | null | [
{
"id": 2860,
"body": "<p>It is true that at first look, one could expect that classification between 101 categories would be harder than classification between 51 categories. However, many aspects play a role when it comes to action recognition applications.</p>\n\n<p>For instance, the HMDB51 contains seve... | It is true that at first look, one could expect that classification between 101 categories would be harder than classification between 51 categories. However, many aspects play a role when it comes to action recognition applications. For instance, the HMDB51 contains several categories about different facial movements ... | # Why do action recognition algorithms perform better on ucf101dataset than HMDB51 dataset?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning><classification><computer-vision><action-recognition>
**Question (score 2):**
If we look at state of the art accuracy on the UCF101 data set, it is around 93% whereas for the HMDB51 d... | 2,642 | 660 | {
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2,808 | ai.stackexchange.com | Which machine learning algorithm could I use to break up a poem by lines? | <p>I want to create a network to predict the break up of poetry lines. The program would receive as input an unbroken poem, and would output the poem broken into lines.</p>
<p>For example, an unbroken poem could be</p>
<pre><code>And then the day came, when the risk to remain tight in a bud was more painful
</code></pr... | I want to create a network to predict the break up of poetry lines. The program would receive as input an unbroken poem, and would output the poem broken into lines. For example, an unbroken poem could be ``` And then the day came, when the risk to remain tight in a bud was more painful ``` which should be converted to... | 6 | 421 | 2 | 5 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><recurrent-neural-networks><reference-request>"
] | 2017-02-11T07:55:47.130 | 2021-01-21T00:46:28.943 | 5,400 | 2,831 | [
{
"id": 2831,
"body": "<p>You should try <a href=\"http://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">to use an RNN</a>. You feed in letter by letter and have a binary output of linebreak - no linebreak. If you have enough data it might actually work. </p>\n",
"body_md... | You should try to use an RNN (http://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/). You feed in letter by letter and have a binary output of linebreak - no linebreak. If you have enough data it might actually work. | # Which machine learning algorithm could I use to break up a poem by lines?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><recurrent-neural-networks><reference-request>
**Question (score 6):**
I want to create a network to predict the break up of poetry lines. The program would receive as input an unbroken poem, and ... | 9,835 | 2,458 | {
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2,817 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why can't I reproduce the experiments in the original paper that introduced the Firefly Algorithm? | <p>I have been trying to reproduce the experiments done in the original: <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1003.1466" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Firefly Algorithm for multimodal optimization</a> (2010) by Xin-She Yang, but so far unsuccessfully. For the moment being, I'm okay if anyone points me in the right direction.</p>... | I have been trying to reproduce the experiments done in the original: Firefly Algorithm for multimodal optimization (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1003.1466) (2010) by Xin-She Yang, but so far unsuccessfully. For the moment being, I'm okay if anyone points me in the right direction. I wrote the algorithm as specified in the pa... | 6 | 137 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<papers><optimization><swarm-intelligence><meta-heuristics><firefly-algorithm>"
] | 2017-02-13T13:57:39.303 | 2021-01-31T14:24:48.330 | 3,566 | null | [
{
"id": 16050,
"body": "<p>I wrote some python code to reproduce this paper's purported results. My code very efficiently optimizes simple smooth functions like bowls, but does not come close to reproducing the paper's claimed results on more complex functions, including with the parameters the authors repo... | I wrote some python code to reproduce this paper's purported results. My code very efficiently optimizes simple smooth functions like bowls, but does not come close to reproducing the paper's claimed results on more complex functions, including with the parameters the authors report. I think that, since both @Jairo and... | # Why can't I reproduce the experiments in the original paper that introduced the Firefly Algorithm?
