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2,911 | ai.stackexchange.com | How would one debug, understand or fix the outcome of a neural network? | <p>It seems fairly uncontroversial to say that NN based approaches are becoming quite powerful tools in many AI areas - whether recognising and decomposing images (faces at a border, street scenes in automobiles, decision making in uncertain/complex situations or with partial data). Almost inevitably, some of those use... | It seems fairly uncontroversial to say that NN based approaches are becoming quite powerful tools in many AI areas - whether recognising and decomposing images (faces at a border, street scenes in automobiles, decision making in uncertain/complex situations or with partial data). Almost inevitably, some of those uses w... | 8 | 229 | 1 | 0 | 3 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><philosophy><ai-security><explainable-ai>"
] | 2017-03-03T11:08:49.327 | 2019-09-09T11:09:35.597 | 5,817 | 2,916 | [
{
"id": 2916,
"body": "<p>If the observation that the neural network saw was recorded, then yes the prediction can be explained. </p>\n\n<p>There was a paper written fairly recently on this topic called <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04938\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">\"Why Should I Trust You?\": Exp... | If the observation that the neural network saw was recorded, then yes the prediction can be explained. There was a paper written fairly recently on this topic called "Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier (https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04938) (2016). In this paper, the author described an ... | # How would one debug, understand or fix the outcome of a neural network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><philosophy><ai-security><explainable-ai>
**Question (score 8):**
It seems fairly uncontroversial to say that NN based approaches are becoming quite powerful tools in many AI areas - whether recogni... | 4,129 | 1,032 | {
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2,917 | ai.stackexchange.com | Does it exist a human-like artificial intelligence? | <p>Does it exist a human-like artificial intelligence?</p>
<p>I define <em>human-like</em> as something that can act like a human in most aspects. </p>
| Does it exist a human-like artificial intelligence? I define human-like as something that can act like a human in most aspects. | 4 | 420 | 3 | 1 | 0 | [
"<research><agi><intelligent-agent><social><human-like>"
] | 2017-03-04T10:30:12.610 | 2019-10-22T20:28:53.270 | null | null | [
{
"id": 2962,
"body": "<p>This depends on your definition of human-like.</p>\n\n<p>If you mean a robot that looks and acts like a human, arguably, yes. Here's one of many examples: <a href=\"http://www.hansonrobotics.com/robot/sophia/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.hansonrobotics.com/robot/sophia/... | This depends on your definition of human-like. If you mean a robot that looks and acts like a human, arguably, yes. Here's one of many examples: http://www.hansonrobotics.com/robot/sophia/ (http://www.hansonrobotics.com/robot/sophia/) If you are looking for something that performs work and tasks, or works and thinks an... | # Does it exist a human-like artificial intelligence?
**Tags:** <research><agi><intelligent-agent><social><human-like>
**Question (score 4):**
Does it exist a human-like artificial intelligence? I define human-like as something that can act like a human in most aspects.
### Answer (score 2)
This depends on your def... | 1,255 | 313 | {
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2,919 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there a theoretical maximum for intelligence? | <p>From <em>Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</em>, Third Edition, Chapter 26:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Note that the concept of ultraintelligent machines assumes that intelligence is an especially important attribute, and if you have enough of it, all problems can be solved. But we know there are limits on comp... | From Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Third Edition, Chapter 26: Note that the concept of ultraintelligent machines assumes that intelligence is an especially important attribute, and if you have enough of it, all problems can be solved. But we know there are limits on computability and computational complex... | 6 | 643 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><superintelligence><singularity>"
] | 2017-03-04T15:16:46.440 | 2019-06-28T13:46:17.503 | 181 | 2,931 | [
{
"id": 2931,
"body": "<p>Note that the statement says nothing directly about the limit of intelligence, nor even about the limit of computational intelligence - but about the limit of computing power.</p>\n\n<p>Perhaps the sentence <em>\"the speed of light puts a strict upper bound on how much computing ca... | Note that the statement says nothing directly about the limit of intelligence, nor even about the limit of computational intelligence - but about the limit of computing power. Perhaps the sentence "the speed of light puts a strict upper bound on how much computing can be done" needs a better explanation: The authors ar... | # Is there a theoretical maximum for intelligence?
**Tags:** <philosophy><superintelligence><singularity>
**Question (score 6):**
From Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Third Edition, Chapter 26: Note that the concept of ultraintelligent machines assumes that intelligence is an especially important attribu... | 2,699 | 674 | {
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2,920 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can I identify the car (stored in a database) that corresponds to the car in the new image? | <p>I am looking for a solution that I can use to identify cars.</p>
<p>I have a database with images of cars. About 3-4 per car. What I want to do is upload a picture to the web of the car (picture taken with camera/phone), and then let my pc recognize the car.</p>
<p>Example. Let's say I have these 2 pictures in my da... | I am looking for a solution that I can use to identify cars. I have a database with images of cars. About 3-4 per car. What I want to do is upload a picture to the web of the car (picture taken with camera/phone), and then let my pc recognize the car. Example. Let's say I have these 2 pictures in my database (Mazda cx5... | 3 | 764 | 2 | 2 | 1 | [
"<tensorflow><image-recognition><algorithm-request>"
] | 2017-03-04T18:27:37.373 | 2021-06-15T10:54:03.207 | null | null | [
{
"id": 2923,
"body": "<h3>Model of the car</h3>\n\n<p>What you want to do is close to one-shot image recognition. You have not 1, but 3-4 examples of each car, but that is still a small amount, especially considering the car looks different from different angles (are you supposed to recognize them from any... | ### Model of the car What you want to do is close to one-shot image recognition. You have not 1, but 3-4 examples of each car, but that is still a small amount, especially considering the car looks different from different angles (are you supposed to recognize them from any point of view, including sideways, rear, fron... | # How can I identify the car (stored in a database) that corresponds to the car in the new image?
**Tags:** <tensorflow><image-recognition><algorithm-request>
**Question (score 3):**
I am looking for a solution that I can use to identify cars. I have a database with images of cars. About 3-4 per car. What I want to ... | 2,527 | 631 | {
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2,922 | ai.stackexchange.com | What roles knowledge bases play now and will play in the future? | <p>Nowadays, artificial intelligence seems almost equal to machine learning, especially deep learning. Some have said that deep learning will replace human experts, traditionally very important for feature engineering, in this field. It is said that two breakthroughs underpinned the rise of deep learning: on one hand, ... | Nowadays, artificial intelligence seems almost equal to machine learning, especially deep learning. Some have said that deep learning will replace human experts, traditionally very important for feature engineering, in this field. It is said that two breakthroughs underpinned the rise of deep learning: on one hand, neu... | 14 | 1,878 | 3 | 2 | 8 | [
"<natural-language-processing><knowledge-representation><expert-system><symbolic-computing><knowledge-base>"
] | 2017-03-05T07:07:25.330 | 2020-02-19T00:54:26.060 | 5,351 | null | [
{
"id": 3167,
"body": "<p>First of all, I would like to point out the main differences between knowledge base and (Deep) machine learning, specially when the main focus is on \"AI\" not \"Data Science\":</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>NNs are like a black box; Even if they learn a dataset and gain the power of general... | First of all, I would like to point out the main differences between knowledge base and (Deep) machine learning, specially when the main focus is on "AI" not "Data Science": - NNs are like a black box; Even if they learn a dataset and gain the power of generalization over the problem domain, you'd never know how they a... | # What roles knowledge bases play now and will play in the future?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><knowledge-representation><expert-system><symbolic-computing><knowledge-base>
**Question (score 14):**
Nowadays, artificial intelligence seems almost equal to machine learning, especially deep learning. Some hav... | 7,288 | 1,822 | {
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2,925 | ai.stackexchange.com | Recognition of abbreviated text | <p>I want to write a program that looks at abbreviated words, then figures out what the words are. For example, the abbreviation is "blk comp", and the translation is "black computer". </p>
<p>In order to give it context for more ambiguous terms, I will be inputting sets of words with each request. So, if I input the ... | I want to write a program that looks at abbreviated words, then figures out what the words are. For example, the abbreviation is "blk comp", and the translation is "black computer". In order to give it context for more ambiguous terms, I will be inputting sets of words with each request. So, if I input the set "keyboar... | 2 | 118 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning><algorithm><genetic-algorithms><learning-algorithms>"
] | 2017-03-06T00:28:31.647 | 2017-03-11T14:15:30.310 | 5,860 | 2,935 | [
{
"id": 2935,
"body": "<p>For your first question,take a look at using a skip grab model to find what the abbreviated text is. The skip gram model turns a word into a vector which allows it to be processed by other machine learning algorithms. Or , alternatively you can do some really cool addition and subt... | For your first question,take a look at using a skip grab model to find what the abbreviated text is. The skip gram model turns a word into a vector which allows it to be processed by other machine learning algorithms. Or , alternatively you can do some really cool addition and subtraction problems with the resulting ve... | # Recognition of abbreviated text
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning><algorithm><genetic-algorithms><learning-algorithms>
**Question (score 2):**
I want to write a program that looks at abbreviated words, then figures out what the words are. For example, the abbreviation is "blk comp", and the translation is ... | 1,917 | 479 | {
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2,926 | ai.stackexchange.com | Which machine learning algorithm can be used to identify patterns in a dataset of the cache performance of a CPU? | <p>I need a machine learning algorithm to identify patterns in a dataset (saved in a CSV file) that contains details of the cache performance of a CPU. More specifically, the dataset contains columns like <code>Readhits</code>, <code>Readmiss</code> or <code>Writehits</code>.</p>
<p>The patterns the algorithm identifi... | I need a machine learning algorithm to identify patterns in a dataset (saved in a CSV file) that contains details of the cache performance of a CPU. More specifically, the dataset contains columns like `Readhits`, `Readmiss` or `Writehits`. The patterns the algorithm identifies should be helpful in the following ways. ... | 9 | 10,458 | 4 | 1 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><algorithm><unsupervised-learning><pattern-recognition>"
] | 2017-03-06T07:42:26.063 | 2020-03-21T18:18:01.987 | 5,867 | null | [
{
"id": 3127,
"body": "<p>You're basically looking for is <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsupervised_learning\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">unsupervised learning</a> (UL). There are a lot of UL techniques around, but I'm not sure you'll find one that does exactly what you want with no user input ... | You're basically looking for is unsupervised learning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsupervised_learning) (UL). There are a lot of UL techniques around, but I'm not sure you'll find one that does exactly what you want with no user input at all. Still, if you skim the literature on these approaches, you may well find ... | # Which machine learning algorithm can be used to identify patterns in a dataset of the cache performance of a CPU?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><algorithm><unsupervised-learning><pattern-recognition>
**Question (score 9):**
I need a machine learning algorithm to identify patterns in a dataset (saved in a CSV file) t... | 1,890 | 472 | {
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2,936 | ai.stackexchange.com | Training neural network for good taste in art | <p>I'm a newbie in machine learning, so excuse me in advance). I have an idea to make NN that can estimate visual pleasantness of arbitrary image. Like you have a bunch of images that you like, you train NN on them, then you show some random picture to NN and it estimates whether you'll like it or not. I wonder if ther... | I'm a newbie in machine learning, so excuse me in advance). I have an idea to make NN that can estimate visual pleasantness of arbitrary image. Like you have a bunch of images that you like, you train NN on them, then you show some random picture to NN and it estimates whether you'll like it or not. I wonder if there i... | 2 | 440 | 4 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><image-recognition><convolutional-neural-networks>"
] | 2017-03-07T11:33:05.157 | 2017-04-07T08:34:33.887 | 5,899 | null | [
{
"id": 3114,
"body": "<p>This question reminds me of a project I saw that used Deep Learning to rate selfies on twitter. But a quick google search shows that there are plenty of projects that are much closer to what you are interested in:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://infolab.stanford.edu/~wangz/project/imsea... | This question reminds me of a project I saw that used Deep Learning to rate selfies on twitter. But a quick google search shows that there are plenty of projects that are much closer to what you are interested in: Rating Image Aesthetics using Deep Learning (http://infolab.stanford.edu/~wangz/project/imsearch/Aesthetic... | # Training neural network for good taste in art
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><image-recognition><convolutional-neural-networks>
**Question (score 2):**
I'm a newbie in machine learning, so excuse me in advance). I have an idea to make NN that can estimate visual pleasantness of arbitra... | 2,011 | 502 | {
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2,940 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are some information processing models besides feedforward or multi-layered neural networks? | <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ejFBN.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/ejFBN.png" alt="enter image description here"></a> </p>
<p>Feedforward or multilayered neural networks, like the one in the image above, are usually characterized by the fact that all weighted connections ca... | (https://i.stack.imgur.com/ejFBN.png) Feedforward or multilayered neural networks, like the one in the image above, are usually characterized by the fact that all weighted connections can be represented as a continuous real number. Furthermore, each node in a layer is connected to every other node in the previous and s... | 6 | 445 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><topology><neuroevolution>"
] | 2017-03-07T20:08:04.537 | 2019-07-07T22:23:28.563 | 1,321 | null | [
{
"id": 5817,
"body": "<h2>Neural Network equivalents that is not (vanilla) feed forward Neural Nets:</h2>\n\n<p>Neural net structures such as Recurrent Neural Nets (RNNs) and Convolutional Neural Nets (CNNs), and different architectures within those are good examples.</p>\n\n<p>Examples of different archit... | ## Neural Network equivalents that is not (vanilla) feed forward Neural Nets: Neural net structures such as Recurrent Neural Nets (RNNs) and Convolutional Neural Nets (CNNs), and different architectures within those are good examples. Examples of different architectures within RNNs would would be: Long Short Term Memor... | # What are some information processing models besides feedforward or multi-layered neural networks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><topology><neuroevolution>
**Question (score 6):**
(https://i.stack.imgur.com/ejFBN.png) Feedforward or multilayered neural networks, like the one in the image above, are u... | 3,769 | 942 | {
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2,941 | ai.stackexchange.com | Detect street and sidewalk surface in aerial imagery (neural network) | <p>I would like to detect street and sidewalk surface in a very detailed (0.075m/pix) USGS High Resolution Orthoimagery which basically means image segmentation with two classes. Places in question are residential areas similar to <a href="https://binged.it/2mgmSvR" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this one</a>. I will downlo... | I would like to detect street and sidewalk surface in a very detailed (0.075m/pix) USGS High Resolution Orthoimagery which basically means image segmentation with two classes. Places in question are residential areas similar to this one (https://binged.it/2mgmSvR). I will download uncompressed raw imagery in GeoTIFF fr... | 3 | 701 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><image-recognition><pattern-recognition>"
] | 2017-03-07T21:59:15.663 | 2017-03-07T22:55:35.283 | 113 | null | [
{
"id": 2949,
"body": "<p>Yes, in fact neural networks (NNs) are very efficient at segmentation and it seems to me that your problem matches the capabilities of neural networks very well. </p>\n\n<p>I think it best for you to truly understand what a NN is before using it. First, let's start with the archite... | Yes, in fact neural networks (NNs) are very efficient at segmentation and it seems to me that your problem matches the capabilities of neural networks very well. I think it best for you to truly understand what a NN is before using it. First, let's start with the architecture. A NN has 3 regions, the input layer, the h... | # Detect street and sidewalk surface in aerial imagery (neural network)
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><image-recognition><pattern-recognition>
**Question (score 3):**
I would like to detect street and sidewalk surface in a very detailed (0.075m/pix) USGS High Resolution Orthoimagery whi... | 4,406 | 1,101 | {
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2,942 | ai.stackexchange.com | What does deep learning offer with respect to standard machine learning? | <p>I've been reading a lot about DL. I can understand to an extent how it works, in theory at least, and how it's technically different from conventional ML. But what I'm looking for is more of a "conceptual" meaning. </p>
<p>Let's say you're designing a self-learning system, why would you choose DL? What are the main... | I've been reading a lot about DL. I can understand to an extent how it works, in theory at least, and how it's technically different from conventional ML. But what I'm looking for is more of a "conceptual" meaning. Let's say you're designing a self-learning system, why would you choose DL? What are the main performance... | 6 | 501 | 4 | 0 | 3 | [
"<machine-learning><deep-learning><applications><comparison><performance>"
] | 2017-03-08T07:51:37.170 | 2019-03-14T10:14:53.603 | 5,873 | null | [
{
"id": 2946,
"body": "<p>Deep learning allows you to solve complex problems without necessarily being able to specify the important \"features\" or key input variables for the model in advance.</p>\n\n<p>To give an example, a problem that may be easily tackled <strong>without deep learning</strong> could b... | Deep learning allows you to solve complex problems without necessarily being able to specify the important "features" or key input variables for the model in advance. To give an example, a problem that may be easily tackled without deep learning could be predicting the frequency and claim amounts of insurance vehicle c... | # What does deep learning offer with respect to standard machine learning?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><deep-learning><applications><comparison><performance>
**Question (score 6):**
I've been reading a lot about DL. I can understand to an extent how it works, in theory at least, and how it's technically different fr... | 5,431 | 1,357 | {
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2,950 | ai.stackexchange.com | How many training example text classifier needs to be trained? | <p>I want to train text classifier (using <a href="https://www.uclassify.com" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.uclassify.com</a>) with 12 classes/categories. I will be training it to classify news/articles (I know that there are existing classifier but I want to train my own).</p>
<p>uclassify uses following algo... | I want to train text classifier (using https://www.uclassify.com (https://www.uclassify.com)) with 12 classes/categories. I will be training it to classify news/articles (I know that there are existing classifier but I want to train my own). uclassify uses following algorithm (directly copied from their site): The core... | 3 | 146 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<classification>"
] | 2017-03-09T16:36:14.807 | 2017-03-09T17:55:35.353 | 5,935 | 2,952 | [
{
"id": 2952,
"body": "<p>As a general rule of thumb I typically use 10*(# of features) for shallow machine learning models such as Naive Bayes with only 2 classes. </p>\n\n<p>So it all depends on the number of features you will be using. However, the more output classes the more data you will need for prop... | As a general rule of thumb I typically use 10*(# of features) for shallow machine learning models such as Naive Bayes with only 2 classes. So it all depends on the number of features you will be using. However, the more output classes the more data you will need for proper discrimination. The addition of more classes i... | # How many training example text classifier needs to be trained?