**Tags:** <papers><optimization><swarm-intelligence><meta-heuristics><firefly-algorithm>
**Question (score 6):**
I have been trying to reproduce the experiments done in the original: Firefly Algorithm for multimodal ... | 4,462 | 1,115 | {
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2,820 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why are deep neural networks and deep learning insufficient to achieve general intelligence? | <p>Everything related to Deep Learning (DL) and deep(er) networks seems "successful", at least progressing very fast, and cultivating the belief that AGI is at reach. This is popular imagination. DL is a tremendous tool to tackle so many problems, including the creation of AGIs. It is not enough, though. A tool is a ne... | Everything related to Deep Learning (DL) and deep(er) networks seems "successful", at least progressing very fast, and cultivating the belief that AGI is at reach. This is popular imagination. DL is a tremendous tool to tackle so many problems, including the creation of AGIs. It is not enough, though. A tool is a neces... | 11 | 2,720 | 5 | 1 | 7 | [
"<deep-learning><deep-neural-networks><agi>"
] | 2017-02-15T08:33:57.883 | 2017-02-20T19:31:05.387 | 169 | null | [
{
"id": 2829,
"body": "<p>Everyone dealing with neural networks misses an important point when comparing systems with human like intelligence. A human takes many months to do anything intelligible, let alone being able to solve problems where adult humans can barely manage. That and the size of human brain ... | Everyone dealing with neural networks misses an important point when comparing systems with human like intelligence. A human takes many months to do anything intelligible, let alone being able to solve problems where adult humans can barely manage. That and the size of human brain is enormous compared to our neural net... | # Why are deep neural networks and deep learning insufficient to achieve general intelligence?
**Tags:** <deep-learning><deep-neural-networks><agi>
**Question (score 11):**
Everything related to Deep Learning (DL) and deep(er) networks seems "successful", at least progressing very fast, and cultivating the belief th... | 6,010 | 1,502 | {
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
2,841 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can a technological singularity only occur with superintelligence? | <p>In Chapter 26 of the book <em>Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</em> (3rd edition), the textbook discusses "technological singularity". It quotes I.J. Good, who wrote in 1965:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Let an ultra-intelligent machine be defined as a machine that can far surpass all the intellectual activities... | In Chapter 26 of the book Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd edition), the textbook discusses "technological singularity". It quotes I.J. Good, who wrote in 1965: Let an ultra-intelligent machine be defined as a machine that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any man however clever. Since t... | 10 | 361 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><definitions><singularity><superintelligence>"
] | 2017-02-18T15:10:58.353 | 2019-06-25T22:19:02.223 | 181 | 2,844 | [
{
"id": 2844,
"body": "<p>That would be a no for speed or strength, if you have a super strong entity but it cannot research new materials, it will be quickly limited, same thing for speed, Basically, you need something out of their field to improve them, which makes a runaway improvement impossible. </p>\n... | That would be a no for speed or strength, if you have a super strong entity but it cannot research new materials, it will be quickly limited, same thing for speed, Basically, you need something out of their field to improve them, which makes a runaway improvement impossible. Though, we already have super strong and sup... | # Can a technological singularity only occur with superintelligence?
**Tags:** <philosophy><definitions><singularity><superintelligence>
**Question (score 10):**
In Chapter 26 of the book Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd edition), the textbook discusses "technological singularity". It quotes I.J. Good... | 3,497 | 874 | {
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2,846 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there a central focus on the communication methods between AI and humans? | <p>AI is developing at a rapid pace and is becoming very sophisticated. One aspect will include the methods of interaction between AI and humans. </p>
<p>Currently the interaction is an elementary interaction of voice and visual text or images.</p>
<p>Is there current research on more elaborate multisensory interacti... | AI is developing at a rapid pace and is becoming very sophisticated. One aspect will include the methods of interaction between AI and humans. Currently the interaction is an elementary interaction of voice and visual text or images. Is there current research on more elaborate multisensory interactions? | 7 | 89 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [
"<ai-design><agi><natural-language-processing><hci>"
] | 2017-02-19T18:49:37.057 | 2017-04-11T01:07:47.427 | 5,583 | null | [
{
"id": 2958,
"body": "<p>This is one of the main research areas of my <a href=\"https://blinclab.ca/about/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">lab</a> which researches intelligent prosthetics which also give sensory feedback such as touch and kinaesthesia (the feeling of a limb moving in space) to the user. We ... | This is one of the main research areas of my lab (https://blinclab.ca/about/) which researches intelligent prosthetics which also give sensory feedback such as touch and kinaesthesia (the feeling of a limb moving in space) to the user. We use reinforcement learning to bridge the gap in control and have preliminary work... | # Is there a central focus on the communication methods between AI and humans?