**Tags:** <classification>
**Question (score 3):**
I want to train text classifier (using https://www.uclassify.com (https://www.uclassify.com)) with 12 classes/categories. I will be training it to classify news/articles (I know that there are existing... | 1,550 | 387 | {
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2,955 | ai.stackexchange.com | What's the term for death by dissolving in AI? | <p>What's the term (if such exists) for merging with AI (e.g. via neural lace) and becoming so diluted (e.g. 1:10000) that it effectively results in a death of the original self?</p>
<p>It's not quite "digital ascension", because that way it would still be you. What I'm thinking is, that the resulting AI with 1 part i... | What's the term (if such exists) for merging with AI (e.g. via neural lace) and becoming so diluted (e.g. 1:10000) that it effectively results in a death of the original self? It's not quite "digital ascension", because that way it would still be you. What I'm thinking is, that the resulting AI with 1 part in 10000 bei... | 8 | 453 | 3 | 7 | 1 | [
"<agi><terminology><control-problem>"
] | 2017-03-10T00:09:02.040 | 2017-06-17T21:23:59.583 | 5,947 | 3,184 | [
{
"id": 3184,
"body": "<p>I find the concept of the a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Turing machine</a> useful. In one dimension, everything is a string. All of the parts that are \"not you\" are merely a substrate, a medium for the program your_mind run... | I find the concept of the a Turing machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine) useful. In one dimension, everything is a string. All of the parts that are "not you" are merely a substrate, a medium for the program your_mind runs on top of. The you, your identity, the "metaphysical" component we think of as t... | # What's the term for death by dissolving in AI?
**Tags:** <agi><terminology><control-problem>
**Question (score 8):**
What's the term (if such exists) for merging with AI (e.g. via neural lace) and becoming so diluted (e.g. 1:10000) that it effectively results in a death of the original self? It's not quite "digita... | 6,962 | 1,740 | {
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2,964 | ai.stackexchange.com | Does artificial intelligence write its own code? | <p>Does artificial intelligence write its own code and then execute it? If so, does it create separate functions for each purpose?</p>
| Does artificial intelligence write its own code and then execute it? If so, does it create separate functions for each purpose? | 3 | 1,564 | 3 | 0 | 3 | [
"<machine-learning><genetic-algorithms><theory><evolutionary-algorithms><genetic-programming>"
] | 2017-03-11T09:48:32.563 | 2019-06-25T17:06:49.883 | 5,972 | null | [
{
"id": 2970,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>Does artificial intelligence write its own code and then execute it? If so, does it create separate functions for each purpose?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Artificial intelligence comprises more than one technique. Here you seem to be asking about <a href=\"https://en.... | Does artificial intelligence write its own code and then execute it? If so, does it create separate functions for each purpose? Artificial intelligence comprises more than one technique. Here you seem to be asking about machine learning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning), a subfield of AI which itself con... | # Does artificial intelligence write its own code?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><genetic-algorithms><theory><evolutionary-algorithms><genetic-programming>
**Question (score 3):**
Does artificial intelligence write its own code and then execute it? If so, does it create separate functions for each purpose?
### Answer... | 1,427 | 356 | {
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2,967 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can an Markov decision process be dependent on the past? | <p>As far as I know MDP are independent from the past. But the definition says that the same policy should always take the same action depending on the state.</p>
<p>What if I define my state as the current "main" state + previous decisions?</p>
<p>For Example in Poker the "main" state would be my cards and the pot +... | As far as I know MDP are independent from the past. But the definition says that the same policy should always take the same action depending on the state. What if I define my state as the current "main" state + previous decisions? For Example in Poker the "main" state would be my cards and the pot + all previous infor... | 3 | 278 | 2 | 1 | 1 | [
"<definitions><markov-chain>"
] | 2017-03-11T16:56:49.653 | 2017-03-11T17:11:20.420 | 4,550 | 5,047 | [
{
"id": 2969,
"body": "<p>It's not totally clear from your description, but it sounds like you may be onto something like an <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_Markov_chain\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Additive Markov Chain</a>.</p>\n",
"body_md": "It's not totally clear from your descrip... | It's not totally clear from your description, but it sounds like you may be onto something like an Additive Markov Chain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_Markov_chain). | # Can an Markov decision process be dependent on the past?
**Tags:** <definitions><markov-chain>
**Question (score 3):**
As far as I know MDP are independent from the past. But the definition says that the same policy should always take the same action depending on the state. What if I define my state as the current... | 1,576 | 394 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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2,976 | ai.stackexchange.com | What research has been done in the domain of “general game playing”? | <p>I have come across this domain via this Wikipedia article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_game_playing" rel="nofollow noreferrer">General game playing</a></p>
<p>So, where are we when it comes to general game playing AI? (The wiki article doesn't mention the recent advances and the achievements of th... | I have come across this domain via this Wikipedia article: General game playing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_game_playing) So, where are we when it comes to general game playing AI? (The wiki article doesn't mention the recent advances and the achievements of this domain of research, except the annual games r... | 2 | 110 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<reference-request><game-ai><research><state-of-the-art>"
] | 2017-03-13T12:46:50.537 | 2021-04-20T16:57:14.390 | 101 | 2,988 | [
{
"id": 2988,
"body": "<p>If you haven't already come across DeepMind's advances in developing general game playing AI, you can take a look at it's <a href=\"https://deepmind.com/research/dqn/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">DQN research</a>. The paper describes how their deep reinforcement learning system is... | If you haven't already come across DeepMind's advances in developing general game playing AI, you can take a look at it's DQN research (https://deepmind.com/research/dqn/). The paper describes how their deep reinforcement learning system is able to beat human levels in nearly Atari 2600 games with raw pixels and scores... | # What research has been done in the domain of “general game playing”?
**Tags:** <reference-request><game-ai><research><state-of-the-art>
**Question (score 2):**
I have come across this domain via this Wikipedia article: General game playing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_game_playing) So, where are we when ... | 1,220 | 305 | {
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2,980 | ai.stackexchange.com | How should I handle invalid actions (when using REINFORCE)? | <p>I want to create an AI which can play five-in-a-row/gomoku. I want to use reinforcement learning for this.</p>
<p>I use <em>policy gradient</em> method, namely REINFORCE, with baseline. For the value and policy function approximation, I use a <em>neural network</em>. It has convolutional and fully connected layers. ... | I want to create an AI which can play five-in-a-row/gomoku. I want to use reinforcement learning for this. I use policy gradient method, namely REINFORCE, with baseline. For the value and policy function approximation, I use a neural network. It has convolutional and fully connected layers. All of the layers, except fo... | 34 | 11,274 | 5 | 0 | 11 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><policy-gradients><actor-critic-methods><reinforce><reward-design>"
] | 2017-03-14T14:26:07.403 | 2020-11-14T18:14:45.573 | 6,019 | 2,981 | [
{
"id": 2981,
"body": "<p>Just ignore the invalid moves.</p>\n\n<p>For exploration it is likely that you won't just execute the move with the highest probability, but instead choose moves randomly based on the outputted probability. If you only punish illegal moves they will still retain some probability (h... | Just ignore the invalid moves. For exploration it is likely that you won't just execute the move with the highest probability, but instead choose moves randomly based on the outputted probability. If you only punish illegal moves they will still retain some probability (however small) and therefore will be executed fro... | # How should I handle invalid actions (when using REINFORCE)?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><policy-gradients><actor-critic-methods><reinforce><reward-design>
**Question (score 34):**
I want to create an AI which can play five-in-a-row/gomoku. I want to use reinforcement learning for this. I use policy gradient ... | 5,922 | 1,480 | {
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2,996 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there actually a lack of fundamental theory on deep learning? | <p>I heard several times that one of the fundamental/open problems of deep learning is the lack of "general theory" on it because actually we don't know why deep learning works so well. Even the Wikipedia page on deep learning has <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning#Criticism_and_comment" rel="noreferr... | I heard several times that one of the fundamental/open problems of deep learning is the lack of "general theory" on it because actually we don't know why deep learning works so well. Even the Wikipedia page on deep learning has similar comments (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning#Criticism_and_comment). Are su... | 12 | 2,505 | 6 | 0 | 7 | [
"<deep-learning>"
] | 2017-03-15T09:10:28.523 | 2017-03-15T14:47:05.483 | 6,039 | null | [
{
"id": 2997,
"body": "<p>There is a paper called <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1608.08225.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Why does Deep Learning work so well?</a>. </p>\n\n<p>\"However, it is still not fully understood why deep learning works so well. In contrast to GOFAI (“good old-fashioned AI”) algorithms th... | There is a paper called Why does Deep Learning work so well? (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1608.08225.pdf). "However, it is still not fully understood why deep learning works so well. In contrast to GOFAI (“good old-fashioned AI”) algorithms that are hand-crafted and fully understood analytically, many algorithms using artifi... | # Is there actually a lack of fundamental theory on deep learning?
**Tags:** <deep-learning>
**Question (score 12):**
I heard several times that one of the fundamental/open problems of deep learning is the lack of "general theory" on it because actually we don't know why deep learning works so well. Even the Wikiped... | 3,774 | 943 | {
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2,999 | ai.stackexchange.com | How could AI solve planet's major problems? | <p>I had been reading that AI could solve planet's major problems. How could it be done? For example, how exactly could AI be applied to address climate change? What are examples of applications of AI to solve these problems? </p>
| I had been reading that AI could solve planet's major problems. How could it be done? For example, how exactly could AI be applied to address climate change? What are examples of applications of AI to solve these problems? | 7 | 1,694 | 1 | 0 | 3 | [
"<applications>"
] | 2017-03-16T02:53:19.430 | 2018-07-05T18:46:38.173 | 4,460 | 3,005 | [
{
"id": 3005,
"body": "<p>There's indeed a lot of research work being done in this field.</p>\n\n<p>Here are a few ways in which AI can help/is helping in fighting major problems:</p>\n\n<h2>Climate change</h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Identify deforestation and the rate at which it's happening using computer vision an... | There's indeed a lot of research work being done in this field. Here are a few ways in which AI can help/is helping in fighting major problems: ## Climate change - Identify deforestation and the rate at which it's happening using computer vision and help in fighting back based on how critical the rate is.The World Reso... | # How could AI solve planet's major problems?
**Tags:** <applications>
**Question (score 7):**
I had been reading that AI could solve planet's major problems. How could it be done? For example, how exactly could AI be applied to address climate change? What are examples of applications of AI to solve these problems?... | 2,416 | 604 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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3,002 | ai.stackexchange.com | When is deep learning overkill? | <p>For example, for classifying emails as spam, is it worthwhile - from a time/accuracy perspective - to apply <em>deep learning</em> (if possible) instead of another machine learning algorithm? Will deep learning make other machine learning algorithms like <em>naive Bayes</em> unnecessary?</p>
| For example, for classifying emails as spam, is it worthwhile - from a time/accuracy perspective - to apply deep learning (if possible) instead of another machine learning algorithm? Will deep learning make other machine learning algorithms like naive Bayes unnecessary? | 15 | 1,410 | 2 | 0 | 8 | [
"<machine-learning><deep-learning><classification><applications><comparison>"
] | 2017-03-16T11:41:46.100 | 2019-05-29T22:45:22.377 | 5,388 | 3,003 | [
{
"id": 3003,
"body": "<p>It's all about <em>Return On Investment</em>. If DL is \"worth doing\", it's not overkill.</p>\n\n<p>If the cost of using DL (computer cycles, storage, training time) is acceptable, and the data available to train it is plentiful, and if the marginal advantage over alternative algo... | It's all about Return On Investment. If DL is "worth doing", it's not overkill. If the cost of using DL (computer cycles, storage, training time) is acceptable, and the data available to train it is plentiful, and if the marginal advantage over alternative algorithms is valuable, then DL is a win. But, as you suggest, ... | # When is deep learning overkill?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><deep-learning><classification><applications><comparison>
**Question (score 15):**
For example, for classifying emails as spam, is it worthwhile - from a time/accuracy perspective - to apply deep learning (if possible) instead of another machine learning ... | 2,309 | 577 | {
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3,006 | ai.stackexchange.com | When the AI singularity takes over, what will there be left for us to do? | <p>Since the first Industrial revolution machines have been taking the jobs of people and automation has been a part of human social evolution for the past 3 centuries, but all in all these machines have been replacing mechanical, high-risk and low-skill jobs such as a production line of an automobile factory.</p>
<p>... | Since the first Industrial revolution machines have been taking the jobs of people and automation has been a part of human social evolution for the past 3 centuries, but all in all these machines have been replacing mechanical, high-risk and low-skill jobs such as a production line of an automobile factory. But recentl... | 10 | 573 | 6 | 1 | 2 | [
"<philosophy><agi><social><singularity>"
] | 2017-03-16T23:31:29.750 | 2019-06-26T22:33:31.740 | 6,084 | null | [
{
"id": 3049,
"body": "<p>Given all your assumptions about AI turn out to be true, we would have some kind of utopia, where no one has to work, and there is plenty of everything. Fair enough. Your other assumptions is about human nature, and that is where I'd challenge your conclusion: Just because there ar... | Given all your assumptions about AI turn out to be true, we would have some kind of utopia, where no one has to work, and there is plenty of everything. Fair enough. Your other assumptions is about human nature, and that is where I'd challenge your conclusion: Just because there are computers better than humans at some... | # When the AI singularity takes over, what will there be left for us to do?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><social><singularity>
**Question (score 10):**
Since the first Industrial revolution machines have been taking the jobs of people and automation has been a part of human social evolution for the past 3 centuries, b... | 12,434 | 3,108 | {
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3,007 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can AI techniques be used in software testing? | <p>How can Artificial Intelligence be applied to software testing? </p>
| How can Artificial Intelligence be applied to software testing? | 2 | 2,201 | 3 | 4 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning>"
] | 2017-03-17T06:57:48.737 | 2017-03-20T20:27:14.643 | 6,091 | 5,584 | [
{
"id": 3015,
"body": "<p>In large software with many actions and possible flows like web applications, enterprise software, etc, it is really hard and time taking to test out all possible scenarios via traditional approach. So, building a machine learning model is an interesting approach to solving this. A... | In large software with many actions and possible flows like web applications, enterprise software, etc, it is really hard and time taking to test out all possible scenarios via traditional approach. So, building a machine learning model is an interesting approach to solving this. A reinforcement learning system with an... | # How can AI techniques be used in software testing?
**Tags:** <machine-learning>
**Question (score 2):**
How can Artificial Intelligence be applied to software testing?
### Answer (score 3)
In large software with many actions and possible flows like web applications, enterprise software, etc, it is really hard and... | 1,002 | 250 | {
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3,009 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the difference between memetic algorithms and genetic algorithms? | <p>What is the difference between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetic_algorithm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">memetic algorithms</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">genetic algorithms</a>? Is an individual's lifetime a learning part of memetic algorithms?<... | What is the difference between memetic algorithms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetic_algorithm) and genetic algorithms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm)? Is an individual's lifetime a learning part of memetic algorithms? | 9 | 2,664 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<comparison><terminology><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-computation>"
] | 2017-03-17T10:55:00.683 | 2021-01-16T14:36:39.297 | 6,095 | null | [
{
"id": 6718,
"body": "<p>A genetic algorithm is an algorithm, based on natural selection (the process that drives biological evolution), for solving both constrained and unconstrained optimization problems.</p>\n<p>A memetic algorithm is an extension of the concept of a genetic algorithm that uses a local ... | A genetic algorithm is an algorithm, based on natural selection (the process that drives biological evolution), for solving both constrained and unconstrained optimization problems. A memetic algorithm is an extension of the concept of a genetic algorithm that uses a local search technique to reduce the likelihood of p... | # What is the difference between memetic algorithms and genetic algorithms?