**Tags:** <ai-design><agi><natural-language-processing><hci>
**Question (score 7):**
AI is developing at a rapid pace and is becoming very sophisticated. One aspect will include the methods of interaction between AI and humans. Currently ... | 1,168 | 292 | {
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2,861 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does visual cortex share convolution weight | <h3>TL;DR</h3>
<p>If we buy into the idea visual cortex functions like a convolutional neural network, then there's a problem makes me scratch my head: <strong>how does brain force weight sharing as in convolutional network</strong>?</p>
<h3>Okay, explain more</h3>
<p>Obviously, there's no way for left visual cortex to... | ### TL;DR If we buy into the idea visual cortex functions like a convolutional neural network, then there's a problem makes me scratch my head: how does brain force weight sharing as in convolutional network? ### Okay, explain more Obviously, there's no way for left visual cortex to directly tell the right visual corte... | 6 | 792 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><convolutional-neural-networks>"
] | 2017-02-22T05:07:17.853 | 2020-06-17T09:57:20.710 | 3,189 | null | [
{
"id": 2862,
"body": "<p>In the human brain every common pattern is recognised by a multitude of pattern recognisers (be they neurons or microcolumns). That's pretty obvious because neurons die all the time, but we don't wake up and have forgotten how to recognise the letter 'A'. In fact we have to take ou... | In the human brain every common pattern is recognised by a multitude of pattern recognisers (be they neurons or microcolumns). That's pretty obvious because neurons die all the time, but we don't wake up and have forgotten how to recognise the letter 'A'. In fact we have to take out rather big chunks of the neocortex u... | # How does visual cortex share convolution weight
**Tags:** <neural-networks><convolutional-neural-networks>
**Question (score 6):**
### TL;DR If we buy into the idea visual cortex functions like a convolutional neural network, then there's a problem makes me scratch my head: how does brain force weight sharing as i... | 5,443 | 1,360 | {
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2,865 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why does the cost function contain a 2 at the denominator? | <p>A cost function used in machine is often the following</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$C = \frac{1}{2} \| y - \hat{y} \| ^2$$</span></p>
<p>Why is there <span class="math-container">$\frac{1}{2}$</span> in front of the squared distance?</p>
| A cost function used in machine is often the following $$C = \frac{1}{2} \| y - \hat{y} \| ^2$$ Why is there $\frac{1}{2}$ in front of the squared distance? | 4 | 95 | 1 | 1 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><math>"
] | 2017-02-23T14:41:58.773 | 2019-04-01T13:56:58.730 | 5,661 | null | [
{
"id": 2866,
"body": "<p>To simplify the derivative, probably. Otherwise there will be constant 2 in it. </p>\n",
"body_md": "To simplify the derivative, probably. Otherwise there will be constant 2 in it.",
"score": 4,
"creation_date": "2017-02-23T15:17:53.180",
"user_id": 5657,
"is_ac... | To simplify the derivative, probably. Otherwise there will be constant 2 in it. | # Why does the cost function contain a 2 at the denominator?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><math>
**Question (score 4):**
A cost function used in machine is often the following $$C = \frac{1}{2} \| y - \hat{y} \| ^2$$ Why is there $\frac{1}{2}$ in front of the squared distance?
### Answer (score 4)
T... | 398 | 99 | {
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2,867 | ai.stackexchange.com | How much of a problem is white noise for the real-world usage of a DNN? | <p>I read that deep neural networks can be relatively easily fooled (<a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/92/how-is-it-possible-that-deep-neural-networks-are-so-easily-fooled">link</a>) to give high confidence in recognition of synthetic/artificial images that are completely (or at least mostly) out of the c... | I read that deep neural networks can be relatively easily fooled (link (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/92/how-is-it-possible-that-deep-neural-networks-are-so-easily-fooled)) to give high confidence in recognition of synthetic/artificial images that are completely (or at least mostly) out of the confidence subje... | 9 | 360 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-neural-networks><image-recognition><convolutional-neural-networks><signal-processing>"
] | 2017-02-23T21:11:34.133 | 2019-09-09T11:13:34.653 | 113 | 2,869 | [
{
"id": 2869,
"body": "<p>The white noise that fools DNNs isn't really white noise. It has been altered in the same way as the synthetic misclassified pictures have been altered. You have to change many input pixels in exactly such a way, that these little changes aren't perceptible, but propagated through ... | The white noise that fools DNNs isn't really white noise. It has been altered in the same way as the synthetic misclassified pictures have been altered. You have to change many input pixels in exactly such a way, that these little changes aren't perceptible, but propagated through the network add up to a misclassificat... | # How much of a problem is white noise for the real-world usage of a DNN?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-neural-networks><image-recognition><convolutional-neural-networks><signal-processing>
**Question (score 9):**
I read that deep neural networks can be relatively easily fooled (link (https://ai.stackexchange.com... | 1,478 | 369 | {
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2,872 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can an AI learn to suffer? | <p>I had first this question in mind "Can an AI suffer?". Suffering is important for human beings. Imagine that you are damaging your heel. Without pain, you will continue to harm it. Same for an AI. But then I told myself "<em>Wait a second. It already exists. It is the errors and warnings that shows up</em>". We can ... | I had first this question in mind "Can an AI suffer?". Suffering is important for human beings. Imagine that you are damaging your heel. Without pain, you will continue to harm it. Same for an AI. But then I told myself "Wait a second. It already exists. It is the errors and warnings that shows up". We can say it has t... | 8 | 847 | 3 | 1 | 2 | [
"<philosophy><emotional-intelligence>"
] | 2017-02-25T14:57:25.610 | 2019-03-31T12:35:35.550 | 1,760 | 2,877 | [
{
"id": 2877,
"body": "<p>At a very high level, regarding evolutionary game theory and genetic algorithms, it is absolutely possible that AI could develop a state that is analogous with suffering, although, as you astutely point out, it would involve conditions that a computer cares about. (For instance, i... | At a very high level, regarding evolutionary game theory and genetic algorithms, it is absolutely possible that AI could develop a state that is analogous with suffering, although, as you astutely point out, it would involve conditions that a computer cares about. (For instance, it might develop a feeling analogous to ... | # Can an AI learn to suffer?
**Tags:** <philosophy><emotional-intelligence>
**Question (score 8):**
I had first this question in mind "Can an AI suffer?". Suffering is important for human beings. Imagine that you are damaging your heel. Without pain, you will continue to harm it. Same for an AI. But then I told myse... | 3,935 | 983 | {
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2,874 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can neural networks efficiently solve the traveling salesmen problem? | <p>Can neural networks efficiently solve the traveling salesmen problem? Are there any research papers that show that neural networks can solve the TSP efficiently?</p>
<p>The TSP is an NP-hard problem, so I suspect that there are only approximate solutions to this problem, even with neural networks. So, in this case, ... | Can neural networks efficiently solve the traveling salesmen problem? Are there any research papers that show that neural networks can solve the TSP efficiently? The TSP is an NP-hard problem, so I suspect that there are only approximate solutions to this problem, even with neural networks. So, in this case, how would ... | 6 | 908 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><reference-request><time-complexity><efficiency><travelling-salesman-problem>"
] | 2017-02-25T21:46:50.777 | 2021-01-18T00:32:59.527 | 1,366 | 5,853 | [
{
"id": 5853,
"body": "<p>To the best of my knowledge, there isn't any difference between the algorithmic methods and the NN methods. Those that can solve in polynomial time do not give a precise solution. Those that do give a precise solution do not solve in polynomial time. Of those that give a precise so... | To the best of my knowledge, there isn't any difference between the algorithmic methods and the NN methods. Those that can solve in polynomial time do not give a precise solution. Those that do give a precise solution do not solve in polynomial time. Of those that give a precise solution, the fastest takes $2^N$, but i... | # Can neural networks efficiently solve the traveling salesmen problem?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><reference-request><time-complexity><efficiency><travelling-salesman-problem>