**Tags:** <comparison><terminology><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-computation>
**Question (score 9):**
What is the difference between memetic algorithms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetic_algorithm) and genetic algorithms (https://en.... | 1,176 | 294 | {
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3,013 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are Dreams a Form of Backpropagation? | <p>Humans often dream of random events that occurred during the day. Could the reason for this be that our brains are backpropagating errors while we sleep, and we see the result of these backpropagations as dreams?</p>
| Humans often dream of random events that occurred during the day. Could the reason for this be that our brains are backpropagating errors while we sleep, and we see the result of these backpropagations as dreams? | 3 | 780 | 2 | 2 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><backpropagation><cognitive-science><theory>"
] | 2017-03-18T04:32:47.590 | 2018-01-27T21:14:35.073 | null | 3,037 | [
{
"id": 3037,
"body": "<p>This is a very interesting question and also an important one for AI. All the current Deep Learning successes are built on the effectiveness of backprop, so what if it doesn't play a role in the only examples of intelligence currently around?</p>\n\n<p>It makes a lot of sense for t... | This is a very interesting question and also an important one for AI. All the current Deep Learning successes are built on the effectiveness of backprop, so what if it doesn't play a role in the only examples of intelligence currently around? It makes a lot of sense for the brain to employ some form of backprop, becaus... | # Are Dreams a Form of Backpropagation?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><backpropagation><cognitive-science><theory>
**Question (score 3):**
Humans often dream of random events that occurred during the day. Could the reason for this be that our brains are backpropagating errors while we sleep, and we see the result of th... | 5,859 | 1,464 | {
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3,046 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can we apply ANN to cryptography? | <p>If a group of computers have identical ANN with exact same set of learning data and all have functionality of encryption and decryption, would there be any way for interceptors to interpret encrypted data?</p>
<p>+
Applying the fact that people with more background information obtaining more knowledge from same sou... | If a group of computers have identical ANN with exact same set of learning data and all have functionality of encryption and decryption, would there be any way for interceptors to interpret encrypted data? + Applying the fact that people with more background information obtaining more knowledge from same source than th... | 3 | 205 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<neural-networks><training>"
] | 2017-03-26T04:37:36.603 | 2017-03-26T08:03:31.273 | 4,802 | 3,047 | [
{
"id": 3047,
"body": "<p>I know that in order to discuss your question, I must have a background in cryptography, which I don't have! But there is something that I know for sure:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>First of all, a simple search gave me <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_cryptography\" rel=\"no... | I know that in order to discuss your question, I must have a background in cryptography, which I don't have! But there is something that I know for sure: - First of all, a simple search gave me this (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_cryptography). It might help. - To lots of us, ANN looks like a magic wand which ca... | # Can we apply ANN to cryptography?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><training>
**Question (score 3):**
If a group of computers have identical ANN with exact same set of learning data and all have functionality of encryption and decryption, would there be any way for interceptors to interpret encrypted data? + Applying th... | 3,116 | 779 | {
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3,058 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do recommendation systems work? | <p>How do recommendation systems (e.g. on Youtube) work? Apparently, every user gets different recommendations depending on his location, his past liked videos, etc. So it would seem like a training model is applied to every single user, but that can't be possible, so how are these recommendations user-specific without... | How do recommendation systems (e.g. on Youtube) work? Apparently, every user gets different recommendations depending on his location, his past liked videos, etc. So it would seem like a training model is applied to every single user, but that can't be possible, so how are these recommendations user-specific without ap... | 5 | 233 | 1 | 0 | 4 | [
"<machine-learning><applications><recommender-system>"
] | 2017-03-28T15:37:46.353 | 2020-01-25T15:17:11.533 | 6,310 | 3,084 | [
{
"id": 3084,
"body": "<p>Let me try to explain how recommender systems work in production, as intuitively as possible:</p>\n\n<p>Let's say we want to build a rec sys. for a restaurant discovery product, where users can rate restaurants, add reviews, photos, etc and also order food from there.</p>\n\n<p>So,... | Let me try to explain how recommender systems work in production, as intuitively as possible: Let's say we want to build a rec sys. for a restaurant discovery product, where users can rate restaurants, add reviews, photos, etc and also order food from there. So, the user's feed will have a list of restaurants in his/he... | # How do recommendation systems work?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><applications><recommender-system>
**Question (score 5):**
How do recommendation systems (e.g. on Youtube) work? Apparently, every user gets different recommendations depending on his location, his past liked videos, etc. So it would seem like a train... | 2,304 | 576 | {
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3,059 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is expectation-maximization in machine learning? | <p>While studying machine learning algorithms, I often see the term "expectation-maximisation" (or EM), and how it is used to estimate parameters, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables. </p>
<p>The way I see it, it is like a probabilistic/statistical way to make predictions (I think I'm confusing some... | While studying machine learning algorithms, I often see the term "expectation-maximisation" (or EM), and how it is used to estimate parameters, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables. The way I see it, it is like a probabilistic/statistical way to make predictions (I think I'm confusing something but th... | 5 | 336 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<machine-learning><expectation-maximization>"
] | 2017-03-28T16:31:07.017 | 2019-02-21T22:31:51.100 | 6,310 | 3,061 | [
{
"id": 3061,
"body": "<ul>\n<li>EM algorithm is a <strong>numerical method</strong>. It is not specific to any machine learning model. Common applications include hidden markov model and mixed Gaussians. The algorithm is <strong>not</strong> a classifier.</li>\n<li>Logistic regression is a <strong>statisti... | - EM algorithm is a numerical method. It is not specific to any machine learning model. Common applications include hidden markov model and mixed Gaussians. The algorithm is not a classifier. - Logistic regression is a statistical model. You need to pick a numerical method for logistic regression. - Naive Bayesian is a... | # What is expectation-maximization in machine learning?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><expectation-maximization>
**Question (score 5):**
While studying machine learning algorithms, I often see the term "expectation-maximisation" (or EM), and how it is used to estimate parameters, where the model depends on unobserved ... | 2,444 | 611 | {
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3,065 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why has the cross-entropy become the classification standard loss function and not Kullback-Leibler divergence? | <p>The cross-entropy is identical to the KL divergence plus the entropy of the target distribution. The KL divergence equals zero when the two distributions are the same, which seems more intuitive to me than the entropy of the target distribution, which is what the cross-entropy is on a match.</p>
<p>I'm not saying th... | The cross-entropy is identical to the KL divergence plus the entropy of the target distribution. The KL divergence equals zero when the two distributions are the same, which seems more intuitive to me than the entropy of the target distribution, which is what the cross-entropy is on a match. I'm not saying there's more... | 16 | 3,752 | 2 | 0 | 5 | [
"<machine-learning><classification><comparison><cross-entropy><kl-divergence>"
] | 2017-03-30T08:39:13.653 | 2021-10-13T11:35:11.090 | 6,359 | 4,185 | [
{
"id": 4185,
"body": "<p>When it comes to a classification problem in machine learning, the cross-entropy and the KL divergence <strong>are equal</strong>.</p>\n<p>As already stated in the question, the general formula is this:</p>\n<p><span class=\"math-container\">$$H(p, q) = H(p) + D_{KL}(p \\parallel q... | When it comes to a classification problem in machine learning, the cross-entropy and the KL divergence are equal. As already stated in the question, the general formula is this: $$H(p, q) = H(p) + D_{KL}(p \parallel q),$$ where $p$ is the "true"/target distribution and $q$ is an estimated distribution, $H(p, q)$ is the... | # Why has the cross-entropy become the classification standard loss function and not Kullback-Leibler divergence?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><classification><comparison><cross-entropy><kl-divergence>
**Question (score 16):**
The cross-entropy is identical to the KL divergence plus the entropy of the target distribu... | 1,794 | 448 | {
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3,071 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are strong Chess AI's local on mobile devices? | <p>Just wondering about the architecture of strong Chess AI in a mobile, because networking is generally assumed by mobile developers, but not guaranteed. </p>
| Just wondering about the architecture of strong Chess AI in a mobile, because networking is generally assumed by mobile developers, but not guaranteed. | 3 | 129 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<agi><software-architecture><game-ai>"
] | 2017-03-30T19:57:13.017 | 2017-03-31T02:12:38.807 | 1,671 | null | [
{
"id": 3074,
"body": "<p>Yes. In fact, I'm the developer of some mobile chess apps. [Disclaimer]</p>\n\n<p>I would argue my chess engine products for the iOS (<a href=\"http://www.smallchess.com\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.smallchess.com</a>) are powerful and strong enough to beat any chess gr... | Yes. In fact, I'm the developer of some mobile chess apps. [Disclaimer] I would argue my chess engine products for the iOS (http://www.smallchess.com (http://www.smallchess.com)) are powerful and strong enough to beat any chess grandmaster. My apps run without network connection, | # Are strong Chess AI's local on mobile devices?
**Tags:** <agi><software-architecture><game-ai>
**Question (score 3):**
Just wondering about the architecture of strong Chess AI in a mobile, because networking is generally assumed by mobile developers, but not guaranteed.
### Answer (score 2)
Yes. In fact, I'm the ... | 578 | 144 | {
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3,072 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the (general) sizes of AlphaGo and Deep Blue? | <p>I'm trying to get a gauge on just how big the programs and databases are these automata. I understand that this is a changing number, particularly in regard to Machine Learning.</p>
<p>Q: How large was Deep Blue when it beat Gary Kasparov?</p>
<p>Q: How big was AlphaGo when it beat Lee Sedol? </p>
| I'm trying to get a gauge on just how big the programs and databases are these automata. I understand that this is a changing number, particularly in regard to Machine Learning. Q: How large was Deep Blue when it beat Gary Kasparov? Q: How big was AlphaGo when it beat Lee Sedol? | 3 | 582 | 1 | 2 | 0 | [
"<ai-design>"
] | 2017-03-30T20:10:30.987 | 2017-04-01T19:48:37.950 | 1,671 | null | [
{
"id": 3196,
"body": "<p>AlphaGo used data from the KGS Go Server, which had 160,000 games and 29 million board/next-move pairs. But crucially, after it was trained on the dataset, AlphaGo was trained through self-play, so its competence shouldn't be measured strictly in terms of its database.</p>\n\n<p>I'... | AlphaGo used data from the KGS Go Server, which had 160,000 games and 29 million board/next-move pairs. But crucially, after it was trained on the dataset, AlphaGo was trained through self-play, so its competence shouldn't be measured strictly in terms of its database. I'm not 100% sure how Deep Blue worked, but I thin... | # What are the (general) sizes of AlphaGo and Deep Blue?
**Tags:** <ai-design>
**Question (score 3):**
I'm trying to get a gauge on just how big the programs and databases are these automata. I understand that this is a changing number, particularly in regard to Machine Learning. Q: How large was Deep Blue when it b... | 1,078 | 269 | {
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
3,077 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the name of a human-inspired machine learning approach? | <p>I once came across a neural network being trained without back-propagation or genetic algorithms (or using any kind of data sets). It was based on how the human brain learns and adjusts its connections between neurons.</p>
<p>What is the name of such a machine learning approach?</p>
| I once came across a neural network being trained without back-propagation or genetic algorithms (or using any kind of data sets). It was based on how the human brain learns and adjusts its connections between neurons. What is the name of such a machine learning approach? | 8 | 228 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><training><terminology><hebbian-learning>"
] | 2017-03-31T21:40:51.667 | 2020-06-08T16:51:27.313 | 6,391 | null | [
{
"id": 3082,
"body": "<p>If it was based on how the human brain learns, it might have used <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbian_theory\" rel=\"noreferrer\">hebbian learning</a>.</p>\n\n<p>One example for such a network would be <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_temporal_memory... | If it was based on how the human brain learns, it might have used hebbian learning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbian_theory). One example for such a network would be HTM (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_temporal_memory). | # What is the name of a human-inspired machine learning approach?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><training><terminology><hebbian-learning>
**Question (score 8):**
I once came across a neural network being trained without back-propagation or genetic algorithms (or using any kind of data sets). It was ba... | 1,141 | 285 | {
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3,081 | ai.stackexchange.com | Do I need classification or regression to predict the availability of a user given some features? | <p>While studying data mining methods I have come to understand that there are two main categories:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Predictive methods: </p>
<ul>
<li>Classification</li>
<li>Regression</li>
</ul></li>
<li><p>Descriptive methods:</p>
<ul>
<li>Clustering</li>
<li>Association rules</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p>Since I wan... | While studying data mining methods I have come to understand that there are two main categories: - Predictive methods: Classification - Regression - Descriptive methods: Clustering - Association rules Since I want to predict the user availability (output) based on location, activity, battery level (input for the traini... | 10 | 614 | 3 | 0 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><ai-design><classification><prediction><regression>"
] | 2017-04-01T14:19:59.177 | 2019-05-17T23:57:33.547 | 6,310 | null | [
{
"id": 3090,
"body": "<ol>\n<li>Yes. For instance, the popular softmax regression gives you probability distribution for each class.</li>\n<li>Yes. Softmax is a regression over a set of discrete classes.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>We can use regression for classification, the most common strategy is to grab the mos... | - Yes. For instance, the popular softmax regression gives you probability distribution for each class. - Yes. Softmax is a regression over a set of discrete classes. We can use regression for classification, the most common strategy is to grab the most likely class for the prediction. | # Do I need classification or regression to predict the availability of a user given some features?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><ai-design><classification><prediction><regression>
**Question (score 10):**
While studying data mining methods I have come to understand that there are two main categories: - Predictive me... | 1,665 | 416 | {
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3,083 | ai.stackexchange.com | How powerful are the computers that power the most advanced artificial intelligence nowdays | <p>How powerful is the machine that beat the poker player champion recently?</p>
| How powerful is the machine that beat the poker player champion recently? | 9 | 271 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning>"
] | 2017-04-02T01:47:09.427 | 2017-06-04T09:42:12.527 | 6,411 | null | [
{
"id": 3103,
"body": "<p>From the <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.01724\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Deep Stack paper</a>:</p>\n\n<p>This seems to be for training:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>For the turn network, ten million poker turn situations (from after the turn card is dealt) were generated and ... | From the Deep Stack paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.01724): This seems to be for training: For the turn network, ten million poker turn situations (from after the turn card is dealt) were generated and solved with 6,144 CPU cores of the Calcul Quebec MP2 research cluster, using over 175 core years of computation time... | # How powerful are the computers that power the most advanced artificial intelligence nowdays
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning>
**Question (score 9):**
How powerful is the machine that beat the poker player champion recently?
### Answer (score 2)
From the Deep Stack paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.017... | 1,438 | 359 | {
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3,089 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are bottleneck features? | <p>In the blog post <a href="https://blog.keras.io/building-powerful-image-classification-models-using-very-little-data.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Building powerful image classification models using very little data</a>, bottleneck features are mentioned. What are the bottleneck features? Do they change with the a... | In the blog post Building powerful image classification models using very little data (https://blog.keras.io/building-powerful-image-classification-models-using-very-little-data.html), bottleneck features are mentioned. What are the bottleneck features? Do they change with the architecture that is used? Are they the fi... | 12 | 13,284 | 2 | 1 | 6 | [
"<machine-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><terminology><definitions><bottlenecks>"
] | 2017-04-03T01:45:24.570 | 2020-04-28T21:55:00.423 | 35 | null | [
{
"id": 3160,
"body": "<blockquote>\n <p>In the blog post <a href=\"https://blog.keras.io/building-powerful-image-classification-models-using-very-little-data.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Building powerful image classification models using very little data</a>, bottleneck features are mentioned. What... | In the blog post Building powerful image classification models using very little data (https://blog.keras.io/building-powerful-image-classification-models-using-very-little-data.html), bottleneck features are mentioned. What are the bottleneck features? It's clearly written in the link you gave the "bottleneck features... | # What are bottleneck features?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><convolutional-neural-networks><terminology><definitions><bottlenecks>
**Question (score 12):**
In the blog post Building powerful image classification models using very little data (https://blog.keras.io/building-powerful-image-classification-models-using-... | 2,428 | 607 | {
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3,098 | ai.stackexchange.com | Does this "flavor" of AI have a name? | <p>In order to build a Scientific Reference Parser, I am contemplating a kind of "AI" system, and would like to know if something similar is already an established "design pattern" in AI research. </p>
<p>The input for the system would be Scientific References with structures like the following:<br>
"Co-authors, titl... | In order to build a Scientific Reference Parser, I am contemplating a kind of "AI" system, and would like to know if something similar is already an established "design pattern" in AI research. The input for the system would be Scientific References with structures like the following: "Co-authors, title, Journal, volum... | 3 | 250 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><algorithm><ai-design><research>"
] | 2017-04-04T15:05:04.063 | 2017-04-05T14:00:12.283 | 6,451 | 3,100 | [
{
"id": 3100,
"body": "<p>This sounds a little bit like a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_system\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Blackboard Architecture</a> approach. One of the biggest challenges in these is figuring out how to handle coordination between the various \"experts\" (ie, algo... | This sounds a little bit like a Blackboard Architecture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_system) approach. One of the biggest challenges in these is figuring out how to handle coordination between the various "experts" (ie, algorithms). Some people talk about an "executive" which manages the coordination, and ... | # Does this "flavor" of AI have a name?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><algorithm><ai-design><research>
**Question (score 3):**
In order to build a Scientific Reference Parser, I am contemplating a kind of "AI" system, and would like to know if something similar is already an established "design pattern" in AI research... | 4,057 | 1,014 | {
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3,101 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there a mathematical proof that shows that certain parameters work "better" than others for a certain task? | <p>The machine learning community often only provides empirical results, but I am also interested in theoretical results and proofs. Specifically, is there a <strong>mathematical proof</strong> that shows that certain parameters work "better" than others for a certain task?</p>
| The machine learning community often only provides empirical results, but I am also interested in theoretical results and proofs. Specifically, is there a mathematical proof that shows that certain parameters work "better" than others for a certain task? | 4 | 1,118 | 3 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><reference-request><proofs><universal-approximation-theorems>"
] | 2017-04-04T22:44:25.570 | 2020-05-16T23:26:46.540 | 6,461 | null | [
{
"id": 3102,
"body": "<p>There is stuff like the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_approximation_theorem\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Universal Approximation Theorem</a>. </p>\n\n<p>There are also <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.09833v1.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">investigations into the loss sur... | There is stuff like the Universal Approximation Theorem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_approximation_theorem). There are also investigations into the loss surface (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.09833v1.pdf) of neural networks. And classics like this explanation (http://www.bioinf.jku.at/publications/older/2304.p... | # Is there a mathematical proof that shows that certain parameters work "better" than others for a certain task?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><reference-request><proofs><universal-approximation-theorems>
**Question (score 4):**
The machine learning community often only provides empirical results, but... | 1,082 | 270 | {
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"dump_version": "2021-12-07",
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3,106 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are all breakthroughs in AI and machine learning are due to increase in computational resources? | <p>I have read that all the math responsible for modern day machine learning and AI was already in place in 1900s but we did not have computational resources to implement those algorithms. So, is that true? And if it is, in what areas of machine learning the researchers work? And are all the future breakthroughs will b... | I have read that all the math responsible for modern day machine learning and AI was already in place in 1900s but we did not have computational resources to implement those algorithms. So, is that true? And if it is, in what areas of machine learning the researchers work? And are all the future breakthroughs will be d... | 2 | 195 | 2 | 1 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><deep-learning><research>"
] | 2017-04-05T15:47:08.317 | 2017-10-15T07:36:17.927 | 3,866 | 3,107 | [
{
"id": 3107,
"body": "<p>High-level answer: Increase in resources has been important in AI, and definitely was a factor with Deep Blue, but Machine Learning is a newer method that seems to produces more optimal results with less resources on problems of greater complexity. </p>\n\n<p>Here is an article on... | High-level answer: Increase in resources has been important in AI, and definitely was a factor with Deep Blue, but Machine Learning is a newer method that seems to produces more optimal results with less resources on problems of greater complexity. Here is an article on AlphaGo's hardware: "Google reveals the mysteriou... | # Are all breakthroughs in AI and machine learning are due to increase in computational resources?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><deep-learning><research>
**Question (score 2):**
I have read that all the math responsible for modern day machine learning and AI was already in place in 1900s but we did not have computati... | 2,031 | 507 | {
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"license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
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3,108 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are the most recent and influential breakthroughs in NLP? | <p>I'm looking at the history of NLP, starting in the 1950s, with the <a href="http://www.hutchinsweb.me.uk/AMTA-2004.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Georgetown–IBM experiment</a>.</p>
<p>What are examples of the most recent (e.g. in the last 5-10 years) and influential breakthroughs in natural language processing?</p>... | I'm looking at the history of NLP, starting in the 1950s, with the Georgetown–IBM experiment (http://www.hutchinsweb.me.uk/AMTA-2004.pdf). What are examples of the most recent (e.g. in the last 5-10 years) and influential breakthroughs in natural language processing? | 8 | 226 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><natural-language-processing><research><history><natural-language-understanding>"
] | 2017-04-05T18:32:59.777 | 2020-03-14T18:46:39.220 | 6,477 | null | [
{
"id": 9632,
"body": "<p>I suggest you take a look at the syllabus of <a href=\"http://cs224d.stanford.edu/syllabus.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://cs224d.stanford.edu/syllabus.html</a> and see what was invented in the last ~20 years. They focus on deep learning methods, and they include there al... | I suggest you take a look at the syllabus of http://cs224d.stanford.edu/syllabus.html (http://cs224d.stanford.edu/syllabus.html) and see what was invented in the last ~20 years. They focus on deep learning methods, and they include there almost everything important. Among the things, which I would include into the revi... | # What are the most recent and influential breakthroughs in NLP?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><natural-language-processing><research><history><natural-language-understanding>
**Question (score 8):**
I'm looking at the history of NLP, starting in the 1950s, with the Georgetown–IBM experiment (http://www.hutchinsweb.me... | 1,081 | 270 | {
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3,111 | ai.stackexchange.com | Has anyone attempted to train an AI to learn all languages? | <p>It seems that most projects attempt to teach the AI to learn individual, specific languages.</p>
<p>It occurs to me that there are relations in written and spoken words and phrases across languages - most of use have a much easier time learning more languages after we learn a second language, and we start to unders... | It seems that most projects attempt to teach the AI to learn individual, specific languages. It occurs to me that there are relations in written and spoken words and phrases across languages - most of use have a much easier time learning more languages after we learn a second language, and we start to understand the re... | 10 | 282 | 1 | 1 | 2 | [
"<natural-language-processing>"
] | 2017-04-06T06:52:45.150 | 2017-04-06T08:48:55.790 | 6,485 | null | [
{
"id": 3113,
"body": "<p>There are approaches in machine translation that try to capture this kind of synergy between languages. The idea is that if you train your architecture to be able to translate English-Japanese, Japanese-English, Korean-English, English-Korean it will also be able to translate from ... | There are approaches in machine translation that try to capture this kind of synergy between languages. The idea is that if you train your architecture to be able to translate English-Japanese, Japanese-English, Korean-English, English-Korean it will also be able to translate from Japanese to Korean without ever having... | # Has anyone attempted to train an AI to learn all languages?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing>
**Question (score 10):**
It seems that most projects attempt to teach the AI to learn individual, specific languages. It occurs to me that there are relations in written and spoken words and phrases across languages... | 1,743 | 435 | {
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3,120 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can a neural network work with continuous time? | <p>I have an ANN model that receives an input and produces an output. The output is an action that interacts with the environment and changes the input accordingly. The network has a desired environment state which, in any turn, decides the desired response and trains the network on that basis.</p>
<p>Currently, the n... | I have an ANN model that receives an input and produces an output. The output is an action that interacts with the environment and changes the input accordingly. The network has a desired environment state which, in any turn, decides the desired response and trains the network on that basis. Currently, the network work... | 5 | 500 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><unsupervised-learning><environment>"
] | 2017-04-08T10:34:10.120 | 2019-10-23T01:17:17.053 | 6,522 | 3,151 | [
{
"id": 3151,
"body": "<p>By the way you have explained things above, it seems more like a problem with your code and not the something to do with the environment. The term discrete and continuous is used to define, how the outside environment is acting, rather than how your code is taking its steps. These ... | By the way you have explained things above, it seems more like a problem with your code and not the something to do with the environment. The term discrete and continuous is used to define, how the outside environment is acting, rather than how your code is taking its steps. These are some lines from the book, Artifici... | # How can a neural network work with continuous time?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><unsupervised-learning><environment>
**Question (score 5):**
I have an ANN model that receives an input and produces an output. The output is an action that interacts with the environment and changes the input accordin... | 2,976 | 744 | {
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3,130 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can an AGI convince another AGI to modify its code? | <p>Let's suppose there are two AGIs, <span class="math-container">$A$</span> and <span class="math-container">$B$</span>. Assume that <span class="math-container">$B$</span> has the ability to modify <span class="math-container">$A$</span>, but this action of modifying is considered <strong>bad</strong> by <span class=... | Let's suppose there are two AGIs, $A$ and $B$. Assume that $B$ has the ability to modify $A$, but this action of modifying is considered bad by $B$. Can $A$ ever convince $B$ to modify $A$? | 5 | 276 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><agi><ethics>"
] | 2017-04-11T14:46:11.843 | 2020-06-07T20:49:21.943 | 6,581 | 3,177 | [
{
"id": 3177,
"body": "<p>An AI takes the decision based on the output of their <strong>utility function</strong>. This is just a fancy word for the calculations that AI perform to compare profit and loss of taking a certain decision. </p>\n\n<p>There is always a tight analogy between an AGI and a human. Yo... | An AI takes the decision based on the output of their utility function. This is just a fancy word for the calculations that AI perform to compare profit and loss of taking a certain decision. There is always a tight analogy between an AGI and a human. You can juxtapose the utility function to how we make decisions by c... | # Can an AGI convince another AGI to modify its code?