**Question (score 6):**
Can neural networks efficiently solve the traveling salesmen problem? Are there any research papers that show that n... | 2,577 | 644 | {
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2,876 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is wrong with the idea that the AI will be capable of omniscience? | <p>In the context of artificial intelligence, the singularity refers to the advent of an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity#Intelligence_explosion" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>artificial general intelligence capable of recursive self-improvement, leading to the rapid emergence of artific... | In the context of artificial intelligence, the singularity refers to the advent of an artificial general intelligence capable of recursive self-improvement, leading to the rapid emergence of artificial superintelligence (ASI), the limits of which are unknown, shortly after technological singularity is achieved (https:/... | 11 | 852 | 3 | 0 | 3 | [
"<philosophy><superintelligence><cognitive-science><singularity>"
] | 2017-02-26T01:04:39.363 | 2019-11-21T03:38:41.257 | 5,708 | 2,878 | [
{
"id": 2878,
"body": "<p>I quite like your outlook, and without getting into the details of how a \"singularity\" may be effected which is covered in numerous other questions, or how consciousness and \"omniscience\" come into play because <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goo\" rel=\"noreferrer... | I quite like your outlook, and without getting into the details of how a "singularity" may be effected which is covered in numerous other questions, or how consciousness and "omniscience" come into play because consciousness and omniscience are not requirements (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goo), I will instead d... | # What is wrong with the idea that the AI will be capable of omniscience?
**Tags:** <philosophy><superintelligence><cognitive-science><singularity>
**Question (score 11):**
In the context of artificial intelligence, the singularity refers to the advent of an artificial general intelligence capable of recursive self-... | 2,694 | 673 | {
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2,886 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it a valid assumption that a purely MLP based tic-tac-toe player will learn lookahead strategies? | <p>I'm doing a little tic-tac-toe project to learn neural networks and machine learning (beginner level). I've written a MLP based program that plays with other search based programs and trains with the data generated from the games. </p>
<p>The training and evaluation are strictly policy based - Inputs are board posi... | I'm doing a little tic-tac-toe project to learn neural networks and machine learning (beginner level). I've written a MLP based program that plays with other search based programs and trains with the data generated from the games. The training and evaluation are strictly policy based - Inputs are board positions and ou... | 4 | 154 | 1 | 5 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><multilayer-perceptrons>"
] | 2017-02-26T22:22:00.153 | 2017-02-28T08:19:14.450 | 1,522 | 2,889 | [
{
"id": 2889,
"body": "<p>A MLP only does pattern recognition, it will not learn search. </p>\n\n<p>Tictactoe, (Oughts and Crosses), is such a simple game that your network should learn the moves from the training data by heart, no generalisation required. If it still loses games, maybe your training data d... | A MLP only does pattern recognition, it will not learn search. Tictactoe, (Oughts and Crosses), is such a simple game that your network should learn the moves from the training data by heart, no generalisation required. If it still loses games, maybe your training data doesn't consist of particularly good moves. | # Is it a valid assumption that a purely MLP based tic-tac-toe player will learn lookahead strategies?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><multilayer-perceptrons>
**Question (score 4):**
I'm doing a little tic-tac-toe project to learn neural networks and machine learning (beginner level). I've written a MLP based program t... | 1,944 | 486 | {
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2,890 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why do neural networks based AI players still require extensive search techniques? | <p>Today we have neural network based AI players that are comparable or better than humans in games that require extensive pattern matching and "intuition". AlphaGo is a prime example. </p>
<p>But these AI players usually have both neural networks and search algorithms in place. Humans, on the other hand, rely just on... | Today we have neural network based AI players that are comparable or better than humans in games that require extensive pattern matching and "intuition". AlphaGo is a prime example. But these AI players usually have both neural networks and search algorithms in place. Humans, on the other hand, rely just on the pattern... | 4 | 88 | 1 | 2 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks>"
] | 2017-02-28T09:30:15.773 | 2017-02-28T13:12:34.390 | 1,522 | null | [
{
"id": 2894,
"body": "<p>It is not very accurate to say that AI players requires extensive search while humans don't. Rather, it is a question of degree. </p>\n\n<p>AIs do a lot more calculating, because that's what computers are good at. </p>\n\n<p>Human intuition is much more powerful than a neural netwo... | It is not very accurate to say that AI players requires extensive search while humans don't. Rather, it is a question of degree. AIs do a lot more calculating, because that's what computers are good at. Human intuition is much more powerful than a neural network can currently hope to match, because it is much more inte... | # Why do neural networks based AI players still require extensive search techniques?