**Tags:** <philosophy><agi><ethics>
**Question (score 5):**
Let's suppose there are two AGIs, $A$ and $B$. Assume that $B$ has the ability to modify $A$, but this action of modifying is considered bad by $B$. Can $A$ ever convince $B$ to modify $A$?
### Answer (... | 5,017 | 1,254 | {
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3,137 | ai.stackexchange.com | Q learning tic tac toe | <p>I have a tic-tac-toe with a Q-learning algorithm, and the AI plays against the same algorithm (but they don't share the same Q matrix). But after 200,000 games, I still beat the AI very easily and it's rather dumb.
My selection is made by epsilon greedy policy. </p>
<p>What could cause the AI not to learn?</p>
<p... | I have a tic-tac-toe with a Q-learning algorithm, and the AI plays against the same algorithm (but they don't share the same Q matrix). But after 200,000 games, I still beat the AI very easily and it's rather dumb. My selection is made by epsilon greedy policy. What could cause the AI not to learn? [EDIT] Here is how I... | 2 | 1,258 | 1 | 10 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><reinforcement-learning><q-learning>"
] | 2017-04-12T13:32:49.070 | 2017-12-21T19:54:19.707 | 6,545 | null | [
{
"id": 3183,
"body": "<p>I couldn't add a comment because of my low reputation but you can check this. It is about the state space. <a href=\"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/485752/tictactoe-state-space-choose-calculation\">https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/485752/tictactoe-state-space-choo... | I couldn't add a comment because of my low reputation but you can check this. It is about the state space. https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/485752/tictactoe-state-space-choose-calculation (https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/485752/tictactoe-state-space-choose-calculation) | # Q learning tic tac toe
**Tags:** <machine-learning><reinforcement-learning><q-learning>
**Question (score 2):**
I have a tic-tac-toe with a Q-learning algorithm, and the AI plays against the same algorithm (but they don't share the same Q matrix). But after 200,000 games, I still beat the AI very easily and it's r... | 2,647 | 661 | {
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3,138 | ai.stackexchange.com | Will computers be able to understand user emotions? | <p>I am researching affective computing. Particularly, I'm studying the part of emotion recognition, i.e. the task of recognising the emotions that are being felt by the user/subject. For example, <a href="https://www.affectiva.com/emotion-ai-overview/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">affectiva</a> can be used to this end. I... | I am researching affective computing. Particularly, I'm studying the part of emotion recognition, i.e. the task of recognising the emotions that are being felt by the user/subject. For example, affectiva (https://www.affectiva.com/emotion-ai-overview/) can be used to this end. I have concerns not in the validity of the... | 11 | 723 | 2 | 1 | 6 | [
"<philosophy><emotional-intelligence><affective-computing>"
] | 2017-04-12T14:46:10.300 | 2020-03-08T03:15:21.523 | 6,429 | 3,654 | [
{
"id": 3654,
"body": "<p><strong>Will computers be able to understand user emotions?</strong></p>\n\n<p>The term <em>Understand</em> is multidimensional, so characterizing the degree of understanding — emotional or otherwise — is a slippery task. Nonetheless, some forms of AI emotional underst... | Will computers be able to understand user emotions? The term Understand is multidimensional, so characterizing the degree of understanding — emotional or otherwise — is a slippery task. Nonetheless, some forms of AI emotional understanding are possible. An Interesting Simple Case Even the embedded programs ... | # Will computers be able to understand user emotions?
**Tags:** <philosophy><emotional-intelligence><affective-computing>
**Question (score 11):**
I am researching affective computing. Particularly, I'm studying the part of emotion recognition, i.e. the task of recognising the emotions that are being felt by the use... | 13,223 | 3,305 | {
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3,156 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to select number of hidden layers and number of memory cells in an LSTM? | <p>I am trying to find some existing research on how to select the number of hidden layers and the size of these of an LSTM-based RNN.</p>
<p>Is there an article where this problem is being investigated, i.e., how many memory cells should one use? I assume it totaly depends on the application and in which context the m... | I am trying to find some existing research on how to select the number of hidden layers and the size of these of an LSTM-based RNN. Is there an article where this problem is being investigated, i.e., how many memory cells should one use? I assume it totaly depends on the application and in which context the model is be... | 51 | 84,644 | 4 | 0 | 33 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><research><recurrent-neural-networks><long-short-term-memory>"
] | 2017-04-14T13:35:03.903 | 2021-11-19T18:57:27.543 | 6,645 | null | [
{
"id": 3162,
"body": "<p>Your question is quite broad, but here are some tips.</p>\n\n<p>Specifically for LSTMs, see this Reddit discussion <a href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/MachineLearning/comments/4behuh/does_the_number_of_layers_in_an_lstm_network/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Does the number of layers in an L... | Your question is quite broad, but here are some tips. Specifically for LSTMs, see this Reddit discussion Does the number of layers in an LSTM network affect its ability to remember long patterns? (https://www.reddit.com/r/MachineLearning/comments/4behuh/does_the_number_of_layers_in_an_lstm_network/) The main point is t... | # How to select number of hidden layers and number of memory cells in an LSTM?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><research><recurrent-neural-networks><long-short-term-memory>
**Question (score 51):**
I am trying to find some existing research on how to select the number of hidden layers and the size of th... | 5,995 | 1,498 | {
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3,172 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is difference between edge computing and federated learning? | <p>I recently read about <a href="https://ai.googleblog.com/2017/04/federated-learning-collaborative.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">federated learning</a> introduced by Google, but it seems to be like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_computing" rel="nofollow noreferrer">edge computing</a>.</p>
<p>What is t... | I recently read about federated learning (https://ai.googleblog.com/2017/04/federated-learning-collaborative.html) introduced by Google, but it seems to be like edge computing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_computing). What is the difference between edge computing and federated learning? | 4 | 1,224 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><comparison><terminology><hardware><federated-learning>"
] | 2017-04-17T10:06:04.770 | 2019-09-20T12:27:21.163 | 6,687 | null | [
{
"id": 3217,
"body": "<p>Federated systems or Fog models, basically push computation from the active system side to server or network side processes. This is commonly used when computationally expensive services are required on limited systems (such as running some AI or augmentation occlusion processing f... | Federated systems or Fog models, basically push computation from the active system side to server or network side processes. This is commonly used when computationally expensive services are required on limited systems (such as running some AI or augmentation occlusion processing from on phone), allowing for distribute... | # What is difference between edge computing and federated learning?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><comparison><terminology><hardware><federated-learning>
**Question (score 4):**
I recently read about federated learning (https://ai.googleblog.com/2017/04/federated-learning-collaborative.html) introduced by Google, but ... | 1,530 | 382 | {
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3,175 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are examples of techniques to prevent bias in artificial intelligence systems? | <p>I recently read <a href="http://www.wired.co.uk/article/machine-learning-bias-prejudice" rel="nofollow noreferrer">an article about how artificial intelligence replicates human stereotypes</a> when applied to biased datasets.</p>
<p>What are examples of techniques to prevent bias (and stereotypes) in artificial inte... | I recently read an article about how artificial intelligence replicates human stereotypes (http://www.wired.co.uk/article/machine-learning-bias-prejudice) when applied to biased datasets. What are examples of techniques to prevent bias (and stereotypes) in artificial intelligence (in particular, machine learning) syste... | 8 | 346 | 2 | 1 | 2 | [
"<machine-learning><datasets><social><ai-safety><algorithmic-bias>"
] | 2017-04-17T19:08:21.733 | 2020-11-17T13:52:19.197 | null | null | [
{
"id": 3197,
"body": "<p>It's important to note that, ultimately, the statistical methods we currently use in ML research are just that: statistical methods. So, when they show some "bad behaviour", it's not because of problems with the statistical methods, but with the data we give them. But if ... | It's important to note that, ultimately, the statistical methods we currently use in ML research are just that: statistical methods. So, when they show some "bad behaviour", it's not because of problems with the statistical methods, but with the data we give them. But if the data we give them are as "genuine and unfilt... | # What are examples of techniques to prevent bias in artificial intelligence systems?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><datasets><social><ai-safety><algorithmic-bias>
**Question (score 8):**
I recently read an article about how artificial intelligence replicates human stereotypes (http://www.wired.co.uk/article/machine-l... | 1,720 | 430 | {
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3,176 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are good alternatives to the expression "Artificial Intelligence"? | <p>I read a really interesting article titled <a href="http://www.joshworth.com/stop-calling-in-artificial-intelligence/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"Stop Calling it Artificial Intelligence"</a> that made a compelling critique of the name "Artificial Intelligence".</p>
<ol>
<li><p>The word intelligence is so broad that... | I read a really interesting article titled "Stop Calling it Artificial Intelligence" (http://www.joshworth.com/stop-calling-in-artificial-intelligence/) that made a compelling critique of the name "Artificial Intelligence". - The word intelligence is so broad that it's hard to say whether "Artificial Intelligence" is r... | 13 | 1,154 | 6 | 1 | 1 | [
"<philosophy><terminology>"
] | 2017-04-17T20:00:57.397 | 2019-06-23T12:30:38.313 | null | null | [
{
"id": 3181,
"body": "<p>Artificial is said to derive from the Latin word \"<a href=\"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=artificium&la=la#lexicon\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">artificium</a>\" which connotes ideas such as crafting. Thus, artificial is a correct usage, and algorithms can be re... | Artificial is said to derive from the Latin word "artificium (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=artificium&la=la#lexicon)" which connotes ideas such as crafting. Thus, artificial is a correct usage, and algorithms can be regarded as "artifacts" in the context of information as opposed to physical manifestatio... | # What are good alternatives to the expression "Artificial Intelligence"?
**Tags:** <philosophy><terminology>
**Question (score 13):**
I read a really interesting article titled "Stop Calling it Artificial Intelligence" (http://www.joshworth.com/stop-calling-in-artificial-intelligence/) that made a compelling critiq... | 2,936 | 734 | {
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3,187 | ai.stackexchange.com | Does Musk know what gradient descent is? | <p>From <a href="https://futurism.com/elon-musk-an-ai-attack-on-the-internet-is-only-a-matter-of-time/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Futurism.com</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Musk indicates that internet infrastructure is "particularly susceptible" to a method called gradient descent algorithm, a mathematical problem-solvi... | From Futurism.com (https://futurism.com/elon-musk-an-ai-attack-on-the-internet-is-only-a-matter-of-time/): Musk indicates that internet infrastructure is "particularly susceptible" to a method called gradient descent algorithm, a mathematical problem-solving process. Bad news is, AI is excellent at doing gradient desce... | 3 | 361 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><gradient-descent>"
] | 2017-04-21T05:38:50.523 | 2020-05-18T14:51:34.360 | 3,874 | 3,192 | [
{
"id": 3192,
"body": "<p>I think Musk was using the terminology correctly though perhaps with hyperbole. </p>\n\n<p>I believe this was tweeted in the context of the botnet attacks on name-resolution services that broke Netflix and a large number of other internet services for a time. He was expressing the... | I think Musk was using the terminology correctly though perhaps with hyperbole. I believe this was tweeted in the context of the botnet attacks on name-resolution services that broke Netflix and a large number of other internet services for a time. He was expressing the idea that you could train a botnet-based system t... | # Does Musk know what gradient descent is?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><gradient-descent>
**Question (score 3):**
From Futurism.com (https://futurism.com/elon-musk-an-ai-attack-on-the-internet-is-only-a-matter-of-time/): Musk indicates that internet infrastructure is "particularly susceptible" to a method called gra... | 1,592 | 398 | {
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3,189 | ai.stackexchange.com | Will an AI ever understand its own functionality? | <p>Assuming I have a quite advanced AI with consciousness which can understand the basics of electronics and software structures.</p>
<p>Will it ever be able to understand that its consciousness is just some bits in memory and threads in an operating system?</p>
| Assuming I have a quite advanced AI with consciousness which can understand the basics of electronics and software structures. Will it ever be able to understand that its consciousness is just some bits in memory and threads in an operating system? | 4 | 172 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<philosophy><artificial-consciousness><self-awareness>"
] | 2017-04-21T09:50:07.307 | 2019-11-11T21:14:37.723 | 6,482 | null | [
{
"id": 3193,
"body": "<p>This is a great question, elements of which I have also been pondering on, though we are very far from being able to actually wrestle with it algorithmically. This question raises all kinds of metaphysical questions (Kant himself showed that pure reason is not sufficient for all q... | This is a great question, elements of which I have also been pondering on, though we are very far from being able to actually wrestle with it algorithmically. This question raises all kinds of metaphysical questions (Kant himself showed that pure reason is not sufficient for all questions, but I'm going to avoid that r... | # Will an AI ever understand its own functionality?
**Tags:** <philosophy><artificial-consciousness><self-awareness>
**Question (score 4):**
Assuming I have a quite advanced AI with consciousness which can understand the basics of electronics and software structures. Will it ever be able to understand that its consc... | 3,706 | 926 | {
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3,194 | ai.stackexchange.com | Perfect play in information incomplete games | <p>As titled, is there such thing as perfect play (or at least "perfectly optimal") in a game with incomplete information? Or at least a proof as to show why there cannot?</p>
<p>Naively (and seemingly obviously), the answer would be a resounding no, since the agent would be likely be forced to pick between "lottery e... | As titled, is there such thing as perfect play (or at least "perfectly optimal") in a game with incomplete information? Or at least a proof as to show why there cannot? Naively (and seemingly obviously), the answer would be a resounding no, since the agent would be likely be forced to pick between "lottery events". But... | 6 | 1,018 | 3 | 11 | 2 | [
"<research><philosophy><game-theory><incomplete-information>"
] | 2017-04-21T16:40:24.430 | 2017-09-25T17:46:36.480 | 6,779 | null | [
{
"id": 3195,
"body": "<p>This may be an evolving answer, because the question is, in some sense, a (useful) rabbit hole. I apologize if I don't go deeply into meta-games per se, as it's a little outside of my scope, which is non-chance games of perfect information, but I think it's worthwhile to think abou... | This may be an evolving answer, because the question is, in some sense, a (useful) rabbit hole. I apologize if I don't go deeply into meta-games per se, as it's a little outside of my scope, which is non-chance games of perfect information, but I think it's worthwhile to think about the underlying problem of indetermin... | # Perfect play in information incomplete games
**Tags:** <research><philosophy><game-theory><incomplete-information>
**Question (score 6):**
As titled, is there such thing as perfect play (or at least "perfectly optimal") in a game with incomplete information? Or at least a proof as to show why there cannot? Naively... | 8,154 | 2,038 | {
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3,209 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are some implications of Gödel's theorems on AI research? | <p><em>Note: My experience with Gödel's theorem is quite limited: I have read Gödel Escher Bach; skimmed the 1st half of Introduction to Godel's Theorem (by Peter Smith); and some random stuff here and there on the internet. That is, I only have a vague high level understanding of the theory.</em> </p>
<p>In my humble... | Note: My experience with Gödel's theorem is quite limited: I have read Gödel Escher Bach; skimmed the 1st half of Introduction to Godel's Theorem (by Peter Smith); and some random stuff here and there on the internet. That is, I only have a vague high level understanding of the theory. In my humble opinion, Gödel's inc... | 14 | 1,281 | 3 | 0 | 6 | [
"<philosophy><research><theory-of-computation><incompleteness-theorems>"
] | 2017-04-23T16:20:45.467 | 2020-05-13T10:40:28.900 | 6,779 | 3,213 | [
{
"id": 3213,
"body": "<p>Definitely there are a lot of implications for AI, including:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Inference with first-order-logic is semi-decidable</a>. This is a big disappointment for all the folks that want... | Definitely there are a lot of implications for AI, including: - Inference with first-order-logic is semi-decidable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic). This is a big disappointment for all the folks that wanted to use logic as a primary AI tool. - Basic equivalence of two first-order logic statements is u... | # What are some implications of Gödel's theorems on AI research?
**Tags:** <philosophy><research><theory-of-computation><incompleteness-theorems>
**Question (score 14):**
Note: My experience with Gödel's theorem is quite limited: I have read Gödel Escher Bach; skimmed the 1st half of Introduction to Godel's Theorem ... | 2,859 | 714 | {
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3,243 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are some examples of intelligent agents for each intelligent agent class? | <p>There are several classes of intelligent agents, such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>simple reflex agents</li>
<li>model-based reflex agents</li>
<li>goal-based agents</li>
<li>utility-based agents</li>
<li>learning agents</li>
</ul>
<p>Each of these agents behaves slightly different from the other agents. There are certain dia... | There are several classes of intelligent agents, such as: - simple reflex agents - model-based reflex agents - goal-based agents - utility-based agents - learning agents Each of these agents behaves slightly different from the other agents. There are certain diagrams that describe each of these IA classes. However, all... | 7 | 26,665 | 1 | 0 | 5 | [
"<definitions><intelligent-agent><multi-agent-systems>"
] | 2017-04-29T17:44:01.653 | 2019-11-16T19:56:31.900 | 6,921 | 3,253 | [
{
"id": 3253,
"body": "<p>There are no distinguishable hardware examples for each IA class. The same mobile robot architecture with proper sensors can be implemented to behave as any IA class. The way you can determine the class of an intelligent agent is from the way it processes the percept. Based on chap... | There are no distinguishable hardware examples for each IA class. The same mobile robot architecture with proper sensors can be implemented to behave as any IA class. The way you can determine the class of an intelligent agent is from the way it processes the percept. Based on chapter 2 of Artificial Intelligent: A Mod... | # What are some examples of intelligent agents for each intelligent agent class?
**Tags:** <definitions><intelligent-agent><multi-agent-systems>
**Question (score 7):**
There are several classes of intelligent agents, such as: - simple reflex agents - model-based reflex agents - goal-based agents - utility-based age... | 2,965 | 741 | {
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3,258 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can I train an AI to find known and new patterns in a log file? | <p>I'm developing an AI tool to find known equipment errors and find new patterns of failure. This log file is time-based and has known messages (information and error).</p>
<p>I'm using a JavaScript library, but my real question is <em>how to train the AI to find the known patterns and find new possible patterns</em>.... | I'm developing an AI tool to find known equipment errors and find new patterns of failure. This log file is time-based and has known messages (information and error). I'm using a JavaScript library, but my real question is how to train the AI to find the known patterns and find new possible patterns. I have some requir... | 11 | 19,160 | 1 | 2 | 10 | [
"<machine-learning><unsupervised-learning><pattern-recognition><anomaly-detection>"
] | 2017-05-03T12:57:36.667 | 2020-12-31T17:50:02.240 | 6,978 | 7,078 | [
{
"id": 7078,
"body": "<p><strong>Correlation Between Entries</strong></p>\n\n<p>The first recommendation is to ensure that appropriate warning and informational entries in the log file are presented along with errors into the machine learning components of the solution. All log entries are potentially use... | Correlation Between Entries The first recommendation is to ensure that appropriate warning and informational entries in the log file are presented along with errors into the machine learning components of the solution. All log entries are potentially useful input data if it is possible that there are correlations betwe... | # How can I train an AI to find known and new patterns in a log file?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><unsupervised-learning><pattern-recognition><anomaly-detection>
**Question (score 11):**
I'm developing an AI tool to find known equipment errors and find new patterns of failure. This log file is time-based and has kno... | 11,974 | 2,993 | {
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3,262 | ai.stackexchange.com | 1 hidden layer with 1000 neurons vs. 10 hidden layers with 100 neurons | <p>These types of questions may be problem-dependent, but I have tried to find research that addresses the question whether the number of hidden layers and their size (number of neurons in each layer) really matter or not.</p>
<p>So my question is, does it really matter if we for example have 1 large hidden layer of 1... | These types of questions may be problem-dependent, but I have tried to find research that addresses the question whether the number of hidden layers and their size (number of neurons in each layer) really matter or not. So my question is, does it really matter if we for example have 1 large hidden layer of 1000 neurons... | 15 | 20,881 | 4 | 0 | 9 | [
"<neural-networks>"
] | 2017-05-04T13:06:37.990 | 2018-09-17T18:41:57.850 | 6,645 | 3,263 | [
{
"id": 3263,
"body": "<p>Basically, having multiple layers (aka a deep network) makes your network more eager to recognize certain aspects of input data. For example, if you have the details of a house (size, lawn size, location etc.) as input and want to predict the price. The first layer may predict:</p>... | Basically, having multiple layers (aka a deep network) makes your network more eager to recognize certain aspects of input data. For example, if you have the details of a house (size, lawn size, location etc.) as input and want to predict the price. The first layer may predict: - Big area, higher price - Small amount o... | # 1 hidden layer with 1000 neurons vs. 10 hidden layers with 100 neurons
**Tags:** <neural-networks>
**Question (score 15):**
These types of questions may be problem-dependent, but I have tried to find research that addresses the question whether the number of hidden layers and their size (number of neurons in each ... | 2,878 | 719 | {
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3,272 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is language understanding possible without qualia? | <p>I feel that many words if not all of them have a direct mapping to some kind of inner subjective experience, to a physical object, mental feeling, process or some other kind of abstract thing. Given that machines don't have <em>qualia</em> and no mapping of this kind, can they really understand anything even though ... | I feel that many words if not all of them have a direct mapping to some kind of inner subjective experience, to a physical object, mental feeling, process or some other kind of abstract thing. Given that machines don't have qualia and no mapping of this kind, can they really understand anything even though they are mad... | 8 | 348 | 4 | 2 | 2 | [
"<agi><natural-language-processing>"
] | 2017-05-06T02:51:29.280 | 2019-05-06T16:03:32.560 | 3,015 | null | [
{
"id": 3283,
"body": "<p>I'm going to be controversial here; so please don't vote this answer down if you just disagree with it.</p>\n\n<p>Your question presupposes that machines do not or cannot possess qualia, which are required for true understanding. Given that we don't really know what it means to 'un... | I'm going to be controversial here; so please don't vote this answer down if you just disagree with it. Your question presupposes that machines do not or cannot possess qualia, which are required for true understanding. Given that we don't really know what it means to 'understand' something, and that even the meaning o... | # Is language understanding possible without qualia?
**Tags:** <agi><natural-language-processing>
**Question (score 8):**
I feel that many words if not all of them have a direct mapping to some kind of inner subjective experience, to a physical object, mental feeling, process or some other kind of abstract thing. Gi... | 3,953 | 988 | {
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3,274 | ai.stackexchange.com | What to do with duplicate Innovations in a genome? | <p>I´m currently implementing NEAT.
What should I do when in a mutation the same Innovation occurs which has already happened to that genome?</p>
<p>Should I simply ignore it?</p>
<p>If not what do I do with it in the mating part?</p>
| I´m currently implementing NEAT. What should I do when in a mutation the same Innovation occurs which has already happened to that genome? Should I simply ignore it? If not what do I do with it in the mating part? | 2 | 100 | 1 | 2 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><evolutionary-algorithms><neat>"
] | 2017-05-06T14:13:52.703 | 2018-03-05T19:09:39.003 | 4,550 | 3,275 | [
{
"id": 3275,
"body": "<p>Because this is more of an answer than a comment:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In the add connection\n mutation, a single new connection gene with a random weight is added connecting\n two previously unconnected nodes. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So two nodes that have been mutated wi... | Because this is more of an answer than a comment: In the add connection mutation, a single new connection gene with a random weight is added connecting two previously unconnected nodes. So two nodes that have been mutated with a connection, can't remutate because the nodes should be unconnected. In the add node mutatio... | # What to do with duplicate Innovations in a genome?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><evolutionary-algorithms><neat>
**Question (score 2):**
I´m currently implementing NEAT. What should I do when in a mutation the same Innovation occurs which has already happened to that genome? Should I simply ignore it? If not what do ... | 1,096 | 274 | {
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3,287 | ai.stackexchange.com | How is the depth of a CNN layer determined? | <p>I am looking at a <a href="https://adeshpande3.github.io/assets/zfnet.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer">diagram</a> of ZFNet in an attempt to understand how CNNs are designed effectively. I'm working with the CIFAR10 set in pytorch.</p>
<p>In the first layer, I understand the depth of 3 (224x224x3) is the number of co... | I am looking at a diagram (https://adeshpande3.github.io/assets/zfnet.png) of ZFNet in an attempt to understand how CNNs are designed effectively. I'm working with the CIFAR10 set in pytorch. In the first layer, I understand the depth of 3 (224x224x3) is the number of color channels in the image. In the second layer I ... | 3 | 5,267 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<convolutional-neural-networks>"
] | 2017-05-08T16:08:26.650 | 2018-04-22T19:59:32.070 | 3,649 | 3,289 | [
{
"id": 3289,
"body": "<p>The 96 is the amount of <em>filter maps</em> (also: filter <em>kernels</em>). It is a fundamental of convolutional neural networks. The exact number is not arbritary, although there is no equation or exact rule of restricting the number.</p>\n\n<p>If you have a CNN one single convo... | The 96 is the amount of filter maps (also: filter kernels). It is a fundamental of convolutional neural networks. The exact number is not arbritary, although there is no equation or exact rule of restricting the number. If you have a CNN one single convolution operation would be pointless: since it used for the whole i... | # How is the depth of a CNN layer determined?
**Tags:** <convolutional-neural-networks>
**Question (score 3):**
I am looking at a diagram (https://adeshpande3.github.io/assets/zfnet.png) of ZFNet in an attempt to understand how CNNs are designed effectively. I'm working with the CIFAR10 set in pytorch. In the first ... | 2,515 | 628 | {
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3,290 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can we use MCTS without a generative model? | <p>From what I have understood reading the UCT paper <a href="http://ggp.stanford.edu/readings/uct.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Bandit based monte-carlo planning</a>, by Levente Kocsis and Csaba Szepesvári, MCTS/UCT requires a generative model. </p>
<ol>
<li><p>Does it mean that, in case there is no generative model... | From what I have understood reading the UCT paper Bandit based monte-carlo planning (http://ggp.stanford.edu/readings/uct.pdf), by Levente Kocsis and Csaba Szepesvári, MCTS/UCT requires a generative model. - Does it mean that, in case there is no generative model of the environment, we cannot use MCTS? - If we can stil... | 2 | 427 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><monte-carlo-tree-search>"
] | 2017-05-09T02:09:17.800 | 2019-11-18T21:53:08.373 | 7,098 | 4,393 | [
{
"id": 4393,
"body": "<p>You either need a generative model or an emulator of the environment. In the later case you don't calculate your transitions and rewards using the model but feed your actions and states to the emulator and work with the results.</p>\n\n<p>The emulator can be a black box as long as ... | You either need a generative model or an emulator of the environment. In the later case you don't calculate your transitions and rewards using the model but feed your actions and states to the emulator and work with the results. The emulator can be a black box as long as it returns the next state and the reward when pr... | # Can we use MCTS without a generative model?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><monte-carlo-tree-search>
**Question (score 2):**
From what I have understood reading the UCT paper Bandit based monte-carlo planning (http://ggp.stanford.edu/readings/uct.pdf), by Levente Kocsis and Csaba Szepesvári, MCTS/UCT requires a... | 1,018 | 254 | {
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3,291 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can I start learning mathematics for machine learning? | <p>I am an Android programmer. Now, I would like to learn machine learning. I know it requires a mathematical background, like statistics, probability, calculus and linear algebra. However, I am a bit lost. Where should I start from? Can someone provide me a road map for how to learn the mathematical background require... | I am an Android programmer. Now, I would like to learn machine learning. I know it requires a mathematical background, like statistics, probability, calculus and linear algebra. However, I am a bit lost. Where should I start from? Can someone provide me a road map for how to learn the mathematical background required f... | 8 | 988 | 3 | 0 | 3 | [
"<machine-learning><math>"
] | 2017-05-09T04:57:47.583 | 2019-06-02T16:24:01.697 | 7,101 | 3,294 | [
{
"id": 3294,
"body": "<p>You should begin from Dr Andrew Ng machine learning course on Coursera. It's probably the most popular course for newcomers in machine learning. It's a free course.</p>\n\n<p>You should also grab \"Elements of Statistical Learning\" ebook PDF. It's a free book.</p>\n\n<p>You may wa... | You should begin from Dr Andrew Ng machine learning course on Coursera. It's probably the most popular course for newcomers in machine learning. It's a free course. You should also grab "Elements of Statistical Learning" ebook PDF. It's a free book. You may want to focus on: - Regression - Cross validation - Bias-varia... | # How can I start learning mathematics for machine learning?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><math>
**Question (score 8):**
I am an Android programmer. Now, I would like to learn machine learning. I know it requires a mathematical background, like statistics, probability, calculus and linear algebra. However, I am a bit... | 1,249 | 312 | {
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3,296 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do neural networks manage to do regression? | <p>I'm trying to learn about neural networks, and I'm interested in gaining a better conceptual understanding of how they work to solve certain problems. I'm having trouble in conceptually understanding how they succeed in doing regression (i.e. predicting continuous variables), however, and wondered if anybody has a g... | I'm trying to learn about neural networks, and I'm interested in gaining a better conceptual understanding of how they work to solve certain problems. I'm having trouble in conceptually understanding how they succeed in doing regression (i.e. predicting continuous variables), however, and wondered if anybody has a good... | 6 | 442 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning>"
] | 2017-05-09T13:08:34.313 | 2020-03-07T22:52:46.473 | 7,107 | 3,410 | [
{
"id": 3410,
"body": "<p>I came across the article <a href=\"http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap4.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">A visual proof that neural nets can compute any function</a> that explains how a neural network can approximate any function, which pretty much answers my question.... | I came across the article A visual proof that neural nets can compute any function (http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap4.html) that explains how a neural network can approximate any function, which pretty much answers my question. I suppose connections between neurons do not generally arrange themselves in th... | # How do neural networks manage to do regression?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning>
**Question (score 6):**
I'm trying to learn about neural networks, and I'm interested in gaining a better conceptual understanding of how they work to solve certain problems. I'm having trouble in conceptually understanding ... | 2,627 | 656 | {
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3,298 | ai.stackexchange.com | What type of AI would you recommend for this complex problem? | <p>I'm trying to develop a kind of AI that will assist in debugging a large software system while we run test cases on it. The AI can get access to anything that the developers of the system can, namely log files, and execution data from trace points. It also has access to the structure of the system, and all of the so... | I'm trying to develop a kind of AI that will assist in debugging a large software system while we run test cases on it. The AI can get access to anything that the developers of the system can, namely log files, and execution data from trace points. It also has access to the structure of the system, and all of the sourc... | 2 | 235 | 3 | 5 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><deep-learning><ai-design>"
] | 2017-05-09T17:28:22.217 | 2018-09-17T18:05:10.213 | 7,083 | 7,489 | [
{
"id": 7487,
"body": "<p>You are trying to solve a variant of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">The Halting Problem</a>, which is the problem of detecting whether a computer program is going to stop, or run forever.</p>\n\n<p>The Halting Problem is incomp... | You are trying to solve a variant of The Halting Problem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halting_problem), which is the problem of detecting whether a computer program is going to stop, or run forever. The Halting Problem is incomputable, which means it is not possible to write a computer program that solves it. It is e... | # What type of AI would you recommend for this complex problem?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><deep-learning><ai-design>
**Question (score 2):**
I'm trying to develop a kind of AI that will assist in debugging a large software system while we run test cases on it. The AI can get access to anything that the developers ... | 2,669 | 667 | {
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3,302 | ai.stackexchange.com | Precise localization and characterization of rudimentary shapes with neural networks | <p>I understand that there are flavors of (convolutional) neural networks that are useful for object <a href="https://adeshpande3.github.io/adeshpande3.github.io/A-Beginner%27s-Guide-To-Understanding-Convolutional-Neural-Networks-Part-2/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">localization and detection</a> tasks of reasonable diff... | I understand that there are flavors of (convolutional) neural networks that are useful for object localization and detection (https://adeshpande3.github.io/adeshpande3.github.io/A-Beginner%27s-Guide-To-Understanding-Convolutional-Neural-Networks-Part-2/) tasks of reasonable difficulty. In all of the examples I have see... | 5 | 713 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<deep-learning><deep-neural-networks><computer-vision><object-recognition>"
] | 2017-05-10T20:07:49.943 | 2017-05-15T07:38:09.063 | 7,132 | null | [
{
"id": 3360,
"body": "<p>I think you're describing \"object localization and detection\" which combines object identification with discovery of its spatial placement in the field of view. There's been a lot of work on this in the past 5 years using CNNs and variants. It's very much in demand for pedestri... | I think you're describing "object localization and detection" which combines object identification with discovery of its spatial placement in the field of view. There's been a lot of work on this in the past 5 years using CNNs and variants. It's very much in demand for pedestrian/obstruction detection, identification, ... | # Precise localization and characterization of rudimentary shapes with neural networks
**Tags:** <deep-learning><deep-neural-networks><computer-vision><object-recognition>
**Question (score 5):**
I understand that there are flavors of (convolutional) neural networks that are useful for object localization and detect... | 2,827 | 706 | {
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3,310 | ai.stackexchange.com | Will automata love? | <p>Can or will automata love? If so, is there a theoretical limit to love? Conversely, can automata develop selfishness? </p>
<p>How many resources will automata devote to being selfish and helping others?</p>
| Can or will automata love? If so, is there a theoretical limit to love? Conversely, can automata develop selfishness? How many resources will automata devote to being selfish and helping others? | 3 | 363 | 3 | 1 | 0 | [
"<philosophy><emotional-intelligence><affective-computing>"
] | 2017-05-14T00:00:46.350 | 2020-03-09T20:16:08.873 | 7,184 | 3,311 | [
{
"id": 3311,
"body": "<p>It's a poorly stated question because these are at least three, possibly four different questions that are quite independent from each other.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>First, let's take the questions from the text. Selfishness vs generosity of the system - this is quite easy to define as s... | It's a poorly stated question because these are at least three, possibly four different questions that are quite independent from each other. First, let's take the questions from the text. Selfishness vs generosity of the system - this is quite easy to define as sacrificing resources for "own maintenance" vs "statutory... | # Will automata love?
**Tags:** <philosophy><emotional-intelligence><affective-computing>
**Question (score 3):**
Can or will automata love? If so, is there a theoretical limit to love? Conversely, can automata develop selfishness? How many resources will automata devote to being selfish and helping others?