**Tags:** <neural-networks>
**Question (score 4):**
Today we have neural network based AI players that are comparable or better than humans in games that require extensive pattern matching and "intuition". AlphaGo is a prime example... | 1,703 | 425 | {
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2,891 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do I use a taxonomy and the support vector machine for question classification? | <p>I am going to develop an open-domain natural language question-answering (NLQA) system, and will use the support vector machine (SVM) as the machine learning (ML) model for question classification.</p>
<p>The data that I have is from a cube, containing multiple dimensions, of which some contain hierarchies.</p>
<p>I... | I am going to develop an open-domain natural language question-answering (NLQA) system, and will use the support vector machine (SVM) as the machine learning (ML) model for question classification. The data that I have is from a cube, containing multiple dimensions, of which some contain hierarchies. I do not understan... | 5 | 641 | 1 | 4 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><natural-language-processing><support-vector-machine>"
] | 2017-02-28T10:22:17.403 | 2020-09-12T17:39:04.543 | 5,219 | null | [
{
"id": 2904,
"body": "<p>This is not an answer (I don't have enough reputation to comment). I did something close to this in my master's thesis and think it is close to what you are interested in.</p>\n\n<p>In it, I had developed a framework for extracting metadata from web-based educational content. This ... | This is not an answer (I don't have enough reputation to comment). I did something close to this in my master's thesis and think it is close to what you are interested in. In it, I had developed a framework for extracting metadata from web-based educational content. This metadata was used for classifying the the educai... | # How do I use a taxonomy and the support vector machine for question classification?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><natural-language-processing><support-vector-machine>
**Question (score 5):**
I am going to develop an open-domain natural language question-answering (NLQA) system, and will use the support vector machi... | 2,991 | 747 | {
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"license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
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2,897 | ai.stackexchange.com | Will artificial super-intelligence evolve to have selfishness inherent in biological systems? | <p>A lot of experts have expressed concerns about evil super intelligence. While their concerns are valid, is it necessary, what are the chances or how the artificial super-intelligence will evolve to have selfishness and self protecting desires inherent in biological systems? Is there any work which comments on this l... | A lot of experts have expressed concerns about evil super intelligence. While their concerns are valid, is it necessary, what are the chances or how the artificial super-intelligence will evolve to have selfishness and self protecting desires inherent in biological systems? Is there any work which comments on this line... | 2 | 82 | 2 | 3 | 1 | [
"<unsupervised-learning>"
] | 2017-03-01T09:52:51.610 | 2017-03-01T16:55:13.723 | 5,765 | null | [
{
"id": 2898,
"body": "<p>AI will only \"evolve\" selfishness if it \"evolves\" in a competitive environment and has certain human-like faculties.</p>\n\n<p>Self-protecting desires on the other hand are logical consequences of having any goal at all. After all, you can't reach your goal if you are destroyed... | AI will only "evolve" selfishness if it "evolves" in a competitive environment and has certain human-like faculties. Self-protecting desires on the other hand are logical consequences of having any goal at all. After all, you can't reach your goal if you are destroyed. The concern of "evil" super intelligences isn't th... | # Will artificial super-intelligence evolve to have selfishness inherent in biological systems?