### Ans... | 3,467 | 866 | {
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3,312 | ai.stackexchange.com | What's done towards AI learning new ways of learning? | <p>Most (all I know) machine learning systems use a fixed set of data input channels and processing algorithms, only expanding underlying dataset processed by these; they obtain new data but only from predefined sources, and use only their fixed, built-in capacity to process it, possibly tweaking parameters of the algo... | Most (all I know) machine learning systems use a fixed set of data input channels and processing algorithms, only expanding underlying dataset processed by these; they obtain new data but only from predefined sources, and use only their fixed, built-in capacity to process it, possibly tweaking parameters of the algorit... | 4 | 168 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning>"
] | 2017-05-15T09:53:06.317 | 2019-06-25T22:30:27.060 | 38 | 3,318 | [
{
"id": 3316,
"body": "<p>I think the closest thing is building up knowledge using predictions like in the <a href=\"https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~meeden/DevelopmentalRobotics/horde1.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Horde Architecture</a>. Research about what are good predictions to make is on going at th... | I think the closest thing is building up knowledge using predictions like in the Horde Architecture (https://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~meeden/DevelopmentalRobotics/horde1.pdf). Research about what are good predictions to make is on going at the University of Alberta, Canada but the Horde architecture has the potential to ... | # What's done towards AI learning new ways of learning?
**Tags:** <machine-learning>
**Question (score 4):**
Most (all I know) machine learning systems use a fixed set of data input channels and processing algorithms, only expanding underlying dataset processed by these; they obtain new data but only from predefined... | 1,804 | 451 | {
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3,320 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can AI stop attacks like WannaCry? | <p>I have done some research regarding the application of machine learning to cyber-security. After these recent attacks (like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack" rel="nofollow noreferrer">WannaCry</a>), I think that AI-based cyber defense can prevent them. I have also read about research... | I have done some research regarding the application of machine learning to cyber-security. After these recent attacks (like WannaCry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack)), I think that AI-based cyber defense can prevent them. I have also read about research regarding the same in MIT, and that AI c... | 8 | 416 | 1 | 1 | 3 | [
"<applications><cyberterrorism>"
] | 2017-05-16T10:38:10.210 | 2019-11-22T22:12:18.023 | 6,508 | 3,331 | [
{
"id": 3331,
"body": "<p>There are projects out there attempting to apply Machine Learning / AI to cyber-security in different ways. One that I'm familiar with is <a href=\"http://metron.apache.org/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Apache Metron</a>. Another related project is <a href=\"http://spot.apache.o... | There are projects out there attempting to apply Machine Learning / AI to cyber-security in different ways. One that I'm familiar with is Apache Metron (http://metron.apache.org/). Another related project is Apache Spot (http://spot.apache.org/). I think if you read over the docs for these two projects respectively, th... | # Can AI stop attacks like WannaCry?
**Tags:** <applications><cyberterrorism>
**Question (score 8):**
I have done some research regarding the application of machine learning to cyber-security. After these recent attacks (like WannaCry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack)), I think that AI-based... | 923 | 230 | {
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3,321 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do we choose the kernel size depending on the problem? | <p>Obviously, finding suitable hyper-parameters for a neural network is a complex task and problem or domain-specific. However, there should be at least some "rules" that hold most times for the size of the filter (or kernel)!</p>
<p>In most cases, intuition should be to go for small filters for detecting high-frequen... | Obviously, finding suitable hyper-parameters for a neural network is a complex task and problem or domain-specific. However, there should be at least some "rules" that hold most times for the size of the filter (or kernel)! In most cases, intuition should be to go for small filters for detecting high-frequency features... | 8 | 6,093 | 2 | 1 | 3 | [
"<convolutional-neural-networks><image-recognition><hyperparameter-optimization><hyper-parameters><filters>"
] | 2017-05-16T10:47:40.513 | 2021-01-29T23:00:26.587 | 7,095 | null | [
{
"id": 5707,
"body": "<p>Take a look at <a href=\"https://cs.nyu.edu/~fergus/papers/zeilerECCV2014.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this article</a>. It give tools to actually understand what your filters have learn and show what you can do next to optimize your hyper-parameters. Also check more recent ar... | Take a look at this article (https://cs.nyu.edu/~fergus/papers/zeilerECCV2014.pdf). It give tools to actually understand what your filters have learn and show what you can do next to optimize your hyper-parameters. Also check more recent articles that seek to provide interpretations of what NN learn. | # How do we choose the kernel size depending on the problem?
**Tags:** <convolutional-neural-networks><image-recognition><hyperparameter-optimization><hyper-parameters><filters>
**Question (score 8):**
Obviously, finding suitable hyper-parameters for a neural network is a complex task and problem or domain-specific.... | 1,280 | 320 | {
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3,325 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can I use a trained CNN to predict a new image label? | <p>I was applying this <a href="https://www.mathworks.com/help/nnet/examples/transfer-learning-and-fine-tuning-of-convolutional-neural-networks.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">CNN fine-tuning example from Matlab</a>.</p>
<p>The example shows how to fine-tune a pre-trained CNN on letters to classify images of digits. N... | I was applying this CNN fine-tuning example from Matlab (https://www.mathworks.com/help/nnet/examples/transfer-learning-and-fine-tuning-of-convolutional-neural-networks.html). The example shows how to fine-tune a pre-trained CNN on letters to classify images of digits. Now I would like to use this new fine-tuned CNN on... | 2 | 870 | 1 | 5 | 0 | [
"<convolutional-neural-networks><matlab>"
] | 2017-05-16T16:33:35.703 | 2018-01-28T23:06:04.570 | 7,075 | null | [
{
"id": 3797,
"body": "<p>As the question has been left unanswered, for future readers of the questions:</p>\n\n<p>The documentation you link gives the answer to your question.</p>\n\n<p>Given the fact you have a pre-trained model as you say:</p>\n\n<pre><code>YPred = classify(netTransfer,testDigitData);\n<... | As the question has been left unanswered, for future readers of the questions: The documentation you link gives the answer to your question. Given the fact you have a pre-trained model as you say: ``` YPred = classify(netTransfer,testDigitData); ``` where `netTansfer` is the pre-trained model and `testDigitData` is you... | # How can I use a trained CNN to predict a new image label?
**Tags:** <convolutional-neural-networks><matlab>
**Question (score 2):**
I was applying this CNN fine-tuning example from Matlab (https://www.mathworks.com/help/nnet/examples/transfer-learning-and-fine-tuning-of-convolutional-neural-networks.html). The exa... | 1,348 | 337 | {
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3,330 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why are inhibitory connections often used in virtual neural networks when they don't seem to exist in real life neural networks? | <p>Something I like about neural network AI is that we already have a blueprint for it - we know in great detail how different types of neurons work, and we don't have to invent the AI, we can just replicate what we already know works (neural networks) in a simplified way and train it. </p>
<p>So what's confusing me r... | Something I like about neural network AI is that we already have a blueprint for it - we know in great detail how different types of neurons work, and we don't have to invent the AI, we can just replicate what we already know works (neural networks) in a simplified way and train it. So what's confusing me right now is ... | 2 | 1,160 | 2 | 1 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks>"
] | 2017-05-17T15:42:08.583 | 2017-05-17T15:47:16.320 | 7,249 | 3,332 | [
{
"id": 3332,
"body": "<p>I think you are confused. The reason why some neural neural networks have neurons with an output in range <code>(-1, 1)</code> all depends on the activation function used. Some networks even have neurons with an output range of <code>(-Infinity, +Infinity)</code> ( aka the identity... | I think you are confused. The reason why some neural neural networks have neurons with an output in range `(-1, 1)` all depends on the activation function used. Some networks even have neurons with an output range of `(-Infinity, +Infinity)` ( aka the identity function ). I advise you to take a look at this list: activ... | # Why are inhibitory connections often used in virtual neural networks when they don't seem to exist in real life neural networks?
**Tags:** <neural-networks>
**Question (score 2):**
Something I like about neural network AI is that we already have a blueprint for it - we know in great detail how different types of n... | 3,146 | 786 | {
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3,335 | ai.stackexchange.com | What caused the resurgence of AI since the early 2000s? | <p>I took a few AI courses in college (1999-2003), and we used the first edition of <em>AI: A Modern Approach</em>. We covered a lot of topics and programming, including classical AI, neural networks, and temporal difference learning.</p>
<p>Over the past few years, AI has had a resurgence. </p>
<p><em>Is this resurg... | I took a few AI courses in college (1999-2003), and we used the first edition of AI: A Modern Approach. We covered a lot of topics and programming, including classical AI, neural networks, and temporal difference learning. Over the past few years, AI has had a resurgence. Is this resurgence due to new AI theory or just... | 2 | 351 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<history>"
] | 2017-05-18T13:27:55.477 | 2017-12-27T19:42:14.510 | 7,280 | 3,337 | [
{
"id": 3337,
"body": "<p>To vastly oversimplify a lot of the progress of modern research in AI/neural nets, the recent advances stems from applicational improvements of the back propagation algorithm. </p>\n\n<p>ex: our recent possession of big data (it turns out that back-prop works very well if you have ... | To vastly oversimplify a lot of the progress of modern research in AI/neural nets, the recent advances stems from applicational improvements of the back propagation algorithm. ex: our recent possession of big data (it turns out that back-prop works very well if you have lots of data to feed into the network), increased... | # What caused the resurgence of AI since the early 2000s?
**Tags:** <history>
**Question (score 2):**
I took a few AI courses in college (1999-2003), and we used the first edition of AI: A Modern Approach. We covered a lot of topics and programming, including classical AI, neural networks, and temporal difference le... | 1,524 | 381 | {
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3,345 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to train a neural network for a round based board game? | <p>I'm wondering how to train a neural network for a round based board game like, tic-tac-toe, chess, risk or any other round based game.
Getting the next move by inference seems to be pretty straight forward, by feeding the game state as input and using the output as the move for the current player.
However training a... | I'm wondering how to train a neural network for a round based board game like, tic-tac-toe, chess, risk or any other round based game. Getting the next move by inference seems to be pretty straight forward, by feeding the game state as input and using the output as the move for the current player. However training an A... | 12 | 10,194 | 3 | 0 | 4 | [
"<training><tensorflow><game-ai>"
] | 2017-05-19T18:38:45.073 | 2021-04-01T19:46:43.907 | 7,321 | null | [
{
"id": 3517,
"body": "<p>Great question! NN is very promising for this type of problem: <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.01549.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Giraffe Chess</a>. Lai's accomplishment <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/541276/deep-learning-machine-teaches-itself-chess-in-72... | Great question! NN is very promising for this type of problem: Giraffe Chess (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.01549.pdf). Lai's accomplishment was considered to be a pretty big deal (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/541276/deep-learning-machine-teaches-itself-chess-in-72-hours-plays-at-international-master/), but unfortun... | # How to train a neural network for a round based board game?
**Tags:** <training><tensorflow><game-ai>
**Question (score 12):**
I'm wondering how to train a neural network for a round based board game like, tic-tac-toe, chess, risk or any other round based game. Getting the next move by inference seems to be pretty... | 5,109 | 1,277 | {
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3,358 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it feasible to train a Machine Learning Model (with image inputs) in an average personal computer? | <p>There are lots of examples of machine learning systems that can recognize objects and extract other information from images with very high precision. To train the models of such systems is necessary (I guess) a computer with a lot of computational power. </p>
<p>My question is: For a system with images as inputs, d... | There are lots of examples of machine learning systems that can recognize objects and extract other information from images with very high precision. To train the models of such systems is necessary (I guess) a computer with a lot of computational power. My question is: For a system with images as inputs, depending on ... | 5 | 173 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><image-recognition><training><computer-vision>"
] | 2017-05-22T15:52:47.867 | 2017-05-23T15:26:10.837 | null | 3,370 | [
{
"id": 3370,
"body": "<p>You may play around on an average laptop but training will be very slow and you will be limited on the size of your model.<br>\nOnce you try to build something more serious you will run out of memory very fast. A system with a GPU is recommended if you want to really do things like... | You may play around on an average laptop but training will be very slow and you will be limited on the size of your model. Once you try to build something more serious you will run out of memory very fast. A system with a GPU is recommended if you want to really do things like image recognition. If you buy something I ... | # Is it feasible to train a Machine Learning Model (with image inputs) in an average personal computer?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><image-recognition><training><computer-vision>
**Question (score 5):**
There are lots of examples of machine learning systems that can recognize objects and extract oth... | 1,625 | 406 | {
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3,361 | ai.stackexchange.com | Open-source tools or libraries to experiment with neural networks and evolutionary algorithms | <p>I'd like to do some experimenting with neural net evolution (NEAT). I wrote some GA and neural net code in C++ back in the 90s just to play around with, but the DIY approach proved to be labor-intensive enough that I eventually dropped it.</p>
<p>Things have changed a lot since then, and there are lots of very nice ... | I'd like to do some experimenting with neural net evolution (NEAT). I wrote some GA and neural net code in C++ back in the 90s just to play around with, but the DIY approach proved to be labor-intensive enough that I eventually dropped it. Things have changed a lot since then, and there are lots of very nice open-sourc... | 10 | 651 | 6 | 0 | 6 | [
"<neural-networks><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neat><resource-request>"
] | 2017-05-23T00:22:31.627 | 2021-02-06T17:52:12.083 | 7,374 | null | [
{
"id": 3365,
"body": "<blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https://github.com/wagenaartje/neataptic\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://github.com/wagenaartje/neataptic</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>As this is written in Javascript and does not (yet) offer GPU support, it is quite slow. However, it is very nice to fi... | https://github.com/wagenaartje/neataptic (https://github.com/wagenaartje/neataptic) As this is written in Javascript and does not (yet) offer GPU support, it is quite slow. However, it is very nice to fiddle around with flexible network architectures. The only visualisation that it offers right now is a map of network ... | # Open-source tools or libraries to experiment with neural networks and evolutionary algorithms
**Tags:** <neural-networks><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neat><resource-request>
**Question (score 10):**
I'd like to do some experimenting with neural net evolution (NEAT). I wrote some GA and neural net ... | 4,363 | 1,090 | {
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3,368 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are more than 8 high performance Nvidia GPUs practical for deep learning applications? | <p>I was prompted towards this question while trying to find server racks and motherboards which are specialized towards artificial intelligence. Naturally I went to the SuperMicro website. There the <a href="https://www.supermicro.com.tw/products/system/4U/4028/SYS-4028GR-TXRT.cfm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">chassis+mo... | I was prompted towards this question while trying to find server racks and motherboards which are specialized towards artificial intelligence. Naturally I went to the SuperMicro website. There the chassis+motherboard (https://www.supermicro.com.tw/products/system/4U/4028/SYS-4028GR-TXRT.cfm) which supported the maximum... | 7 | 1,131 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<machine-learning><deep-learning><hardware>"
] | 2017-05-23T11:06:33.233 | 2017-08-14T22:13:36.670 | 236 | null | [
{
"id": 3369,
"body": "<p>I did some recent research on this topic. It all comes down to parallelization.<br>\nBasically there are 2 ways to do it: model parallelization or batch parallelization. </p>\n\n<p>Model parallelization is when you split the model by layers among multiple GPUs. As per my best know... | I did some recent research on this topic. It all comes down to parallelization. Basically there are 2 ways to do it: model parallelization or batch parallelization. Model parallelization is when you split the model by layers among multiple GPUs. As per my best knowledge you can't split a layer between GPUs, so 8 GPUs w... | # Are more than 8 high performance Nvidia GPUs practical for deep learning applications?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><deep-learning><hardware>
**Question (score 7):**
I was prompted towards this question while trying to find server racks and motherboards which are specialized towards artificial intelligence. Natural... | 3,718 | 929 | {
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3,373 | ai.stackexchange.com | Who manufactures Google's Tensor Processing Units? | <p>Does google manufacture TPUs? I know that google engineers are the ones responsible for the design, and that google is the one using them, but which company is responsible for the actual manufacturing of the chip? </p>
| Does google manufacture TPUs? I know that google engineers are the ones responsible for the design, and that google is the one using them, but which company is responsible for the actual manufacturing of the chip? | 7 | 1,743 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<tensorflow><hardware><google>"
] | 2017-05-24T05:31:50.243 | 2019-04-30T18:54:13.233 | 3,323 | null | [
{
"id": 4461,
"body": "<p>Google has not released the manufacturing details for their TPUs. However, it's suspected that they're produced by either Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing or GlobalFoundries, as these are some of the largest companies in the industry.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.recode.net/20... | Google has not released the manufacturing details for their TPUs. However, it's suspected that they're produced by either Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing or GlobalFoundries, as these are some of the largest companies in the industry. Source (https://www.recode.net/2016/5/20/11719392/google-ai-chip-tpu-questions-answ... | # Who manufactures Google's Tensor Processing Units?
**Tags:** <tensorflow><hardware><google>
**Question (score 7):**
Does google manufacture TPUs? I know that google engineers are the ones responsible for the design, and that google is the one using them, but which company is responsible for the actual manufacturin... | 681 | 170 | {
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3,374 | ai.stackexchange.com | How does one start learning artificial intelligence? | <p>I am a software engineering student and I am complete beginner to AI. I have read a lot of articles on how to start learning AI, but each article suggests a different way. I was wondering if some of you experts can help me get started in the right way.</p>
<p>A few more specific questions</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Which lan... | I am a software engineering student and I am complete beginner to AI. I have read a lot of articles on how to start learning AI, but each article suggests a different way. I was wondering if some of you experts can help me get started in the right way. A few more specific questions - Which language should I focus on? A... | 18 | 16,510 | 6 | 0 | 33 | [
"<math><getting-started><programming-languages>"
] | 2017-05-24T19:07:38.987 | 2020-03-04T21:17:13.877 | 4,427 | 3,382 | [
{
"id": 3382,
"body": "<h2>What is artificial intelligence?</h2>\n\n<p>Artificial Intelligence is a very broad field and it covers many and very deep areas of computer science, mathematics, hardware design, and even biology and psychology. </p>\n\n<h2>What math do you need?</h2>\n\n<p>As for math, I think c... | ## What is artificial intelligence? Artificial Intelligence is a very broad field and it covers many and very deep areas of computer science, mathematics, hardware design, and even biology and psychology. ## What math do you need? As for math, I think calculus, statistics, and optimization are the most important topics... | # How does one start learning artificial intelligence?