**Tags:** <unsupervised-learning>
**Question (score 2):**
A lot of experts have expressed concerns about evil super intelligence. While their concerns are valid, is it necessary, what are the chances or how the artificial... | 1,252 | 313 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
"license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
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2,900 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it possible to manage the evolution of super-intelligent AI? | <p>Post singularity AI will surpass human intelligence. The evolution of AI can take any direction, some of which may not be preferable for humans. Is it possible to manage the evolution of super-intelligent AI? If yes, how? One way I can think of is following. Instead of having a mobile AI like humanoid, we can keep i... | Post singularity AI will surpass human intelligence. The evolution of AI can take any direction, some of which may not be preferable for humans. Is it possible to manage the evolution of super-intelligent AI? If yes, how? One way I can think of is following. Instead of having a mobile AI like humanoid, we can keep it i... | 2 | 125 | 4 | 0 | 1 | [
"<singularity>"
] | 2017-03-01T18:53:00.513 | 2017-03-02T13:19:55.283 | 5,765 | null | [
{
"id": 2901,
"body": "<p>Assuming super-intelligence is possible, the answer is probably yes and no.</p>\n\n<p>Yes in Kurzweil-like scenarios, where super-intelligence is an extension of human beings by technology (we are already in to some extent). Then control follows, as super-intelligence depends on us... | Assuming super-intelligence is possible, the answer is probably yes and no. Yes in Kurzweil-like scenarios, where super-intelligence is an extension of human beings by technology (we are already in to some extent). Then control follows, as super-intelligence depends on us. It would extend our capabilities, such as spee... | # Is it possible to manage the evolution of super-intelligent AI?
**Tags:** <singularity>
**Question (score 2):**
Post singularity AI will surpass human intelligence. The evolution of AI can take any direction, some of which may not be preferable for humans. Is it possible to manage the evolution of super-intelligen... | 1,456 | 364 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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2,902 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is a super-intelligence limited by the intelligence of its creator? | <p>An argument against the possibility of super-intelligence is that the intelligence of a creation will be limited by the intelligence of its creator. How reasonable is this argument? </p>
| An argument against the possibility of super-intelligence is that the intelligence of a creation will be limited by the intelligence of its creator. How reasonable is this argument? | 3 | 178 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<philosophy><agi><superintelligence>"
] | 2017-03-02T12:58:31.380 | 2019-05-02T13:21:36.957 | 5,765 | null | [
{
"id": 2903,
"body": "<p>Of course the intelligence of a product is limited <strong>by</strong> the intelligence of its creator. Just not <strong>to</strong> the intelligence of its creator. </p>\n\n<p>That would be about as reasonable as the idea that the speed of a car is limited to the speed of its crea... | Of course the intelligence of a product is limited by the intelligence of its creator. Just not to the intelligence of its creator. That would be about as reasonable as the idea that the speed of a car is limited to the speed of its creator. Or the playing strength of a chess program to the Elo of its creator. Or the a... | # Is a super-intelligence limited by the intelligence of its creator?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><superintelligence>
**Question (score 3):**
An argument against the possibility of super-intelligence is that the intelligence of a creation will be limited by the intelligence of its creator. How reasonable is this argu... | 802 | 200 | {
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"license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
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2,908 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it possible to classify data using a genetic algorithm? | <p>Is it possible to classify data using a genetic algorithm? For example, would it be possible to sort <a href="https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Spambase" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this database</a>?</p>
<p>Any example in Matlab?</p>
| Is it possible to classify data using a genetic algorithm? For example, would it be possible to sort this database (https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Spambase)? Any example in Matlab? | 5 | 2,537 | 2 | 1 | 0 | [
"<classification><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><matlab><neuroevolution>"
] | 2017-03-03T03:36:17.760 | 2019-07-07T21:55:14.813 | 5,806 | null | [
{
"id": 2913,
"body": "<p>It is possible, but is a pretty terrible idea.</p>\n\n<p>There are a few options. One is to not use the GA as a direct classifier, but instead use a GA to learn the parameters of another classification model like a neural network. The basic idea of a GA is that it (very roughly spe... | It is possible, but is a pretty terrible idea. There are a few options. One is to not use the GA as a direct classifier, but instead use a GA to learn the parameters of another classification model like a neural network. The basic idea of a GA is that it (very roughly speaking) forms a black-box method for searching an... | # Is it possible to classify data using a genetic algorithm?
**Tags:** <classification><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><matlab><neuroevolution>
**Question (score 5):**
Is it possible to classify data using a genetic algorithm? For example, would it be possible to sort this database (https://archive.ics.... | 2,665 | 666 | {
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