**Tags:** <math><getting-started><programming-languages>
**Question (score 18):**
I am a software engineering student and I am complete beginner to AI. I have read a lot of articles on how to start learning AI, but each article suggests a different way. I was wo... | 10,943 | 2,735 | {
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3,389 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could a neural network detect primes? | <p>I am not looking for an efficient way to find primes (which of course is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS_primality_test" rel="noreferrer">solved problem</a>). This is more of a "what if" question.</p>
<p>So, in theory, could you train a neural network to predict whether or not a given number <... | I am not looking for an efficient way to find primes (which of course is a solved problem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS_primality_test)). This is more of a "what if" question. So, in theory, could you train a neural network to predict whether or not a given number $n$ is composite or prime? How would such a networ... | 34 | 16,087 | 4 | 1 | 9 | [
"<neural-networks><prediction><primality-test>"
] | 2017-05-26T15:15:31.397 | 2020-11-14T12:54:20.367 | 7,458 | 7,598 | [
{
"id": 7598,
"body": "<p>Early success on prime number testing via artificial networks is presented in <a href=\"https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5sg7n4ww/qt5sg7n4ww.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><em>A Compositional Neural-network Solution to Prime-number Testing</em>, László Egri... | Early success on prime number testing via artificial networks is presented in A Compositional Neural-network Solution to Prime-number Testing, László Egri, Thomas R. Shultz, 2006 (https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5sg7n4ww/qt5sg7n4ww.pdf). The knowledge-based cascade-correlation (KBCC) network appr... | # Could a neural network detect primes?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><prediction><primality-test>
**Question (score 34):**
I am not looking for an efficient way to find primes (which of course is a solved problem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS_primality_test)). This is more of a "what if" question. So, in theory, ... | 5,767 | 1,441 | {
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3,390 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can one find / collect data for, and come up with ideas for, using Deep Learning / AI to improve one's everyday life? | <p>I can see a lot of tutorials and examples about using TensorFlow and other free, open-source AI/ML/DL frameworks on enterprise level where enough data was collected for such AI solutions.</p>
<p>How can one can collect enough data in normal everyday life to practically and effectively make use of such freely availa... | I can see a lot of tutorials and examples about using TensorFlow and other free, open-source AI/ML/DL frameworks on enterprise level where enough data was collected for such AI solutions. How can one can collect enough data in normal everyday life to practically and effectively make use of such freely available AI/ML/D... | 5 | 108 | 1 | 1 | 1 | [
"<deep-learning><datasets>"
] | 2017-05-26T15:31:47.283 | 2017-05-27T17:14:37.367 | 6,933 | 3,394 | [
{
"id": 3394,
"body": "<p>Speaking to the \"collecting data\" part of the question, I'll say this:</p>\n\n<p>Keep in mind that not <strong>everything</strong> requires massive amounts of data. Consider also that large amounts of data about all sorts of things are available in the <a href=\"https://en.wikipe... | Speaking to the "collecting data" part of the question, I'll say this: Keep in mind that not everything requires massive amounts of data. Consider also that large amounts of data about all sorts of things are available in the OpenData (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data) / LinkedData (http://linkeddata.org/) realm... | # How can one find / collect data for, and come up with ideas for, using Deep Learning / AI to improve one's everyday life?
**Tags:** <deep-learning><datasets>
**Question (score 5):**
I can see a lot of tutorials and examples about using TensorFlow and other free, open-source AI/ML/DL frameworks on enterprise level ... | 1,823 | 455 | {
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3,397 | ai.stackexchange.com | Can AI write good jokes yet? | <p>Just watched a recent WIRED video on virtual assistants' performance on telling jokes. They're composed by humans, but I'd like to know if AI has gotten good enough to write some.</p>
| Just watched a recent WIRED video on virtual assistants' performance on telling jokes. They're composed by humans, but I'd like to know if AI has gotten good enough to write some. | 9 | 5,119 | 3 | 0 | 2 | [
"<machine-learning>"
] | 2017-05-27T20:16:24.543 | 2020-08-15T15:56:27.760 | null | null | [
{
"id": 3439,
"body": "<p>I don't think the AI has gotten to that point yet. Here are some of the interesting papers on the subject:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>A paper was recently written that attempted to <a href=\"http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/s0894589/petrovic13unsupervised.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ge... | I don't think the AI has gotten to that point yet. Here are some of the interesting papers on the subject: - A paper was recently written that attempted to generate jokes using unsupervised learning (http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/s0894589/petrovic13unsupervised.pdf). The jokes are formulaic: they're all of the form "I ... | # Can AI write good jokes yet?
**Tags:** <machine-learning>
**Question (score 9):**
Just watched a recent WIRED video on virtual assistants' performance on telling jokes. They're composed by humans, but I'd like to know if AI has gotten good enough to write some.
### Answer (score 9)
I don't think the AI has gotten... | 3,511 | 877 | {
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3,402 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there ever a need to combine deep learning frameworks? (Eg. TensorFlow & Torch)? | <p>Imagine a simple scenario of having a large repository using one framework and integrated with data/robots, etc., then having a new feature requested and the framework missing some vital functionality that is available in another framework (say a new kind of layer).</p>
<p>For many mathematical libraries, it can be ... | Imagine a simple scenario of having a large repository using one framework and integrated with data/robots, etc., then having a new feature requested and the framework missing some vital functionality that is available in another framework (say a new kind of layer). For many mathematical libraries, it can be easy to re... | 6 | 794 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<deep-learning><tensorflow><pytorch><software-architecture>"
] | 2017-05-29T02:22:25.197 | 2021-04-22T22:56:08.737 | 4,398 | 3,643 | [
{
"id": 3643,
"body": "<p>In the time since I asked this question, I have been able to combine Tensorflow and Chainer considerably well. That being said, one should try to avoid combining deep learning frameworks if one can for a few reasons:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>It doubles the amount of documentation one needs... | In the time since I asked this question, I have been able to combine Tensorflow and Chainer considerably well. That being said, one should try to avoid combining deep learning frameworks if one can for a few reasons: - It doubles the amount of documentation one needs to reference - It makes it difficult for new develop... | # Is there ever a need to combine deep learning frameworks? (Eg. TensorFlow & Torch)?
**Tags:** <deep-learning><tensorflow><pytorch><software-architecture>
**Question (score 6):**
Imagine a simple scenario of having a large repository using one framework and integrated with data/robots, etc., then having a new featu... | 3,091 | 772 | {
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3,403 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are other ways of handling invalid actions in scenarios where all rewards are either 0 (best reward) or negative? | <p>I created an OpenAI Gym environment, and I would like to check the performance of the agent from <a href="https://blog.openai.com/openai-baselines-dqn/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">OpenAI Baselines DQN approach </a> on it.
In my environment, the best possible outcome for the agent is 0 - the robot needs zero non-neces... | I created an OpenAI Gym environment, and I would like to check the performance of the agent from OpenAI Baselines DQN approach (https://blog.openai.com/openai-baselines-dqn/) on it. In my environment, the best possible outcome for the agent is 0 - the robot needs zero non-necessary resources to complete a task. The goa... | 8 | 1,835 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><q-learning><dqn><implementation><reward-functions>"
] | 2017-05-29T09:02:28.270 | 2020-11-14T19:03:06.843 | 7,495 | 3,405 | [
{
"id": 3405,
"body": "<h2>1) Is there any way to set the initial Q-values for the actions?</h2>\n<p>You can generally do this, but you cannot specify specific weights for specific actions in specific states. Not through the network weights directly, at least. That would defeat the purpose of using backprop... | ## 1) Is there any way to set the initial Q-values for the actions? You can generally do this, but you cannot specify specific weights for specific actions in specific states. Not through the network weights directly, at least. That would defeat the purpose of using backpropagation to optimize the weights and find the ... | # What are other ways of handling invalid actions in scenarios where all rewards are either 0 (best reward) or negative?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><q-learning><dqn><implementation><reward-functions>
**Question (score 8):**
I created an OpenAI Gym environment, and I would like to check the performance of the ... | 3,913 | 978 | {
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3,406 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is the difference between simple reflex and model-based agents? | <p>What is the difference between simple reflex and model-based agents?</p>
<p>What is the role of the internal state, in the case of model-based agents?</p>
| What is the difference between simple reflex and model-based agents? What is the role of the internal state, in the case of model-based agents? | 5 | 3,892 | 1 | 0 | 2 | [
"<ai-basics><theory><intelligent-agent><comparison>"
] | 2017-05-29T11:17:59.697 | 2019-06-22T17:07:25.043 | 7,500 | null | [
{
"id": 8717,
"body": "<p>A <strong>simplex reflex</strong> agent takes actions based on current situational experiences.</p>\n\n<p>For example, if you set your smart bulb to turn on at some given time, let's say at 9 pm, the bulb won't recognize how the time is longer simply because that's the rule defined... | A simplex reflex agent takes actions based on current situational experiences. For example, if you set your smart bulb to turn on at some given time, let's say at 9 pm, the bulb won't recognize how the time is longer simply because that's the rule defined it follows. A simple reflex agent doesn't compute complex comput... | # What is the difference between simple reflex and model-based agents?
**Tags:** <ai-basics><theory><intelligent-agent><comparison>
**Question (score 5):**
What is the difference between simple reflex and model-based agents? What is the role of the internal state, in the case of model-based agents?
### Answer (scor... | 1,206 | 301 | {
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3,415 | ai.stackexchange.com | What are state-of-the-art ways of using greedy heuristics to initially set the weights of a Deep Q-Network in Reinforcement Learning? | <p>I am interested in the current state-of-the-art ways to use quick, greedy heuristics in order to speed up the learning in a Deep Q-Network in Reinforcement Learning. In classical RL, I initially set the Q-value for a state-action pair (S,a) based on the result of such a greedy heuristic run from state S with action ... | I am interested in the current state-of-the-art ways to use quick, greedy heuristics in order to speed up the learning in a Deep Q-Network in Reinforcement Learning. In classical RL, I initially set the Q-value for a state-action pair (S,a) based on the result of such a greedy heuristic run from state S with action a. ... | 4 | 70 | 1 | 0 | 0 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><training><intelligent-agent><heuristics>"
] | 2017-05-31T07:35:04.387 | 2017-05-31T08:41:03.460 | 7,495 | null | [
{
"id": 3416,
"body": "<p>You can check out <a href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04621\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Bootstrapped DQN</a>, with a demonstration <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3KuV_d0EMk\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">video</a>. Without reading much of the paper, it seems the autho... | You can check out Bootstrapped DQN (https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04621), with a demonstration video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3KuV_d0EMk). Without reading much of the paper, it seems the authors use a different sampling strategy and an action-guide for specific instances. Another way to initially set weights for ... | # What are state-of-the-art ways of using greedy heuristics to initially set the weights of a Deep Q-Network in Reinforcement Learning?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><training><intelligent-agent><heuristics>
**Question (score 4):**
I am interested in the current state-of-the-art ways to use quick, greedy heurist... | 1,603 | 400 | {
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3,420 | ai.stackexchange.com | What is a state in a recurrent neural network? | <p>I am Reading "<a href="http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~graves/phd.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Supervised Sequence Labelling with Recurrent Neural Networks</a>" written by Alex Graves to try to understand LSTM networks and I am a bit confused about the equations.</p>
<p>Specifically, what I am confused about is the te... | I am Reading "Supervised Sequence Labelling with Recurrent Neural Networks (http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~graves/phd.pdf)" written by Alex Graves to try to understand LSTM networks and I am a bit confused about the equations. Specifically, what I am confused about is the term "state". When used in an equation (section 4.5... | 3 | 911 | 1 | 3 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><recurrent-neural-networks><terminology><long-short-term-memory><definitions>"
] | 2017-06-01T08:49:15.507 | 2019-04-29T16:03:04.537 | 6,645 | null | [
{
"id": 3424,
"body": "<p>So the equation that you mentioned is used during the backward pass in which back proppogation is performed in order to make the neural network more accurate. I think you are talking about the state during the forward pass which is completely different. In the forward pass, the neu... | So the equation that you mentioned is used during the backward pass in which back proppogation is performed in order to make the neural network more accurate. I think you are talking about the state during the forward pass which is completely different. In the forward pass, the neural network is simply run in order to ... | # What is a state in a recurrent neural network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><recurrent-neural-networks><terminology><long-short-term-memory><definitions>
**Question (score 3):**
I am Reading "Supervised Sequence Labelling with Recurrent Neural Networks (http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~graves/phd.pdf)" written by Alex Gra... | 2,262 | 565 | {
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3,426 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is it illegal to use pictures of public figures to train a neural network? | <p>I want to train a neural network with pictures of public figures (politicians, singers, etc), but I do not know if it's legal, I do not plan to show them in my project I only want to use them to train the neural network, can this cause legal problems?</p>
| I want to train a neural network with pictures of public figures (politicians, singers, etc), but I do not know if it's legal, I do not plan to show them in my project I only want to use them to train the neural network, can this cause legal problems? | 3 | 1,888 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><legal>"
] | 2017-06-02T14:35:48.083 | 2017-06-22T16:01:42.633 | 6,850 | null | [
{
"id": 3427,
"body": "<p>If you use any pictures you find online, you can use them as you wish: as long as you don't (re)publish them under your name. Also, if you really want to play safe, never <em>upload</em> them at all. Download them, use them, disregard them. </p>\n\n<p>People can't proof you used ce... | If you use any pictures you find online, you can use them as you wish: as long as you don't (re)publish them under your name. Also, if you really want to play safe, never upload them at all. Download them, use them, disregard them. People can't proof you used certain pictures to train your network by looking at your ne... | # Is it illegal to use pictures of public figures to train a neural network?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><legal>
**Question (score 3):**
I want to train a neural network with pictures of public figures (politicians, singers, etc), but I do not know if it's legal, I do not plan to show them in my project I only want t... | 981 | 245 | {
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3,428 | ai.stackexchange.com | How do mutation and crossover work with real-valued chromosomes? | <p>How exactly are "mutation" and "cross-over" applied in the context of a genetic algorithm based on real numbers (as opposed to just bits)? I think I understood how those two phases are applied in a "canonical" context where chromosomes are strings of bits of a fixed length, but I'm not able to find examples for othe... | How exactly are "mutation" and "cross-over" applied in the context of a genetic algorithm based on real numbers (as opposed to just bits)? I think I understood how those two phases are applied in a "canonical" context where chromosomes are strings of bits of a fixed length, but I'm not able to find examples for other s... | 8 | 5,196 | 2 | 0 | 3 | [
"<genetic-algorithms><crossover-operators><mutation-operators><genetic-operators>"
] | 2017-06-03T16:44:45.890 | 2020-02-17T01:53:41.387 | 242 | 3,429 | [
{
"id": 6323,
"body": "<p>As @Thomas W said, you can be pretty immaginative when you're developing mutation and crossover methods. Each problem has its own caracteristics and, therefore, requires a different strategy.</p>\n\n<p>BUT, from my experience, I'd say that 90% of crossovers and mutation on real num... | As @Thomas W said, you can be pretty immaginative when you're developing mutation and crossover methods. Each problem has its own caracteristics and, therefore, requires a different strategy. BUT, from my experience, I'd say that 90% of crossovers and mutation on real numbers genotypes are solved using the BLX-α algori... | # How do mutation and crossover work with real-valued chromosomes?
**Tags:** <genetic-algorithms><crossover-operators><mutation-operators><genetic-operators>
**Question (score 8):**
How exactly are "mutation" and "cross-over" applied in the context of a genetic algorithm based on real numbers (as opposed to just bit... | 3,462 | 865 | {
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3,433 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is algorithmic bias due to the training dataset used? | <p>I recently read about algorithmic bias in facial recognition. </p>
<p>Is algorithmic bias due to the training dataset used, or is it due to something else?</p>
| I recently read about algorithmic bias in facial recognition. Is algorithmic bias due to the training dataset used, or is it due to something else? | 6 | 164 | 2 | 0 | 2 | [
"<machine-learning><image-recognition><facial-recognition><algorithmic-bias>"
] | 2017-06-05T09:00:41.587 | 2019-08-09T12:26:13.030 | 6,687 | null | [
{
"id": 3434,
"body": "<p>As the name implies, algorithmic bias is related with the used algorithm. Due to the way it was programmed or devised, the algorithm will be biased in some of its samples.</p>\n\n<p>From <a href=\"https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2016/10/207759-battling-algorithmic-bias/fulltext\" re... | As the name implies, algorithmic bias is related with the used algorithm. Due to the way it was programmed or devised, the algorithm will be biased in some of its samples. From Communications of the ACM (https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2016/10/207759-battling-algorithmic-bias/fulltext): [Algorithms] often inadvertently ... | # Is algorithmic bias due to the training dataset used?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><image-recognition><facial-recognition><algorithmic-bias>
**Question (score 6):**
I recently read about algorithmic bias in facial recognition. Is algorithmic bias due to the training dataset used, or is it due to something else?
##... | 2,748 | 687 | {
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3,435 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to generate a dataset for question answering from books (like Facebook's bAbI)? | <p>I wanted to train a chatbot for answering questions from books. I am trying to use <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.07285" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Dynamic Memory Networks</a> to do so.</p>
<p>How can I generate a data set, as Facebook did in the case of <a href="https://research.fb.com/downloads/babi/" rel="nof... | I wanted to train a chatbot for answering questions from books. I am trying to use Dynamic Memory Networks (https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.07285) to do so. How can I generate a data set, as Facebook did in the case of bAbI tasks (https://research.fb.com/downloads/babi/), so that it can tackle a variety of questions on the ... | 3 | 370 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<natural-language-processing><training><datasets><chat-bots><question-answering>"
] | 2017-06-05T17:36:55.457 | 2021-01-26T17:30:36.130 | 7,330 | 8,739 | [
{
"id": 6663,
"body": "<p>If you are talking about \"generating\" in the sense of generative models , it is pretty tough. since we are still far beyond understanding the actual structure of question-answering.</p>\n\n<p>And even state of the art methods for question answering are also not able to score well... | If you are talking about "generating" in the sense of generative models , it is pretty tough. since we are still far beyond understanding the actual structure of question-answering. And even state of the art methods for question answering are also not able to score well on datasets like babi (http://classif.ai/dataset/... | # How to generate a dataset for question answering from books (like Facebook's bAbI)?
**Tags:** <natural-language-processing><training><datasets><chat-bots><question-answering>
**Question (score 3):**
I wanted to train a chatbot for answering questions from books. I am trying to use Dynamic Memory Networks (https://... | 925 | 231 | {
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3,442 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why is it illegal for Google's autonomous car to drive on the road by itself? | <p>If we have well designed autonomous AI vehicles, then why won't the USA government allow it to be witnessed in the public?</p>
| If we have well designed autonomous AI vehicles, then why won't the USA government allow it to be witnessed in the public? | 5 | 176 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<ethics><autonomous-vehicles><google>"
] | 2017-06-07T00:30:18.617 | 2019-04-30T13:40:53.627 | 7,720 | 3,443 | [
{
"id": 3443,
"body": "<p>The question is based on a false fact: in Michigan, it is currently legal (under certain conditions described <a href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/autonomous-vehicles-self-driving-vehicles-enacted-legislation.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a> ) for an aut... | The question is based on a false fact: in Michigan, it is currently legal (under certain conditions described here (http://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/autonomous-vehicles-self-driving-vehicles-enacted-legislation.aspx) ) for an autonomous car to operate without a driver. The reason that the federal government ... | # Why is it illegal for Google's autonomous car to drive on the road by itself?
**Tags:** <ethics><autonomous-vehicles><google>
**Question (score 5):**
If we have well designed autonomous AI vehicles, then why won't the USA government allow it to be witnessed in the public?
### Answer (score 3 · accepted)
The quest... | 1,294 | 323 | {
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3,451 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can artificial intelligence techniques be used in diagnosing mental health issues? | <p>I've seen events, like <a href="https://cogx.co/session-topics/mentalhealth/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">CogX</a>, and articles that describe how machine learning techniques or algorithms can be used to diagnose mental health issues.</p>
<p>Here's my question.</p>
<p>How can artificial intelligence and machine learni... | I've seen events, like CogX (https://cogx.co/session-topics/mentalhealth/), and articles that describe how machine learning techniques or algorithms can be used to diagnose mental health issues. Here's my question. How can artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms or techniques be used in diagnosing menta... | 4 | 679 | 4 | 4 | 2 | [
"<machine-learning><applications><research><healthcare>"
] | 2017-06-07T14:34:03.020 | 2021-07-30T12:38:36.480 | 7,749 | null | [
{
"id": 3530,
"body": "<p>There's a strong sentiment towards the idea that medical diagnosis is largely <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductive_reasoning\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Abductive Reasoning</a>. See <a href=\"https://blogs.kent.ac.uk/jonw/files/2015/04/Aliseda2012.pdf\" rel=\"nofollo... | There's a strong sentiment towards the idea that medical diagnosis is largely Abductive Reasoning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductive_reasoning). See this presentation (https://blogs.kent.ac.uk/jonw/files/2015/04/Aliseda2012.pdf) for additional details. One approach to automated abductive reasoning is parsimonious... | # How can artificial intelligence techniques be used in diagnosing mental health issues?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><applications><research><healthcare>
**Question (score 4):**
I've seen events, like CogX (https://cogx.co/session-topics/mentalhealth/), and articles that describe how machine learning techniques or a... | 1,628 | 407 | {
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3,463 | ai.stackexchange.com | Neural network Model to infer inputs given an output | <p>I have a data set with four inputs and one output. I need to infer the 4 inputs given an output. What is the best way to do this?</p>
| I have a data set with four inputs and one output. I need to infer the 4 inputs given an output. What is the best way to do this? | 3 | 1,263 | 1 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks>"
] | 2017-06-08T19:40:12.340 | 2018-01-06T16:38:14.560 | 6,978 | null | [
{
"id": 3468,
"body": "<p>I'm assuming that you mean your inputs are 4-dimensional vectors and your outputs are 1 dimensional vectors. If you think that the output vectors give you enough information to completely determine the inputs (at least approximately), then just treat your 1D \"outputs\" as inputs a... | I'm assuming that you mean your inputs are 4-dimensional vectors and your outputs are 1 dimensional vectors. If you think that the output vectors give you enough information to completely determine the inputs (at least approximately), then just treat your 1D "outputs" as inputs and your 4D "inputs" as outputs. Another ... | # Neural network Model to infer inputs given an output
**Tags:** <neural-networks>
**Question (score 3):**
I have a data set with four inputs and one output. I need to infer the 4 inputs given an output. What is the best way to do this?
### Answer (score 2)
I'm assuming that you mean your inputs are 4-dimensional v... | 1,406 | 351 | {
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3,465 | ai.stackexchange.com | Multi-label Classification with non-binary outputs | <p>I am looking to train a dataset that would output a sequence of letters (I'm using this for peptide sequences). Since I have 22 different possibilities of amino acids, I need to output a vector that contains multiple amino acids with varying frequencies. For example, an output would look like [0,1,3,2,0,2,0,3...] (a... | I am looking to train a dataset that would output a sequence of letters (I'm using this for peptide sequences). Since I have 22 different possibilities of amino acids, I need to output a vector that contains multiple amino acids with varying frequencies. For example, an output would look like [0,1,3,2,0,2,0,3...] (a 22... | 2 | 2,096 | 1 | 7 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><classification>"
] | 2017-06-08T20:10:18.253 | 2017-06-13T10:48:08.240 | 7,773 | 3,470 | [
{
"id": 3470,
"body": "<p><strong>Technically, you're not really doing classification</strong> The outputs you have are <em>not</em> labels, they are real values. So I've got two (possible!) solutions, and you'll have to test them out for yourself:</p>\n\n<h3>Solution 1</h3>\n\n<p>Because each output is act... | Technically, you're not really doing classification The outputs you have are not labels, they are real values. So I've got two (possible!) solutions, and you'll have to test them out for yourself: ### Solution 1 Because each output is actually a numerical value, you can normalize them just like you would normalize all ... | # Multi-label Classification with non-binary outputs
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><deep-learning><classification>
**Question (score 2):**
I am looking to train a dataset that would output a sequence of letters (I'm using this for peptide sequences). Since I have 22 different possibilities of amino ac... | 2,646 | 661 | {
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3,473 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there such a thing like the machine learning paradox? | <p>O'Reilly recently published an article about the machine learning paradox. (<a href="https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/the-machine-learning-paradox" rel="nofollow noreferrer">link</a>)</p>
<p>What it says goes basically like this: no machine learning algorithm can be perfect. If it was, it means it is overfitting and s... | O'Reilly recently published an article about the machine learning paradox. (link (https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/the-machine-learning-paradox)) What it says goes basically like this: no machine learning algorithm can be perfect. If it was, it means it is overfitting and so it is not really perfect because it will not pe... | 2 | 595 | 3 | 2 | 2 | [
"<machine-learning>"
] | 2017-06-10T12:23:27.993 | 2017-06-11T18:52:32.120 | 190 | 3,477 | [
{
"id": 3477,
"body": "<p>Basically Machine Learning is used to solve problems for which giving exact solutions is not (practically or theoretically) possible or feasible. If you have a problem that can be solved with exact and proven methods, you don't need Machine Learning. So Machine Learning is rather a... | Basically Machine Learning is used to solve problems for which giving exact solutions is not (practically or theoretically) possible or feasible. If you have a problem that can be solved with exact and proven methods, you don't need Machine Learning. So Machine Learning is rather about finding solutions by approximatio... | # Is there such a thing like the machine learning paradox?
**Tags:** <machine-learning>
**Question (score 2):**
O'Reilly recently published an article about the machine learning paradox. (link (https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/the-machine-learning-paradox)) What it says goes basically like this: no machine learning alg... | 7,901 | 1,975 | {
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3,482 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is there any way to draw a neural network's connections in a nice way? | <p>I've been working with neural networks and artificial intelligence for a while. What I'm trying to do right now is, from a genotype I have (a sum of sensors, neurons and actuators) draw how the neural network is (with recurrent/recursive connections being showed nicely, etc.)</p>
<p>What I have done now in javascri... | I've been working with neural networks and artificial intelligence for a while. What I'm trying to do right now is, from a genotype I have (a sum of sensors, neurons and actuators) draw how the neural network is (with recurrent/recursive connections being showed nicely, etc.) What I have done now in javascript is this:... | 5 | 1,493 | 2 | 0 | 1 | [
"<neural-networks><resource-request><javascript>"
] | 2017-06-12T20:48:17.710 | 2020-02-23T23:02:14.640 | 7,846 | 3,487 | [
{
"id": 3487,
"body": "<p>I'm the developer of <a href=\"https://github.com/wagenaartje/neataptic\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Neataptic</a>, a Javascript neural network library. I don't know if it is exactly what you're looking for, but it has a built-in graph creator using <a href=\"https://d3js.org/\" r... | I'm the developer of Neataptic (https://github.com/wagenaartje/neataptic), a Javascript neural network library. I don't know if it is exactly what you're looking for, but it has a built-in graph creator using D3 (https://d3js.org/) and webcola (http://marvl.infotech.monash.edu/webcola/). Basically, each connection gets... | # Is there any way to draw a neural network's connections in a nice way?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><resource-request><javascript>
**Question (score 5):**
I've been working with neural networks and artificial intelligence for a while. What I'm trying to do right now is, from a genotype I have (a sum of sensors, neur... | 1,963 | 490 | {
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3,488 | ai.stackexchange.com | How can we process the data from both the true distribution and the generator? | <p>I'm struggling to understand the GAN loss function as provided in <a href="https://danieltakeshi.github.io/2017/03/05/understanding-generative-adversarial-networks/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Understanding Generative Adversarial Networks</a> (a blog post written by Daniel Seita).</p>
<p>In the standard cross-entropy... | I'm struggling to understand the GAN loss function as provided in Understanding Generative Adversarial Networks (https://danieltakeshi.github.io/2017/03/05/understanding-generative-adversarial-networks/) (a blog post written by Daniel Seita). In the standard cross-entropy loss, we have an output that has been run throu... | 20 | 24,714 | 3 | 0 | 6 | [
"<neural-networks><deep-learning><objective-functions><generative-adversarial-networks><generative-model>"
] | 2017-06-13T10:50:56.343 | 2020-11-22T12:42:47.963 | 7,858 | 7,130 | [
{
"id": 7130,
"body": "<p><strong>The Focus of This Question</strong></p>\n\n<p>\"How can ... we process the data from the true distribution and the data from the generative model in the same iteration?</p>\n\n<p><strong>Analyzing the Foundational Publication</strong></p>\n\n<p>In the referenced page, <em>U... | The Focus of This Question "How can ... we process the data from the true distribution and the data from the generative model in the same iteration? Analyzing the Foundational Publication In the referenced page, Understanding Generative Adversarial Networks (2017), doctoral candidate Daniel Sieta correctly references G... | # How can we process the data from both the true distribution and the generator?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><deep-learning><objective-functions><generative-adversarial-networks><generative-model>
**Question (score 20):**
I'm struggling to understand the GAN loss function as provided in Understanding Generative Adver... | 7,475 | 1,868 | {
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3,494 | ai.stackexchange.com | Why is Python such a popular language in the AI field? | <p>First of all, I'm a beginner studying AI and this is not an opinion-oriented question or one to compare programming languages. I'm not implying that Python is the best language. But the fact is that most of the famous AI frameworks have primary support for Python. They can even be multilanguage supported, for exampl... | First of all, I'm a beginner studying AI and this is not an opinion-oriented question or one to compare programming languages. I'm not implying that Python is the best language. But the fact is that most of the famous AI frameworks have primary support for Python. They can even be multilanguage supported, for example, ... | 60 | 40,263 | 10 | 1 | 27 | [
"<machine-learning><python><tensorflow><programming-languages><popular-culture>"
] | 2017-06-15T09:13:48.660 | 2020-05-09T22:22:28.020 | 7,268 | 3,503 | [
{
"id": 3503,
"body": "<p>Python comes with a huge amount of inbuilt libraries. Many of the libraries are for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Some of the libraries are TensorFlow (which is a high-level neural network library), scikit-learn (for data mining, data analysis and machine learning),... | Python comes with a huge amount of inbuilt libraries. Many of the libraries are for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Some of the libraries are TensorFlow (which is a high-level neural network library), scikit-learn (for data mining, data analysis and machine learning), pylearn2 (more flexible than scikit-l... | # Why is Python such a popular language in the AI field?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><python><tensorflow><programming-languages><popular-culture>
**Question (score 60):**
First of all, I'm a beginner studying AI and this is not an opinion-oriented question or one to compare programming languages. I'm not implying th... | 6,758 | 1,689 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
"license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
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"extraction_date": "2026-07-02T12:57:40Z",
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
3,502 | ai.stackexchange.com | Are there any applications of reinforcement learning other than games? | <p>Is there a way to teach reinforcement learning in applications other than games? </p>
<p>The only examples I can find on the Internet are of game agents. I understand that VNC's control the input to the games via the reinforcement network. Is it possible to set this up with say a CAD software?</p>
| Is there a way to teach reinforcement learning in applications other than games? The only examples I can find on the Internet are of game agents. I understand that VNC's control the input to the games via the reinforcement network. Is it possible to set this up with say a CAD software? | 16 | 8,160 | 3 | 0 | 3 | [
"<reinforcement-learning><applications>"
] | 2017-06-16T04:10:16.480 | 2018-11-19T07:34:51.510 | 7,816 | null | [
{
"id": 3730,
"body": "<p>You will see a lot of game examples in reinforcement learning literature, because game environments can often be coded efficiently, and run fast on a single computer that can then contain the environment and the agent. For classic games, such as backgammon, checkers, chess, go, the... | You will see a lot of game examples in reinforcement learning literature, because game environments can often be coded efficiently, and run fast on a single computer that can then contain the environment and the agent. For classic games, such as backgammon, checkers, chess, go, then there are human experts that we can ... | # Are there any applications of reinforcement learning other than games?
**Tags:** <reinforcement-learning><applications>
**Question (score 16):**
Is there a way to teach reinforcement learning in applications other than games? The only examples I can find on the Internet are of game agents. I understand that VNC's ... | 6,464 | 1,616 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
3,505 | ai.stackexchange.com | How to represent the weights of a neural network as binary strings for a genetic algorithm? | <p>I want to train my neural network by evolution, that is I want to recombine the weights of the best performing neural networks in each evolution cycle or generation. My initial instinct was to represent weights as they are, which is variable of type double, and either</p>
<ol>
<li><p>swap the weights between the two... | I want to train my neural network by evolution, that is I want to recombine the weights of the best performing neural networks in each evolution cycle or generation. My initial instinct was to represent weights as they are, which is variable of type double, and either - swap the weights between the two parent network -... | 3 | 747 | 1 | 3 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neuroevolution><chromosomes>"
] | 2017-06-16T11:42:52.950 | 2020-12-13T20:49:11.910 | 7,910 | null | [
{
"id": 3507,
"body": "<p>I would first say consider the advice of Thomas W in <a href=\"https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/3505/how-to-represent-the-weights-of-a-neural-network-as-binary-strings-for-a-genetic/3507#comment4272_3505\">the comment above</a> and think about whether you really need to discr... | I would first say consider the advice of Thomas W in the comment above (https://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/3505/how-to-represent-the-weights-of-a-neural-network-as-binary-strings-for-a-genetic/3507#comment4272_3505) and think about whether you really need to discretize your variables. I'd also question the wisdom o... | # How to represent the weights of a neural network as binary strings for a genetic algorithm?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><genetic-algorithms><evolutionary-algorithms><neuroevolution><chromosomes>
**Question (score 3):**
I want to train my neural network by evolution, that is I want to recombine the weights of the be... | 4,777 | 1,194 | {
"source": "stackexchange-archive.org",
"license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
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"extraction_date": "2026-07-02T12:57:40Z",
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
3,506 | ai.stackexchange.com | How could AGI build its own communication protocol? | <p>Let's say we have the basic scenario where two AGIs of about the same intelligence (but not same origins/code/model) have to communicate as efficiently as possible to achieve a common goal. Now we could have 2 starting points for that:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Either all they have is a common communication bus (e.g. sound, ... | Let's say we have the basic scenario where two AGIs of about the same intelligence (but not same origins/code/model) have to communicate as efficiently as possible to achieve a common goal. Now we could have 2 starting points for that: - Either all they have is a common communication bus (e.g. sound, light, radio, etc.... | 4 | 182 | 2 | 0 | 0 | [
"<agi><superintelligence>"
] | 2017-06-16T13:57:29.430 | 2019-06-26T11:54:22.340 | 6,899 | null | [
{
"id": 3508,
"body": "<p>This is a purely theoretical question, currently in the realm of philosophy and speculative fiction. Nevertheless, it is an interesting question, and may be instructive. </p>\n\n<p>If we use the standard definition of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_inte... | This is a purely theoretical question, currently in the realm of philosophy and speculative fiction. Nevertheless, it is an interesting question, and may be instructive. If we use the standard definition of Artificial General Intelligence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence) as automata (http... | # How could AGI build its own communication protocol?
**Tags:** <agi><superintelligence>
**Question (score 4):**
Let's say we have the basic scenario where two AGIs of about the same intelligence (but not same origins/code/model) have to communicate as efficiently as possible to achieve a common goal. Now we could h... | 3,828 | 957 | {
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
3,515 | ai.stackexchange.com | Is Kaggle a good place to find projects in ML to work on? | <p>I am starting to learn machine learning (ML). I'm thinking about starting to take part in some projects in ML. </p>
<p>Is <a href="https://www.kaggle.com/competitions" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Kaggle</a> is a good place to find projects in ML to work on?</p>
| I am starting to learn machine learning (ML). I'm thinking about starting to take part in some projects in ML. Is Kaggle (https://www.kaggle.com/competitions) is a good place to find projects in ML to work on? | 3 | 284 | 3 | 1 | 0 | [
"<machine-learning><kaggle>"
] | 2017-06-19T15:17:11.943 | 2020-06-16T19:13:06.817 | 7,948 | 3,522 | [
{
"id": 3522,
"body": "<p>Yes, Kaggle is a great place to start working on ML projects.\nYou will start using ML algorithms (at first, using scikit-learn or any other ML library of your choice), learn the concepts of cross-validation (very important concept). You will cope with imbalanced classes, various s... | Yes, Kaggle is a great place to start working on ML projects. You will start using ML algorithms (at first, using scikit-learn or any other ML library of your choice), learn the concepts of cross-validation (very important concept). You will cope with imbalanced classes, various size of datasets. Moreover, you will be ... | # Is Kaggle a good place to find projects in ML to work on?
**Tags:** <machine-learning><kaggle>
**Question (score 3):**
I am starting to learn machine learning (ML). I'm thinking about starting to take part in some projects in ML. Is Kaggle (https://www.kaggle.com/competitions) is a good place to find projects in M... | 1,735 | 433 | {
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"license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
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"extraction_date": "2026-07-02T12:57:40Z",
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
3,518 | ai.stackexchange.com | Could GA's determine fitness by "Fighting" against each other? | <p>I am developing AI in the form of NEAT, and it has passed certain tasks like the XOR problem outlined in the <a href="http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">NEAT Research Paper</a>. In the XOR Problem, the fitness of a network was determined by an existing function (XOR ... | I am developing AI in the form of NEAT, and it has passed certain tasks like the XOR problem outlined in the NEAT Research Paper (http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/downloads/papers/stanley.ec02.pdf). In the XOR Problem, the fitness of a network was determined by an existing function (XOR in this case). It also passed another tes... | 5 | 385 | 3 | 2 | 0 | [
"<neural-networks><machine-learning><genetic-algorithms>"
] | 2017-06-20T01:14:13.320 | 2019-01-31T20:55:00.847 | 7,958 | 3,521 | [
{
"id": 3521,
"body": "<p>i'm the main developer of <a href=\"https://github.com/wagenaartje/neataptic\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Neataptic</a>, a Javascript neuro-evolution library.</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>Very effective! Realise that this is how real-life evolution happened as well: we kept on improving against oth... | i'm the main developer of Neataptic (https://github.com/wagenaartje/neataptic), a Javascript neuro-evolution library. - Very effective! Realise that this is how real-life evolution happened as well: we kept on improving against other species, which forced them to improve as well. - Very practical, especially if you don... | # Could GA's determine fitness by "Fighting" against each other?
**Tags:** <neural-networks><machine-learning><genetic-algorithms>
**Question (score 5):**
I am developing AI in the form of NEAT, and it has passed certain tasks like the XOR problem outlined in the NEAT Research Paper (http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/download... | 5,238 | 1,309 | {
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"original_7z_url": "https://archive.org/download/stack-exchange-2021-12-07/ai.... |
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